第12章交通运输市场(2)

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交通运输法规作业答案

交通运输法规作业答案

复习思考题及参考答案一、复习思考题第一章1.试述经济法产生的客观必然性。

2.经济法的调整对象有哪些?3.试述经济法的本质及其作用。

4.我国经济法应遵循哪些基本原则?第二章1.试述经济法律关系的概念及其特征。

2.经济法律关系的构成要素是什么?3.试述经济法主体的含义与特征。

4.经济法主体包含哪些种类?5.法人的概念与特征是什么?6.什么是法人的变更?7.何为法律事实?如何分类?8.经济法律关系变更的条件是什么?9.对经济法律关系实施保护的手段分别是什么?第三章1.什么是合同?合同有哪些特征?2.订立合同应遵循哪些原则?包括哪些程序?3.要约与要约邀请有何不同?4.合同的形式有哪几种?合同应包括哪些主要条款?5.合同履行应遵循哪些原则和规则?6.合同的担保形式有哪几种?分别有什么特征?7.合同变更和解除的条件是什么?合同终止的情况有哪些?8.什么是无效合同?根据合同无效的原因,无效合同有哪些种类?对无效合同应如何处理?9.承担违反合同责任的条件有哪些?免予承担违反合同责任的条件有哪些?违反合同的责任形式有哪些?第四章1. 简述建立和完善交通运输法规体系的必要性。

2. 建立和完善交通运输法规体系必须遵循哪些基本原则?3. 简述交通运输法律关系的主要特征。

4. 交通运输法律关系可以分为哪几类?5. 简述我国交通运输涉外法律框架的构想。

第五章1. 简述铁路法制建设不能适应铁路改革与发展的需要的具体表现。

2. 铁路沿线各级地方人民政府对铁路管理的内容有哪些?3. 简述铁路运输企业的性质。

4. 简述铁路运价的管理。

5. 铁路运输合同具有哪些特点?6. 简述铁路货物保价运输的概念及开办铁路货物保价运输的意义。

7. 简述铁路货物保价运输与铁路运输保险的区别。

8. 试述铁路保价运输的赔偿办法与赔偿时效的有关规定。

二、参考答案第一章1.试述经济法产生的客观必然性。

答:现代社会由于生产的社会化,经济关系的日益复杂化,各经济主体之间以及不同主体与国家之间经济利益和经济行为的冲突,要求政府从宏观上加强管理与监督,从而协调不同主体的利益,使经济管理社会化。

中级经济师-运输经济-第十二章交通运输建设项目的经济评价-第二节交通运输建设项目经济评价概述

中级经济师-运输经济-第十二章交通运输建设项目的经济评价-第二节交通运输建设项目经济评价概述

中级经济师-运输经济-基础练习题-第十二章交通运输建设项目的经济评价-第二节交通运输建设项目经济评价概述[单选题]1.交通运输建设项目的经济评价应以()为主。

A.财务分析B.经济费用效(江南博哥)益分析C.宏观经济影响分析D.区域经济影响分析正确答案:B参考解析:交通运输项目应以经济费用效益分析为主,有营业收入的项目还应进行财务分析。

[单选题]3.在经济评价的方法选择中,对于—般项目,()是必不可少的。

A.从国家经济整体利益的角度来考察项目B.进行项目对区域经济或宏观经济的研究与分析C.经济费用效益分析D.财务分析正确答案:D参考解析:在经济评价的方法选择中,对于一般项目,财务分析结果将对其决策、实施和运营产生重大影响,财务分析必不可少。

由于这类项目产出品的市场价格基本上能够反映其真实价值,当财务分析的结果能够满足决策时,可以不进行经济费用效益分析。

[单选题]4.某项目某年利润总额200万元,年折旧50万元,摊销费10万元,所得税税率25%,若该年应还本付息金额为70万元,则该项目本年度偿债备付率为()。

A.2.87B.2.95C.2.14D.3正确答案:D参考解析:[单选题]5.某公司在2009年12月31日,资产5000万,负债2000万,所有者权益3000万,则公司资产负债率为()。

A.40%B.50%C.60%D.100%正确答案:A参考解析:资产负债率是指各期末负债总额与资产总额的比率,是反映项目各年所面临的财务风险程度即偿债能力的指标。

其计算公式为:LOAR=TL/TA×100%式中,TL是期末负债总额,TA是期末资产总额.[单选题]6.交通运输建设项目的经济分析是从合理配置资源角度,分析项目投资的经济效率和对经济社会产生的贡献,评价交通运输建设项目的()。

