英语期末复习要点
人教版七年级下册英语期末复习：Unit 7-Unit 12 各单元语法知识点复习提纲(全面!)
人教版七年级下册英语期末复习：Unit 7－Unit 12 各单元语法知识点复习提纲Unit 7 It’s raining！一、考点1 重点词汇短语1 messagemessage为可数名词，意为“消息，信息”，take a message for sb.“为某人捎个口信”。
拓展:give sb. a message 捎信给某人，leave a message 留口信，get the message 明白对方的意思。
Can I take a message for him?当某人发现要找的人不在或接电话的人发现打电话者要找的人不在时，常用此语2 could 情态动词意为“能，可以“，表示请求许可，在语气上比can委婉客气，但这种句式的肯定回答用can。
Could you just tell him to call me back?3 call及物动词，意为“打电话给”。
call sb. (up) “打电话给某人”，call sb. at +电话号码，意为“拨打……找某人”。
拓展：call 是一个多义词，call sb 可表示“叫醒某人，呼唤某人”；give sb. a call 给某人打电话。
4 back副词“回来，回原处，向后”；call sb. back给某人回个电话。
【即学即练】I’ll _____you _____.我将给你回电话。
5 visit此处用作及物动词，意为“拜访，探望”，后接表示人的名词或代词。
visit还可意为“参观，游览”，后接表示地点的名词。
拓展：visit还可用作可数名词，意为“访问，参观，拜访。
be on a visit to ... “正在访问/参观……”。
visitor参观者，游览者，游客。
I’m having a great time visiting my aunt in Canada._____ my grandparents every year at Christmas.我每年圣诞节都去探望我的祖父母。
大学英语期末考试复习资料
大学英语期末考试复习资料期末考试复习翻译1．Some immigrate to a new land just for economic reasons Others for adventurous motivation, and still others for the values that might suit their own ideals.一些人出于冒险的动机,还有一些是出于更合适于个人发展的价值观的目的2．In order to escape starvation and war in their respective homelands,waves of immigrants bring into developed countries not just menial jobs but also in new ideas and high-tech skills, thus making them more productive而且带来了新思想,高科技，结果使这些国家生产力更强3．A majority of college graduates see employment after graduation as an option to embrace the opportunities to earn enough to live a decent life遇到挣钱过好日子。
4．and it was subsequently translated into five languages后来相继被译成。
5．in the hope that I might recognize her希望我能。
6．Initially, I felt shy and insecure about my job起初我害羞。
7．I felt completely out of place and ended up in early departure from the party 我觉得自己完全。
大学英语期末知识点大一
大学英语期末知识点大一大学英语是大一学生必修的一门课程，它的内容丰富多样，包括英语单词、语法、阅读理解、听力和口语等方面的知识。
下面将针对大学英语期末考试的几个重要知识点进行详细介绍。
一、英语单词掌握一定量的英语词汇是理解和应用英语语言的基础。
在期末考试中，通常会涉及词汇选择、词义辨析以及填空等题型。
为了提高词汇量，我们可以通过背单词卡片、词汇书以及在线词汇学习工具来进行学习。
此外，利用单词在句子中的实际运用场景，可以加深对单词的记忆。
二、语法知识掌握英语语法是理解和构建正确句子的基础。
在期末考试中，语法知识主要体现在填空、改错和翻译等题型中。
常见的语法知识点包括时态、语态、虚拟语气、从句和介词等。
我们可以通过阅读语法书籍、练习语法题以及做语法习题来加强对语法知识的掌握。
三、阅读理解阅读理解是大学英语考试的重要组成部分。
在期末考试中，通常会涉及短文的理解、主旨概括、细节把握以及文章写作意图等方面的题目。
为了提高阅读理解能力，我们可以多读英语文章，培养阅读习惯和速度，并学会使用扫读和略读等阅读技巧。
四、听力听力是大学英语考试的另一个重要部分。
期末考试中，听力部分通常包括听对话、听短文和听长对话等。
要提高听力能力，我们可以多听英语材料，如英语歌曲、电影、英语广播等，锻炼自己的听力理解能力。
同时，可以通过做听力练习题和模拟考试，提高对于听力材料的理解和把握。
五、口语口语是英语学习的重要环节之一。
在期末考试中，通常会有口语考试的部分。
为了提高口语表达能力，我们可以多与他人进行英语对话，加入英语角或者组织口语交流活动。
此外，可以模仿英语原声录音或者参加英语口语培训班，提高自己的发音和口语表达能力。
总结起来，大学英语期末考试的知识点主要包括英语单词、语法、阅读理解、听力和口语。
要想在考试中取得好成绩，我们需要通过积极学习相关知识，掌握相关技巧，并进行充分的练习和训练。
只有融会贯通，才能在大学英语的学习中取得好成绩。
英语join in四年级上学期期末复习要点(一)
英语join in四年级上学期期末复习要点(一)一、单词与短语ride a cow骑牛blow a kiss飞吻ride away骑走bake a cake烤蛋糕catch a snake抓蛇shake your leg摇你的腿break an egg打鸡蛋street大街,街道clock(时)钟school学校bag袋,包football足球boy男孩have有bike自行车二、句型与英语现象1.名词的单复数（1）单数时要注意的问题当一个名词要表示单数意义时,可在这个名词前面加上one/a/an,如one dog, a dog;one egg,an egg.关于a和an：当名词首字母的发音是元音（a,e,i,o,u）,表示单数意义时,用an,如egg[eg]:anegg；apple,an apple;当名词首字母的发音是辅音,表示单数意义时,用a,如bag,a bag；pig,a pig等。
复习指导：可直接记一些前面加an的常见名词,如：apple, eye, egg, ear, orange等。
（2）复数时要注意的问题当一个名词要表示复数意义时：（教材中涉及到的,其它的隐藏了,有兴趣的同学可以了解,考试不作要求）√1)一般情况下,将普通名词后直接加s如：students, apples, bags, trees, books；√2)以s、x、sh、ch结尾的名词加es如：dresses, boxes；3)以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i加es：city→cities, baby→babies,enemy→enemies；（本单元未涉及）4)以f或fe结尾的名词,多数变f为v加es：wife→wives, knif→knives.但有些词只加s: roof→roofs, proof→proofs, chief→chiefs；(本单元未涉及)√5)以o结尾的名词,有些加es：tomato→tomatoes,potato→potatoes。
英语期末复习重点.doc
英语期末复习重点英语期末复习重点一、单词填空Unitl1.The host of the dinner party was disappointed at the small number of guests who attended.2.Shouts of protest （抗议）sprang up from the angry crowd.3.Many people have the bad habit of spending money on impulse.4.All I can remember when I came to is my mother' s anxious face.5.By careful examination, the doctors hope to track down the source of the infection （感染）.6.The attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941 was a （n）unexpected event which brought America into World War II.7.The coat fits the boy perfectly now, but he will outgrown it in a year' s time.8.The man' s eyes widened with fear when he saw the robber' s gun.9.He resumed （恢复）his regular working hours shortly after he came out of