2013年上海交大考博英语试题及部分答案

上海交大2013年考博英语试题及答案第一篇There are desert plants which survive the dry season in the form of inactive seeds. There are also desert insects which survive as inactive larvae (幼虫). In addition, difficult as it is to believe, there are desert fish which can survive through years of drought (干旱) in the form of inactive eggs. These are the shrimps (小虾) that live in the Mojave Desert, an intensely dry region in the south-west of the United States where shade temperatures of over 50C are often recorded.The eggs of the Mojave shrimps are the size and have the appearance of grains of sand. When sufficient spring rain falls to form a lake, once every two to five years, these eggs hatch (孵化). Then the water is soon filled with millions of tiny shrimps about a millimetre long which feed on tiny plant and animal organisms which also grow in the temporary desert lake. Within a week, the shrimps grow from their original 1 millimetre to a length of about 1.5 centimetres.Throughout the time that the shrimps are rapidly maturing, the water in the lake equally rapidly evaporates. Therefore, for the shrimps it is a race against time. By the twelfth day, however, when they are about 3 centimetre long, hundreds of tiny eggs form on the underbodies of the females. Usually by this time, all that remains of the lake is a large, muddy patch of wet soil. On the thirteenth day and the next, during the final hours of their brief lives, the shrimps lay their eggs in the mud. Then, having ensured that their species will survive, the shrimps die as the last of the water evaporates.If sufficient rain falls the next year to form another lake, the eggs hatch, and once again the shrimps pass rapidly through their cycle of growth, adulthood, egg-laying, and death. Some years there is insufficient rain to form a lake: in this case, the eggs will remain dormant for another years, or even longer if necessary. Very, very occasionally, perhaps twice in a hundred years, sufficient rain falls to form a deep lake that lasts a month or more. In this case, the species passes through two cycles of growth, egg-laying, and death. Thus, on such occasions, the species multiplies considerably, which further ensures its survival.1.Which of the following is the MOST distinctive feature of Mojave shrimps?A) Their lives are brief.B) They feed on plant and animal organisms.C) Their eggs can survive years of dought.D) They lay their eggs in the mud.2.By saying "for the shrimps it is a race against time "(Para.3,Line 2)the author means_____.A) they have to swim fast to avoid danger in the rapidly evaporating lakeB) they have to swim fast to catch the animal organisms on which they surviveC) they have to multiply as many as possible within thirteen daysD) they have to complete their life cycle within a short span of time permitted by the environment '3.The passage mainly deals with_____.A) the life span of the Mojave shrimpsB) the survival of desert shrimpsC) the importance of water to lifeD) life in the Mojave Desert4.The word "dormant"(Para.4,Line 3)most probably means______.A) inactiveB) strongC) alertD) soft5.It may be inferred from the passage that______.A) appearance and size are most important for life to survive in the desertB) a species must be able to multiply quickly in order to surviveC) for some species one life cycle in a year is enough to survive the desert droughtD) some species develop a unique life pattern to survive in extremely harsh conditions答案：1.C 2.D 3.B 4.A 5.D上海交大2013年考博英语试题及部分答案发布日期：2013-04-01上海交大2013年考博英语试题及部分答案第一篇There are desert plants which survive the dry season in the form of inactive seeds. There are also desert insects which survive as inactive larvae (幼虫). In addition, difficult as it is to believe, there are desert fish which can survive through years of drought (干旱) in the form of inactive eggs. These are the shrimps (小虾) that live in the Mojave Desert, an intensely dry region in the south-west of the United States where shade temperatures of over 50C are often recorded.The eggs of the Mojave shrimps are the size and have the appearance of grains of sand. When sufficient spring rain falls to form a lake, once every two to five years, these eggs hatch (孵化). Then the water is soon filled with millions of tiny shrimps about a millimetre long which feed on tiny plant and animal organisms which also grow in the temporary desert lake. Within a week, the shrimps grow from their original 1 millimetre to a length of about 1.5 centimetres.Throughout the time that the shrimps are rapidly maturing, the water in the lake equally rapidly evaporates. Therefore, for the shrimps it is a race against time. By the twelfth day, however, when they are about 3 centimetre long, hundreds of tiny eggs form on the underbodies of the females. Usually by this time, all that remains of the lake is a large, muddy patch of wet soil. On the thirteenth day and the next, during the final hours of their brief lives, the shrimps lay their eggs in the mud. Then, having ensured that their species will survive, the shrimps die as the last of the water evaporates.If sufficient rain falls the next year to form another lake, the eggs hatch, and once again the shrimps pass rapidly through their cycle of growth, adulthood, egg-laying, and death. Some years there is insufficient rain to form a lake: in this case, the eggs will remain dormant for another years, or even longer if necessary. Very, very occasionally, perhaps twice in a hundred years, sufficient rain falls to form a deep lake that lasts a month or more. In this case, the species passes through two cycles of growth, egg-laying, and death. Thus, on such occasions, the species multiplies considerably, which further ensures its survival.1.Which of the following is the MOST distinctive feature of Mojave shrimps?A) Their lives are brief.B) They feed on plant and animal organisms.C) Their eggs can survive years of dought.D) They lay