高娜娜冈特兰堡教材
中外学前教育名著选读
中外学前教育名著选读教育是一个国家的未来，而学前教育则是孩子健康成长的重要环节。
在中外的学前教育领域中，有许多经典的著作，它们不仅对教育理论的发展有着深远的影响，更是为教育工作者提供了宝贵的经验和指导。
本文将为您带来几本中外学前教育名著的选读，探索其中的智慧和启示。
《摩天楼的大脑：低年级教育的本质》本书是美国教育家Howard Gardner的经典之作。
Gardner认为，儿童的学习是由内在的兴趣和驱动力推动的，而不是被动地接受知识。
他强调了培养学生的创造力和思维能力的重要性，并提出了多元智能理论。
他认为，每个孩子都有不同的智能类型，教育者应该发现和培养他们的潜能。
通过提供多样化的学习环境和教学方法，教育者能够激发孩子们的兴趣和动力，使他们更好地适应未来的挑战。
《艺术和创意的教育》《艺术和创意的教育》由英国教育家和作家Herbert Read编写。
这本书强调了艺术教育对于幼儿发展的重要性。
Read认为，艺术不仅是一种创造力的表现，更是孩子们开发自己潜力的途径。
通过艺术活动，孩子们能够培养想象力、观察力、表达能力和解决问题的能力。
他还提到，艺术教育可以促进孩子们的情感发展和社交交往，培养他们的审美意识和自信心。
教育者应该将艺术活动纳入学前教育的课程中，为孩子们提供更多丰富多彩的学习体验。
《蒙台梭利：儿童教育的科学方法》意大利教育家Maria Montessori的《蒙台梭利：儿童教育的科学方法》是一本不可忽视的学前教育名著。
Montessori提出了一套独特的教育方法，强调了儿童自主学习和自我发展的重要性。
她认为，儿童是天生的探究者和学习者，教育者的角色是为他们提供合适的学习材料和环境，引导他们探索世界、发展自己的潜力。
Montessori教育注重个别差异的尊重和关怀，通过自主学习、实践活动和社会互动，培养孩子们的自律能力和社会技能。
除了这几本名著之外，还有许多其他的著作也对学前教育产生了重要影响。
冈特兰堡简析PPT课件
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深度的分离
深度的分离是指在空间和层次上的分离，也包括元素的分离，整体和部分的分离。兰堡的土豆 系列作品就具有明显的深度分离特征。
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土豆系列招贴画
土豆是冈特·兰堡作品中经常出现的一个设计主题，其土豆的系列海报曾在威斯巴登博物馆的个 人展上展出过。冈特·兰堡出生于二战的发源地德国，土豆伴随兰堡度过了苦难的青少年时期， 因此土豆深深地印在了他的脑海里。兰堡对土豆有一种特殊的感情，他认为土豆是德国的民族文 化。他的土豆招贴令人称道的不是土豆本身，而是奇特的创意和视觉效应的魅力。土豆系列招贴 体现了兰堡对土豆的钟情，也反映了兰堡对同一种设计主题的执着。
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Thanks
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感谢亲观看此幻灯片，此课件部分内容来源于网络， 如有侵权请及时联系我们删除，谢谢配合！
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作品欣赏
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国外学者将冈特·兰堡称为欧洲最有创造力的“视觉诗人”，是因为他的作品总是通过寻常
的形象表达深刻的含义，通过隐喻的物体联想到实际事物。如果说兰堡的某些简洁明了的黑白
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式样的转换
式样的转换是指从一种组成形式转换到 另一种组成形式。这也是兰堡创造中经常 运用的设计方法。书籍是兰堡创作的另一 个设计主题。在兰堡眼中，书籍能给人带 来光明和希望。
书被手握住，这只手由平面转向立体， 书似乎悬浮在空中并投下阴影，营造出一 种失重的空间感。它传达了把握住了知识 就拥有了力量的设计理念。
2015_-_Jian_Geng_-_Thestabilityofboundchloridesincementpastewithsulfa[retrieved_2015-09-23]
![2015_-_Jian_Geng_-_Thestabilityofboundchloridesincementpastewithsulfa[retrieved_2015-09-23]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/c873140459eef8c75fbfb32d.png)
The stability of bound chlorides in cement paste with sulfate attackJian Geng a ,b ,⁎,Dave Easterbrook b ,Long-yuan Li b ,Li-wei Mo aa Research Center of Green Building Materials and Waste Resources Reuse,Ningbo Institute of Technology,Zhejiang University,China bSchool of Marine Science and Engineering,University of Plymouth,UKa b s t r a c ta r t i c l e i n f o Article history:Received 10July 2014Accepted 25November 2014Available online 27December 2014Keywords:Sulfate attack (C)Bound chlorides (D)Stability (C)Fly ash (D)Ground granulated blast-furnace slag (D)This paper presents an experimental investigation on the stability of bound chlorides in chloride-contaminated cement pastes with and without FA/GGBS when subjected to Na 2SO 4and MgSO 4attack.It is shown that bound chlorides were released in the chloride-contaminated pastes when exposed to Na 2SO 4or MgSO 4solution.This is mainly attributed to the decomposition of Friedel's salt (FS),where Cl −bound in FS is replaced by SO 42−.How-ever there were fewer released chlorides found in the pastes exposed to MgSO 4solution than in those exposed to Na 2SO 4solution.This is partly due to the low pH in the pore solution and partly due to the blocking effect of brucite on ionic transport caused by MgSO 4.The inclusion of FA/GGBS in concrete can increase the decomposition of FS and thus the release of bound chlorides.However,it also resists the penetration of Na 2SO 4and thus reduces the attack of Na 2SO 4.©2014Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.1.IntroductionThe corrosion of reinforcing steel in concrete structures,due to chlo-ride ion contamination,is one of the main reasons for the deterioration of concrete structures.There are two forms of chloride ions in concrete.One is free chlorides and the other is bound chlorides.It is well-known that the corrosion of reinforcing steel is mainly induced by the free chlo-rides,so reducing free chlorides by increasing bound chlorides will be bene ficial to the durability of concrete structures.According to the bind-ing mechanism,chloride ions can be bound through chemical reactions and physical absorption.In the former,chloride ions are mainly bound in Friedel's salt (FS)(3CaO·Al 2O 3·CaCl 2·10H 2O)through hydration reactions between chloride ions,tricalcium aluminate (C 3A)and its hydration products.In the latter,chloride ions are mainly absorbed by calcium silicate hydrate (C –S –H gel).It was reported that the formation of bound chlorides could be affected by a multitude of factors such as the quantity of C 3A in cement,supplementary cementitious materials (SCM),alkalinity of pore solution,Ca/Si and Ca/Al of hydration products,chloride salt type,and service condition of concrete structures [1–5].In summary,the chloride binding capacity of concrete can be improved by using SCM or cement with high C 3A content.However,many researchers have identi fied that the stability of bound chlorides,espe-cially of FS,can be affected by pH,carbonation,and chemical erosion [6–9].Sulfate attack is another problem for the durability of concrete struc-tures.The attack of sodium sulfate (Na 2SO 4)and magnesium sulfate (MgSO 4)on concrete is a common phenomenon.The mechanisms of Na 2SO 4and MgSO 4attack on concrete are different,mainly due to the solubility of phases formed with sodium and magnesium ions [10–12].With regard to Na 2SO 4attack,the deterioration of concrete is attributed to the formation of expansion products such as gypsum (CaSO 4·2H 2O)and secondary ettringite (AFt)(3CaO·Al 2O 3·3CaSO 4·32H 2O)according to the following equations:Ca ðOH Þ2þNa 2SO 4þ2H 2O →CaSO 4·2H 2O þ2NaOHð1Þ3ðCaSO 4·2H 2O Þþ3CaO ·Al 2O 3þ26H 2O →3CaO ·Al 2O 3·3CaSO 4·32H 