hospital.10.New problems emerge when old ones are solved.11.Johnny' s mouth watered at the sight of the big pudding.12.At the first light of dawn the warships made for the opensea.13.The sudden rise in oil prices led to an economic crisis in that country.14.The people of Africa have successfully fought against colonial rule.Unit21. A man of humble origin, Lincoln eventually became President of the United States through his own efforts.2.The floods are threatening most of the villages in the area.3.Many species （种）of animals which once lived on the earth are no longer in existence.4.Once he realizes that it is his mistake, Jim never hesitates to admit and correct it.5.History shows that the United States as a nation owes to a great deal the African-Americans （非洲裔美国人）.6.Acting to he advice of his doctor, Mr. Park had his eye operated on right after he retired last week7.There is no sense （道理）in leaving important decisions to inexperienced people.8.Noticing that my daughter was very shy, our hostess went out of her way to make her feel at home.9.Mrs. Brown, who has recently been appointed general manager ofour company, is one of the most capable women I have ever worked with.10.I don't really want to make any judgments on the decisions they made.11.I don't want to influence you. You must act on your own judgment.12.Mohandas Gandhi was known as both a humble man and a powerful leader.Unit51.At present nuclear power makes up only a small fraction of the energy we consume.2.If you shop around, you can probably buy the same product elsewhere for a fraction ofhose prices.3.Travel changes perspective: it provides the traveler with a new way of viewing life.4.English doesn't change from year to year, but physics and chemistry are changing constantly becausenew things are being discovered.5.If you bring children into the wildlife garden, remember that many plants are poisonous and can do harm to their health.6.In brainstorming, you liberate your mind, allowing room for any and every idea that comes up to its surface.7.It is five o' clock in the morning, but already the sun has crept over the horizon and the temperature is rising.8.He drew out a transparent plastic bag and held it up to the light to show me the golden fishes inside.9.The company' s sales figures have dropped by 60 percent in the first quarter and, to make matters worse, no bank is now willing to lend it money.10.If your weight remains constant you must be using up all your calories （卡路里），but if you are gaining weight then some of the calories you consume are being stored as fat.11.There are not yet any visible signs to indicate that creative thinking can also be replaced by computers.12.The house is built of red brick but its interior walls are all painted white.13.Many a player who had been highly thought of has disappeared from the tennis scene.14.In this article, the author tells us in very simple language how global warming came about.Unit81.r 11 have my long skirts shortened because they are out of style now.2.In the case of a highly intelligent animal like the seal(海豹)，elementary training is easy.3.We took a(n) overnight train to Paris, which arrived just as the sun rose.4.In discussing their plan for the coming weekend, his sonsuggested they watch a football game: his daughters, on the other hand , insisted they drive to their aunt's in the country.5.The police have had to drop charges against him because they couldn't find any evidence.6.She didn，t know who had sent the letter, and the envelope provided no clue.7.After the robbery, the police arrived at the scene of theincident to take statements from the victims and the witnesses.8.I have come to understand that all rights carry with them corresponding responsibilities.9.The fear was contagious and soon everybody was trying to escape.10.Mr. Watt's worst mistake lay in his belief that he would never make a mistake.11.Why don't we get rid of these books since we don't use them anyway.12.The new buildings here are all reinforced with steel, for the sake of safety in case of an earthquake.13.Social sciences such as psychology and sociology are concerned with the study of human behavior.UnitlO1.Peter was endlessly criticized by his father, who seemed to expect simply too much of him.2.The profits we gained while