A.财务生存能力B.财务盈利能力C.实施经济效果D.经济合理性正确答案:D参考解析:本题考查交通运输建设项目经济分析的概念。

(特效版)第12章 国外区域经济案例

(特效版)第12章 国外区域经济案例
第四版 高洪深 编著 中国人民大学出版社
区域经济学
第一章 区域经济学与新区域经济观
第二章 区域经济学的基本概念 第十二章 国外区域经济案例 第三章 国际区域经济一体化 第十章 区域经济发展的比较理论与方法
第四章 国家区域经济 第五章 总部经济 第六章 区域经济发展梯度理论
第九章 区域经济可持续发展理论 第八章 区域经济产业结构分析
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第一节 美国区域经济开发经验
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注重交通等基础设施的建设 平衡发展综合经济部门
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第一节 美国区域经济开发经验
二、奥兰治的区域经济开发
1.条件
位于美国西部大城市洛杉矶的南 部,是该市的一个郊区县,面积 2066平方千米,人口超过200万, 缺乏矿产资源。。
该区是美国最早、最大的 煤炭产区。
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第一节 美国区域经济开发经验
2.美国政府对其整治的措施:
(1)建立专门机构,实施阿巴拉契亚区域开发法案 (2)投入大量资金建设交通运输系统,打通区域
内外的联系通道 (3)调整产业结构,综合发展区域经济 (4)吸引外资,增强煤炭出口能力 (5)治理生态环境,改善地区环境状况
第四节 德国区域经济开发政策
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第四节 德国区域经济开发政策
一、条件
条件
德国地处欧洲中部,北部 为平原,中部为山地,南部为 巴伐利亚高原;城市人口集中、 经济过度集中于大城市及交通 干线的矛盾日益突出,地区间 经济发展的不平衡现象引起了