2Oð2Þ2ðCaSO 4·2H 2O Þþ3CaO ·Al 2O 3·CaSO 4·12H 2O þ16H 2O →3CaO ·Al 2O 3·3CaSO 4·32H 2O :ð3ÞWhereas for MgSO 4attack,the transformation of the cementitious C –S –H gel to the non-cementitious magnesium silicate hydrate mush (M –S –H),which has very little strength,is the main reason for the dete-rioration of concrete,although gypsum and secondary AFt are also formed during the attack.In addition,brucite,i.e.Mg(OH)2,will form when magnesium is present in the pore solution,which has low solubil-ity and could densify the pore system and thus affect the transport ofCement and Concrete Research 68(2015)211–222⁎Corresponding author.E-mail address:gengjian@ (J.Geng)./10.1016/j.cemconres.2014.11.0100008-8846/©2014Elsevier Ltd.All rightsreserved.Contents lists available at ScienceDirectCement and Concrete Researchj o u rn a l h o m e p a g e :h t tp ://e e s.e l s e v i e r.c o m /C EM C O N /d e f a u l t.a s pions in the cement paste.The mechanism of MgSO4attack occurs according to the following equations:CaðOHÞ2þMgSO4þ2H2O→CaSO4·2H2OþMgðOHÞ2ð4Þx CaO·y SiO2·z H2Oþx MgSO4þð3xþ0:5y−zÞH2O→xðCaSO4·2H2OÞþx MgðOHÞ2þ0:5yð2SiO2·H2OÞð5Þ4MgðOHÞ2þSiO2·nH2O→4MgO·SiO2·8:5H2Oþðn−4:5ÞH2O:ð6ÞIn fact,sulfate attack and chloride contamination are often found to coexist in concrete structures which are exposed to marine and saline environments.The effects of the sulfate and chloride on a concrete structure's durability are multifaceted.On the one hand,the existence of sulfate,especially of Na2SO4,inhibits the formation of FS and reduces the quantity of bound chlorides[13–15].On the other hand,the exis-tence of chloride ions is beneficial for the resistance of concrete to Na2SO4and MgSO4attack[15–18].However,Baghabra argued that the effect of chloride ions on MgSO4attack was slight because the trans-formation of cementitious C–S–H gel to non-cementitious M–S–H was not affected by chloride ions[19].Despite the work on the interaction of sulfate and chloride in con-crete mentioned above,there is very little work on the effect of sulfate attack on the stability of bound chlorides in concrete.Brown and Badger investigated the distributions of bound sulfates and chlorides infield concrete cores exposed to mixed NaCl,Na2SO4and MgSO4attack. They found that there was extensive AFt in the absence of a gypsum zone for some concrete cores[20].Xu et al.obtained similar results, i.e.that sulfate attack could lead to the release of bound chlorides[21]. Both studies suggested the transformation of FS to AFt due to sulfate attack,but the mechanism of FS transform to AFt and the stability of bound chlorides absorbed by C–S–H gel under sulfate attack were not discussed in depth.It is well known that the use offly ash(FA)and ground granulated blast-furnace slag(GGBS)in concrete can not only improve the chloride binding capacity of concrete,but also the resistance of concrete to sulfate attack[22,23].Hence,it would be interesting to know how they affect the stability of bound chlorides when the concrete is under sulfate attack.The purpose of this paper is to report the experimental in-vestigation on the stability of bound chlorides in cement paste under Na2SO4and MgSO4attack,and the corresponding influence of FA and GGBS on the stability of bound chlorides.The stability of bound chlorides in cement paste was examined by analyzing the change of a dimensionless index,R cl,which represents the mass ratio of bound chlo-rides to initial total chlorides in the sample after it was exposed to a5% Na2SO4solution or a5%MgSO4solution for28,56or90days.The mech-anisms of the release of bound chlorides are discussed based on the results of X-ray diffraction(XRD),Fourier transform infrared(FT-IR) and differential thermo-gravimetric analysis(DTG).2.Experiment2.1.MaterialsThe materials used in the experiments were Type42.5Ordinary Portland Cement(OPC),grade II FA and GGBS.The chemical composi-tions of OPC,FA and GGBS are listed in Table1.The potential phase com-positions of OPC,calculated from chemical analysis by Bogue,are given in Table2.All other chemical reagents used in the experiments,but not listed in the tables,are analytically pure.2.2.MethodsIn order to reduce the experimental running time but still able to achieve good and representative results,chloride binding was achieved by using0.5mol/L NaCl solution as the mixing water for the casting of samples.The mass ratio of the mixing water to the binder(cement and SCM)was0.5,which was the same for all samples.The influence of single and combined use of FA and GGBS on the stability of bound chlorides was also investigated.The replacement of cement with SCM was30%by weight,and the proportions of FA to GGBS in the combined samples were either1:1or7:3.The detailed mix proportions of the samples tested are listed in Table3.A total of106samples were tested.All samples were of a size of 40mm×40mm×160mm.There were three groups of samples.The first group(2×5×7samples)were cured at a standard curing condi-tion(20±2°C and95%RH)for periods of1,3,7,14,28,56and90days for the investigation of the effect of curing time and SCM on the evolu-tion of bound chlorides in the cement paste.The second group(2×5×3 samples)were examined for the effect of Na2SO4attack on the stability of bound chlorides.In this group,all samples,after the56days standard curing,were dried at a room temperature(20±2°C and60%RH)for 1day.Then,for each sample itsfive surfaces were sealed by paraffin wax and one40mm×40mm surface was left untouched.After then, all samples were immersed in a covered plastic container(575mm ×400mm×275mm)of5%Na2SO4solution for28,56and90days at the standard curing condition(20±2°C and95%RH).The third group(2×1×3samples)were for the samples only with OPC,which were cured as the same as those done in the second group.The