信息管理系统9
信息管理系统内容
信息管理系统内容信息管理系统是一种用于组织、存储、处理和传递信息的工具，它在现代社会中发挥着重要的作用。
本文将介绍信息管理系统的定义、功能、应用领域以及面临的挑战。
定义信息管理系统是指通过计算机和其他技术手段将信息进行有效组织、存储、处理和传递的一种系统。
它包括硬件、软件和人员等多个组成部分，通过这些部分的协同工作，实现对信息的快速、准确、安全的管理。
功能信息管理系统具有多种功能，包括数据采集、信息存储、信息检索、信息分析和信息分享等。
首先，它可以通过各种方式采集数据，如手动输入、传感器感测等，将数据转化为信息。
其次，它可以将信息以结构化的方式进行存储，如数据库管理系统。
然后，通过信息检索功能，用户可以方便地获取所需的信息。
此外，信息管理系统还可以对信息进行分析，提供决策支持和业务洞察。
最后，它还可以通过不同的方式分享信息，如电子邮件、网站、移动应用程序等。
应用领域信息管理系统广泛应用于各个领域。
在教育领域，学校可以使用学生信息管理系统来管理学生的个人信息、课程安排、成绩等。
在医疗领域，医院可以使用电子健康记录系统来管理患者的病历、药物处方等信息。
在企业领域，企业可以使用企业资源计划系统（ERP）来集成公司的各个部门和业务流程的信息。
在政府部门，政府可以使用电子政务系统来提供在线服务和管理公共事务。
总之，信息管理系统几乎在各个行业和领域发挥着重要的作用。
面临的挑战尽管信息管理系统带来了诸多好处，但也面临着一些挑战。
首先，信息管理系统涉及到大量的数据存储和处理，对硬件和网络基础设施提出了高要求。
其次，信息管理系统需要保证数据的安全性和隐私性，否则会面临信息泄露的风险。
另外，不同的信息管理系统可能使用不同的标准和格式，导致信息的互操作性问题。
此外，信息管理系统的设计和实施需要专业的技术和管理人员，对人力资源的需求也是一个挑战。
最后，信息管理系统的运营和维护需要不断更新和改进，以满足不断变化的需求。
结论信息管理系统是现代社会不可或缺的一部分，它可以帮助我们更好地组织、存储、处理和传递信息。
信息管理系统基本情况介绍和功能说明
信息管理系统基本情况介绍和功能说明简介本文旨在介绍信息管理系统的基本情况和功能。
信息管理系统是一种用于收集、存储、管理和检索信息的系统。
它能够提高组织的信息管理效率和准确性，为决策和业务流程提供有力支持。
功能说明1. 数据收集和存储信息管理系统具备数据收集和存储功能，可以接收并记录各种形式的数据，如文本、图像、音频和视频等。
系统提供适当的界面和工具，使用户能够方便地输入和上传数据，并将其存储在可靠的数据库中。
2. 数据管理和分类系统可以根据预设的分类标准和规则，对收集到的数据进行管理和分类。
用户可以创建和修改不同的数据类别和属性，为信息进行合理的组织和归类，方便后续的检索和利用。
3. 数据检索和查询信息管理系统提供强大的搜索和查询功能，用户可以根据特定的条件和要求，对存储在系统中的信息进行检索。
系统能够快速地返回符合要求的数据，并以用户友好的方式呈现结果，帮助用户快速找到所需信息。
4. 报表和分析系统支持生成各种类型的报表和分析结果，以便用户更好地理解和利用存储的信息。
用户可以根据自己的需要选择数据分析方法和报表类型，系统将根据用户的要求生成相应的报表和分析结果。
5. 安全和权限控制为了确保信息的安全性和保密性，信息管理系统具备严格的安全和权限控制机制。
系统允许管理员对用户的访问权限进行设置和管理，以确保只有具有合法权限的用户才能访问和操作系统中的信息。
总结信息管理系统是一种重要的工具，它能够提高信息管理的效率和质量，为组织和个人提供强有力的支持。
本文简要介绍了信息管理系统的基本情况和功能，希望能够帮助读者对信息管理系统有更清晰的了解。
管理信息系统(第9版)精要版原书英文版题库答案第2章
Essentials of Management Information Systems, 9e (Laudon/Laudon)Chapter 2 Global E-Business and Collaboration1) Senior management is responsible for directing the day-to-day activities of the business. Answer: FALSEDiff: 1 Page Ref: 44-45AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension2) Operational-level manufacturing systems deal with the firm's long-term manufacturing goals, such as where to locate a new plant.Answer: FALSEDiff: 2 Page Ref: 45AACSB: Analytic SkillsCASE: Analysis in terms of categorize, differentiate3) Transaction processing systems are most commonly encountered at the senior management level of an organization.Answer: FALSEDiff: 2 Page Ref: 47AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension4) TPS help managers monitor the firm's relations with the external environment.Answer: TRUEDiff: 3 Page Ref: 48AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension5) A hotel reservation system is a typical example of a management information system. Answer: FALSEDiff: 2 Page Ref: 48-49AACSB: Analytic SkillsCASE: Analysis in terms of categorize6) The decision to grant credit to a customer is normally made by a senior manager. Answer: FALSEDiff: 2 Page Ref: 47AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension7) Transaction processing systems are the basic business systems that serve the operational level of the organization.Answer: TRUEDiff: 2 Page Ref: 47AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension8) Management information systems primarily support nonroutine decision making. Answer: FALSEDiff: 2 Page Ref: 49AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension9) Most MISs use sophisticated mathematical models or statistical techniques.Answer: FALSEDiff: 2 Page Ref: 49AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension10) Deciding whether to introduce a new product line is the responsibility of an operational manager.Answer: FALSEDiff: 2 Page Ref: 45AACSB: Analytic SkillsCASE: Analysis in terms of categorize11) Decision-support systems help managers make decisions that are unique, rapidly changing, and not easily specified in advance.Answer: TRUEDiff: 1 Page Ref: 49AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension12) Decision-support systems often use information from external sources.Answer: TRUEDiff: 2 Page Ref: 50AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension13) ESSs are designed to serve the middle management of the organization.Answer: FALSEDiff: 2 Page Ref: 51AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension14) ESSs are designed to incorporate data about external events, but they also draw summarized information from internal MIS and DSS.Answer: TRUEDiff: 2 Page Ref: 51AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension15) ESSs are designed primarily to solve specific problems.Answer: FALSEDiff: 2 Page Ref: 51AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension16) Information supplied by an enterprise system is structured around cross-functional business processes.Answer: TRUEDiff: 2 Page Ref: 54AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension17) Supply chain management systems are more externally oriented than enterprise systems. Answer: TRUEDiff: 2 Page Ref: 55AACSB: Analytic SkillsCASE: Analysis in terms of compare18) Knowledge management systems