2011年中国农业大学考博微生物试题 和 英语
农学博士英语试题及答案
农学博士英语试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. Which of the following is a common agricultural practice?A. MonocultureB. PolycultureC. Both A and BD. None of the above2. The term "photosynthesis" refers to the process by which plants:A. Convert sunlight into energyB. Break down organic compoundsC. Absorb waterD. Release oxygen3. In agriculture, the use of "fertilizers" is primarily for:A. Soil structure improvementB. Pest controlC. Enhancing plant growthD. Harvesting crops4. What is the main purpose of crop rotation?A. To increase crop yieldB. To reduce soil erosionC. To prevent pest infestationD. All of the above5. The "Green Revolution" in agriculture is associated with:A. The use of high-yielding varietiesB. The application of organic farmingC. The reduction of chemical fertilizersD. The promotion of sustainable practices6. What is the role of "pesticides" in agriculture?A. To increase crop yieldB. To protect crops from pestsC. To improve soil fertilityD. To enhance crop quality7. "Organic farming" is characterized by:A. The use of chemical fertilizersB. The avoidance of synthetic chemicalsC. The reliance on monocultureD. The use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs)8. The term "biotechnology" in agriculture refers to:A. The use of traditional farming methodsB. The application of modern scientific techniquesC. The cultivation of wild plantsD. The breeding of livestock9. "Sustainable agriculture" aims to:A. Maximize short-term profitsB. Ensure long-term productivityC. Increase the use of machineryD. Expand the scale of farming10. "Conservation tillage" is a method that:A. Involves deep plowing of soilB. Reduces soil disturbanceC. Increases the use of waterD. Requires more fertilizers二、填空题（每题1分，共10分）1. The process by which plants absorb water and nutrients from the soil is known as __________.2. A system of farming that mimics natural ecosystems is called __________.3. The use of genetically modified seeds in agriculture can lead to __________.4. The practice of leaving land fallow for a period is known as __________.5. The main component of natural gas used as a fertilizer is __________.6. The technique of grafting involves joining two different plants to form a __________.7. The term "drought-resistant" refers to plants that can survive with __________.8. The process of converting solar energy into chemical energy in plants is __________.9. The use of manure as a fertilizer is an example of__________.10. The practice of planting different crops in the samefield at the same time is known as __________.三、简答题（每题5分，共20分）1. Explain the concept of integrated pest management (IPM) in agriculture.2. Describe the benefits of using compost in agricultural practices.3. What are the potential environmental impacts of using chemical fertilizers?4. Discuss the importance of biodiversity in agricultural ecosystems.四、论述题（每题15分，共30分）1. Discuss the role of biotechnology in modern agriculture and its potential implications for food security.2. Analyze the challenges and opportunities presented by the adoption of precision farming techniques.五、翻译题（每题5分，共10分）1. Translate the following sentence into English: “土壤侵蚀是农业生产中一个严重的问题，需要采取有效措施来防止。