only dif-ference is that they were immersed in a similar covered container of5% MgSO4solution for28,56and90days at the standard curing condition (20±2°C and95%RH)for the examination of the effect of MgSO4at-tack on the stability of bound chlorides.The volume of the sulfate solu-tions used in the immersion tests was25L and the storage solutions were not renewed during the immersed tests.In the second and third groups,when the attack time reached28,56, and90days,the samples were dried at room temperature for1day,and then were sliced into four pieces parallel to the exposed surface (starting from the exposed surface)and each piece is one cm thick. Afterwards,each piece was broken into small blocks,which were then immersed in anhydrous ethanol for7days to terminate hydration. These small blocks were ground intofine powder by passing through a sieve of0.15mm mesh aperture size,which was then stored in a des-iccator with silica gel and soda lime at11%RH to minimize carbonation before it was used in the tests for chloride content titration and other material characterization analyses.The initial total chloride content(C t)of the sample cured at the stan-dard curing condition can be calculated based on the mixing water of Table1Chemical composition of main materials(data presented by mass%).SiO2CaO MgO Fe2O3Al2O3SO3Ignition loss OPC19.6760.43 4.56 4.20 5.70 2.30 2.54FA43.10 6.300.247.2638.200.70 2.04GGBS23.5052.80 6.500.7011.80 1.650.78Table2Potential phase composition of OPC(data presented by mass%).Potential phase composition OPCC3S51.58C2S17.77C3A8.01C4AF12.773.91212J.Geng et al./Cement and Concrete Research68(2015)211–2220.5mol/L NaCl solution,which is 8.863mg ·g −1.The free chloride content (C f )was measured using the traditional leaching method according to the standard of Test Code for Hydraulic Concrete (SL352-2006)and the total chloride content (C t )was measured using the acid-soluble method (SL352-2006).In order to analyze the stability of bound chlorides in concrete,the dimensionless index (R cl )was exam-ined,which is de fined as follows,R cl ¼C t −C f %ð7Þwhere 8.863mg.g −1is the initial total chloride content in the sample.X-ray diffraction (XRD)/reference intensity ratio (RIR)analysis and DTG can be used to approximately determine the quantity of FS,AFt and calcium hydroxide (CH)in the samples.XRD/RIR can determine the relative mass relations among different minerals in a sample,which is calculated according to the following equations [24,25]:W i ¼I i =RIR iX i ¼1I i=RIR i ðÞð8ÞW 1þW 2þW 3þ⋯þW l ¼1ð9Þwhere W i is the relative mass of mineral i ,RIR i is the reference intensityratio of mineral i ,which can be collected from the PDF card of the Inter-national Centre for Diffraction Data (ICDD),I i is the integral intensity of the highest peak of mineral i ,which is calculated using X'Pert HighScore Plus ™software,and N is the number of minerals in the sample.XRD/RIR is usually used to determine the quantity of substances in metals because of simple compositions [25].For cement based materials,it is rather complicated to accurately determine the kinds of hydration products,which increases the dif ficulty of the quantitative analysis.However,if the quantity of one of the minerals can be determinedusing other methods,the calculation process of XRD/RIR becomes pared with the FS and AFt,the quantity of CH can be accurately determined using DTG.Therefore,the quantities of the FS and AFt can be calculated by solving the following algebraic equations,m FS :m AFt ¼T 1ð10Þm FSFS þm AFt þm CH ¼T 2ð11Þm AFtm FS þm AFt þm CH ¼T 3ð12Þm CHm FS þm AFt þm CH¼T 4ð13Þwhere m FS ,m AFt and m CH are masses of FS,AFt and CH,respectively,T 1,T 2,T 3and T 4are the mass ratios,which can be calculated from Eqs.(8)and (9).Note that,m CH can be determined by DTG and thus m FS and m AFt can be determined by Eq.(10)plus any one taken from Eqs.(11)–(13).XRD was carried out using the D8Advance instrument of Bruker AXS with a Cu K αradiation generated with 40kV and 30mA.The diffraction spectra were collected in the range of 5–60°(2θ)scale,with a step sizeTable 3Mix proportions (data presented by mass %).Samples OPC FA GGBS w/b a NoteCN 100000.5Exposed to 5%Na 2SO 4solutionCF 703000.5CG 700300.5CF1G17015150.5CF7G3702190.5CM1000.5Exposed to 5%MgSO 4solutionaw/b represents the mass ratio of mixing water (i.e.0.5mol/L NaCl solution)to binder (cement +SCM).Fig.1.Variation of R cl with standard curing time in samples of differentmixes.Fig.2.Values of R cl in the surface layer of the sample at various different sulfate attack times (CM was exposed to MgSO 4,while all the others were exposed to Na 2SO 4).Fig.3.Values of R cl in different layers of the sample after 90days sulfate attack (1st layer is next to the surface and 4th layer is away from the surface.CM was exposed to MgSO 4,while all the others were exposed to Na 2SO 4).213J.Geng et al./Cement and Concrete Research 68(2015)211–222of 0.02°/s.FT-IR was performed for the samples on a Nicolet Nexus 470spectrometer using the KBr pellet technique in the range of 400–4000cm −1.DTG was carried out in a Netzsch TG-209F1thermal an-alyzer,using a heating rate of 20°C/min at the range of 25–1000°C,in N 2atmosphere.3.Stability of bound chlorides 3.1.Standard curing conditionThe variation of R cl during the standard curing time is shown in Fig.1.It can be seen from the figure that R cl in the samples with SCM is higher than that in the sample only with OPC when they have the same curing time,which is more obvious after the curing time exceeds 14days.Up to 28days,the combined use of FA and GGBS results in higher values of R cl in CF1G1and CF7G3than in the samples with only either FA (CF)or GGBS (CG).However,after the 28days standard curing,the R cl value of the samples has an