working in this field were not only financial but also intellectual.3.The old couple now have nothing to live on but a small government pension （养老金）.4. A good hunting dog is alert to every sound and movement in the field.5.I received your message yesterday and have passed it on to allthe students concerned.6.Professor Nolen said the government must introduce tax incentives to encourage investment.7.Some athletes take drugs to improve their performance.8.I appreciate this oil painting much more now that you have explained it to me.9.The job, though not difficult, includes many routine tasks which are quite boring.10.Their criticisms deserve our full attention. They are not to be shrugged off.11.After being turned down several times, the young man felt discouraged at the thought of looking any further for jobs.12.The mayor refused to make any comment on the charges against him.13.His skill in handling complicated situations has earned him much praise in diplomatic circles.14.Our government has been consistent in helping the peasants to improve their living conditions.二、翻译Unitl1•她砰地关上门，一声不吭地走了，他们之间那场争执就此结束。
人教版(PEP)六年级英语上册期末复习知识点
人教版(PEP)六年级英语上册期末复习知识点人教版(PEP)六年级英语上册复习知识点Unit 1 How can I get there?主要单词：science科学museum博物馆post office邮局bookstore书店cinema电影院hospital医院crossing十字路口turn转弯left 向左ask问interesting有趣的Italian意大利restaurant餐馆pizza 比萨饼street大街；街道get到达GPS全球卫星定位系统feature特点follow跟着far较远的tell告诉习惯搭配turn left向左转turn right向右转go straight直行in front of...在...前面next to挨着go straight直走near the park在公园附近on Dongfang Street在东方大街上post office邮局pet hospital 宠物医院Beihai Park北海公园Italian restaurant意大利餐馆Palace Museum故宫博物院science museum科学博物馆主要句子：☆1、☆Where is the museum shop?博物馆的市肆在哪儿？☆☆2、It’s near the door.在大门附近。
☆☆3、How can we get there?我们怎么到那儿？☆☆4、Turn left at the bookstore.在书店左转。
☆5、I want to buy a postcard.我想买一张明片。
6、I’ll ask.我去问问。
7、Wow, a talking robot!哇！一个讲话机器人。
8、What a great museum!好棒的一家博物馆！10、There is a pet hospital in my city.在我的城市有一家宠物医院。
11、Wu Yifan and Robin are looking at some robots.吴一凡和罗宾正在看一些机器人。
2022英语期末考前重点复习资料归纳考点总结
37.getintotroublewith 和…引起冲突.38.worryabout 担心 39.walktoschool=gotoschoolonfoot 步行去上学
45.havetroubleindoingsth 做..有困难 46.studyforate 为考试用功 47.makevocabularylists 做单词表 48.too…to…太…而以致于不能做 49.watchEnglish-languageTV 看英语电视 50.tobeginwith 首先 51.takealotofgrammarnotes 记大量的语法笔记 lookupthewordsinadictionary 查字(词)典 thiskindofpaper 这种纸 54.spend…on…在…上花费(时间、金 钱)55.speakEnglishasasecondlanguage 把英语当做第二语言来说 56.giveup 放弃 57.inthefuture 在将来 二、句型。 Howdoyoustudyforatest?你怎样为考试做准备? Ihavelearnedalotthatway.用那种方法，我已经学到了很多东西。 It’stoohardtounderstandthevoice.听懂那些声音太难了。 Memorizingthewordsofpopsongsalsohelpedalittle.记流行歌曲的词也起作用。 WeiMingfeelsdifferently.卫明有不同的感受。 Hefindswatchingmoviesfrustrating.他觉得看电影让人感到沮丧. Sheaddedthathavingconversationswithfriendswasnothelpfulatall.她又说和朋友 对话根本没用。 8.Idon’thaveapartnertopracticeEnglishwith.我没有搭档一起练习英语。 Lateron,Irealizedthatitdoesn’tmatterifyoudon’tunderstandeveryword.随 后，我认识到听不懂每个词并没有关系。
英语专业英语语言学期末复习总结
英语语言学一、名词解释第一课共时性: S aid of an approach that studies language at a theoretical “point” in time.\ A kind of description which takes a fixed instant (usually, but not necessarily, the present), as its point of observation. Most grammars are of this kind.语言: The abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbol used for human communication.任意性: One design feature of human language, which refers to the face that the forms of linguistic signs bear nonatural relationship to their meaning.第二课音位: Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning. The basic unit in phonology iscalled phoneme; it is a unit that is of distinctive value.音位变体: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environment are called the allophones of that phoneme.pair最小对立体: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occursin the same place in the stings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair.第三课形态学: Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.morphemes派生词素: Some morphemes which change the category or grammatical class of words are ca lled…morphemes曲折词素: Some bound morphemes which are for the most part purely grammatical markers and signify such concepts as tense, number, case and so on.