现代物流-英文版测试题-第十二章运输

现代物流-英文版测试题-第十二章运输

TEST BANKCHAPTER 12: TRANSPORTATION(correct answers are bolded)Multiple Choice Questions1. ___________ is the actual, physical movement of goods and people between two points.a. Logisticsb. Transportationc. Materials handlingd. Materials management[LO: Material at the beginning of the chapter; Easy; Concept; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]2. There are ___________ modes of transportation.a. threeb. fourc. fived. six[LO: Material at the beginning of the chapter; Moderate; Application; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]3. A 3,047 meter (10,000 foot) runway is significant because it is ___________.a. generally viewed as adequate for accommodating the largest existing wide-body aircraftb. the longest that can be used worldwide due to safety regulationsc. the longest runway in the worldd. only found in economically developed countries[LO 12.1: To compare and contrast transportation infrastructures in several countries; Moderate; Application; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]4. Rail gauge refers to ___________.a. the allowable speed on a particular segment of trackb. the thickness of rail trackc. the length of rail trackd. the distance between the inner sides of two parallel rail tracks[LO 12.1: To compare and contrast transportation infrastructures in several countries; Moderate; Concept; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]5. In terms of rail gauge, China primarily uses ___________ rail gauge whereas India primarily uses ___________ rail gauge.a. standard; broadb. broad; standardc. narrow; broadd. standard; narrow[LO 12.1: To compare and contrast transportation infrastructures in several countries; Difficult; Synthesis; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]6. In the United States, ___________ account for the largest share of ton miles and ___________ account for the majority of freight revenues.a. railroads; railroadsb. trucks; trucksc. trucks; railroadsd. railroads; truck[LO 12.2: To identify the five modes of transportation and learn about their respective characteristics; Difficult; Synthesis; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]7. ___________ refers to the terminal-to-terminal movement of freight or passengers.a. Materials handlingb. Accessorial servicec. Line-hauld. Order delivery[LO 12.2: To identify the five modes of transportation and learn about their respective characteristics; Moderate; Concept; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]8. ___________ are generally the fastest form of transportation for shipments exceeding 600 miles.a. Less-than-truckload motor carriersb. Air carriersc. Parcel carriersd. Truckload motor carriers[LO 12.2: To identify the five modes of transportation and learn about their respective characteristics; Easy; Application; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]9. Consignees are ___________.a. extremely large less-than-truckload carriersb. shippers of freightc. receivers of freightd. preferred suppliers[LO 12.2: To identify the five modes of transportation and learn about their respective characteristics; Moderate; Concept; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]10. Accessorial service ___________.a. only applies to air transportationb. is associated with commodity ratesc. refers to additional service provided to apparel shipmentsd. is transportation service that is supplemental to the line-haul[LO 12.2: To identify the five modes of transportation and learn about their respective characteristics; Moderate; Concept; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]11. Airfreight is best suited to transport ___________, ___________ products.a. high-value; lower-volumeb. low-value; lower-volumec. high-value; higher-volumed. low-value; higher-volume[LO 12.2: To identify the five modes of transportation and learn about their respective characteristics; Difficult; Synthesis; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]12. Less-than-truckload motor carriers ___________.a. serve only regional marketsb. operate through a series of terminalsc. are exempt from hours-of-service regulationsd. carry the shipment directly from shipper to consignee[LO 12.2: To identify the five modes of transportation and learn about their respective characteristics; Moderate; Application; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]13. All of the following are less-than-truckload (LTL) carriers except:a. YRC Freightb. Estes Expressc. UPS Freightd. Swift Transportation[LO 12.2: To identify the five modes of transportation and learn about their respective characteristics; Difficult; Synthesis; AACSB Category 3; Analytical thinking]14. Truckload carriers focus on shipments of greater than ___________ pounds.a. 10,000b. 15,000c. 17,500d. 20,000[LO 12.2: To identify the five modes of transportation and learn about their respective characteristics; Moderate; Application; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]15. Each of the following statements is true except:a. Schneider National is an example of a truckload carrier.b. In truckload shipments, the shipper loads and the consignee unloads the trailer.c. A truckload shipment involves only one customer.d. Truckload carriers focus on shipments of greater than 10,000 pounds.[LO 12.2: To identify the five modes of transportation and learn about their respective characteristics; Difficult; Synthesis; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]16. Hours-of-service (HOS) rules and speed limits have long been justified in the motor carrier industry on the basis of ___________.a. cost efficiencyb. customer requirementsc. operational efficiencyd. safety concerns[LO 12.2: To identify the five modes of transportation and learn about their respective characteristics; Difficult; Synthesis; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]17. The primary advantage for motor carriers is ___________.a. reliabilityb. speedc. capabilityd. flexibility[LO 12.2: To identify the five modes of transportation and learn about their respective characteristics; Moderate; Application; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]18. Airfreight is the costliest mode for freight transportation. What is the second most expensive mode of freight transportation?a. motor carrierb. waterc. raild. pipeline[LO 12.2: To identify the five modes of transportation and learn about their respective characteristics; Difficult; Synthesis; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]19. ___________ is the most reliable form of transportation.a. Railb. Motor carrierc. Pipelined. Air[LO 12.2: To identify the five modes of transportation and learn about their respective characteristics; Difficult; Synthesis; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]20. ___________ pipelines carry crude oil from gathering-line concentration points to the oil refineries.a. Productb. Trunkc. Slurryd. Collection[LO 12.2: To identify the five modes of transportation and learn about their respective characteristics; Moderate; Concept; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]21. ___________ have a level of market concentration and dominance that is not found in the other modes.a. Railroadsb. Pipelinesc. Airlinesd. Motor carriers[LO 12.2: To identify the five modes of transportation and learn about their respective characteristics; Difficult; Synthesis; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]22. Which mode is not the “best” or “worst” on any of th e six attributes (e.g., capability, flexibility, etc.) that were used to compare transport modes?a. railroadsb. water carriersc. pipelinesd. motor carriers[LO 12.2: To identify the five modes of transportation and learn about their respective characteristics; Difficult; Synthesis; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]23. Railroads tend to transport ___________, ___________ shipments.a. higher-value; higher-volumeb. lower-value; lower-volumec. higher-value; lower-volumed. lower-value; higher-volume[LO 12.2: To identify the five modes of transportation and learn about their respective characteristics; Difficult; Synthesis; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]24. Inland waterways in the United States are dredged to a depth of ___________ feet, which tends to be the minimum depth required for most barges.a. 15b. 12c. 9d. 6[LO 12.2: To identify the five modes of transportation and learn about their respective characteristics; Moderate; Application; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]25. A ___________ raises or lowers barges so that they can meet the river’s level as they move upstream or downstream.a. container shipb. lockc. unit load deviced. towboat[LO 12.2: To identify the five modes of transportation and learn about their respective characteristics; Moderate; Concept; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]26. The predominant commodity moved by barge transportation is ___________.a. grainb. coalc. iron ored. petroleum[LO 12.2: To identify the five modes of transportation and learn about their respective characteristics; Moderate; Application; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]27. ___________ transportation occurs when two or more modes work closely together in an attempt to utilize the advantages of each mode while at the same time minimizing their disadvantages.a. Intermodalb. Relationalc. Intramodald. Collaborative[LO 12.3: To discuss intermodal transportation; Easy; Concept; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]28. What container size is often used to rank water ports and measure containership capacity?a. 48-foot containerb. 40-foot containerc. 20-foot containere. 10-foot container[LO 12.3: To discuss intermodal transportation; Moderate; Application; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]29. The primary advantage to land bridge service is ___________.a. less loss and damageb. reduced transit timesc. lower transportation costd. improved reliability[LO 12.3: To discuss intermodal transportation; Moderate; Application; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]30. Freight forwarders ___________.a. are the same as shippers’ associationsb. consolidate the shipments of several carriersc. represent the consignees’ in terestsd. consolidate the shipments of several shippers[LO 12.4: To describe several types of transportation specialists; Moderate; Concept; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]31. Shippers’ associations ___________.a. are the same as freight forwardersb. function in a manner similar to freight forwardersc. specialize in truckload shipmentsd. are used only for agricultural products[LO 12.4: To describe several types of transportation specialists; Moderate; Application; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]32. A transportation broker ___________.a. looks to match a shipper’s freight with a carrier to transport itb. deals only with agricultural productsc. is the same as a freight forwarderd. tends to be spun off from carriers or management consulting firms[LO 12.4: To describe several types of transportation specialists; Moderate; Concept; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]33. Firms that specialize in carrying packages that weigh up to 150 pounds are called___________.a. couriersb. accessorial carriersc. parcel carriersd. expedited carriers[LO 12.4: To describe several types of transportation specialists; Moderate; Concept; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]34. What is the largest transportation company by revenues in the United States?a. FedExb. Union Pacificc. United Parcel Serviced. United Airlines[LO 12.4: To describe several types of transportation specialists; Moderate; Application; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]35. In the United States, commercial airline pilots must retire at age ___________.a. 70b. 65c. 62d. 60[LO 12.5: To explain how different types of regulation impact transportation; Moderate; Application; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]36. The U.S. ________ is the federal government body with primary responsibility for transportation safety regulation.a. Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)b. Department of Commercec. Department of Homeland Securityd. Department of Transportation (DOT)[LO 12.5: To explain how different types of regulation impact transportation; Moderate; Application; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]37. With respect to U.S. economic regulation, the ___________ has primary responsibility for resolving railroad rate and service disputes, reviewing potential rail mergers, and some jurisdiction over motor carriers, domestic water transportation, and pipelines.a. Surface Transportation Board (STB)b. Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)c. Federal Trade Commissiond. Department of Commerce[LO 12.5: To explain how different types of regulation impact transportation; Moderate; Application; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]38. Common carriers of transportation have ___________ obligations.a. sixb. fivec. fourd. three[LO 12.6: To identify the legal classification of transportation carriers; Moderate; Application; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]39. Which of the following is not a legal classification of carriers?a. exemptb. contractc. privated. third-party transportation[LO 12.6: To identify the legal classification of transportation carriers; Difficult; Synthesis; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]40. Private transportation is most prevalent in the ___________ industry.a. pipelineb. truckingc. railroadd. airline[LO 12.6: To identify the legal classification of transportation carriers; Difficult; Synthesis; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]True-False Questions1.Transportation refers to the actual, physical movement of goods and people between twopoints. (True)[LO: Material at the beginning of the chapter; Easy; Concept; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]2.There are four different modes of transportation. (False)[LO: Material at the beginning of the chapter; Moderate; Application; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]3. A 10,000-foot (3,047 meter) runway is viewed as adequate for accommodating the largestexisting wide-body aircraft. (True)[LO 12.1: To compare and contrast transportation infrastructures in several countries; Moderate; Application; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]4.Rail gauge refers to the thickness of rail track. (False)[LO 12.1: To compare and contrast transportation infrastructures in several countries; Moderate; Concept; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]5.In the United States, motor carriers have the largest share of ton miles. (False)[LO 12.2: To identify the five modes of transportation and learn about their respective characteristics; Moderate; Application; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]6.Air is generally the fastest mode of transportation for shipments exceeding 600 miles. (True) [LO 12.2: To identify the five modes of transportation and learn about their respective characteristics; Moderate; Synthesis; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]7.Products that move by airfreight tend to be high in value and tend to require urgent delivery.(True)[LO 12.2: To identify the five modes of transportation and learn about their respective characteristics; Moderate; Synthesis; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]8.Less-than-truckload shipments range from about 150 to 10,000 pounds. (True)[LO 12.2: To identify the five modes of transportation and learn about their respective characteristics; Moderate; Application; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]9.Truckload freight moves through a carrier’s terminal(s). (False)[LO 12.2: To identify the five modes of transportation and learn about their respective characteristics; Moderate; Concept; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]10.Hours-of-service rules and speed limits have generally been justified on the basis ofoperational efficiency. (False)[LO 12.2: To identify the five modes of transportation and learn about their respective characteristics; Moderate; Synthesis; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]11.The primary advantage for motor carriers is flexibility (the ability to deliver the product tothe customer). (True)[LO 12.2: To identify the five modes of transportation and learn about their respective characteristics; Moderate; Application; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]12.Pipelines are a unique mode of transportation because they are the only one without vehicles.(True)[LO 12.2: To identify the five modes of transportation and learn about their respective characteristics; Moderate; Application; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]13.Railroads are considered the most reliable form of transportation. (False)[LO 12.2: To identify the five modes of transportation and learn about their respective characteristics; Difficult; Synthesis; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]14.The U.S. railroad industry is dominated by four freight carriers. (True)[LO 12.2: To identify the five modes of transportation and learn about their respective characteristics; Moderate; Application; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]15.Twelve feet of water is the minimum depth required for most barges. (False)[LO 12.2: To identify the five modes of transportation and learn about their respective characteristics; Moderate; Application; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]16.A barge crane raises or lowers barges so they can meet the river’s level as they moveupstream or downstream. (False)[LO 12.2: To identify the five modes of transportation and learn about their respective characteristics; Moderate; Concept; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]17.Barge transportation tends to be slow. (True)[LO 12.2: To identify the five modes of transportation and learn about their respective characteristics; Moderate; Application; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]18.Of the modes with vehicles, railroads offer the greatest capacity, or volume, that can becarried at one time. (False)[LO 12.2: To identify the five modes of transportation and learn about their respective characteristics; Difficult; Synthesis; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]19.With intermodal transportation, two or more modes work closely together in an attempt toutilize the advantages of each mode while at the same time minimizing their disadvantages.(True)[LO 12.3: To discuss intermodal transportation; Easy; Concept; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]20.Airfreight containers are commonly referred to as pallets. (False)[LO 12.3: To discuss intermodal transportation; Easy; Concept; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]21.A commonly used metric for measuring container volumes is the TEU (twenty-footequivalent unit). (True)[LO 12.3: To discuss intermodal transportation; Moderate; Application; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]nd bridge services involve the use of surface transportation—generally railtransportation—between an origin and destination port. (True)[LO 12.3: To discuss intermodal transportation; Moderate; Concept; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]23.Freight forwarders are the same thing as freight brokers. (False)[LO 12.4: To describe several types of transportation specialists; Moderate; Concept; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]24.Freight forwarders sell freight at a higher rate per pound than they pay carriers to haul it.(True)[LO 12.4: To describe several types of transportation specialists; Moderate; Application; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]25.The main benefit of shippers’ associ ations is one-stop shopping. (False)[LO 12.4: To describe several types of transportation specialists; Difficult; Synthesis; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]26.A transportation broker looks to match a shipper’s freight with a carrier to transport it. (True) [LO 12.4: To describe several types of transportation specialists; Easy; Concept; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]27.Parcels refer to packages weighing up to 100 pounds. (False)[LO 12.4: To describe several types of transportation specialists; Moderate; Concept; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]28.U.S. commercial airline pilots face mandatory retirement at age 70. (False)[LO 12.5: To explain how different types of regulation impact transportation; Moderate; Application; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]29.The level and degree of transportation regulation varies from country to country. (True) [LO 12.5: To explain how different types of regulation impact transportation; Moderate; Synthesis; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]30.Environmental regulation of transportation is concerned with water, noise, and air pollution.(True)[LO 12.5: To explain how different types of regulation impact transportation; Moderate; Synthesis; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]31.The U.S. Department of Homeland Security is the federal government body with primaryresponsibility for transportation safety regulation. (False)[LO 12.5: To explain how different types of regulation impact transportation; Moderate; Application; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]32.U.S. pipelines are so safe that there is no federal safety agency assigned to regulate them.(False)[LO 12.5: To explain how different types of regulation impact transportation; Moderate; Application; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]33.Economic regulation in transportation refers to control over business practices and activitiessuch as entry and exit, pricing, service, accounting and financial issues, and mergers and acquisitions. (True)[LO 12.5: To explain how different types of regulation impact transportation; Moderate; Concept; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]34.The U.S. Department of Commerce has primary responsibility for resolving railroad rate andservice disputes as well as reviewing potential rail mergers. (False)[LO 12.5: To explain how different types of regulation impact transportation; Moderate; Application; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]35.Since economic deregulation, transportation carriers are no longer constrained with respect tothe variety of service they can offer. (True)[LO 12.5: To explain how different types of regulation impact transportation; Moderate; Application; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]36.Private carriers do not have to comply with environmental and safety regulations. (False) [LO 12.6: To identify the legal classification of transportation carriers; Moderate; Application; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]mon carrier transportation companies have four specific obligations. (True)[LO 12.5: To identify the legal classification of transportation carriers; Easy; Application; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]38.A contract carrier is under no obligation to render services to the general public. (True) [LO 12.5: To identify the legal classification of transportation carriers; Moderate; Application; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]39.Private transportation is most prevalent in the pipeline industry. (False)[LO 12.5: To identify the legal classification of transportation carriers; Moderate; Application; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]40.One disadvantage of private transportation is that managerial costs are often ignored orunderestimated. (True)[LO 12.5: To identify the legal classification of transportation carriers; Moderate; Synthesis; AACSB Category 3: Analytical thinking]。