中国农业大学考博英语真题常考疑难句及解析
中国农业大学考博英语真题常考疑难句及解析1.Unless they succeed，theyield gains of the Green Revolution will be largely lost even if the genes inlegumes that equip those plants to enterinto a symbiosis with nitrogen fixersare identified and isolated，and even if the transfer of those gene complexes，once they are found，becomes possible.(4)除非他们能取得成功，不然的话，绿色革命的产量收益将在很大程度上损失殆尽，即使豆科植物中使这些植物有条件进入到与固氮细菌共生关系的基因可被辨识出来和分离开来的话，且即使这些基因综合体(gene complex)，一旦被发现之后，其移植得以成为可能的话。
需要各大院校历年考博英语真题及其解析请加扣扣七七二六七八五三七或二八九零零六四三五一，也可以拨打全国免费咨询电话四零零六六八六九七八享受考博辅导体验。
难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语解释：主句比较简单，而后面跟着的由and连接的两个表示让步的条件状语从句就相对复杂，第一个从句是用一个修饰主语的定语从句that equip those plants to enter into a symbiosis with nitrogen fixers把主谓隔开;第二个从句则运用了插入语once they are found把主谓隔开。
意群训练：Unless they succeed，the yield gains of the Green Revolution will be largely lost even if the genes in legumes that equip those plants to enter into a symbiosis with nitrogen fixers are identified and isolated，and even if the transfer of those gene complexes，once they are found，becomes possible.2.It is one of nature’s great ironies that the availabilityof nitrogen in the soil frequently sets an upper limit on plant growth even though the plants’leaves are bathed in a sea of nitrogen gas.(3+)下述情形真可谓是自然界的一个莫大讽刺：土壤中所能获得的氮肥量往往对植物的生长构成了一个上限，虽然植物的叶子被沐浴在一片氮气的海洋中。
2004-2012中国农业大学食品科学考博真题
1、 你对我国十一五食品领域的研究有什么想法及建议？ 2、 食品科学的定义是什么？食品科学包括哪些学科？这些学科
之间的关系？ 3、 食品添加剂有哪些种类？ 它们的作用是什么？ 4、 你对转基因食品食品的安全性及前景有什么看法？ 5、 现代食品加工的新技术，原理及应用实例（举例三个以上）
2005 年中国农业大学博士入学考试——食品科学 以番茄为例，说明呼吸跃迁型果蔬发生冷害的可能症状。在实际生产
中如何避免冷害的发生。 1、 果蔬内源乙烯合成关键因子，影响内源乙烯合成的因素。 2、 常见果蔬加工制品分哪几类，详细说明各以什么原理进行保藏。 3、 HACCP 的基本原理，HACCP 和 GMP、SSOP 相互关系。 4、 列举果蔬加工中三种分离技术和三种非热杀菌技术，它们各自
国食品安全现状有和评价及建议。
2007 年中国农业大学博士入学考试——食品科学 （回忆版）
1． 食品科学的定义及主要内容？ 2． 食品按来源分有哪几种？营养成分怎样及其作用？ 3． 食品中的污染源有哪些？其危害及其防止措施？ 4． 举一种水果，说明其果脯制作的加工工艺，以举猪肉为例，说明 香肠的加工工艺。 5． 食品加工技术有哪些，请说明其原理？ 6． 食品加工中分离纯化技术在加工中的利用形式有哪些？超临界萃 取的技术原理？ 7． 什么是 HACCP ？举一例说明 HACCP 的过程。 8． 什么是功能性食品，功能食品开发的阶段有哪些及其基本内容？ 9． 食品科学在我国社会主义小康社会中的地位和意义？ 10． 现行我国将出台的有关食品安全的法律是什么？谈谈你对食品 安全的看法及意义。 11．豆腐加工原理及工艺。加工过程中如何利用现代高新技术？
中国农业大学考博生化试题
2002年一、名词解释：（20分）1.同源蛋白质(homologous protein)2. 构型(configuration)3.构象(conformation)4. 钙调蛋白(calmodulin, CAM or CaM)5.逆转座子(retrotransposon)二、以动物细胞或植物细胞为例说明细胞中的膜结构及其功能。
（12分）三、在研究位置基因的功能时往往采用推定的该基因所编码的氨基酸序列与已知功能的蛋白质的氨基酸序列比较来推断，你认为这种比较应采用什么原则？为什么？（12分）四、真核基因在原核细胞中表达的蛋白质常常失去生物活性，为什么？举例说明。
五、简述信号肽的结构特点、功能和从蛋白质产物中切除的机理。
（12分）六、分子筛、离子交换和亲和层析是三种分离、醇化蛋白质的方法，你如何根据所要分离、纯化的蛋白质的性质选择使用。
（12分）七、酶联免疫吸附实验（ELISA）的基本原理是什么？如何用此方法检测样品中的抗原和抗体？（12分）八、某一个蛋白，SDS凝胶电泳表明其分子量位于16900于37100标准带之间，当用巯基乙醇和碘乙酸处理该蛋白后经SDS凝胶电泳分析仍得到一条带，但分子量接近标准带13370处，请推断此蛋白质的结构？为什么第二次用前要加碘乙酸？2003年一、简要解释下列名词（每词5分，共30分）1、寡糖与多糖2、端粒酶3、酮体4、生糖氨基酸与生酮氨基酸5、终止子和终止因子6、分子伴侣（molecular chaperone）二、以下问答题任选7题回答（每题10分，共70分）：1、简述关于生物膜运输的分子机制的几种主要假设以及他们间的相互关系。
2、蛋白质磷酸化和去磷酸化的生物学意义是什么？3、请解释酶促反应的前馈和反馈（feedforward 和feedback）及其意义。
4、什么机制保证了DNA复制的准确性？5、神经和肌肉等细胞活动的直接供能者是ATP。
然而，ATP在细胞中含量很低，在哺乳动物肌肉中仅3 - 8mmol / kg。
中国农科院历年考博试题
1 举例说明两种植物转基因的方法。
2 Phagmid和cosmid作为载体的特点。
3 AFLF原理及其应用。
4 双元载体的概念及构建原理。
5 Southern吸印杂交的原理及应用。
1995年中国农科院博士入学基因工程概论试题同98年
1994年中国农科院博士入学基因工程概论试题
6． 双元载体的概念及其构件原理
7． AFLP的原理及其应用.
8． PLASMID和COSMID作为载体的特点.
9． 试述RFLP
10． 试述转座子标签法克隆目基因
11． 试述定位克隆技术
12． 试述RNA编辑.