第四课语法句法: A branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that governthe formation of sentences.categories句法范畴: Words can be grouped together into a relatively small number of classes, called syntactic categories.structure 深层结构: Formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head’s subcategorization prope rties, is calleddeep structure or D- structure.structure 表层结构: Corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence which results from appropriate transformations, is called Surface structure or S- structure.第五课指称: Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationshipbetween the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.同音异义: Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form, . different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.上下义关系: Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a morespecific word.第六课语用学: Pragmatics can be defined as the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.话语: a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication.meaning话语意义: Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence ina real situation of communication, or simply in a context.act言外行为: An illocutionary act is the act expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed in saying something.二、简答题第一课1．What are the major branches of linguistics What does each of them studyPhonetics: The study of sounds used in linguistic communication. It describes individual speech sounds and indicates their physical or phonetic properties.Phonology: It studies the ways in which these sounds form patterns and systems and how they work to convey meaning in the system of language.Morphology: A field of focused on the study of the forms and formation of words in a languageSyntax: A set of rules that govern how words are combined to form phrases and sentences.Pragmatics: the study of the use of language in a social context.2．What characteristics of language do you think should be included in a good, comprehensive definition of languageThe important characteristics which should be included in a good definition of language are separately: systematic, arbitrary and vocal.First of all, language is a system. It has its own set of rules for people to abide by, or people will use the language in a wrong way. Second, language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between a linguistic symbol and what the symbol stands for. The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is a good illustration of the arbitrary nature of language. Third, language is vocal because the primary medium for all languages is sound.3．What are the main features of human language that have been specified by to show that it is essentially different from animal communication system1) Arbitrariness: no natural/motivated/logical relationship between the sign and what the sign stands for.2) Productivity: provides opportunities for sending messages that have never been sent before and forunderstanding novel messages.3) Duality: language is a system, which consists of two sets of stuctures, or two levels.4) Displacement: can be used to refer to things real or imagined, past, present or future5) Cultural transmission第二课1. How do phonetics and phonology differ in their focus of study Who do you think will be more interested in the different between say[i]and[i],[p] and[ph],a phonetician or a philologist Why 语音学和音位学的研究中心有何不同语音学家和音位学家哪一个更关心清晰音的区别为什么Phonetics — description of all speech sounds and their find differences.Phonology — description of sound systems of particular languages and how sounds function to distinguish meaning.A phonetician would be more interested in such differences cos such differences will not cos differences inmeaning.2. What is phone How is it different from a phoneme how are allophones related to a phonemePhone is a phonetic unit, it has no meaning.Phoneme is a phonological unit with distinctive value .The phoneme /l/ can be realized as dark/l-/and clear/l/,which are allophones of the phoneme /l/Allophones---actual realization of a phoneme in different phonetic contexts.