are used to gather and distribute the firm's essential operational data, such as sales reports.Answer: FALSEDiff: 1 Page Ref: 55AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension19) Cell phones are one of the tools firms use to support teamwork and collaboration. Answer: TRUEDiff: 1 Page Ref: 60AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension20) The five basic entities that make up any business are suppliers, customers, employees, products and services, and:A) its environment.B) manufacturing and production.C) sales and marketing.D) invoices and payments.Answer: DDiff: 2 Page Ref: 42AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension21) Promoting the organization's products or services is a responsibility of the ________ function.A) finance and accountingB) human resourcesC) manufacturing and productionD) sales and marketingAnswer: DDiff: 1 Page Ref: 43AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension22) Checking for product quality is an activity associated with the ________ function.A) finance and accountingB) human resourcesC) manufacturing and productionD) sales and marketingAnswer: CDiff: 1 Page Ref: 43AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension23) Which of the following is a cross-functional business process?A) Hiring an employeeB) Identifying a customerC) Fulfilling a customer orderD) Creating an invoiceAnswer: CDiff: 2 Page Ref: 44AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension24) Employees that assist with paperwork at all levels of the firm are called:A) data workers.B) knowledge workers.C) operational management.D) service workers.Answer: ADiff: 1 Page Ref: 45AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension25) The three principal levels of hierarchies within a business organization are:A) management, knowledge workers, and service workers.B) senior management, middle management, and operational management.C) management, data workers, and operational management.D) senior management, operational management, and workers.Answer: BDiff: 2 Page Ref: 45AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension26) Key forces in a business's immediate environment include:A) regulations.B) technology.C) economy.D) politics.Answer: ADiff: 3 Page Ref: 45-46AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension27) Engineers and architects are examples of:A) senior management.B) production workers.C) knowledge workers.D) middle management.Answer: CDiff: 1 Page Ref: 45AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension28) Which of the following is an example of a key force in a firm's broader, less immediate environment?A) stockholdersB) regulationsC) shipping firmsD) economic trendsAnswer: DDiff: 3 Page Ref: 46AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension29) A computerized system that performs and records the daily dealings necessary to conduct business is classified as a(n):A) executive support system.B) management-level system.C) decision support system.D) transaction-processing system.Answer: DDiff: 1 Page Ref: 47AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension30) Which type of system would you use to change a production schedule if a key supplier was late in delivering goods?A) ESSB) TPSC) MISD) DSSAnswer: BDiff: 2 Page Ref: 47-48AACSB: Analytic SkillsCASE: Analysis in terms of differentiate and appraise31) A relocation control system that reports summaries on the total moving, house-hunting, and home financing costs for employees in all company divisions would fall into the category of:A) knowledge management systems.B) transaction support systems.C) executive-support systems.D) management information systems.Answer: DDiff: 3 Page Ref: 48AACSB: Analytic SkillsCASE: Analysis in terms of categorize32) The term "management information systems" designates a specific category of information systems serving:A) integrated data processing throughout the firm.B) transaction process reporting.C) senior managementD) middle management functions.Answer: DDiff: 1 Page Ref: 48AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension33) These systems are designed to summarize and report on the company's basic operations.A) Management information systemsB) Decision-support systemsC) Executive information systemsD) Transaction processing systemsAnswer: ADiff: 2 Page Ref: 48AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension34) ________ support making decisions that are unique, rapidly changing, and not easily specified in advance.A) Management information systemsB) Transaction processing systemsC) Executive support systemsD) Decision-support systemsAnswer: DDiff: 1 Page Ref: 49AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension35) Which type of system would you use to determine the five suppliers with the worst record in delivering goods on time?A) ESSB) TPSC) MISD) DSSAnswer: CDiff: 2 Page Ref: 48-49AACSB: Analytic SkillsCASE: Analysis in terms of differentiate and