13． 试述YAC
14． 试述染色体步移
15． 试述基因芯片
我想基因工程原理无非就是这些基本原理，2004年的论述题是获得一个克隆怎么研究功能，
6、Ti质粒 7、T-DNA 8、同功tRNA 9、反义tRNA 10、有义链 11、α互补 12、基因 13、cDNA 14、染色体步查
二．简答题
1、举两种植物基因转移的方法?简述其原理。
2、Southern印迹的基本原理，这种方法有何应用。
3、噬菌体与cos作载体有何区别？
4、AFLP的原理及其应用
简答：1. RNAi（RNA干涉）的工作机理和作用。
2. 双脱氧测序法的原理。
3. 基因芯片的种类和工作原理。
4. PCR的工作原理。
问答：1. 研究DNA与蛋白质相互作用的方法有几种。
2. 如何提高外源基因片段在原核细胞中的表达量。
3 叙述功能基因组学的内容与意义。
名词： 脉冲电场电泳法
农业微生物学试题库及答案
《微生物学》试题Ⅰ本试题一共2道大题，共2页，满分100分。
考试时间120分钟。
注：1.答题前，请准确、清楚地填各项，涂改及模糊不清者、试卷作废。
2.试卷若有雷同以零分计。
一、名词解释(6×5)：1. Colony2. Virus3. Biogeochemical cycle4. Medium5. Tansduction6. Mycorhiza二、问答题(70分)1.What are the major differences between gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria？(5分)2.Distinguish between (a) phototrophs and chemotrophs, (b) Lithotrophs and organotrophs. (4分)3.Yeast can grow both under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. What is the difference in energy production? (8分)4.Draw a typical bacteria growth curve. Explain each phase. (8分)In what circumstance, filtration and pasteurization methods are useful? (6分)5.To determine the viable counts of a soil sample, which method is the best? List the procedures.(10分)6.The donor bacterial cell in a transformation is probably dead. Explain why. (2分)7.What are the roles of a cloning vector, restriction enzymes, and DNA ligase in molecular cloning? (6分)8.What does the term “antagonism” means? Explain the usefulness in biological control. (4分)9.Explain the following terms in Rhizobium-legume symbiosis: infection, host specificity, effectiveness, competitiveness. How to evaluate the symbiotic effectiveness in green-house? (10分)10.List the taxonomic hierarchy of classification. (7分)《微生物学》试题Ⅱ本试题一共2道大题，共2页，满分100分。
2011年10月中科院考博英语真题
中国科学院博士研究生入学考试英语试题（2011年10月）考生须知：一、本试卷由试卷一（PAPER ONE）和试卷二（PAPER TWO）两部分组成。
试卷一为客观题，答卷使用标准化机读答题纸；试卷二为主观题，答卷使用非机读答题纸。
二、请考生一律用HB或2B铅笔填涂标准化机读大题纸，画线不得过细或过短。
修改时请用橡皮擦拭干净。
若因填涂不符合要求而导致计算机无法识别，责任由考生自负。
请保持机读答题纸清洁、无折皱。
答题纸切忌折叠。
三、全部考试时间总计180分钟，满分为100分。
时间及分值分布如下：试卷一：I 词汇15分钟10分II 完形填空15分钟15分III 阅读80分钟40分小计110分钟65分试卷二：IV 英译汉30分钟15分V 写作40分钟20分小计70分钟35分GRADUATE UNIVERSITY , CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES ENGLISH ENTRANCEEXAMINATIONFORPH. D PROGRAMMEOctober 2011PAPER ONEPART I VOCABULARY（15 minutes，10 points，0.5 point each）Directions：Choose the word or expression below each sentence that best completes the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.1. In swimming it is necessary to the movement of the arms and legs.A. coordinateB. harmonizeC. collaborateD. mediate2. Beijing’s private cars will be banned from the roads for one day a week during a six-month trial period.A. incidentallyB. occasionallyC. randomlyD. alternately3. Joe puts too much on pills from the drugstore and does not listen to his doctor.A. applianceB. defianceC. relianceD. compliance4. Among 169 cases, the smokers 85.79%, and the ratio between males and females is 3.7 to 1.A. answer forB. account forC. take upD. sum up5. inflation, driven by rising food and oil costs, is striking hardest at the world’s very poor, who are forced to spend 60 to 80 percent of their income on food.A. SurgingB. SproutingC. SpillingD. Spinning6. Because the workers were new and inexperienced, the manager had to watch them and their work closely.A. attendB. demandC. analyzeD. supervise7. The department store guards were nearly by the crowds of shoppers waiting forthe sale to begin.A. overflowedB. overthrownC. overturnedD. overwhelmed8. All bad things are interconnected, and any one of them is to be the cause of any other.A. subjectB. inferiorC. liableD. vulnerable9. Teachers have the authority to discipline pupils their position as a teacher.A. by way ofB. by virtue ofC. in light ofD. in spite of10. You can then eliminate all the genuinely suitable applicants without having to interview an enormous number of people in person.A. ofB. thatC. forD. but11. Debt and the destruction of war have brought major economic setbacks, damage to social services and human suffering.A. apart fromB. as good asC. except forD. rather than12. On the whole it’s a good book; and it would be unwise to those small defects.A. dwell onB. identify withC. persist inD. hack into13. The main objective reason is that some developed countries from the basic principle of anti-dumping and take the Anti-dumping Law as a tool for trade protection.A. deriveB. deviateC. refrainD. exempt14. While big corporations global business news, small companies are charging into overseas markets at a faster pace.A. overtakeB. occupyC. dominateD. reflect15. He used to his parents to help with the expenses.A. count onB. take inC. look intoD. get over16. I was embarrassed when the test paper my teacher spoke about turned out to be mine. I had forgotten to put my name on it.A. markedB. brandedC. anonymousD. fictitious17. We our voice depending on the circumstances, particularly in relationship to background noise.A. improveB. modulateC. rectifyD. temper18. I’m far from certain that this group is going to be able to what is necessary to gain complete control.A. carry outB. tear downC. break outD. close down19. I was lucky because I had turned my back on , pursuing instead common-sense reality.A. illustrationB. illusionC. imaginationD. imitation20. Excessive in sweets and canned drinks and the lack of availability of fresh fruit and vegetables in the house can teach poor eating patterns.A. aspirationB. intoleranceC. exposureD. indulgence PART II CLOZE TEST（15 minutes，15 points）Directions：For each blank in the following passage, choose the best answer from the four choices given below. Mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Adolescents are taking longer to become fully productive members of society, Read Larson, professor of human development, University of Illinois, Champaign, told the World Future Society, Bethesda, Md. “What we expect of young people is 21 , ”he argued. They must go to school for 12 years or longer without any 22 that their education will mean career success or relevance when they become adults. 