第三课1. Think of three morpheme suffixes, give their meaning and specify the types of stem they may be suffixed to. Give at least two examples of each.Suffix: -ingMeaning: denoting a verbal action, an instance of this, or its resultStem type: added to verbsExamples: fighting: denote the action of battlebuilding: denote the action of constructionSuffix: -ableMeaning: able to beStem type: added to verbsExamples: avoidable: able to be prevented fromcalculable: able to be measured or assessedSuffix: -istMeaning: denoting a member of a profession or business activityStem type: added to nounsExamples: dramatist: a person who writes playsdentist: a person who treats the teeth disease2. Think of three morpheme prefixes, give their meaning, and specify the types of stem they may be prefixed to. Give at least two examples of each.1)prefix: un-meaning: denoting the absence of a quality or state; notstem type: added to nounsexamples: unacademic: not adopting or characteristic of a scholarly approach or languageunhappy: not happy2)prefix: anti-meaning: opposed to; againststem type: added to nounsexamples: anti-abortion: opposing or legislating against medically induced abortionanti-art: against the traditional art3)prefix: re-meaning:once more; afresh; anewstem type: added to verbsexamples: restart: start once morereaccustom: accustom (someone) to something again第五课1. What are the major types of synonyms in English并举例1)dialectal synonyms-----synonyms used in different regional2)Stylistic synonyms: synonyms differing in style3)Synonyms that differ in their emotive or evaluative meaning4)Collocational synonyms: what words they go together with5)Semantically different synonyms: differ from the words themselves2. Explain w ith examples “homonymy”, “polysemy”, and “hyponymy”.Homonymy: Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form, ., different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both. When two words are identical in sound, they are homophones. When two words are identical in spelling, they are homographs. When tow words are identical in both sound and spelling, they are complete homonyms. The examples are as followed:Homophones: rain/reign night/knight piece/peaceHomographs: bow v./bow n. tear v./tear n.Complete homonyms: fast adj./fast v.Polysemy: while different words may have the same or similar meaning, the same one word may have more than one meaning. This is what we call polysemy, and such a word is called a polysemic word. The morecommonly used a word is, the more likely it has acquired more than one meaning. For example, the word table has at least six meanings when we look it up in the dictionary:1. a piece of furniture2.all the people seated at a table3.the food that is put on a table4. a thin flat piece of stone, mental, wood, etc5.orderly arrangement of facts, figures, etc6.part of a machine-tool on which the work is put to be operated onHyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word.The word which is more general in meaning is called the superordinate, and the more specific words are called its hyponyms. Hyponyms of the same superordinate are co-hyponyms to each other. For example,Superordiante: flowerHyponyms: rose, tulip, carnation, lily, morning golory第六课1. What does pragmatics study How does it differ from traditional semantics答：Generally speaking, pragmatics is the study of meaning in the context. It studies meaning in a dynamic way and as a process. In order to have a successful communication, the speaker and hearer must take the context into their consideration so as to effect the right meaning and intention. The development and establishment pragmatics in 1960s and 1970s resulted mainly from the expansion of the study semantics. However, it is different from the traditional semantics. The major difference between them lies in that pragmatics studies meaning in a dynamic way, while semantics studies meaning in a static way. Pragmatics takes context into consideration while semantics does not. Pragmatics takes care of the aspect of meaning that is not accounted for by semantics.2. What are the five types of illocutionary speech acts Searle has specified What is the illocutionary point of each type答：(1) representatives: stating or describing, saying what the speaker believes to be true(2) directives: trying to get the hearer to do something(3) commissives: committing the speaker himself to some future course of action(4) expressives: expressing feelings or attitude towards an existing(5) declarations: bringing about immediate changes by saying somethingThe