appraise36) These systems are especially suited to situations in which the procedure for arriving at a solution may not be fully predefined in advance.A) Management information systemsB) Transaction processing systemsC) Decision-support systemsD) Knowledge management systemsAnswer: CDiff: 2 Page Ref: 49AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension37) Which type of system would you use to forecast the return on investment if you used new suppliers with better delivery track records?A) ESSB) TPSC) MISD) DSSAnswer: DDiff: 2 Page Ref: 49-50AACSB: Analytic SkillsCASE: Analysis in terms of categorize38) Decision-support systems are also referred to as:A) business information systems.B) business intelligence systems.C) executive support systems.D) business model systems.Answer: BDiff: 2 Page Ref: 50AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension39) Executive support systems are information systems that support the:A) long-range planning activities of senior management.B) knowledge and data workers in an organization.C) decision-making and administrative activities of middle managers.D) day-to-day processes of production.Answer: ADiff: 1 Page Ref: 51AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension40) ESS are specifically designed to serve the ________ level of the organization.A) operationalB) end-userC) middle managementD) senior managementAnswer: DDiff: 1 Page Ref: 51AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension41) Which type of system would you use to determine what trends in your supplier's industry will affect your firm the most in five years?A) ESSB) TPSC) MISD) DSSAnswer: ADiff: 2 Page Ref: 51AACSB: Analytic SkillsCASE: Analysis in terms of categorize42) ________ systems often deliver information to senior executives through a portal.A) Transaction processingB) Executive supportC) Management informationD) Decision-supportAnswer: BDiff: 2 Page Ref: 51AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension43) A POS system, such as the one selected by Johnny's Lunch in the chapter case study, falls into which category of information system?A) TPSB) KWSC) MISD) DSSAnswer: ADiff: 3 Page Ref: 52AACSB: Analytic SkillsCASE: Analysis in terms of categorize44) These systems are designed to support organization-wide process coordination and integration.A) Decision-support systemsB) Management information systemsC) CRMD) Enterprise applicationsAnswer: DDiff: 1 Page Ref: 53AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension45) A(n) ________ collects data from various key business processes and stores the data in a single comprehensive data repository, usable by other parts of the business.A) transaction processing systemB) enterprise systemC) automatic reporting systemD) management information systemAnswer: BDiff: 2 Page Ref: 54AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension46) What is the most important benefit of an enterprise application?A) Enabling speed of communicating.B) Enabling business functions and departments to share information.C) Enabling a company to work collaboratively with customers and suppliers.D) Enabling cost-effective, e-business processes.Answer: BDiff: 3 Page Ref: 53-54AACSB: Analytic SkillsCASE: Evaluation in terms of appraise, evaluate47) ________ systems integrate and share information from suppliers, manufacturers, distributors, and logistics companies.A) Collaborative distributionB) Supply-chain managementC) Reverse logisticsD) Enterprise planningAnswer: BDiff: 1 Page Ref: 54AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension48) ________ systems provide information to coordinate all of the business processes that deal with customers in sales, marketing, and service to optimize revenue, customer satisfaction, and customer retention.A) CRMB) MISC) ESSD) CPSAnswer: ADiff: 1 Page Ref: 55AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension49) Which type of information system would an intranet be most easily adapted to?A) CRMB) MISC) TPSD) KMSAnswer: DDiff: 3 Page Ref: 55AACSB: Analytic SkillsCASE: Synthesis in terms of bringing information together50) Which of the following types of system could be used to enable different firms to work collaboratively on a product?A) intranetB) extranetC) KMSD) CRMAnswer: BDiff: 2 Page Ref: 55AACSB: Analytic SkillsCASE: Analysis in terms of appraise51) You manage the Information Systems department at a small startup Internet advertiser. You need to set up an inexpensive system that allows customers to see real-time statistics such as views and click-throughs about their current banner ads. Which type of system will most efficiently provide a solution?A) CRMB) Enterprise systemC) ExtranetD) IntranetAnswer: CDiff: 2 Page Ref: 55AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Evaluation in terms of assess, choose52) Buying or selling goods over the Internet is called:A) e-commerce.B) e-business.C) an intranet.D) an extranet.Answer: ADiff: 1 Page Ref: 56AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension53) The use of digital technology and the Internet to execute the major business processes in the enterprise is called:A) e-commerce.B) e-business.C) enterprise applications.D) MIS.Answer: BDiff: 1 Page Ref: 56AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension54) You work for a highly successful advertiser that is just about to expand nationally. Of utmost importance will be finding a way to store and disseminate their client's frequently updated branding and style guides to all of their branches. The guides include multiple image files and text documents. What system will best serve these needs?A) A wikiB) An extranet with KMS capabilitiesC) A TPS with KMS capabilitiesD) An ESS with collaboration capabilitiesAnswer: BDiff: 3 Page Ref: 54-65AACSB: Analytic SkillsCASE: Synthesis in terms of bringing information together55) Interaction jobs are those jobs which:A) are in the service sector and require close coordination, and collaboration.B) involve knowledge that can't be put into an information system.C) are performed typically by operational-level employees.D) require intense levels of interaction with clients.Answer: ADiff: 2 Page Ref: 57AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension56) You have been hired by Inspiration Inc, to help improve their profit margin. Inspiration Inc. is a business communications consultancy that services many clients in different industries throughout the U.S. The end products of the company are customized recommendations for the best use of a client's existing resources for improving internal communications, typically delivered via documentation in different media. The company has approximately 100 consultants all of whom are located in their central headquarters in Chicago. What system do you recommend to improve the company's business processes and increase their profit margin?A) Extranet, to enable quick collaboration over the Internet, minimize the time spent communicating with the client, and minimize the amount of paperwork neededB) CRM, to maintain easily accessible customer records to minimize the time spent looking for client dataC) KMS, for minimizing redundant work on similar clientsD) Video conferencing system, for improving collaborationAnswer: ADiff: 3 Page Ref: 55-61AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Synthesis in terms of bringing information together57) In a business environment, the focus of collaboration is to:A) accomplish the task at hand.B) provide a sense of community.C) foster better communication.D) prevent miscommunication.Answer: ADiff: 2 Page Ref: 56AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension58) Which of the following statements is NOT true about collaboration in a business setting?A) Collaboration may be a short-lived activity, lasting just a few minutes.B) Collaboration is a many-to-many activity as opposed to a one-to-one or one-to-many activity.C) Meaningful collaboration requires a supportive business firm culture and the right, decentralized structure.D) The evidence of the business benefits of collaboration are largely anecdotal.Answer: BDiff: 2 Page Ref: 56-59AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension59) Which of the following tools is NOT one of the most important 15 types of collaboration software tools?A) screen sharingB) video streamingC) video conferencingD) e-mail and instant messagingAnswer: BDiff: 2 Page Ref: 60AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension60) A wiki is a type of:A) social networking site.B) blogging.C) video conferencing.D) Web site designed for collaborative writing and editing.Answer: DDiff: 1 Page Ref: 61AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension61) Second Life is an example of a:A) virtual world.B) wiki.C) social networking site.D) mind mapping tool.Answer: ADiff: 1 Page Ref: 61AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension62) The most widely used collaboration software tool used by very large firms is:A) Lotus Notes.B) Microsoft SharePoint.C) Google Apps.D) Onehub.Answer: ADiff: 2 Page Ref: 65AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension63) What analytical framework discussed in the chapter helps understand and evaluate the benefits and uses of collaboration tools?A) cost/use matrixB) task/time matrixC) space/cost matrixD) time/space matrixAnswer: DDiff: 2 Page Ref: 67AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension64) Which of the following collaboration tools would be appropriate for participants in separate locations who need to collaborate synchronously?A) blogB) team roomC) electronic meeting softwareD) group calendarAnswer: CDiff: 2 Page Ref: 67AACSB: Analytic SkillsCASE: Analysis in terms of compare65) The ________ is responsible for ensuring that the company complies with existing data privacy laws.A) CPOB) CKOC) CIOD) CIPAnswer: ADiff: 2 Page Ref: 68AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension66) The