23 , they do so without financial rewards, accept an identity 24 by society, and delay starting a family, all of 25 keeps adolescents in a kind of indeterminate state for years.Larson says that “There should be way stations along the climb 26 adulthood that allow young people to rest, gather themselves, and consider 27 . ”The success of government, business, and private life in the next 50 years 28 it.Education, literacy, and versatile interpersonal skills 29 the list of necessary preparations for adulthood. Young people negotiating the complex worlds of home, work, and school 30 use these skills in order to do so 31 and competently. “The adolescent who is able to 32 in only one world is increasingly 33 for adult life,” he warns.As the time spent on the road to adulthood increases, so 34 the danger that more youths will by the wayside. New and increased opportunities and initiatives will keep more youngsters focused, 35 a smarter, more-versatile generation able to cope with the emerging global, high-tech world.21. A. aggressive B. original C. rigid D. extraordinary22. A. qualification B. guarantee C. probability D. recognition23. A. However B. Subsequently C. Furthermore D. Therefore24. A. denied B. defined C. questioned D. neglected25. A. these B. that C. what D. which26. A. into B. to C. on D. for27. A. temptations B. occasions C. alternatives D. inclinations28. A. depends on B. results in C. longs for D. copes with29. A. top B. cover C. hold D. rate30. A. could B. must C. ought D. shall31. A. temporarily B. smoothly C. instantly D. periodically32. A. operate B. engage C. tackle D. function33. A. ill-prepared B. ill-mannered C. ill-informed D. ill-advised34. A. did B. does C. is D. was35. A. created B. create C. creating D. to create PART III READING COMPREHENSIONSection A ( 60 minutes，30points )Directions：Below each of the following passages you will find some questions or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Read each passage carefully, and then select the choice that best answers the question or completes the statement. Mark the letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage OneEveryone has been trying to understand Michael Jackson’s death this summer. While medics are still picking at his slender corpse, cultural authorities argue like vultures over his reputation. Should he be remembered as a great singer, a man possibly sexually attracted to children, an emblematic black artist who tried to bleach his face white, the Fred Astaire ( a major founder of stage dance ) of the 1980s, the first to master the MTV pop video, or a troubled victim of a domineering father? His difficult journey from unhappy childhood, to weird quasi-adulthood has been told and re-told frequently and annoyingly across the world.Yet Jackson’s current crisis is an extreme version of a process that will happen to us all. For, as Jean-Paul Sartre ( French existentialist philosopher ) put it, at death we become prey to the “Other”—our identity dissipating into the sum total of what is thought about us. While we are alive, Sartre explained, we can resist this pressure: we can defy the opinionsthat other people try to project onto us. We can’t erase our pasts, but we can always overturn future expectations. It’s a struggle Sartre saw as central to our existence as moral beings: we must do more than act out the roles others have scripted for us.This is the existential condition of humanity—we are the artists of our own lives, although with the anguish that comes from being condemned to be free. Given the weight of expectations heaped on his shoulders, it’s something Michael Jackson felt more crushingly than most: a burden reflected in his lifelong modifications of his own appearance. The human body, Ludwig Wittgenstein (an Austrian-British philosopher) once declared, is the best picture we have of the human soul. And Jackson’s body in his last days legibly expressed something very revealing.Death, of course, takes everything away. The back catalogue of Jackson’s songs is now the complete catalogue. Yet, according to Sartre, death is not the final chord of a melody that suddenly resolves and makes sense of what went before. Instead, it merely begins an endless new argument over meanings from which the core—the real person—is perpetually absent. Michael Jackson is no longer with us. Instead, “Michael Jackson” is becoming the sum of what others hope to make of him.36. Paragraph 1 mainly tells that people have been trying to .A. define Jackson as a personB. speculate on Jackson’s deathC. stain Jackson’s reputationD. question Jackson as a celebrity37. According to Sartre, everybody at his death will surely .A. draw attention far and wideB. suffer immense defamationC. be