illocutionary point of the representatives is to commit the speaker to something's being the case, to the truth of what has been said, in other words, when performing an illocutionary act of representative, the speaker is making a statement or giving a description which he himself believes to be true. Stating, believing, sweating, hypothesizing are among the most typical of the representatives.Directives ate attempts by the speaker to get the hearer to do some- thing. Inviting, suggesting, requesting, advising, wanting, threatening and ordering are all specific instances of this class.Commissives are those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action, . when speaking the speaker puts himself under a certain obligation. Promising, undertaking, vowing are the most typical ones.The illocutionary point of expressives is to express the psychological state specified in the utterance. The speaker is expressing his feelings or attitudes towards an existing state of affairs, . apologizing, thanking, congratulating.The last class “declarations” has the characteristic that the successful performance of an act of this type brings about the correspondence between what is said and reality.3. What are the four maxims of the CP Try to give your own examples to show how flouting these maxims gives rise to conversational implicature答：Cooperative Principle, abbreviated as CP. It goes as follows:Make your conversational contribution such as required at the stage at which it occurs by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.To be more specific, there are four maxims under this general principle:(1) The maxim of quantity① Make your contribution as informative as required (for the current purpose of the exchange).② Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.(2) The maxim of quality① Do not say what you believe to be false.② Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.(3) The maxim of relationBe relevant.(4) The maxim of manner① Avoid obscurity of expression.② Avoid ambiguity.③ Be brief (avoid unnecessary prolixity).④ Be orderly.。
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英语期末复习要点一、重点专业词汇1睦邻运动 the settlement movement 2人际距离3结构式访谈structured interview 4济贫法The Elizabeth Poor Law5归属需要 6 文化惰性cultural inertia 7弱势群体 Vulnerable groups\disadvantaged groups8抽样偏差sampling bias9刻板效应effect of stereotype10人在情境中Person in situation 11教育不平等12 情绪失常emotional disorder 13社会政策Social Policy14 归属感15 攻击行为aggressive behavior16单亲家庭 a single-- parent family17潜意识冲突18情感交流affective interaction 19农民工Migrant workers20态度改变 attitude change21职业发展制度career development program22社会排斥social exclusion 23威信型父母authoritative parent24就业辅导career guidance 25社会融合social integration 26权力社会authoritative society 27情感教育affective education28功能主义functionalist perspective 29平均寿命30职业认同career identity 31镜中我 looking-glass self 32正强化刺激 positive reinforcing stimulus33情感纽带affectional tie 34机械团结mechanical solidarity35第一印象 primary impression36知觉防卫机制perceptual defense mechanism37积累经验 gather experience38个人特征 individual characteristics39情感性依附affectional attachment40能力发展 41质量保证42 反社会行为antisocial behavior 43青少年危机44相对剥夺理论 relative deprivation theory45趋近行为advent behavior 46样本观察sample observation 47 行为社会化behavior socialization 48行为塑behavior shaping49被抽样总体sampled population50身心问题Body-mind problem51 样本显著性水平sample significance level52随机抽样sampling at random53 犯罪人格criminal personality二、问答题1、Please list at least three activities or three organizations in the development of social work.答;1.慈善组织协会:the Charity Organization Society2.全美社会工作者协会：the National Association of Social Workers3.汤恩比馆:Toybee Hall2、Based on the knowledge you have learned from this course, give a definition to social work.答：：Social work is the professional activity of helping individuals, groups, or communities to enhance or restore their capacity for social functioning and to create social conditions favorable to their goals;3、Illustrate at least four roles that social workers may play in helping people.