order of CF ≈CF7G3N CF1G1N CG,which increases with the increased proportion of FA to GGBS.The latereffect of FA on chloride binding is mainly due to its slow pozzolanic re-action.The results shown in Fig.1indicate that the inclusion of SCM in concrete can increase the chloride binding capacity and the effect of FA on chloride binding is more signi ficant than that of GGBS.Furthermore,they also show that the R cl values of all samples increase very obviously before 28days but after that there is less change,suggesting that the equilibrium between free and bound chlorides has been reached.3.2.Sulfate attack conditionFig.2shows the expected decrease in R cl of the surface layer of all samples with the sulfate attack,but the rate of the decrease is higher than that was reported [21].The R cl value in the surface layer of sample CN exposed to Na 2SO 4solution,for example,decreases from 59.8%to 4.3%after only 28days.After that,R cl continuously decreases with the attack time but with a slow reduction rate,from 4.3%at 28days to 1.9%at 90days.The results for locations other than the surface layer at 90days are shown in Fig.3.It can be seen from the figure that,although the 4th layer of sample CN is far away from theexposedFig.4.XRD patterns of samples CN(CM),CF and CG at standard curing condition for (A)28and (B)56days (E:ettringite (AFt),F:Friedel's salt (FS),CH:calcium hydroxide,M:mono-sulfoaluminate,V:Vaterite,CSH:C –S –H gel,C:calcite).214J.Geng et al./Cement and Concrete Research 68(2015)211–222surface,there is still a notable decrease in the R cl value from59.8%at the beginning of the Na2SO4attack to16.6%after90days of attack.This demonstrates that the stability of bound chlorides in concrete is very susceptible to Na2SO4attack.Note that the data plotted in Fig.2show that there is also a decrease in the R cl values of the samples with SCM after Na2SO4attack for28days, but the R cl values are still higher than that of the sample CN only with OPC.This suggests that the use of SCM can alleviate the effect of Na2SO4attack on the stability of bound chlorides.This is partly because the effect of SCM on the diffusion of ions,since the ionic diffusion coef-ficient in cement paste with SCM is normally lower than that in OPC paste,and partly because the cement paste with SCM has more bound chlorides[26].Additionally,in contrast with the results obtained under the standard curing condition,the R cl values of the samples with SCM increase with the decreased proportion of FA to GGBS,and also the R cl value of the surface layer of sample CF is the lowest of all samples containing SCM,following the Na2SO4attack.This suggests that Na2SO4attack can also alter the effect of SCM on the stability of bound chlorides.This appears to be consistent with what is reported in literature[21].The stability of bound chlorides in concrete under MgSO4attack is also shown in Figs.2and3.When the MgSO4attack time extends from0to28days,the R cl value of the surface layer of sample CM decreases from59.8%to26.3%,which is slower than that of sample CN exposed to Na2SO4solution.When the attack time reaches90days, the R cl value of sample CM's surface layer decreases to7.5%,which is still almost four times as high as that of sample CN.This indicates that the stability of bound chlorides is less susceptible to MgSO4attack when compared with Na2SO4attack.Again,thisfinding is consistent with what is reported in other experiments[21,27].The different reductions of R cl in samples CM and CN reflect the different effects of MgSO4and Na2SO4on bound chlorides.During the immersion process free chloride ions will diffuse out and sulfate ions will diffuse into the specimen.The former may decrease the bound chlo-ride level in the sample owing to the equilibrium between the free and bound chlorides.The latter can transform FS into AFt,which not only can reduce the bound chlorides but also can change the pore system and thus affect the diffusion rate of ions.In addition,when magnesium is present,brucite will be formed,which can also change the pore sys-tem and thus affect the transport of ions and the R cl value.The slower reduction of R cl found in sample CM shown in Figs.2and3indicates that the magnesium ions must have some influence on the sulfate attack to the bound chlorides.This influence could be physical and/or chemi-cal.The former is mainly due to the forming of brucite in the surface layer,which reduces the inward diffusion of sulfate ions and the out-ward diffusion of chloride ions.Indeed,the measured free chloride con-centration after the90days immersion was found to be higher in sample CM than in sample CN and have the ratios of about1:0.72for the surface layer and1:0.81for the4th layer.An accurate analysis for the diffusion effect on the bound chlorides requires having more data on thinner layers and knowing the binding isotherms.Nevertheless, the above results did indicate that the diffusion of chloride ions was affected by magnesium ions.The chemical effect of magnesium ions on bound chlorides will be discussed in the next section.Note that the ionic diffusion coefficient in concrete with SCM is nor-mally smaller than that in concrete only with OPC.Thus,the inclusion of SCM in cement paste can provide additional resistance to the ingress of sulfate ions,which in turn can affect the stability of bound chlorides. More discussion on this will be provided in the next section.4.Material characterization analyses4.1.X-ray diffractionThe XRD patterns of samples CN,CF and CG cured at the standard curing condition for28and56days are shown in Fig.4.From the XRD patterns one can identify the FS with a very obvious diffraction peak at around11°2θ.Fig.5shows the relative masses of AFt,FS and CH in samples CN,CF and CG after they were cured in