the center of people’s talkD. be put under others’ judgment38. Sartre held that, as a moral being, one should NOT .A. do simply as others expectB. conceal one’s shameful pastC. always defy others’ opinionsD. retreat from various pressures39. As claimed by Wittgenstein, Jackson’s dead body revealed that he .A. had worked too hard in pleasing his fansB. had fallen victim to public opinionC. had been an extremely sentimental guyD. had experienced both joys and sorrows40. In the last paragraph, the “back catalogue” refers to Jackson’s .A. albums released at his deathB. MTV videos of his dancingC. music he had recorded beforeD. songs sung in his childhood41. It can be concluded that today what we hear about Michael Jackson may NOT be .A. invented storiesB. variable storiesC. biased storiesD. factual storiesPassage TwoMost graduate programs in American universities produce a product for which there is no market ( candidates for teaching positions that do not exist ) and develop skills for which there is diminishing demand ( research in subfields within subfields and publications in journals read by no one other than a few like-minded colleagues ), all at a rapidly rising cost.Widespread hiring freezes and layoffs have brought these problems into sharp relief now. But our graduate system has been in crisis for decades, and the seeds of this crisis go as far back as the formation of modern universities. Kant, in his 1798 work “The Conflict of the Faculties,” wrote that universities should “handle the entire content of learning by mass production, so to speak, by a division of labor, so that for every branch of the sciences there would be a public teacher or professor appointed as its trustee.”Unfortunately this mass-production university model has led to separation where there ought to be collaboration and to ever-increasing specialization. In my own department, for example, we have 10 faculty members, working in eight subfields, with little overlap. And as departments fragment, research and publication become more and more about less and less.The emphasis on narrow scholarship also encourages an educational system that has become a process of cloning. Faculty members cultivate those students whose futures they envision as identical to their own pasts, even though their tenures will stand in the way of these students having futures as full professors.The dirty secret of higher education is that without underpaid graduate students to help in laboratories and with teaching, universities couldn’t conduct research or even instruct their growing undergraduate populations. That’s one of the main reasons we still encourage people to enroll in doctoral programs. It is simply cheaper to provide graduate students with modest stipends and teaching assistants with as little as $ 5,000 a course—with no benefits—than it is to hire full-time professors.The other obstacle to change is that colleges and universities are self-regulating or, in academic terms, governed by peer review. While trustees and administrations theoretically have some oversight responsibility, in practice, departments operate independently. To complicate matters further, once a faculty member has been granted tenure, he is functionally autonomous. Many academics who cry out for the regulation of financial markets vehemently oppose it in their own departments.42. According to Paragraph 1, it seems to be NOT worthwhile to attend an American graduate program at a high cost if one wants to .A. pursue a teaching careerB. do business in the futureC. become a prolific writerD. engage in administrative work43. Kant is quoted because .A. he pointed out why crises would arise in modern universitiesB. he proposed some idea of what a modern university should doC. he used to help relieve the problems universities had sufferedD. he found how to cope with conflicts among the faculties44. The boldfaced phrase “less and less” (in Paragraph 3) refers to .A. diminishing governmental supportB. publications in decreasing numberC. theories with growing intelligibilityD. increasingly specialized knowledge45. According to the author, in today’s educational system, it’s difficult to .A. attend courses of one’s own choiceB. get a scholarship in a desired specialtyC. produce students with new horizonsD. ask teachers to stay long in their jobs46. Enrollments in doctoral programs are promoted by universities mainly because they need .A. the cheap labor of the studentsB. to show high academic standardC. to attract enough full-time professorsD. the talented hands to help with research47. The author thinks it’s bad for faculty members to be .A. free from the supervision of the trusteesB. involved in any profit-making activitiesC. subject to peer view on all academic mattersD. restricted to the work in their own departmentsPassage ThreeNext week, the European Parliament will debate stringent regulation of a number of effective pesticides. If this regulation is passed, the consequences will be devastating.In the 1960s, widespread use of the potent and safe insecticide DDT led to eradication of many insect-borne diseases in Europe and North America. But based on no scientific evidence of human health effects, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency banned DDT, and its European counterparts followed suit. Subsequently, more than 1 million people died each year