现代市政学(第五版)(数字教材版)PPT第12章-课件

现代市政学(第五版)(数字教材版)PPT第12章-课件

2.我国的城市交通管理体制
城市建设管理部门
城市交通管理部门
城市规划管理部门
城市交通管 理的主体
城市公安部门
第12章 城市交通管理
12.1城市交通管理 概述 12.1.1城市交通
系统 12.1.2城市交通
管理的理念发展 12.1.3城市交通
管理体制 12.2城市公共交通 运行 12.2.1城市公共
12.1城市交通管理 概述 12.1.1城市交通
系统 12.1.2城市交通
管理的理念发展 12.1.3城市交通
管理体制 12.2城市公共交通 运行 12.2.1城市公共
交通的构成与特 征 12.2.2价格管理 12.2.3运营管理 12.2.4综合管理 12.3城市交通问题 与管理策略 12.3.1我国城市 交通面临的困境 12.3.2现代化城 市交通管理的理 念 12.3.3改善思路 12.3.4具体举措
3.城市公共交通补贴管理 (1)补贴的影响因素
补贴对象
补贴资金来源
补贴的影响因素
补贴金额的测算方式
补贴考核指标体系
第12章 城市交通管理
12.1城市交通管理
概述
12.1.1城市交通
系统
12.1.2城市交通 管理的理念发展
(2)补贴的基本原则
12.1.3城市交通
管理体制
12.2城市公共交通
运行 12.2.1城市公共
12.1.3城市交通管理体制
1.城市交通管理的内涵
城市交通管理,是指城市政府为保障交通设施能为城市经济和市民生活 提供良好的服务,综合利用各种手段,科学合理地组织城市中人与物运输的 管理活动。
根据管理对象的不同
• 交通管理可以分为交 通规划管理、交通设 施管理、交通工具管 理、交通法规管理等 内容。