principal liaison between the information systems groups and the rest of the organization is a(n):A) programmer.B) information systems manager.C) systems analyst.D) CIO.Answer: CDiff: 2 Page Ref: 68AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension67) A ________ is a senior manager who oversees the use of IT in the firm.A) CEOB) CFOC) CIOD) CITAnswer: CDiff: 1 Page Ref: 68AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension68) Development and support services for a firm's business systems are provided by:A) IT educational services.B) IT management services.C) Application software services.D) IT standards services.Answer: CDiff: 3 Page Ref: 69AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension69) Policies that determine which information technology will be used, when, and how are provided by:A) IT educational services.B) IT management services.C) Application software services.D) IT standards services.Answer: DDiff: 3 Page Ref: 69AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension70) A(n) ________ is a set of logically related activities for accomplishing a specific business result.Answer: business processDiff: 1 Page Ref: 42AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension71) A firm depends heavily on its ________ to supply capital, labor, customers, new technology, services and products, stable markets and legal systems, and general educational resources. Answer: environmentDiff: 2 Page Ref: 45AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension72) The ________ function is responsible for attracting, developing, and maintaining the firm's workforce.Answer: human resourcesDiff: 1 Page Ref: 43AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension73) Managers need ________ systems to monitor the status of internal operations and the firm's relations with the external environment.Answer: transaction processingDiff: 2 Page Ref: 48AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension74) A(n) ________ is used by middle management to support nonroutine decision making. Answer: decision-support system/DSSDiff: 1 Page Ref: 49AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension75) ________ applications span the entire firm, integrating information from multiple functions and business processes to enhance the performance of the organization as a whole.Answer: EnterpriseDiff: 1 Page Ref: 53AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension76) Supply chain management systems are one type of ________ system because they automate the flow of information across organizational boundaries.Answer: interorganizationalDiff: 3 Page Ref: 55AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension77) ________ are highly trained technical specialists who write the software instructions for computers.Answer: ProgrammersDiff: 1 Page Ref: 68AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension78) ________ are representatives of departments outside of the information systems group for whom applications are developed.Answer: End usersDiff: 2 Page Ref: 69AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension79) ________ technology allows a videoconference participant to give the appearance of being present at a location other than his or her true physical location.Answer: TelepresenceDiff: 3 Page Ref: 61AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Comprehension80) Identify the different types of systems used for the different levels of management in a business.Answer: The types of information systems used for different levels of management are transaction processing systems (TPS), management information systems (MIS), decision-support systems (DSS), and executive support systems (ESS). TPS, such as payroll or order processing, track the flow of the daily routine transactions that are necessary to conduct business. They are used by operational managers to manage day-to-day operations. MIS summarize and report on the c ompany’s basic operations using data supplied by TPS. They provide middle managers with reports on the organization’s current performance and are not highly analytical. DSS also support middle management decisions when these decisions are unique, rapidly changing, and not specified easily in advance. They use advanced analytical models and data analysis capabilities and often draw on information from external as well as internal sources. ESS support senior management by providing data of greatest importance to senior management decision makers. ESS provide a generalized computing and communications capacity that can be applied to a changing array of problems. ESS present graphs and data from many sources through an interface that is easy for senior managers to use, often a portal.Diff: 1 Page Ref: 47-51AACSB: Reflective ThinkingCASE: Synthesis in terms of generalize81) In your opinion, what are at least three factors that contribute to the difficulty of integrating systems for different