from malaria—but not in America or Europe. Rather, most of the victims were children and women in Africa and Asia.Today, even while acknowledging that indoor spraying of small amounts of DDT would help prevent many deaths and millions of illnesses, nongovernmental organizations continue—with great success—to pressure African governments not to allow its use. In order to stave off such pressure, African public health officials cave, and their children die needlessly. Yet, rather than learning the tragic lesson of the DDT ban, the European Union wants to extend this unscientific ban to other effective insecticides, including pyrethroids and organophosphates—further undercutting anti-malarial efforts.The currently debated regulation would engender a paradigm shift in the regulation of chemicals, from a risk-based approach—based on real world exposures from agricultural applications—to a hazard-based standard, derived from laboratory tests and having little or no basis in reality as far as human health is concerned. Of course, this is fine with anti-chemical zealots. Their concern is bringing down chemical companies in the name of “the environment”—tough luck if African children have to be sacrificed to their agenda, as was the case with DDT ( which is still banned in the EU and not under consideration in the current debate ).Most poignantly, the fight against malaria and other insect-borne tropical diseases would take another hit, with resulting illness, disability and death disproportionally affecting children under five and pregnant women.And what, after all, is the “danger” of these chemicals being debated? In fact, there is no evidence to support the contention that insecticides pose a health threat to humans. Even DDT, one of the most studied chemicals of all time, has been conclusively shown to be safe for humans at all conceivable levels of exposure sufficient to control malaria and save millions of lives.48. When the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency banned DDT in the 1960s, in Europe .A. the governments questioned the ban’s effectsB. the environmental authorities also banned itC. researchers paid more attention to the chemicalD. the general public showed support for the ban49. Some nongovernmental organizations believe that DDT .A. is somewhat good for illness preventionB. threatens the health of African childrenC. will regain popularity in EuropeD. can soon become a political issue50. According to the author, the “hazard-based standard”.A. can cause an increase in research expensesB. may lead to some environmental damageC. will be applied widely by researchersD. must be avoided in regulating chemicals51. The author believes that the real intent of those supporting the regulation is to .A. help cure insect-born tropical diseasesB. promote environmental protectionC. stop the chemical companies’ businessD. protect African children against insects52. After the debate, the European Parliament will .A. consider DDT’s positive usesB. continue to keep DDT illegalC. remove some restrictions on DDT useD. study DDT’s impact on human health53. According to the author, the fight against malaria would .A. suffer another severe setbackB. achieve another great successC. bring another round of problemsD. produce another threat to people’s healthPassage FourIn the post Cold War world few articles have influenced how Western policymakers view the world more than Samuel Huntington’s 1993 article, “The Clash of Civilizations.”Suggesting that the world was returning to a civilization dominated world where future conflicts would originate from clashes between ‘civilizations,’ the theory has been broadly criticized for oversimplification, ignoring local conflicts and for incorrectly predicting what has happened in the decade since its publication. The claim made by many that September the 11th has vindicated Huntington is simply not supported by the evidence.Huntington’s thesis outlines a future where the “great divisions among humankind and the dominating source of conflict will be cultural.”He divides the world’s cultures into seven current civilizations, Western, Latin American, Confucian, Japanese, Islamic, Hindu and Slavic-Orthodox. In addition he judged Africa only as a possible civilization depending on how far one viewed the development of an African consciousness had developed. These civilizations seem to be defined primarily by religion with a number of ad hoc exceptions.Huntington predicts conflicts occurring between states from different civilizations for control of international institutions and for economic and military power. He views thismix of conflicts as normal by asserting that nation-states are a new phenomenon in a world dominated for most of its history by conflicts between civilizations. This is a dubious statement as the inter-civilizational conflict driven mainly by geo-political factors rather than cultural differences is an equally if not more persuasive way to view much of history.The theory at least differentiates between non-Western civilizations rather than grouping them together. He also explains how the West presents pro-Western idea. However, his escape from a Eurocentric bias is only temporary. He completely fails to account for local cultures even though one can argue they collectively comprise a separate civilization. The article also predicts future