第12章 供应链的不确定性管理:安全库存(全部)

第12章 供应链的不确定性管理:安全库存(全部)
汽车与交通工程学院
聚集对安全库存的影响
例12-8:相关性对聚集策略价值的影响
ρ 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 非 聚集下的 安全库存 36.24 36.24 36.24 36.24 36.24 36.24 聚集下的 安全库存 18.12 22.92 26.88 30.32 33.41 36.24
CSL = F ( ROP, DL , σ L) = NORMDIST(ROP, DL , σ L ,1) = NORMDIST(6000,5000,707,1) = 0.92
汽车与交通工程学院
给定补货策略下计算周期服务水平和满足率
n
计算给定补货策略下的满足率
– –
预期缺货量(ESC,expected shortage per replenishment cycle) 产品满足率 (fr, fill rate) fr = 1 – ESC/Q
要点:供应不确定性的降低可以在不影响可获性水平的 前提下大幅减少所需的安全库存
汽车与交通工程学院
12.4 聚集对安全库存的影响
n
现实供应链中库存存在不同程度的聚集

例子:图书市场(巴诺书店 & 亚马逊)
非聚集 VS 聚集: 非聚集下的安全库存 = k 考虑k个不同地区: −1 1/ 2 σi F CSL L ( ) ∑ S Di: 地区i的周需求均值, i =1 i=1,…,k 当k个地区需求独立且同分布时: k σi:: 地区i的周需求标准差 DC = ∑Di = kD, ρij: 地区 i和j每周需求的 i =1 k 协方差, i≠j C σD σi2 + 2∑ρijσσ = (var(DC ))1/2 = ∑ i j = kσD H: 单位库存成本 i> j i=1 L: 补货提前期 汽车与交通工程学院

机动车维修管理规定(2021年修正)-中华人民共和国交通运输部令2021年第18号

机动车维修管理规定(2021年修正)-中华人民共和国交通运输部令2021年第18号

机动车维修管理规定(2021年修正)正文:----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------机动车维修管理规定(2005年6月24日交通部发布根据2015年8月8日《交通运输部关于修改〈机动车维修管理规定〉的决定》第一次修正根据2016年4月19日《交通运输部关于修改〈机动车维修管理规定〉的决定》第二次修正根据2019年6月21日《交通运输部关于修改〈机动车维修管理规定〉的决定》第三次修正根据2021年8月11日《交通运输部关于修改〈机动车维修管理规定〉的决定》第四次修正)第一章总则第一条为规范机动车维修经营活动,维护机动车维修市场秩序,保护机动车维修各方当事人的合法权益,保障机动车运行安全,保护环境,节约能源,促进机动车维修业的健康发展,根据《中华人民共和国道路运输条例》及有关法律、行政法规的规定,制定本规定。

第二条从事机动车维修经营的,应当遵守本规定。

本规定所称机动车维修经营,是指以维持或者恢复机动车技术状况和正常功能,延长机动车使用寿命为作业任务所进行的维护、修理以及维修救援等相关经营活动。

第三条机动车维修经营者应当依法经营,诚实信用,公平竞争,优质服务,落实安全生产主体责任和维修质量主体责任。

第四条机动车维修管理,应当公平、公正、公开和便民。

第五条任何单位和个人不得封锁或者垄断机动车维修市场。

托修方有权自主选择维修经营者进行维修。

除汽车生产厂家履行缺陷汽车产品召回、汽车质量“三包”责任外,任何单位和个人不得强制或者变相强制指定维修经营者。

鼓励机动车维修企业实行集约化、专业化、连锁经营,促进机动车维修业的合理分工和协调发展。

鼓励推广应用机动车维修环保、节能、不解体检测和故障诊断技术,推进行业信息化建设和救援、维修服务网络化建设,提高机动车维修行业整体素质,满足社会需要。

交通部关于印发《道路运输企业质量信誉考核办法(试行)》的通知

交通部关于印发《道路运输企业质量信誉考核办法(试行)》的通知

交通部关于印发《道路运输企业质量信誉考核办法(试行)》的通知文章属性•【制定机关】交通部(已撤销)•【公布日期】2006.06.23•【文号】交公路发[2006]294号•【施行日期】2006.06.23•【效力等级】部门规范性文件•【时效性】现行有效•【主题分类】公路正文交通部关于印发《道路运输企业质量信誉考核办法(试行)》的通知交公路发[2006]294号各省、自治区、直辖市交通厅(局、委),新疆生产建设兵团交通局:现发布《道路运输企业质量信誉考核办法(试行)》,请遵照执行。

中华人民共和国交通部二○○六年六月二十三日道路运输企业质量信誉考核办法(试行)第一章总则第一条为加强道路运输市场管理,加快道路运输市场诚信体系建设,建立和完善优胜劣汰的竞争机制和市场退出机制,引导和促进道路运输企业加强管理、保障安全、诚信经营、优质服务,制定本办法。