organizational levels and functions within an organization? Support your answer.Answer: An example answer is: Three factors that can contribute include different computing environments; different data kept; and employee resistance. Different computing environments can make it difficult in terms of programming to connect the systems together. If the systems have kept different types of data and different records, this may also be a hindrance. For example, if some elements in a database are recorded differently, such as a customer ID not being the same in one area as another, this would make consistency a problem and may contribute to redundant information. There may also be resistance to adopting new, integrative systems that are more efficient because these may change business processes and the functions of employees. People working in an organization may not want to lose the responsibilities they have and the functions they understand.Diff: 3 Page Ref: 53AACSB: Analytic SkillsCASE: Evaluation in terms of assess, compare82) Discuss at least three reasons why collaboration and teamwork are more important today than ever.Answer: Collaboration and teamwork are more important today than ever for a variety of reasons. For one, the nature of work has changed from factory manufacturing andpre-computer office work. Today, the kinds of jobs we have require much closer coordination and interaction among the parties involved in producing the service or product. Another reason is that the organization of work has changed. For most of the industrial age, work was organized in a hierarchical fashion. Orders came down the hierarchy, and responses moved back up the hierarchy. Today, work is organized into groups and teams, who are expected to develop their own methods for accomplishing the task. Senior managers observe and measure results, but are much less likely to issue detailed orders or operating procedures. Another reason is the need to manage work from global locations: The work of the firm has changed from a single location to multiple locations - offices throughout a region, a nation, or even around the globe. Global competition also places a premium on innovation. Innovation is a group and social process, and most innovations derive from collaboration among individuals in a lab, a business, or government agencies. Strong collaborative practices and technologies are believed to increase the rate and quality of innovation. Overall, most research on collaboration supports the notion that diverse teams produce better outputs, faster, than individuals working on their own.Diff: 2 Page Ref: 57-58AACSB: Analytic SkillsCASE: Synthesis in terms of propose83) Identify and describe at least four business benefits of collaboration? Which do you feel is the most important and why?Answer: Business benefits from collaboration are (1) productivity; (2) quality; (3) innovation;(4) customer service; and (5) financial performance. Collaboration helps productivity because people working together on a task can complete the task more quickly. It helps quality because people working together will be more able to correct each other's mistakes. It helps innovation because people working in groups come up with more ideas than those working in isolation. It helps customer service because teams can solve customer complaints more quickly together rather than working in isolation. And as a result of all of these benefits, collaboration helps finance, because collaborative firms have superior sales, sales growth, and financial performance. Student evaluations will vary: for example, the most important of the benefits might be: innovation, because new products, services, and means of production are at the heart of being able to outperform your competitors.Diff: 2 Page Ref: 58-59AACSB: Analytic SkillsCASE: Evaluation in terms of compare, assess。
管理信息系统第9章决策支持系统(DSS)介绍
第二节 决策支持系统的组成
（一）三角式结构
用户
对话管理 子系统
用户
对话管理 子系统
数据库 管理系统
模型库 管理系统
数据库
方法库
模型库
管理系统 管理系统 管理系统
数据库
模型库
a 两库模型
数据库
方法库
模型库
b 三库模型
第二节 决策支持系统的组成
（二） 其他结构 以对话管理子系统牵头，将模型库与数据库以直线方式联 接的串连结构。 结构特点：对话子系统不直接与数据库子系统联系，而是 通过模型库子系统转达操作请求。
将数据库子系统与模型库子系统融为一体的融合式系统结 构。
结构特点： 数据库子系统与模型库子系统互不独立，既可以说是模型 库子系统建立在数据库子系统的基础上，也可以说是数据库 子系统被嵌入模型库子系统之中，模型库中的模型运行时直 接调用数据库中的数据。
第九章 决策支持系统（DSS）
思考题： 1、决策支持系统可辅助决策者解决什么类型的决策问题？ 2、决策支持系统如何定义？ 3、MIS与DSS的关系？ 3、DSS的三角式两库系统结构图？ 4、DSS的三角式三库系统结构图？
定义：DSS是一种以计算机为工具，应用 决策科学及有关学科的理论与方法，以人机交 互方式辅助决策者解决半结构化和非结构化决 策问题的信息系统。
第一节 决策支持系统（DSS）的概念
三、决策支持系统与管理信息系统的关系
主要观点有以下四种： 1、MIS是一个总概念，DSS是MIS发展的高级 阶段或高层子系统。 2、DSS是鉴于MIS的不足而推出的目标不同于 MIS的新型系统。 3、MIS是DSS的基础部分，也即DSS包括提供 决策信息的MIS，MIS是DSS的一个子系统。 4、有广义与侠义之分，就侠义而言，MIS与 DSS是不同的系统，就广义而言，DSS是MIS的分 系统。
ch9 管理信息系统的系统管理 管理信息系统课程课件
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Chapter 1: Software 31
购置商品软件与开发相结合的信息系统实施流程
系统分析
购置与专门开发 模块划分选择
购置与实施
接口设计
系统集成 系统投入运行
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系统设计 系统实施
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信息系统的管理的任务
➢系统开发生命周期的管理
项目规划、审定 分析 设计 实施 风险管理
➢系统运行管理