conflicts will be started by non-Western civilizations reacting to Western power and values ignoring the equally plausible situation where Western states use their military superiority to maintain their superior positions. The policy prescriptions he suggests to counter this perceived threat equate to increasing the power of the West to forestall any loss of the West’s pre-eminence. Thus he suggests the Latin American and Orthodox-Slavic civilizations be drawn further into the Western orbit and the maintenance of Western military superiority.54. As stated in the passage, Huntington’s article .A. advocated the interdependence of different culturesB. proposed a return of the world to its former stateC. depicted the world in the post Cold War periodD. stressed cultural aspects of international conflicts55. According to the claim mentioned, an occurrence like 9•11 was what Huntington had .A. describedB. forecastedC. criticizedD. ignored56. Huntington’s seven current civilizations excluded Africa because he deemed it as failing to .A. meet the criteria for being a civilizationB. possess a uniform culture as its ownC. reach a high level of developmentD. develop a mature cultural awareness57. Huntington clearly held that .A. the world should be viewed without a Eurocentric biasB. the West seeks to promote a common cultureC. policymakers should take local conflicts seriouslyD. non-Western cultures should quickly react to the West58. Huntington proposed some measures to be taken against a perceived threat to .A. Latin-American countriesB. non-Western civilizationsC. the West’s pre-eminenceD. the Orthodox-Slavic world59. According to the author, Huntington’s theory is quite .A. provocativeB. ambiguousC. questionableD. high-soundingPassage FiveThe multibillion-dollar international pharmaceutical industry has been accused of manipulating the results of drug trials for financial gain and withholding information that could expose patients to possible harm.The stranglehold the industry has on research is causing increasing alarm in medical circles as evidence emerges of biased results, under-reporting and selective publication driven by a market worth more than 10 billion pounds in Britain alone.The industry has sponsored the trials of new drugs which have held out great promise for patients with cancer, heart disease, mental health problems and other illnesses.But the tests on the same drugs in independent trials paid for by non-profit organizations—governments, medical institutions or charities—have yielded very different results.The drugs for abnormal heart rhythm introduced in the late 1970s were killing more Americans every year by 1990 than the Vietnam War.Yet early evidence suggesting the drugs were lethal, which might have saved thousands of lives, went unpublished.Expensive cancer drugs introduced in the past 10 years and claiming to offer majorbenefits have increasingly been questioned.Evidence published in the Journal of the American Medical Association showed that 38 per cent of independent studies of the drugs reached unfavorable conclusions about them, compared with 5 per cent of the studies paid for by the pharmaceutical industry.In the latest case, the researchers commissioned by the National Institute for Clinical Excellence to develop guidelines for the prescribing of anti-depressant drugs to children say they were refused access to the unpublished trials of the drugs held by the pharmaceutical companies.Published evidence suggested that the anti-depressant drugs were safe and effective for children.But when they obtained the unpublished evidence by contacting individual researchers who had worked on the trials and other sources, a different picture emerged—one of an increase in suicidal thoughts and attempted suicide. Only one of the drugs, Prozac, emerged as safe.Anti-depressant drugs, though not recommended for children, were widely prescribed in Britain until last year, when the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency issued a warning to doctors, prohibiting their use.This followed the safety concerns raised by campaigners and taken up in two BBC TV Panorama broadcasts which brought the biggest response in the program’s history.Writing in the Lancet medical magazine, the researchers say: “On the basis of published evidence alone, we could have considered at least tentatively recommending use of these drugs for children and young people with depression.”60. The international pharmaceutical industry has been criticized for .A. controlling the drug market for its own profitB. overlooking its yield of destructive medicineC. neglecting research on the ill-effects of drugsD. covering up the adverse results of drug trials61. The phrase“independent trials”(in Paragraph 4) in this context means “conducting the trials without .”A. any financial involvementB. any governmental fundsC. the public’s awarenessD. the authority’s guidance62. What was true about the drugs for abnormal heart rhythm?A. They killed lots of American soldiers in the Vietnam War.B. They were known to be harmful at the early stage of its use.C. They were illegally used due to their unpublished results.D. They claimed to save thousands of lives but did it in vain.63. According to the passage, the unfavorable conclusions about drugs were kept a secret from .A. the general publicB. the drug companiesC. the researchersD. the