their eggs in the mud.2.By saying "for the shrimps it is a race against time "(Para.3,Line 2)the author means_____.A) they have to swim fast to avoid danger in the rapidly evaporating lakeB) they have to swim fast to catch the animal organisms on which they surviveC) they have to multiply as many as possible within thirteen daysD) they have to complete their life cycle within a short span of time permitted by the environment '3.The passage mainly deals with_____.A) the life span of the Mojave shrimpsB) the survival of desert shrimpsC) the importance of water to lifeD) life in the Mojave Desert4.The word "dormant"(Para.4,Line 3)most probably means______.A) inactiveB) strongC) alertD) soft5.It may be inferred from the passage that______.A) appearance and size are most important for life to survive in the desertB) a species must be able to multiply quickly in order to surviveC) for some species one life cycle in a year is enough to survive the desert droughtD) some species develop a unique life pattern to survive in extremely harsh conditions答案： 1.C 2.D 3.B 4.A 5.D第二篇The Welsh language has always been the ultimate marker of Welsh identity, but a generation ago it looked as if Welsh would go the way of Manx. once widely spoken on the isle of Man but now extinct. Government financing and central planning, however, have helped reverse the decline of Welsh. Road signs and official public documents are written in both Welsh and English, and schoolchildren are required to learn both languages. Welsh is now one of the most successful of Europe’s regional languages, spoken by more than a half-million of the country’s three million people.The revival of the language, particularly among young people, is part of a resurgence of national identity sweeping through this small, proud nation. Last month Wales marked the second anniversary of the opening of the National Assembly, the first parliament to be convened here since 1404. The idea behind devolution was to restore the balance within the union of nations making up the United Kingdom. With most of the people and wealth, England has always had bragging rights. The partial transfer of legislative powers from Westminster, implemented by Tony Blair, was designed to give the other members of the club- Scotland, Northern Ireland, and Wales-a bigger say and to counter centrifugal forces that seemed to threaten the very idea of the union.The Welsh showed little enthusiasm for devolution. Whereas the Scots voted overwhelmingly for a parliament, the vote for a Welsh assembly scraped through by less than one percent on a turnout of less than 25 percent. Its powers were proportionately limited. The Assembly can decide how money from Westminster or the European Union is spent. It cannot, unlike its counterpart in Edinburgh, enact laws. But now that it is here, the Welsh are growing to like their Assembly. Many people would like it to have more powers. Its importance as figurehead will grow with the opening in 2003, of a new debating chamber, one of many new buildings that are transforming Cardiff from a decaying seaport into aBaltimore-style waterfront city. Meanwhile a grant of nearly two million dollars from the European Union will tackle poverty. Wales is one of the poorest regions in Western Europe- only Spain, Portugal, and Greece have a lower standard of living.Newspapers and magazines are filled with stories about great Welsh men and women, boostingself-esteem. To familiar faces such as Dylan Thomas and Richard Burton have been added new icons such as Catherine Zeta-Jones, the movie star, and Bryn Terfel, the opera singer. Indigenous foods like salt marsh lamb are in vogue. And Wales now boasts a national airline. Awyr Cymru. Cymru, which means “land of compatriots,” is the Welsh name for Wales. The red dragon, the nation’s symbol since the time of King Arthur, is everywhere- on T-shirts, rugby jerseys and even cell phone covers.“Until very recent times most Welsh people had this feeling of being second-class citizens,” said Dyfan Jones, an 18-year-old student. It was a warm summer night, and I was sitting on the grass with a group of young people in Llanelli, an industrial town in the south, outside the rock music venue of the National Eisteddfod, Wales’s annual cultural festival. The disused factory in front of us echoed to the sounds of new Welsh bands.“There was almost a genetic tendency for lack of confidence,” Dyfan continued. Equally comfortable in his Welshness as in his membership in the English-speaking, global youth culture and the new federal Europe, Dyfan, like the rest of his generation, is growing up with a sense of possibility unimaginable ten years ago. “We used to think. We can’t do anything, we’re only Welsh. Now I think that’s changing.”11. According to the passage, devolution was mainly meant toA. maintain the present status among the nations.B. reduce legislative powers of England.C. create a better state of equality among the nations. √D. grant more say to all the nations in the union.2. The word “centrifugal” in the second paragraph means 9BBz14E8LA. separatist.√B. conventional.C. feudal.D. political3. Wales is different from Scotland in all the following aspects EXCEPTA. people’s desire for devolution.B. locals’ turnout for the voting.C. powers of the legislative body.D. status of the national language.√4. Which of the following is NOT cited as an example of the resurgence of Welsh national identityA. Welsh has witnessed a revival as a national language.B. Poverty-relief funds have come from the European Union.√C. A Welsh national airline is currently in operation.D. The national symbol has become a familiar sight.5. According to Dyfan Jones what has changed isA. people’s mentality. √B. pop culture.C. town’s appearance.D. possibilities for the people.