系统日常维护管理 协调、变更管理 资源价值的最大化
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Chapter 1: Software 2
第一节 信息系统管理的基本内容
➢系统资源管理 硬件 网络 数据、程序 人员
➢安全管理 权限 操作（硬件、软件） 防病毒 防黑客
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Chapter 1: Software 25
第二节 信息系统开发的项目管理简介
常用视图有 ： ➢甘特图 ➢跟踪甘特图 ➢任务分配状况 ➢工程网络图（PERT） ➢资源工作表（存放所有资源信息、包含人力资源的工资、 材料的造价、工具的使用成本等信息）
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Chapter 1: Software 26
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Chapter 1: Software 29
购置商品软件的信息系统实施流程
提出需求
提出建议
基本数据录入
洽谈
方案设计
试运行
确定模块 调查分析
方案讨论 确定方案
模块设置 培训
管理模式调整
正式投入运行
维护
企业
合作
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软件公司
Chapter 1: Software 30
第二节 信息系统开发的项目管理简介
第二节 信息系统开发的项目管理简介
信息管理系统第九章PPT课件
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3、代码的维护 随着环境的变化，旧的代码不能适应新的要求，必须进行改造。
4、机器、设备的维护 包括机器、设备的日常维护与管理。
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•维护的类型
依据信息系统需要维护的原因不同，系统维护可分为四 种类型：
（1）、更正性维护（corrective maintenance）
为了改善系统功能或适应用户的需要而增加新的功 能的维护工作。
在软件的使用过程中，用户往往会对软件提出新的 功能与性能要求。为了满足这些要求，需要修改或再开 发软件，以扩充软件功能、增强软件性能、改进加工效 率、提高软件的可维护性。这种情况下进行的维护活动 叫做完善性维。
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（4）、预防性维护（preventive maintenance）
预防性维护 4%
适应性维护 25%
完善性维护 50%
各类维护工作的比例
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•系统维护的管理
系统的修改，往往会“牵一发而动全身”。程序、文件、代码
的
局部修改，都可能影响系统的其他部分。
提出修改要求
验收成果
领导批准
登记修改情况
分配任务
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2 系统的可靠性与安全性
指由于发现系统中错误而引起的维护，包括诊断问题和 改正错误。在软件交付使用后，由于开发时测试的不彻底、 不完全，必然会有一部分隐藏的错误被带到运行阶段来。改 正软件性能上的缺陷、排除实施中的误使用，应进行的诊断 和改正错误的过程，是改正性维护。
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（2）、适应性维护（adaptive maintenance）
管理信息系统-9-系统测试与交接维护
A
从A到B的可能路径达
520条，对每一条路径进
行测试需要1毫秒，假
定一年工作365 × 24小
时，要想把所有路径测
试完，需3024年。
B
15
穷举测试是否可行?(黑盒测试) 例:输入 三条边长 可采用的测试用例数(设字长16位)
=216×216×2 1≈6 3 ×10 14
执行时间: 设测试一次需1毫秒,假定一年工作 365 × 24小时，共需约9000年。
软件测试的 策略和方法
静态测 试方法
动态测 试方法
人工测试方法 计算机辅助静 态分析方法
白盒测试方法 黑盒测试方法 穷举测试方法
5 5
静态测试 基本特征是对软件进行分析、检查和测试，不实
际运行被测试的软件。
静态测试对需求规格说明书、软件设计说明书、 源程序做结构分析、流程图分析、符号执行来找 错。约可找出30～70%的逻辑设计错误。
a
bF
(A>1) ^ (B=0)
Tc X=X/A
F d
(A=2) V (X>1)
Te X=X+1
满足语句覆盖的 测试用例如下
2，0，4
a -- c -- e L1
19
白盒测试方法-判定覆盖
所谓的判定覆盖就是设计若干个测试用 例，运行被测程序，使得程序中每个判断的 取真分支和取假分支至少经历一次。
20
条件 取真值 取假值
A>1
T1
T1
B=0
T2
T2
A=2
T3
T3
X>1
T4
T4
25 25
白盒测试方法-条件覆盖
a
F
信息管理信息系统
信息管理信息系统信息管理信息系统是指为管理和处理信息而设计、开发和使用的系统。
它通过集成各种技术和工具，帮助组织和个人有效地管理信息资源，提高工作效率和业务运营的质量。
本文将从信息管理信息系统的定义、主要功能、应用领域和发展趋势等方面进行阐述。
一、信息管理信息系统的定义信息管理信息系统是指在计算机技术的支持下，采用科学的管理方法，对信息进行收集、存储、处理、传递和利用的系统。
它以信息为核心，通过整合各种技术手段和资源，构建起一个完整的信息处理流程，实现信息的高效管理和优化利用。
信息管理信息系统的建设包括硬件设备、软件系统、人员培训和组织结构等方面，是一个综合性的工程。
二、信息管理信息系统的主要功能1. 信息收集：通过各种方式获取信息，如网络搜索、数据采集等，将信息汇总到系统中，为后续处理提供数据基础。
2. 信息存储：将收集到的信息进行分类、整理和存储，建立数据仓库或数据库，便于后续查询和使用。
3. 信息处理：对存储的信息进行加工和处理，包括数据清洗、分析、挖掘等操作，得出有价值的结果和结论。
4. 信息传递：将处理后的信息按照需求进行传递和交流，通过邮件、即时通讯、网站发布等方式将信息传递给相关人员。
5. 信息利用：利用处理好的信息资源，进行决策分析、业务运营和知识创新等活动，提高工作效率和质量。
6. 信息安全：确保信息的机密性、完整性和可用性，采取各种安全技术和措施，防止信息泄露和非法访问。
三、信息管理信息系统的应用领域信息管理信息系统广泛应用于各个行业和领域，如企业管理、医疗卫生、教育科研、金融保险、物流运输等。
以企业管理为例，信息管理信息系统可以协助企业进行市场调研、生产计划、供应链管理、人力资源等方面的工作。
在医疗卫生领域，信息系统可以帮助医院管理患者信息、医疗资源和医疗设备等，提高医疗效率和服务质量。
在教育领域，信息系统可以用于学生管理、教学资源共享和在线教育等方面的工作，提供个性化学习和培训服务。
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下午4点,电话铃又响：“妈妈,晚上几个同学想来 家里吃饭,你帮准备一下。” (紧急订单) “好的,儿子,你们想吃什?,爸爸晚上也有客人.你 愿意和他个一起吃吗?” “菜你看着办吧,但一定要有西红柿炒鸡蛋.我 们不和大人一起吃,6:30左右回来.” (呵呵,不能并 单处理) “好的,肯定让你们满意。”(订单确认)
送走了所有客人，疲惫的妻子坐在沙发上对丈夫 说：“现在咱们家请客的频率非常高，应该要买些 厨房用品了(设备采购)，最好能再雇个小保姆(连人 力资源系统也有接口了)。”
丈夫：“家里你做主，需要什么你就去办 吧。”(通过审核) 妻子：“还有，最近家里花销太大，用你的私 房钱来补贴一下，好吗?”(哈哈哈哈，最后就是应收 货款的催要)
实施 MRP Ⅱ的效益 MRPⅡ的定量效益
财务分析
资金管理
报表管理
总帐管理 应付管理 应收管理 固定资产 设备管理
工资管理 人力资源
库存管理 采购管理 生产管理 销售管理
分销管理 成本管理 ERP系统的一般构成
决策管理 管理信息化已经大范围应用
生产制造管理
客户 关系 管理
分销 及连 锁零 售管 理
物料需求计划
物料基本数据 主生产调度 计划（MPS）
物料结构表
库存管理数据
毛需求
采购及未付 客户单
物料需求计划
物料需求单
MRP第二阶段
• 70年代：闭环式MRP
– 能适应主计划的改变，又能适应现场情况的 变化，同时加强了各子系统之间的联系
闭环式MRP结构
生产计划 主生产计划 产能负荷分析 可行？ Y 物料需求计划 执行物料需求计划
执行车间作业计划
MRPII系统结构图
产能计划 主生产计划 订单管理
车间作业计划
物料需求计划
物料清单
成本会计
采购管理
库存管理
MRPII系统流程图
指令 计划/ 订单 产品结构与工程设计 需求/预测
主生产计划
物料需求计划
产能需求计划
采购单/工作令开发 采购/验收
仓库管理
作业控制 库存管理 配运管理/成本计算
决定战略管理目标的关 键要素与关键成功因子
• 有效的计划调度：而及时地获取原材料、 辅料的供应情况，市场变动情况，计划 变动情况以及生产实际的进度情况又是 有效的计划调度的关键因子。 • 完好的设备运行状态：这与设备管理和 计划调度的生产任务安排有关。 • 严格的质量检验：这是保证生产管理的 最重要一个环节，这与物料管理和质量 检验方面的业务管理有关。
ERP的功能
• ERP系统是一个面向供应链管理（Supply chain management）的管理信息集成 • 在生产方式管理和事务处理控制方面ERP系统能较好地 适应多品种、小批量生产以及看板式生产组合的混合型 制造环境，较好在满足和支持了企业多元化的要求 • 系统功能模块化 • 采用计算机和网络通信技术的最新成果，实现信息的高 度共享 • ERP系统同企业业务流程再造（Business process reengineering BPR）是密切相关的
第九章
企业资源计划（ERP）
通过一个故事来解读复杂的 ERP
一天中午,丈夫在外给家里打电话：
“老婆,晚上我想带几个同事回家吃饭可以吗?”(订货 意向)。 妻子：“当然可以,来几个人,几点来,想吃什么菜?”
丈夫：“6个人,我们7点左右回来,准备些酒、烤鸭、 西红柿炒蛋、凉菜、蛋花汤……,你看可以吗?”(商务 沟通)
• 提高工艺技术水平：除了技术上的创新 以外，还与基于质量统计分析的持续的 质量改善有关。 • 提高员工的素质水平：包括员工的产品 质量意识，操作水平以及敬业精神。
ERP给企业带来的效益
• 定量的效益 降低库存投资 降低库存量，可以降低20%~35% 降低库存量管理费用：仓库维护费用、管理人员费用、 保险费用、物料损坏和失盗等 减少库存损耗 降低采购成本 提高生产率 提高直接劳动生产率：生产线生产率平均提高5%~10%， 装配线生产率平均提高25%~40% 提高间接劳动生产率：可以提高25% 减少加班：可以减少50%~90%
妻子：“没问题,我会准备好的。”(订单确认)
妻子记录下需要做的菜单(MPS计划),具体要准备 的菜： 鸭酒西红柿鸡蛋油 (BOM物料清单),发现需要：1 只鸭,5瓶酒,4个西红柿 (BOM展开),炒蛋需要6个鸡 蛋,蛋花汤需要4个鸡蛋(共享物料)。 打开冰箱一看(库房),只剩下2个鸡蛋(缺料)。
来到自由市场!