authorities64. The information unpublished about the anti-depressant drugs showed that .A. all but one drug were hazardousB. only a few were good to childrenC. many of them could curb suicideD. different drugs had varied results65. It can be inferred that, 2 years ago, to the doctors prescribing anti-depressant drugs, the published evidence about the drugs would seem to be very .A. destructiveB. misleadingC. instructiveD. encouragingSection B（20 minutes，10 points）Directions：In each of the following passage, five sentences have been removed from the original text. They are listed from A to F and put below the passage. Choose the most suitable sentence from the list to fill in each of the blanks（numbered 66 to 75）. For each passage, there is one sentence that does not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage OneHistorically, the spread, prevalence, and very existence of contagious disease have wholly depended on the growth and concentration of human populations. 66 Andthough the last century has witnessed substantial worldwide success in combating many past scourges—such as polio and smallpox—infectious diseases still claim more lives than any other group of diseases. The prevailing demographic trends continue to create a crowded human “medium” that both invites and is vulnerable to infection.The share of humanity living in cities with more than 1 million people has surged from less than 5 percent in 1900 to nearly 40 percent today, creating the ideal setting for the resurgence of old infectious diseases as well as the development of new ones. 67 Overcrowding—the increased proximity of susceptible individuals—is a principal risk factor for the incidence and spread of all major infectious diseases, including tuberculosis, dengue fever, malaria, and acute respiratory illnesses, which are unable to spread and survive in low population densities. 68Aside from sheer growth and increasing density, the urbanization under way in developing nations is often accompanied by deteriorating health indicators and increased exposure to disease risk factors.Access to clean water, good hygiene, and adequate housing are sorely lacking in developing nations. As a result, waterborne infections such as cholera and other diarrheal diseases account for 90 percent of all infectious diseases in developing countries—and 40 percent of all deaths in some nations. 69In both industrial and developing nations, the incidences of a wide range of infectious diseases, including tuberculosis, diarrheal diseases, and HIV/AIDS, are considerably higher in urban slums—where poverty and compromised health define the way of life—than in the rest of the city. 70A. Key disease carriers, such as insects and rats, thrive in crowded urban settings, further facilitating spread.B. The unprecedented population densities in fourteenth-century Europe, for example, led to the plague outbreak that claimed the lives of one fourth of the population.C. Although these infections are easily preventable if adequate water and sanitation are available, the vast majority of the world’s population are lifelong victims.D. While new global markets have created unprecedented economic opportunities and growth, the health risks of our increasingly interconnected and fast-paced world continue to grow.E. Pathogens can more readily establish in large populations, since all infectious diseases。
中国农业科学院博士微生物免疫考题
中国农业科学院博士微生物免疫考题病毒学2001年微生物学与免疫学：一名词解释（3分X10个）抗原漂移持续性感染慢病毒感染流氏细胞术亚病毒朊病毒缺陷性干扰颗粒（注考题均为英文给出，先翻译后解释）二简答：1。
负链RNA病毒复制过程（5分）2。
内源性抗原和外源性抗原递呈过程（5分）3。
沙门氏菌的鉴定流程（10分）三问答1。
有些疾病一定要用基因工程疫苗来预防，试举2到3例并解释原因。
2。
PRRSV能引起免疫抑制，试设计试验证明之。
2002年中国农业大学博士研究生入学考试试题预防兽医学专业：微生物学与免疫学一．名词解释：1.Spike（线突，）2.表型混合3.RFLP4.感染性cDNA5.超抗原6.核酸疫苗7.免疫识别8.Blocking-ELISA二．问答：1．写出病毒属于哪一科：鸡CA V，IBDV，ILTV，兔病毒出血症病毒，鸭瘟病毒。
2．PRRSV的结构特点3．APC有哪些？各自有什么功能？4．从分子水平阐述抗体结构多样性？5．鉴定病毒的依据有哪些？三．论述1．构建基因工程活载体疫苗的设计方法？2．分子生物学技术在动物病毒学流行病研究中的应用。
从免疫应答的分子及细胞学角度说一说弱毒活疫苗与灭活疫苗的差异传染病试题可能与中国农大相同2003.微生物与免疫一名词1回复突变 2 Piron 3 Infectious nucleio acid 4 MAC 5 Cytokine 10 合胞体二简述题1 缺损病毒有哪些形式有何生物学意义？2 微RNA病毒科有几个属，各写出一种兽医上重要的动物病毒3 病毒的持续性感染有哪些类型？各有何特点？4 动脉炎病毒科的成员有哪些？举例说明结构蛋白的组成三问答1 简述各种分子生物学诊断技术的原理并举例说明在动物病毒病诊断中的应用2 设计检测猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒抗体的阻断ELLISA（要求写明技术路线基本过程结果表示方法）2003年中国农业大学考博试题微生物试题1 名词解释：prion 感染性核酸回复突变CTL MAC 合胞体溶原化重组抗体cytokine2 简答：缺损病毒微RNA病毒属共有几个科，各种的代表病毒动脉炎病毒属蛋白特性内源性抗原胞内菌相关的细胞内免疫抗体产生的动力学3 论述阻断ELISA的原理，技术路线，操作，判定分子生物学诊断技术外源性抗原的加工过程2004年兽医微生物博士研究生入学考试试题1.革兰氏阴性菌细胞壁外膜的分子结构2.与真核生物相比较，细菌染色体的结构有哪些特点？3.以质粒作为克隆载体和表达载体各具备哪些基本特征？4.简述酵母菌子囊孢子的形成过程5.从细菌镜下形态和菌落特征鉴定细菌注意哪些形状6.以培养鸡胚成纤维原代细胞为例，简述其所需主要材料和操作过程7.简述病毒在细胞内的增殖过程8.谈谈你对朊病毒的特征有哪些了解？9.简述存在于新城疫囊膜的结构蛋白种类和功能10.简述冠状病毒形态和基因组结构的共同特点2005年兽医微生物博士研究生入学考试试题一、试述细菌脂多糖的组成及功能二、以培养鸡胚成纤维原代细胞为例，叙述细胞培养需要的主要材料、操作过程、结果观察及在操作过程中的注意事项三、谈谈你对疯牛病在病原学上有哪些了解？四、简述增强和减弱细菌毒力的几种方法五、何为细菌转化？转化发生的条件和发生的机理六、你对16SrRNA细菌分类方法有哪些了解？为什么说16SrRNA可以作为生物进化的“分子尺”八、简述炭疽杆菌形态（在病料中和培养物中）及培养特性九、将可疑新城疫病毒通过尿囊腔接种鸡胚5枚，其中1枚在24小时死亡，其余均在48-72小时死亡。
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2011年中国农业大学考博微生物试题和英语
1 名词解释20分
紫膜
自主转移质粒
双组分系统
恒化连续培养
L型细菌
2.病毒变异的三种主要机制10分
3.细菌诱变中经常用到转座子，请简述TN5转座子的结构特点、诱
变机理、以及遗传效应。
10分
4.微生物吸收营养的主要方式15分
5 酵母单杂交、酵母双杂交、酵母三杂交主要原理与应用。
15分
6 大肠杆菌同源重组的过程及其用到的关键蛋白质。
10分
7 对真菌进行单细胞诱变后得到2个亮氨酸营养缺陷性菌株，将这
两个菌株融合成异核体后可以恢复原养型，试问这两个菌株的突变位点是一个还是两个？用你的基因模型写出这两株菌株的基因型，若对这两个菌株进行杂交则表型及其比例为？20分
英语
形式：词汇20分，完形填空15分，阅读理解30分，英译汉5分，汉译英15分，作文20分
作文题目是
某位科学家预言信息技术将会取代现有的大学，请做出评论？。