the standard condition for56days.It can be seen from thefigure that the use of FA and GGBS is beneficial to forming more FS.This result can be attributed to two rea-sons.First,the forming process of FS in concrete has been associated with the quantity of aluminate in cementious materials.The higher the quantity of aluminate,the more FS is formed.According to the chemical composition shown in Table1,there is a larger quantity of alu-minate in GGBS and FA than in OPC,which can be released due to the latent hydraulic property of GGBS and the pozzolanic property of FA, which is beneficial to the formation of FS.Secondly,the formation of FS would be hindered because SO42−can react with aluminate prior to Cl−to form mono-sulfoaluminate(AFm)and AFt[13–15].In addition, C–A–H and C–S–H gel,formed due to the hydration reactions induced by FA and GGBS,are also beneficial to chloride binding.As shown in Fig.5,although the quantity of aluminate in FA is higher than that in GGBS,the quantity of FS in sample CF is still lower than that in sample CG after standard curing for56days.It was believed that only reactive alumina Al2O3r−in SCM could react with Cl−to form FS[5].The quantity of CaO in FA used in this study is6.3%,which is low calciumfly ash according to Chinese specification GB/T15696-2005,and where Mullite is the main form of Al2O3,so it is adverse to the formation of FS.Nevertheless,a notable decrease in the intensity of diffraction peak (IDP)of CH can be found in the XRD patterns of sample CF over the curing time from28to56days,which is induced due to the pozzolanic reaction between CH and FA.As a result,more C–S–H gel and C–A–H are formed,which could increase the bound chlorides in sample CF.It should be noticed that the IDP change at around30°(2θ)shown in Fig.4correlates with both C–S–H gel and calcite(CaCO3),because of the overlap of the two strongest diffraction peaks at29.25°(2θ)and 29.40°2θ,respectively[8,28].The XRD patterns of sample CN under Na2SO4attack are shown in Fig.6.It can be observed from Fig.6A that the IDP of FS in the surface layer of sample CN becomes very weak after Na2SO4attack for28 days,which indicates that FS has been decomposed due to the Na2SO4 attack.A quantitative analysis of FS,AFt and CH of sample CN after the Na2SO4attack for28and90days is shown in Fig.7.It can be seen from thefigure that the relative mass of FS in the sample decreases very quickly from2.04to0.45after the28days attack.This suggests that the stability of FS is very susceptible to Na2SO4attack,which may also explain why the decrease of R cl is quick as is shown in Fig.2.How-ever,when the attack time is extended from28to90days,the change in the quantity of FS is slight,which indicates that a large quantity of FShasFig.5.Analysis of ettringite(AFt),Friedel's salt(FS)and calcium hydroxide(CH)in sam-ples CN/CM,CF and CG after they had56days standard curing(wt.%represents the mass percentage of AFt/FS/CH in sample).215J.Geng et al./Cement and Concrete Research68(2015)211–222been decomposed following 28days of the Na 2SO 4attack.Moreover,it can be seen from Fig.7that the quantity of FS gradually decreases from the inside to the surface,which correlates with the change of the R cl value shown in Fig.3.In addition,one can see from Fig.6B that AFt with a diffraction peak at around 9°(2θ)can be detected in every layer of sample CN after the Na 2SO 4attack for 90days.The data shown in Fig.7for AFt indicate that the quantity of AFt in the fourth layer of sam-ple CN is higher than its initial value,which con firms that the attack of Na 2SO 4has reached the fourth layer of the sample.Fig.7also shows the expected opposite changes of FS and AFt with time.The XRD patterns of samples CF and CG after the Na 2SO 4attack for 90days are shown in Fig.8.Similar to the sample CN,the diffraction peaks of FS in the samples with SCM,especially in sample CF,become very weak.Similar to the analysis of the sample CN,Fig.9shows the relative mass of FS,AFt and CH of samples CF and CG after the Na 2SO 4attack for 90days.It seems that the quantities of FS in samples CF and CG are as high as that in sample CN after the Na 2SO 4attack.However,considering the higher quantity of FS in samples CF and CG before the Na 2SO 4attack as shown in Fig.5,the decrease of the quantity of FS in them is quicker than that in sample CN.Therefore,it can be concluded that the stability of FS in the samples with FA or GGBS is susceptible to Na 2SO 4attack when compared to the sample CN.The XRD patterns of samples CN and CM attacked by Na 2SO 4and MgSO 4for 90days are shown in Fig.10.An interesting finding is that there is still an obvious diffraction peak of FS in the sample CM,which is different from the sample CN attacked by Na 2SO 4.The analysis results shown in Fig.11demonstrate that there is more FS in sample CM than in sample CN.Therefore,it can be concluded that the Na 2SO 4attack has more effect on the decomposition of FS in hardened cement paste than the MgSO 4attack.In addition,the IDP of AFt in sample CM is lower than that in sample CN due to the different erosion mechanisms.However,there is still an obvious increase in AFt for sample CM from 0to 90days as demonstrated in Figs.5and 11,which indicates that MgSO 4attack can also lead to the formation of secondary AFt.NoteFig.6.XRD patterns of samples CN with Na 2SO 4attack.