第二条对道路旅客运输企业、道路货物运输企业(以下统称为道路运输企业)进行质量信誉考核,应当遵守本办法。

本办法所称的质量信誉考核,是指在考核年度内对道路运输企业的安全生产、经营行为、服务质量、管理水平和履行社会责任等方面进行的综合评价。

本办法所称的道路客运企业,是指从事班车客运、包车客运或旅游客运业务的企业;道路货运企业是指从事营业性道路货物运输或从事为本单位服务的非经营性道路危险货物运输的企业。

第三条道路运输企业质量信誉考核工作应当遵循公开、公平、公正的原则。

第四条道路运输企业应当自觉遵守国家有关法律、法规及规章,加强管理,诚信经营,履行社会责任,为社会提供安全、优质的运输服务。

各级交通主管部门和道路运输管理机构应当鼓励和支持质量信誉良好的道路运输企业发展。

第五条交通部主管全国道路运输企业质量信誉考核工作。

县级以上人民政府交通主管部门负责组织领导本行政区域的道路运输企业质量信誉考核工作。

道路运输企业质量信誉考核工作具体由省级道路运输管理机构统一组织开展,市、县级道路运输管理机构按本办法规定的职责,做好相关工作。

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个别厂商的平均收益曲线与个别厂商所面临的需求
曲线是重合的。
在完全竞争市场中,平均收益始终等于边际收益。
13
12.2.1 完全竞争市场

(3)厂商均衡的实现
厂商均衡是指一个厂商在其所处的市场环境中
决定怎样的产品生产量和价格,从而获得最大 的利润。
厂商的均衡点就是使其获得最大利润的生产量
利润。
15
12.2.1 完全竞争市场

1)盈利状态时的短期均衡
16
R P1Q1 C 2 Q1 Q1 ( P1 C 1 )
12.2.1 完全竞争市场

1)盈利状态时的短期均衡

在产量为 时的平均收益 又大于平均成本 ,总 成本为 ;平均收益为 ,总收益为 。因此厂商 的超额利润(经济利润)为:
即相当于矩形 的面积。
17
R P1Q1 C 2 Q1 Q1 ( P1 C 1 )
12.2.1 完全竞争市场

1)盈利状态时的短期均衡

在产量小于Q1 时,产量最后增加一个单位所 带来的总收益的增加仍超过总成本的增加,总 利益仍将随着产量的增加而增加。
时,产量最后一个增加单位所带 来的总收益的增加小于总成本的增加,总利润 已呈减少的趋势。
完全竞争市场的价格完全在自由竞争的状况下
9
12.2.1 完全竞争市场

(1)市场特点
完全竞争市场的特点:
1)厂商众多
2)产品同质
3)生产要素自由流动
4)市场信息畅通
10
12.2.1 完全竞争市场

(2)厂商收益曲线
1)供给曲线:为各个厂商在不同价格水平下所
愿提供产量的叠加而形成的一条曲线
平均收益是指厂商销售每单位产品所得到的平 均收入,它等于总收益除以总销售量。 AR = TR/Q = P*Q/Q = P 其中: P—产品单价; Q—产品的销售量。
6
12.2 竞争与垄断:不同组合下的市场形态

(3)边际收益(average revenue, AR)
边际收益是指厂商每增加一单位产品的销售 所引起的总收益的变动量。 MR = △TR / △Q 其中: △TR、△Q—收入的变化量和产量的变 化量
4
12.2 竞争与垄断:不同组合下的市场形态

(1)总收益(total revenue, TR)
总收益是指厂商在出售一定数量的产品后得到 的全部收入,它等于产品单价乘以销售数量: TR = P * Q 其中: P—产品单价; Q—产品的销售量。
5
12.2 竞争与垄断:不同组合下的市场形态

(2)平均收益(average revenue, AR)

(2)厂商均衡模型

寡头垄断市场的收益曲线和均衡产量的确定,难以用一
种较为典型的或统一的理论模型表示出来。比较著名的 有:古诺模型(由法国经济学家古诺提出)、斯威齐模 型(由美国经济学家斯威齐提出)、伯特兰德模型(由 法国经济学家伯特兰德提出)、卡特尔模型、价格领先 模型、博弈论模型等。
55
复习思考题
44
•Q
•P
•E •d1
•d2 •d3
12.2.3 垄断竞争市场

垄断竞争厂商的收益曲线
•P
•D = AR •MR
•Q •O
45
12.2.3 垄断竞争市场

(3)厂商均衡的实现
1)垄断竞争厂商的短期均衡
2)垄断竞争厂商的长期均衡
46
12.2.3 垄断竞争市场

1)垄断竞争厂商的短期均衡
22
12.2.1 完全竞争市场

3)厂商长期均衡

从动态的角度来分析,完全竞争市场中厂商的长期均衡
是在厂商的竞争中实现的。

从静态的角度来分析,厂商在反复竞争的过程中,通过
调整全部的生产要素,使自己企业的生产规模达到规模 经济的效应,从而使成本达到最低点,当大多数企业的 生产都达到规模效应时,厂商也达到了长期均衡。
2)需求曲线:同样为各个消费者在不同价格水
平下所愿购买数量叠加而形成的一条曲线
11
12.2.1 完全竞争市场