第三篇Barbed wire, first patented in the United States in 1867, played an important part in the development of American farming, as it enabled the settlers to make effective fencing to enclose their land and keep cattle away from their crops. This had a considerable effect on cattle ranching, since the herds no longer had unrestricted use of the plans for grazing, and the fencing led to conflict between the farmers and the cattle ranchers.Before barbed wire camesintosgeneral use, fencing was often made from serrated wire, which wasunsatisfactory because it broke easily when under strain, and could snap in cold weather due to contraction. The first practical machine for producing barbed wire was invented in 1874 by an Illinois farmer, and between then and the end of the century about 400 types of barbed wire were devised, of which only about a dozen were ever put to practical use.Modern barbed wire is made from mild steel high-tensile steel, or aluminum. Mild steel and aluminum barbed wire have two strands twisted together to form a cable which is stronger than single-strand wire and less affected by temperature changes. Single-strand wire, round or oval, is made from high-tensile steel with the barbs crimped or welded on. The steel wires used are galvanized - coated with zinc to make them rustproof. The two wires that make up the line wire or cable are fed separatelysintosa machine at one end. They leave it at the other end twisted-together and barbed. The wire to make the barbs is fedsintosthe machine from the sides and cut to length by knives that cut diagonally through the wire to produce a sharp point. This process continues automatically, and the finished barbed wire is wound onto reels, usually made of wire in length of 400 meters or in weights of up to 50 kilograms.A variation of barbed wire is also used for military purposes. It is formedsintoslong conies or entanglements called concertina wire.1.What is the main topic of the passage?(A) Cattle ranching in the United States.(B) A type of fencing(C) Industrial uses of wire(D) A controversy over land use2.What is the benefit of using two-stranded barbed wire?(A) Improved rust-resistance(B) Increased strength(C) More rapid attachment of barbs(D) Easier installation.3.According to the author, the steel wires used to make barbed wire are specially processed to(A) protect them against rust(B) make them more flexible(C) prevent contraction in cold weather(D) straighten them.4.The word“fed" in line 20 is closest in meaning to(A) put(B) eaten(C) bitten(D) nourished5.What is the author's purpose in the third paragraph?(A) To explain the importance of the wire.(B) To outline the difficulty of making the wire(C) To describe how the wire is made(D) To suggest several different uses of the wire.第4篇Without regular supplies of some hormones our capacity to behave would be seriously impaired; without others we would soon die. Tiny amounts of some hormones can modify moods and actions, our inclination to eat or drink, our aggressiveness or submissiveness, and our reproductive and parental behavior. And hormones do more than influence adult behavior; early in life they help to determine the development of bodily form and may even determine an individual’s behavioral capacities. Later in lifethe changing outputs of some endocrine glands and the body’s changing sensitivity to some hormones are essential aspects of the phenomena of aging.Communication within the body and the consequent integration of behavior were considered the exclusive province of the nervous system up to the beginning of the present century. The emergence of endocrinology as a separate discipline can probably be traced to the experiments of Bayliss and Starling on the hormone secretion. This substance is secreted from cells in the intestinal walls when food enters the stomach; it travels through the bloodstream and stimulates the pancreas to liberate pancreatic juice, which aids in digestion. By showing that special cells secret chemical agents that are conveyed by the bloodstream and regulate distant target organs or tissues. Bayliss and starling demonstrated that chemical integration could occur without participation of the nervous system.The term “hormone” was first used with reference to secretion. Starling derived the term from theG reek hormone, meaning “to excite or set in motion. The term “endocrine” was introduced shortly thereafter “Endocrine” is used to refer to glands that secret products into the bloodstream. The term “endocrine” contrasts with “exocrine”, which is applied to glands that secret their products though ducts to the site of action. Examples of exocrine glands are the tear glands, the sweat glands, and the pancreas, which secrets pancreatic juice through a duct into the intestine. Exocrine glands are also called duct glands, while endocrine glands are called ductless.1. What is the author’s main purpose in the passage?A. To explain the specific functions of various hormones.B. To provide general information about hormones.C. To explain how the term “hormone” evolved.D. To report on experiments in endocrinology.2. The passage supports which of the following conclusions?A. The human body requires large amounts of most hormones.B. Synthetic hormones can replace a person’s natural supply of hormones if necessary.C. The quantity of hormones produced and their effects on the body are related to a person’s age.D. The short child of tall parents very likely had a hormone deficiency early in life.3. It can be inferred from the passage that before the Bayliss and Starling experiments, most people believed that chemical integration occurred only___.A. during sleep.B. in the endocrine glands.C. under control of the nervous system.D. during strenuous exercise.4. The w ord “liberate” could best be replaced by which of the following?A. EmancipateB. DischargeC. SurrenderD. Save5. According to the passage another term for exocrine glands is___.A. duct glandsB. endocrine glandsC. ductless glandsD. intestinal glands.2014年上海交通大学考博英语新编考试参考书：/product-92.html。