(A)1st layer at different days and (B)different layers at 90days (E:ettringite (AFt),F:Friedel's salt (FS),CH:calcium hydroxide,M:mono-sulfoaluminate,V:Vaterite,CSH:C –S –H gel,C:calcite).216J.Geng et al./Cement and Concrete Research 68(2015)211–222that,when magnesium is included in the exposure solution,brucite is formed at the expense of calcium hydroxide,which can affect not only the leaching of chloride from the specimen but also the inward trans-port of sulfate from the exposed solution and thus provide the in fluence on the decomposition of FS and the formation of AFt.However,our XRD result did not reveal a signi ficant amount of brucite and/or gypsum in the surface layer.This is probably due to the specimen layer used in the tests being too thick.Both Skaropoulou and Sotiriadis reported their test results in which brucite was detected in XRD patterns,but the IDP of it was very weak when compared to other phases [11,17].However,in other similar experiments brucite was not detected in XRD patterns [27,29,30].This is probably attributed to the consumption of brucite due to the formation of M –S –H as shown in Eqs.(4)–(6)[19].4.2.Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR)Fig.12shows the FT-IR spectra of sample CN after the Na 2SO 4attack for 28and 90days,respectively.The band at around 3640cm −1is due to the stretching vibration of \OH in Ca(OH)2[30],which is very weak in all samples due to Na 2SO 4attack.The presence of carbonate bands at around 1430and 870cm −1indicates that the samples have already absorbed CO 2molecules from the air before they were immersed into sulfate solution [31].The band at around 1110cm −1comes from asym-metric stretching vibration of S –O in SO 42−,which is identi fied as the fingerprint peak of AFt [32,33].As is shown in Fig.12,owing to more secondary AFt being formed,this band becomes stronger from the in-side to the surface over the attack time.The changes in the bands at around 3440and 1650cm −1are due to the stretching vibration of \OH in structural water of hydration products and the bending vibra-tion of \OH in the interlayer water of hydration products [30].The two bands are also related to the formation of secondary AFt,which be-come strong with the increased quantity of secondary AFt.In addition,the band at around 970cm −1comes from asymmetric stretching vibra-tion of Si –O in C –S –H gel [31,34].It can be observed from Fig.12that there is no obvious change in this band over the attack time,which sug-gests that the stability of C –S –H gel is independent of Na 2SO 4attack.With regard to FS,because chloride ions are not absorbed in the range 400–4000cm −1,the bands at around 730,530and 460cm −1,which are due to Al –O vibrations of [Al(OH)6]3−,can be identi fied as the fin-gerprint peaks of FS [35,36].Owing to the decomposition of FS under Na 2SO 4attack,the strength of these bands appears very weak.Fig.13shows the FT-IR spectra of samples CF and CG after the Na 2SO 4attack.There is no obvious band at around 3640cm −1in thespectra due to the consumption of CH induced by hydration reactions of FA and GGBS and sulfate attack.It can be observed from Fig.13that there is an increase in the strength of the band of C –S –H gel at 976cm −1in sample CF over the attack time from 56to 90days.Guerre-ro et al.attributed this to the further activating action on FA due to the increase in alkalinity induced by Na 2SO 4attack [15].Moreover,this re-sult also indicates that the stability of C –S –H gel is independent of Na 2SO 4attack.The difference of the bands at 714,535and 458cm −1be-tween samples CF and CG is slight.Fig.14shows the FT-IR spectra of samples CN and CM after Na 2SO 4and MgSO 4attack for 90days,respectively.It is observed from Fig.14that the strength of the band at around 710cm −1in sample CM is much stronger than that in sample CN.Also there is more FS in sample CM than in sample CN,which agrees with the results shown in Figs.10and 11.Moreover,it can be seen clearly from Fig.14that the strength of the band at around 970cm −1in sample CM is lower than that in sample CN.This is likely attributed to the decomposition of C –S –H gel induced by MgSO 4attack.As a result of that,the bound chlorides absorbed by C –S –H gel are released.A weak band at around 1110cm −1in sample CM due to the attack of MgSO 4can induce the formation of secondary AFt.4.3.Derivative thermo-gravimetric analysis (DTG)The DTG curves of sample CN attacked by Na 2SO 4are shown in Fig.15.There are some notable endothermic peaks in the DTG curves.The peak near 100°C is mainly attributed to the dehydration of C –S –H gel and AFt,which are dif ficult to distinguish because of the overlap of dehydration temperature from 85to 130°C [23].The peak near 160°C is attributed to AFm [23].Besides these,the peaks near 340,450and 710°C are attributed to the dehydration of FS,CH and the decomposi-tion of calcite.The absence of the peak for FS in the DTG curve after the Na 2SO 4attack for 28days shown in Fig.15further demonstrates that the stability of FS is susceptible to Na 2SO 4attack.The change in the peak of AFm,which plays an important role in the formation of sec-ondary AFt during the Na 2SO 4attack,is also consistent with the change of FS.Fig.16shows the DTG curves of samples CF and CG after the Na 2SO 4attack for pared to sample CG,sample CF has a weak strength of the peak for FS,which is consistent with the analysis result shown in Fig.9and the R cl data shown in Fig.2.Fig.17shows similar DTG results of samples CN and CM after Na 2SO 4and MgSO 4attack for 90days.It is noticed from the figure that the strength of the peak for C –S –H gel and AFt in sample CM is far lower than that in sample CN.Ac-cording to the FT-IR results shown in Fig.14,this result further indicates that MgSO 4attack will lead to the decomposition of C –S –H gel,resulting in the release of bound chlorides.5.Discussion5.1.Stability of Friedel's saltSuryavanshi and Swamy reported that a drop in alkalinity of pore so-lution due to carbonation could induce the decomposition of FS [8].Con-versely,Na 2SO 4attack can increase the alkalinity of the pore solution,which has a negative effect on chloride binding [23,27,37].The question now is how Na 2SO 4attack affects the stability of FS.The exchange be-tween Cl −and SO 42−is the main mechanism in the formation of FS,which can be explained by the following reaction [27]:3CaO ·Al 2O 3·CaSO 4·12H 2O ðAFm Þþ2Cl −→3CaO ·Al 2O 3·CaCl 2·10H 2O ðFS ÞþSO 2−4þ2H 2O :ð14ÞEssentially,FS belongs to a phase of the AFm family,which has a complex chemical and structural constitution.A general formula for AFm phase is [Ca 2(Al,Fe)(OH)6]+X·m H 2O,where the bracketsindicateFig.7.Analysis of ettringite (AFt),Friedel's salt (FS)and calcium hydroxide (CH)in sample CN after Na 2SO 4attack for 0,28and 90days (wt.%represents the mass percentage of AFt/FS/CH in sample).217J.Geng et al./Cement and Concrete Research 68(2015)211–222。