答：1.ENABLER;2.BROKER;3.ADVOCATE;4.ACTIVIST;ENABLER：In this role a worker helps individuals or groups to articulate their needs, to clarify and identify their problemsto explore resolution strategies, to select and apply a strategy, and to develop their capacities to deal with their own problems more effectively. This role model is perhaps the most frequently used approach in counseling individuals, groups, and families. The model is also used in community organization primarily when the objective is to help people to help themselves.BROKER：A broker links individuals and groups who need help with community services. For example, a wife who is frequently physically abused by her husband might be referred to a shelter home .Nowadays even moderate-sized communities have 200 or 300 social service agencies/organizations providing community services.Even human services professionals are often only partially aware of the total service network in their community.ADVOCATE：The role of an advocate has been borrowed from the law profession. It is an active directive role in which the social worker is an advocate for a client or for a citizen’s group.When a client or a citizen’s group is in need of help and existing institutions are uninterested in providing services, then the advocate’s role may be appropriate.ACTIVIST：An activist seeks basic institutional change;often the objective involves a shift in power and resources to a disadvantaged group. An activist is concerned about social injustice, inequity,and deprivation. Tactics involve conflict, confrontation, and negotiation. Social action is concerned with changing the social environment in order to better meet the recognized needs of individuals.4、What are three levels of social work practice?答：Social workers practice at three levels:☆micro-working on a one to one based with an individual；（一对一的方式）☆mezzo-working with families and other small groups；（为家庭和其他小群体）☆macro：['mækrəu] -working with communities or seeking changes in statutes and social policies；（与各类组织和社区打交道，或寻求改变章程，法律和社会政策）5、What are the contents of basic knowledge of social work ?答：theory, models, wisdom, and specialized knowledge.6、Describe the traditional focus of sociology.答：sociology is the study of human social behavior and its origins, development, organizations, and institutions. It is a social science which uses various methods of empirical investigation and critical analysis to develop a body of knowledge about human social actions, social structure and functions.7、Contrast absolute poverty with relative poverty.答：Absolute poverty；Absolute poverty or destitution refers to the state of severe deprivation of basic human needs, which commonly includes food, water, sanitation, clothing, shelter, health care, education and information.Relative povertyRelative poverty refers to as being below some relative income threshold, where this threshold differs for each society or country. One may be relatively poor, without being in the state of absolute poverty; relative poverty is often considered as an indirect measure of income inequality.8、Which forms can Social welfare take?答：Welfare can take a variety of forms, such as monetary payments, subsidies and vouchers, or housing. Welfare can be provided by governments, non-governmental organizations, or a combination of the two. Welfare programs may be funded directly by governments, or in social insurance models, by the members of the Welfare scheme.9、Summarized the different culture between China and America.答：1Collectivism and Individualism2Independence and Teamwork3Table manners4The concept of friendship10、Talk about your outlook on social work.答：11、Give a definition to social worker.答A social worker is a person whose job is to do social work. Social workers are health professionals who use counseling to help people function in their environment, improve their relationships with others, and solve personal and family problems. They also help people locate and access appropriateresources for their particular needs.12、which several strategies does the process of social work include?答13、What are the goals of Social Work Practice?答Goal 1: Enhance the Problem-Solving, Coping, and Developmental Capacities of People.（提高人们解决问题、应对环境和发展自己的能力）Goal 2: Link People with Systems That Provide Them with Resources, Services, and opportunities.（把人和为人们提供资源、服务和机会的系统联系起来）Goal 3: Promote the Effectiveness and Humane Operation of Systems That Provide People with Resources and Services；（促进系统高效、人道地为人们提供服务）Goal 4: Develop and Improve Social Policy（制定和修订社会政策）（注：文档可能无法思考全面，请浏览后下载，供参考。