完全竞争市场中的厂商需求曲线图
12
12.2.1 完全竞争市场

(2)厂商收益曲线
单个厂商面临的需求曲线表明,在既定的价格下,
个别厂商面临的需求是无限的,无论其生产多少产 品都能按市场既定价格顺利出售。
点和价格点。
在完全竞争市场的厂商均衡是一个在既有价格
下的生产量决定问题。
14
12.2.1 完全竞争市场

(3)厂商均衡的实现
厂商均衡可以分为短期均衡和长期均衡。
厂商短期均衡:指在短期内,作为一个厂商无法变动所
有生产要素的投入来调整生产规模,或退出该行业,而
只能通过变动可变要素的投入量来调整产量,以获取最 大利润或把亏损降低到最小限度。 厂商长期均衡:指在长期内,厂商通过变动所有生产要 素的投入来调整生产规模,或退出该行业,以获取最大
38
12.2.2 完全垄断市场

1)完全垄断条件下厂商的短期均衡图(c)
•p •MC
•F
•AC •G •AVC •N •E
•O
39
•Q
12.2.2 完全垄断市场

2)垄断厂商的长期均衡

厂商主要通过调整全部生产要素的投入来调整其生产规
模,来确保其长期获得最大限度的利润。

在完全垄断市场下,厂商的供给曲线是不存在的。
3)垄断厂商是产品市场价格的制定者(price
maker)。
26
12.2.2 完全垄断市场

(2)形成原因
1)规模经济

2)特许专利。
3)自然袭断。
4)原料和要素的垄断。
27
12.2.2 完全垄断市场

1)规模经济
个别厂商为了在竞争中取得优势,走上生产规
模扩张的道路,加剧市场内各厂商之间的竞争, 竞争的结果使得许多中小厂商破产或被并吞, 最终可能只有一家厂商。
23
12.2.1 完全竞争市场

3)厂商长期均衡
实现厂商长期均衡的条件是:MR
= MC = AR =
AC。
24
12.2.2 完全垄断市场

(1)市场特点


(2)形成原因
(3)厂商受益曲线

(4)厂商均衡的实现
25
12.2.2 完全垄断市场

(1)市场特点
1)市场只有一个生产厂商。
2)市场无替代产品。
在短期内,垄断竞争厂商是在现有生产规模下,
通过对可变生产要素投入量的改变,来调整产品 的产量和价格,从而实现其均衡的。
在短期中,袭断竞争市场中厂商的总数不变,整
个产品市场的需求仅仅随价格的变动而变动。
47
12.2.3 垄断竞争市场

垄断竞争条件下的厂商短期均衡
48
12.2.4 寡头垄断市场

(1)市场特点

(2)厂商均衡模型
49
12.2.4 寡头垄断市场

(1)市场特点
寡头垄断市场(oligopoly
market)是指一个行 业产品供给的绝大部分被少数几个大厂商所控 制的一种市场。
素,但垄断因素占主导地位的市场类型。
寡头垄断市场是一种既有垄断因素又有竞争因
50
12.2.4 寡头垄断市场

完全垄断市场下的收益曲线图
33
12.2.2 完全垄断市场

(3)厂商收益曲线
边际收益曲线MR位于平均收益曲线AR的
下方。
34
12.2.2 完全垄断市场

(4)厂商均衡的实现
1)垄断厂商的短期均衡

2)垄断厂商的长期均衡
35
12.2.2 完全垄断市场

1)垄断厂商的短期均衡

在完全垄断市场上,厂商可以通过对产量和价格的控制
12.2.1 完全竞争市场

1)盈利状态时的短期均衡
实现超额利润时,厂商均衡的必要条件是MR
=MC,充分条件是AR>AC。
20
12.2.1 完全竞争市场

2)亏损最小时的厂商短期均衡
21
12.2.1 完全竞争市场

2)亏损最小时的厂商短期均衡
亏损达到最小时厂商均衡的必要条件仍为:
MR=MC,充分条件为:AVC<AR<AC。
30
12.2.2 完全垄断市场

4)原料和要素的垄断
当某一厂商控制了某一生产要素的供给,那么
就必然阻止了其他厂商的进入,形成垄断。
31
12.2.2 完全垄断市场

(3)厂商收益曲线
在完全垄断市场条件下,由于只有一个厂商,
厂商面临的需求曲线就是整个市场的需求曲线。
32
12.2.2 完全垄断市场

(1)市场特点
寡头垄断市场具有如下的市场特点:
1)市场内厂商数量极少。
2)寡头厂商之间相互依存。
3)新老厂商进出不易。
4)寡头与产品差别无关。
51
12.2.4 寡头垄断市场

(2)厂商均衡模型
寡头垄断市场根据寡头厂商的数目,可分为:
a.双头垄断
b.多头垄断
52
12.2.4 寡头垄断市场
42
12.2.3 垄断竞争市场

(2)厂商收益曲线
垄断竞争市场中厂商有两条需求曲线,分别为:
a.主观需求曲线(subjective demand curve)。
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