ERP的核心思想
l以供应链管理（SCM，Supply Chain Management）为核心； l 支持精益生产、敏捷制造； l 以企业过程重组（BPR，Business Process Re-engineering） 为基础； l 以价值流分析（Value Flow Analysis）为手段； l 企业资源的全面整合与集成管理； l企业体制创新与管理创新的重要技术平台。
制造企业信息系统
• 指整个生产经营过程中产、供、销、存、 人、财、物的有关信息管理。 • 子模型：
销售、计划、库存、生产、采购以及零件数据、 产品结构和工艺路线等
从MRP 到 ERP II
l 六十年代：狭义的MRP（Material Requirement Planning， 物料需求计划） l 七十年代：闭环的MRP（增加了生产能力需求计划、车间 作业计划和采购作业计划） l 八十年代：MRP II （Manufacturing Resource Planning，制 造资源计划）、JIT（Just In Time，准时制） l 九十年代：ERP （Enterprise Resource Planning，企业资源 计划）、CRM（Custom Relationship Management，客户关 系管理） l二十一世纪：E-business、C-business（协作商务）、ERP II （第二代ERP）、ERP III（第三代ERP）
ERP是一个集计算机技术与管理 技术为一体的系统
• ERP将更加面向市场，包括基于知识的市场预测、订单处理与生产调度、 基于约束调度功能，具有更强的企业优化能力； • ERP将与制造执行系统MES、车间层操作控制系统SFC更紧密地结合，形成 实时化的ERP/MES/SFC系统； • ERP的供应 链管理功能将更强，并进一步面向全球化市场环境，强调供 应商、制造商与分销商之间的新的伙伴关系； • ERP将更好地支持多种不同的制造方式，包括流程制造方式； • ERP的工作流管理功能也将进一步增强，通过工作流实现企业的人员财务、 制造与分销间的集成，并能支持企业经营过程的重组： • ERP纳入了产品数据管理PDM功能，增加了对设计数据与过程的管理，并 进一步加强了生产管理系统与CAD、CAM系统的集成： • 在计算机技术方面，ERP将以客户/服务器分布式结构、多数据库集成与 数据仓库、面向对象方法和Internet/Extranet等到为核心技术。
供应链管理
财务管理 人力资源管理
行政办公管理
ERP(Enterprise Resources Planing)
• ERP 集中体现了现代企业管理的理论和方法 ,ERP 的基本思 想是将企业的业务流程看作是一个紧密联接的供应链,其中 包括供应商（SCM软件）、制造工厂（ERP软件）、分销 网络和客户（CRM软件）等。 • ERP是一种面向企业供应链的管理思想,可对供应链上的所 有环节有效地进行管理如订单、采购、库存、计划、生产 制造、质量控制、运输、分销、服务与维护、财务管理、 投资管理、经营风险管理、决策管理、获利分析、人事管 理、实验室管理、项目管理、配方管理等。
MRPII介绍
• 机械制造业的困难
–生产计划的合理性; –库存的合理管理; –设备的充分利用; – 作业的均衡安排。
MRP第一阶段
• 60年代：物料需求计划（MRP）
– 利用主生产调度（MPS），物料用量单 （BOM），库存和未交货单（OPEN ORDER）等各种资料，经计算得到未来的 物料需求，并进行订单的补充和修改。
6:45,女儿的电话：“妈妈，我想现在带几个朋 友回家吃饭可以吗?”(呵呵,又是紧急订购意向,要求 现货)
“不行呀，女儿，今天妈妈已经需要准备两桌 饭了，时间实在是来不及，真的非常抱歉，下次早 点说，一定给你们准备好。”(哈哈，这就是ERP的 使用局限，要有稳定的外部环境，要有一个起码的 提前期。)
执行车间作业计划
MRP第三阶段
• 80年代：MRPII
– 把材料，人力，资金，设备，时间看成是企 业资源加以管理和控制。除了生产外，还包 括对销售，财务，会计，及成本的处理。能 满足制造业的所有经营及生产活动。称为 “制造业全面资源计划和控制系统”。产能负荷分析 可行？ Y 物料需求计划 财务 管理 执行物料需求计划
MRPⅡ管理模式的特点
• • • • • • 计划的一贯性和可行性 管理系统性 数据共享性 动态应变性 模拟预见性 物流、资金流的统一
• ①降低库存。包括原材料、在制品和产品的库存。如降低库存资金占用 (15％～ 40％)，提高资金周围次数(50％～200％)，降低库存盘点误差(控制在1％～2 ％)。 ②合理利用资源，缩短生产周期，提高劳动生产率。如减少装配面积(10％～30 ％ ) ，减少加班工时 (10 ％～ 50 ％ ) ，减少缺件 (60 ％～ 80 ％ ) ，提高生产率 (5 ％～15％)。 ③按期交货提高客户服务质量。一般按期交货履约率可达 90％以上，接近100％。 ④降低成本。如降低采购费，减少加班费；由于生产周期缩短、库存减少而降低 成本(7％～12％)，增加利润(5％～10％)。 ⑤MRPⅡ系统同财务系统集成，可减少财务收支上的差错或延误，减少经济损失。 • MRPⅡ的定性效益 ①改善经营决策，提高企业的应变能力和竞争地位；企业领导可随时了解销售、 生产和财务等方面的运行状况。 ②团队精神得到发扬，人员素质和精神面貌明显变化，涌现出一大批既懂管理和 生产又善于应用计算机的多专业人才。 ③管理人员从事务主义解脱出来，致力于实质性的管理工作，实现规范化管理。 ④MRPⅡ形成的规范化管理，对产品质量起了一定的保证作用。