湘美版美术四年级上册《15.这个地方有点怪》说课稿4
湘美版美术四年级上册《15. 这个地方有点怪》说课稿4一. 教材分析《这个地方有点怪》是湘美版美术四年级上册第15课的内容。
本课主要让学生通过观察、分析、实践，学会用夸张、变形的手法表现事物的奇特之处，培养学生的创新意识和审美能力。
教材以生活中的常见事物为原型，引导学生发现生活中的美，激发学生对美术的兴趣和热爱。
二. 学情分析四年级的学生已具有一定的观察和表达能力，对美术有一定的兴趣。
但部分学生可能对夸张、变形的表现手法较为陌生，需要在教学中进行引导和示范。
此外，学生的审美观念和创造力各有差异，教师应充分尊重学生的个性，鼓励创新。
三. 说教学目标1.知识与技能：学会用夸张、变形的手法表现事物的奇特之处，提高审美能力。
2.过程与方法：通过观察、分析、实践，培养创新意识和团队协作能力。
3.情感、态度与价值观：发现生活中的美，增强对美术的兴趣和热爱，培养良好的审美情趣。
四. 说教学重难点1.教学重点：学会用夸张、变形的手法表现事物的奇特之处。
2.教学难点：如何恰当运用夸张、变形手法，创作出具有个性和独特风格的作品。
五. 说教学方法与手段1.教学方法：采用观察、分析、实践、讨论、评价等方法，引导学生主动参与教学过程。
2.教学手段：运用多媒体课件、实物模型、绘画工具等，辅助教学。
六. 说教学过程1.导入：教师展示一组夸张、变形的艺术作品，引导学生发现事物的奇特之处，激发学生兴趣。
2.观察与分析：学生观察生活中的事物，分析其特点，讨论如何运用夸张、变形手法表现事物的奇特之处。
3.实践与指导：教师示范如何运用夸张、变形手法进行创作，引导学生动手实践，过程中给予个别指导。
4.交流与展示：学生展示作品，进行自评、互评、师评，共同提高。
5.总结与拓展：教师总结本课所学，布置课后作业，鼓励学生在生活中发现美，创作更多优秀作品。
七. 说板书设计板书设计如下：这个地方有点怪1.观察分析2. 动手实践2.交流展示 4. 总结拓展八. 说教学评价1.学生作品的创意、技巧、审美等方面。
nate the great 30本 书名
nate the great 30本书名如何找到《Nate the Great》系列的30本书。
一、了解《Nate the Great》系列《Nate the Great》是美国作家Marjorie Weinman Sharmat所创作的一个儿童侦探小说系列。
这个系列的主人公是名字叫做Nate的小侦探，他和他的狗Sludge一起解决了许多神秘案件。
这个系列书籍非常受孩子们的喜爱，并且已经出版了30本。
二、书籍的出版年份和顺序为了找到《Nate the Great》系列的30本书，我们首先需要了解每本书的出版年份和顺序。
下面是这些信息的一个详细列表：1. 《Nate the Great》（1972）2. 《Nate the Great Goes Undercover》（1974）3. 《Nate the Great and the Lost List》（1975）4. 《Nate the Great and the Phony Clue》（1977）5. 《Nate the Great and the Sticky Case》（1981）6. 《Nate the Great and the Missing Key》（1981）7. 《Nate the Great and the Snowy Trail》（1982）8. 《Nate the Great and the Fishy Prize》（1982）9. 《Nate the Great Stalks Stupidweed》（1984）10. 《Nate the Great and the Boring Beach Bag》（1985）11. 《Nate the Great Goes Down in the Dumps》（1986）12. 《Nate the Great and the Halloween Hunt》（1987）13. 《Nate the Great and the Monster Mess》（1987）14. 《Nate the Great and the Tardy Tortoise》（1988）15. 《Nate the Great and the Pillowcase》（1988）16. 《Nate the Great and the Mushy Valentine》（1989）17. 《Nate the Great and the Owl Express》（1990）18. 《Nate the Great and the Stolen Base》（1992）19. 《Nate the Great and the Fishy Valentine》（1994）20. 《Nate the Great and the Sticky Case》（1995）21. 《Nate the Great and the Musical Note》（1996）22. 《Nate the Great and the Crunchy Christmas》（1997）23. 《Nate the Great Saves the King of Sweden》（1997）24. 《Nate the Great San Francisco Detective》（1998）25. 《Nate the Great and Me: The Case of the Fleeing Fang》（1998）26. 《Nate the Great, Super Sniffer》（2001）27. 《Nate the Great and the Big Sniff》（2002）28. 《Nate the Great, Where Are You?》（2002）29. 《Nate the Great and the Hungry Book Club》（2010）30. 《Nate the Great, Where Are You?》（2013）以上是《Nate the Great》系列的所有30本书以及它们的出版年份。
图形设计作业要求
相近联想：在空间或时间上接近的事物形成的联想。 如：看到蜜蜂联想到花蕊、看到飞机联想到天空。
4 图形设计
4.3 图形创意与联想
图形创意理念：
何为创意？这是一个发展中的概念。
曾经有人在一张纸上画了一条横线，在横线上画了一个小三角形。 问这是什么？有写人说是一座山、有人说是金字塔…… 画者说都不是。 这是一只正在寻找鱼虾的鸭子。 从中你体会到了什么呢？ 体会到想象力，体会到创造性，这就是图形创意。
第十三届国际工业设计双年展海报
夹子的顶部自然地开发出盒子的形 态，以此传达工业设计的创新意义。
战争的武器转化为劳动工具，表达了和平的愿望。
2.换置同构
又称偷梁换柱，意指将组成某物质的某一特定元素与另一种 本不属于其物质的元素进行非现实的构造，传达出新的意义。 这里替代置换的物质和物质局部的原来造型应有一定的形象 相像性，通过奇妙异常的组合，引发新视觉、新意义。
符号的联想
如：企业标识、外文字母、 公共标记、标点符号、阿 拉伯数字等
4.3.2 创意图形的类型
一 同构图形
通过图形强调独创性，通过创意联想，对来自生活中的创意元素加 以创造性地改造，关键在于形的连接与相互转化，不追求生活的真实性 而是与现实产生矛盾关系，同时重视创意上的艺术性和内在联系。同构 构图形，体现艺术美学的整体感，追求哲理性的创意理念，合理地解决 物与物、形与形之间的对立、矛盾关系，使之协调、统一在一个特定的 空间中发挥各自的信息内涵。
形象联想
四年级上语文教案-提灯女神-语文A版
《提灯女神》教学设计一、教材分析这是一个令人感动又难忘的故事——出身富有家庭的一位年轻小姐，不顾世俗偏见和父母的激烈反对，毅然选择了护理病人的工作。
为了挚爱的工作，她终身未嫁，以惊人的勇敢和毅力做出了举世瞩目的贡献……故事虽然已经过去了一百多年了，但读来依然可以感受到震撼心灵的力量。
南丁格尔——一个原先只为医学护理界所熟悉的名字，在这次抗击非典的非常时期里，让许许多多的人熟知了她。
通过课文的学习，我们不仅希望孩子们知道她的名字，希望她高大形象能深深地印在孩子们的脑海中，更期盼“提灯女神”那圣洁、永不熄灭的灯光，能永远照亮在孩子们的人生之路——伟大的人格力量的影响，是不可估量的。
当然，你自己首先得被打动，被影响。
全文不长，但内涵丰富。
文章的表达，既有外国文学的表述风格特征——不严格按事情发展的顺序记述和分段，跳跃性大，又融合了中国文学作品的特点——采用白描的手法，展现了重要的细节。
鉴于文本蕴含深刻，表达又较特别，估计学生学习时，会有一定困难。
文章共8个自然段。
第1、2、自然段，简单介绍了故事发生的背景：战争造成的无数伤残，正面临着死亡的威胁，生命呼唤着医治和护理。
第3、4自然段，用白描的手法叙述了“提灯女神”——南丁格尔精心照料病人的感人情景。
第5、6自然段，转换了叙述的角度，以评论、介绍的形式，从更深的层面赞颂了南丁格尔的崇高和伟大——这一部分内容，可以说真是感人至深，但由于学习的主体仅是四上年级的孩子，“世俗的偏见”“父母的激烈反对”会带来怎样的压力，他们不太体会得到，因此要避免抽象概括，人为提升拔高。
最后两个自然段，影顾及全文，以南丁格尔的身影永远受到众的亲吻作为对提灯女神的最高评价。
二、预设目标1、通过阅读理解，初步感受南丁格尔的热爱护理事业，全心全意为病人服务的崇高精神和她那独立、勇敢的高尚人格。
2、通过查字典或联系上下文，学会文中生字、新词。
会用生字组成的新词“崎岖”写句子；积累“哀鸿遍野、世俗偏见、陈规旧习、安然长逝”等好词语。
BlackCat原版分级目录
Black Cat 原版分级Green AppleGreen Apple Starter (Trinity Grade 1, 2) 11 booksAlice's Adventures in Wonderland艾丽丝漫游奇境记Fairy tale & Fantasy Beauty and the Beast 美女与野兽Fairy tale & FantasyBlack Beauty 黑骏马Human interestHalloween Horror 万圣节奇遇记（美）Mystery & HorrorThe Happy Prince and The Selfish Giant 快乐王子与自私的巨人Peter Pan 彼得·潘Fairy tale & FantasyThe Secret Garden 秘密花园Human interestThe Secret of the Stones 石头的秘密Mystery & HorrorThe Wind in the Willows 柳林风声AdventureThe Wonderful Wizard of Oz 绿野仙踪(美)Zorro! 蒙面侠佐罗（美）AdventureGreen Apple Step 1 (Trinity Grade 3, 4) 9 booksThe Adventures of Tom Sawyer 汤姆·索亚历险记（美）Adventure American Folk Tales 美国传奇故事(美) LegendThe Black Arrow 黑箭（无mp3）AdventureBritish and American Festivities欢乐体验洋节日（英&美）History /Festival Ghastly Ghosts鬼魅传奇Mystery & HorrorGreat Expectations 远大前程Human interestLittle Women (美) 小妇人Human interestA Midsummer Night's Dream 仲夏夜之梦Human interestThe True Story of Pocahontas （美）风中奇缘Green Apple Step 2 (Grade 4, 5) 9 booksAdventures of Huckleberry Finn （美）哈克贝利·费恩历险记David Copperfield 大卫·科波菲尔Human interestGreat English Monarchs and their Times 昔日的英国王室King Arthur and his Knights 亚瑟王与圆桌骑士LegendOliver Twist 雾都孤儿Human interestOscar Wilde's Short Stories 王尔德短篇故事Fairy tale & FantasyRobin Hood 罗宾汉LegendThe Call of the wild （美）野性的呼唤AdventureTreasure Island （美）金银岛AdventureReading and training Step1- Step6Step 1 (Grade 3, 4) 7 booksAlien Alert in Seattle（美）Mystery & HorrorHome for Christmas AdventureMiami Police File the O'Nell Case（美）CrimeMissing in Sydney AdventureSherlock Holmes Stories CrimeTales from The Thousand and One Nights Fairy tale & Fantasy/Legend Tristan and Isolde Fairy tale & Fantasy/LegendStep 2 (Grade 4, 5) 14 booksAnimal Tales (美)动物故事Humor &ComedyAround the World in Eighty Days 八十天环游世界AdventureA Dream Come True Human interestThe Fisherman and his Soul Fairy tale & Fantasy/LegendHamlet 王子复仇记TragedyThe Jumping Frog (美)卡城名蛙Humor &ComedyKidnapped AdventureThe Lost World AdventureMagical Tales from the South Seas Fairy tale & Fantasy/Legend Murder at Coyote Canyon (美) CrimeThe Mutiny on the Bounty AdventureThe Rajah’s Diamond AdventureThe Ransom of Red Chief and Other Stories (美) Humor &Comedy Stories of Ghosts and Mystery （美）Mystery & HorrorStep 3 (Grade 5, 6) 17 booksThe ￡1,000,000 Bank Note (美)百万英镑Humor &Comedy Classic Detective Stories 经典侦探故事CrimeThe Diamond as Big as The Ritz (美) Human interestGreat Mysteries of Our World (美) Human interestGulliver's Travel 格利佛游记Fairy tale & Fantasy/LegendJane Eyre 简·爱LoveKim Human interestLord Arthur Savile’s Crime and Other Stories Human interest Moonfleet AdventureRomeo and Juliet 罗密欧与朱丽叶LoveSherlock Holmes Investigates 福尔摩斯探案记Crime Stories of Suspense (美) Mystery & HorrorThe Phantom of the Opera 歌声魅影Mystery & HorrorThe Hound of the Baskervilles CrimeTales of the Supernatural (美/英) Mystery & HorrorThree Men in a Boat Humor &ComedyThe Prisoner of Zenda （不详）Step 4 (Grade 7) 12 booksAmerican Horror （美）爱伦.坡恐怖故事Mystery & HorrorA Study in Scarlet CrimeBeowulf Fairy tale & Fantasy/LegendChristmas Carol 小气财神Human interestDaisy Miller （美）Human interestDracula.吸血伯爵Mystery & HorrorFamous British Criminals (不详)Moby Dick （美）AdventureThe Tragedy of Dr. Faustus 浮士德的悲剧TragedyThe Sign of Four CrimeThe Last of the Mohicans （美）最后的莫希干人Adventure The Valley of Fear CrimeThe Woman in White Mystery & HorrorStep 5 (Grade 8) 15 booksThe Age of Innocence（美）LoveEmma 爱玛LoveFrankenstein科学怪人Mystery & HorrorHeart of Darkness Human interestThe Murders in the Run Morgue and The Purloined Letter（美）莫尔格街凶杀案Persuasion LoveThe Picture of Dorian Gray Mystery & HorrorPride and Prejudice 傲慢与偏见LoveThe Problems of Cell 13 十三号死刑牢房Robinson Crusoe 鲁滨逊漂流记The Scarlet Letter 红字LoveA Tale of Two Cities 双城记Tess of the d_Urbervilles 德伯家的苔丝LoveMiddlemarch (不详)The Age of Innocence （美）Mystery & HorrorStep 6 (Grade 9, 10) 3 booksThe Mill on the Floss LoveSilas Marner Human interestWuthering Heights Love不同颜色代表不同题材。
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书籍是兰堡创作的另一个设计主题。
在兰堡眼中，书籍能给人带来光明和希望。 他每年至少为S·费舍尔出版社设计一幅招 贴。这个系列作品中展现了平面书籍给人 带来的想象空间十分广阔。他往往把平面 设计元素分成几个层次，如图中的书被手 握住，这只手由平面转向立体，书似乎悬 浮在空中并投下阴影，营造出一种失重的 空间感。它传达了把握住了知识就拥有了 力量的设计理念。而中书上的手有只笔
冈特兰堡
世界三大平面设计师之一
高娜娜
冈特兰堡
目录
简介
冈特·兰堡被称为“德国视觉诗人”，并与日本的福田 繁雄、美国的西摩·切瓦斯特并称为当代“世界三大平
面设计师”。
作品简析
刚特兰堡的作品发现了很多存在于生活中的艺术， 他把一些生活中常见的主题作为创作元素，加之艺术 的处理，使其具有另外的一些象征含义。他执着地用 理性主义、弗洛伊德主义的心理结构理论看待当今社
贴画多次在国际艺术大展和双年展上获奖，并被多国博物
馆、大学以及文化机构收藏，兰堡力图通过设计表现个人
的艺术思想、意识观念和形态立场，在基于视觉传达功能
的基础之上，把设计当成诗歌那样创作，高度地个人化、
自由化。他更加强调自我意识和对生活的领悟，在视觉效
果上追求视觉冲击力，强调平面效果的突破。
作品简介
评价
国外学者将冈特·兰堡称为欧洲最有创造力的“视觉诗人”， 是因为他的作品总是通过寻常的形象表达深刻的含义，通过 隐喻的物体联想到实际事物。如果说兰堡的某些简洁明了的 黑白招贴是体现了“诗”的以简代繁，那么他的其他作品还 含有很多中国人对“诗”的理解。土豆系列作品中，兰堡将 色彩的对比和空间的叠加相结合，呈现出诗一般的层次感和 韵律感；"光明书"的设计中，将画面式样在一维和三维中转 换，类似诗歌中的平仄跳转；元素的密集中，不同的密集带 来不同的视觉享受，一如诗歌般的紧凑与跌宕不平，平面的 张力得到膨胀。如此这般，兰堡将画面当作诗歌般处理，充 分体现了诗歌的自由与韵律。笔者认为，在视觉上的自由化 和韵律化，正是他作为"视觉诗人"派杰出代表的显著的特点。 他以其丰富的阅历和隐喻的诗意，以最简洁的视觉形象表达 最深刻的内涵，不断更新着人们的视觉环境，不断地塑造自 己不同的设计风格。
更多的优秀作品
图中锥形聚集的运动特征则是从顶点向等腰 三角形的底边方向呈发射状运动。因为具备 了这种运动的倾向性，平面中的画面不再单 调，反而凸显出一种具有倾向性的张力。如 此，人们的视觉锁定在元素的聚集点，疏密 得当的安排使得画面的聚集发散效果更加强 烈。
事实上，一切视觉现实都是视觉的活动造成 的。只有视觉的活动，才能赋予视觉对象以 表现性，也只有具有表现性的视觉对象，才 能成为艺术创造的媒介。兰堡正是运用视知 觉的原理，通过元素的密集和发散构成新的 式样，凸显张力，以达到平面效果上的突破。
图中书上的手有只笔，这只笔将书的一 维空间向整幅画面的三维空间转化，自 然而有力。笔在背景上写出出版社的名 字，宣传意味油然而生。
• 图中的文化招贴中两本书直接交叉， 纯粹的制造出一种强烈的立体空间感。 运用这种 方法的典型代表。我们在感知这 些画面不动的式样时，又感受到 了一种运动的具有倾向性的张力。 图中密密麻麻的人头让人感觉压 抑，人群似乎在由远而近地蠕动， 并有向纸边涌出的运动趋势。这 种"不动之动"具有强烈的视觉冲击 力。一幅静止的平面作品的运动 感往往和构成平面作品本身的骨 架有关，它的运动方向基本上和 构造骨架的主轴方向一致。
深度的分离 深度的分离是指在空间和层次上的分离，也包括元素的
分离，整体和部分的分离。兰堡的土豆系列作品就具有明显 的深度分离特征。
土豆系列招贴画 土豆系列招贴，每个画面都是以土豆为
表现主题，不同的是对土豆的处理方式。他 将土豆削皮、缠绕、切块、上色，再堆 砌……不同的组成形式之间存在着某些共同 点，那就是兰堡在构图时把土豆形的轮廓线 和块的色彩结合在一起。轮廓线和色彩是绘 画中最能表现区域的元素，兰堡将这个原理 嫁接到招贴上同样取得了非同凡响的效果。
会的进步。
评价
冈特·兰堡的每一幅作品带给我们的不仅仅是视觉 上的震撼，更多的是心灵上的颤动。
简介
• 冈特·兰堡（Gunter Ram bow，）1938年出生于德国
麦克兰堡地区的小镇诺伊斯特里茨。
•
1958～1963年（20岁～25岁）在卡塞尔造型艺术学
院学习绘画和实用美术。
•
1960年22岁的冈特·兰堡在法兰克福成立了自己的图
形摄影工作室。 冈特·兰堡 (德国)Gunter Rambow1963
年（25岁）毕业于卡塞尔美术学院。
•
1964～1973年在斯图加特和美因河畔的法兰克福创
办个人设计事务所。
•
1974年至今为国际平面设计联盟会员（AGI）。同年，
36岁的兰堡受聘为卡塞尔综合学院图形设计教授。
•
1987年（49岁）任卡塞尔视觉传达教授。
• 图中的土豆因为表皮的质地相同而成 为一个整体，又因为人为的分割形成 轮廓线，加之高纯度的色彩渲染从而 成为若干个部分。一个"部分"越是自我 完善，它的某些特征就越易于参与到" 整体"之中。土豆中红绿黄蓝两对补色 的运用使土豆的内部分裂更加完善。 土豆与黑色背景在色彩上的迥土豆系 列招贴画 土豆系列招贴画异使得分裂 多变的土豆紧密地团结在一起，整体 性更强。通过轮廓线和色彩的叠加， 土豆的个性与整体相互映衬，这种整
深度的分离、式样的转换和 张力的凸显都是兰堡寻求视 觉效果的设计手段，目的都 是为了使简单的平面变换成 复杂的空间，使呆板的平面 具有膨胀的视觉张力。人们 的眼睛总是倾向于理解这些 复杂的空间和形式，将它简 化成自己能知觉的东西。这 就使人们能够适应各种式样 的转变，并能理解和探寻兰 堡作品的视觉层次。
这只笔将书的一维空间向整幅画面 的三维空间转化，自然而有力。笔在背景上写出出版社的名字，宣 传意味油然而生。
• 这种视觉的空间 转换自然地引导 观赏者的视线开始流动最终定格在 下面的字母上。这种视觉引导式的 宣传方法让人过目难忘。前面那幅 图片和这幅图片是将光线巧妙地运 用在书籍的投影上，似乎书籍由内 向外透着一股亮光。书上的窗户和 灯泡都是将书从平面转换到空间的 一个过渡，这些过渡让人们更想探 寻亮光后面的另一个空间。
•
1993年（55岁）至今任卡尔斯鲁厄国立设计大学一
级教授、副校长。
•
1997年（59岁）担任江南大学名誉教授，国际广告
设计研究中心名誉主任。冈特·兰堡被称为“德国视觉诗
人”，并与日本的福田繁雄、美国的西摩·切瓦斯特并称为
当代“世界三大平面设计师”。
•
在30年的职业生涯中，兰堡设计了几千幅招贴。他招