历年高考词汇题汇总学生版

历年高考词汇题汇总（学生版）供稿：2017届高三英语备课组2008Directions: Complete the following passage by using ihe words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.Frederick Douglass was an escaped slave in the movement that fought to end slavery in the United Stales. He became a 41 voce in the yean before the Civil War.A few weeks ago, the National Park Service (NPS) _42_ Douglass's birth and Black History Month with the reopening of his home at Cedar Hill, a _43 site in Washington. D.C. The two-story house, which contains many of Douglass's personal possessions, had undergone a three-year _44 _. (Thanks to the NTS website, however, you don't have to live in the nation's capital to visit it. Take a tour online.)He was born Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey to a slave mother and a white father he never knew. Douglass grew up to become the first black _45 to bold a government office — as US minister and consul general (总领事) to Haiti.As a youth, be never went to school. Educating slaves was illegal in the South, so be _46 taught himself to read and write. At 21 years old, he escaped from his slave owner to Massachusetts and changed his last name to Douglass, to hide his identity.In the 1850s, Douglass was involved with the Underground Railroad, the system _47 up by antislavery groups to bring runaway slaves to the North and Canada. His home in Rochester, N.Y. was near the Canadian border. It became an important station on the _48 , housing as many as 11 runaway slaves at a time.He died in 1895. In his lifetime, Douglass witnessed the end of slavery in 1865 and the adoption of the 15th Amendment to the US Constitution (美国宪法修正案), which _49 African-Americans the right to vote.2009Section BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.he package looks pretty, people will buy just about anything. So says an advertising executive in New York, and he has proved his point by selling boxes of rubbish for the price of an expensive bottle of wine.Justin Gignac, 26, has sold almost 900 ____41_____ presented plastic boxes of rubbish from the street of the Big Apple at between $50 and $100 each. Buyers from 19 countries have paid for the souvenirs(纪念品). The idea has been so successful that he is thinking of promoting it around the world.It all began when Mr. Gignac was at a summer workshop. “We had a discussion about he importance of ____42___,”he recalls. “Someone said packaging was unimportant. I disagreed. The only way to prove it was by sel ling something nobody would ever want.”He searches the streets of Manhattan and typical ___43___ include broken glass, subway tickets, Starbucks cups and used ___44____ forks. “Special editions” are offered at a high price. He charged $100 for rubbish fr om the opening day of the New York Yankees’ stadium.Mr. Gignac denies ____45___ his customers for fools: “They know what they’re getting. They appreciate the fact that they’re taking something nobody would want and finding beauty in it.”Some _____46___ customers include people who used to live in the city and want a down-to-earth souvenir. He claims he has even sold to art collectors.Realizing that the concept appears to be a real money-maker, Mr. Gignac has ___47___ a company and is employing his gir lfriend as vice president. He ___48___ to discuss his profit margins: “It’s actually quite a lot of effort putting them together—but yet, garbage is free.”Mr. Gignac is considering more varieties of souvenirs. He maintains that he has signed ___49___ with people interested in similar projects from as far as Berlin and London.2010Section BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once.Forests in the northern half of the globe could be growing faster now than they were 200 years ago as a result of climate change, according to a study of trees in eastern America. The trees appear to have faster growth rates due to longer growing seasons and higher concentrations (浓度) of carbon dioxide in the ___41 .Geoffrey Parker, a scientist at the Smithsonian Environmental Research Centre in Edgewater. Maryland, said that the increase ha the rate of growth was unexpected and might be 42 to the higher temperatures and longer growing seasons documented in the region. The growth may also be influenced by the significant 43 in atmospheric CO2,he said."We made a list of reasons these forests could be growing faster and then excluded half of them," Dr Parker said. Their study suggests that northern forests may become increasingly important in44 the influence of man-made CO2 on the climate.Dr Parker and his colleagues have 45 out a detailed record of the trees on a(n) 46 basis since 1987. They calculated that due to the global warming the forest is producing 47 tons of wood each year.The scientists _ 48 _ the land with trees at different stages of growth and found that both young and old trees were showing increased growth rate. More than 90 per cent of the tree groups had grown by between two and four times faster than the scientists had 49 from estimates of the long-term rates of growth.2011Section BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.How would you like to wear the same underwear(内衣裤) for weeks? Owing to the work that has gone into developing intelligent materials, this may not be as __41__ as it sounds. Self-cleaning clothes have now been created, and these new materials provide __42__ resistance to dirt as well as water. As a result, they require much less cleaning than traditional materials.The creation of self-cleaning clothes provides an example of how nature helps scientists develop better products. This self-cleaning nature is known as the “lotus effect”. The name comes, of course, from the lotus leaves, which are famous for growing in muddy lakes and rivers while remaining almost ___43___ clean. By observing nature, scientists are ___44___ the qualities of the lotus leaves to the materials they have engineered. Because of this, some remarkable new products have been ___45___. Among them are special windows that are resistant to dirt and water. A special ___46____ on these windows not only prevents dirt from sticking to their surfaces, but also allows dust to be easily washed off by the rain. In fact, these new windows have already been __47___ to some cars. Even when traveling at high speed through rain, these cars never have to use their windshield wipers (雨刮器).Although we have already seen some practical applications, even more dramatic ___48___ will be made in the future, and they will, perhaps, change our world completely. Undoubtedly, technology is an important development, and it will have an even bigger __49__ on our lives.2012Section BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.Filmgoers should be told how many calories there are in the popcorn, ice cream and soft drinks that they buy in cinemas, according to the Food Standard Agency.Smaller popcorn buckets and drink cups should also be made __41__, the nutrition inspector said.Tim Smith, chief executive of the agency, told The Times that cinemas should help to deal with the country’s overweight __42__.“There is a m isbelief that popcorn is calorie-free, but that is not the case. It is a __43__ to us,” he said. “Portion sizes are also a big issue, and there seems to be increasingly big packs on sale.”He spoke as a number of food chains such as Pret A Manger, Wimpey and The Real Greek __44__ to put calorie counts on all their menus.A trial scheme (试行方案) with 21 food companies took place last summer, and __45__ are that consumers altered their buying habits when they realised the number of calories in a product.A consultation (征询意见) on the trial ends next month but Mr Smith is already planning the second drive for American-style calorie counts and is __46__ to win support from cinemas and other entertainment places, from football grounds to concert halls.Government __47__ suggest that two thirds of adults and a third of children are overweight. If trends are not __48__, this could rise to almost nine in ten adults and two thirds of children by 2050, putting them at __49__ risk of heart disease, cancer and other diseases.2013Section BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.As infants, we can recognize our mothers within hours of birth. In fact, we can recognize the __41__ of our mother’s face well before we can recognize her body shape. It’s __42__ how the brain can carry out such a function at such a young age, especially since we don’t learn to walk and talk until we are over a year old. By the time we are adults, we have the ability to distinguish around 100,000 faces. How can we remember so many faces when many of us find it difficult to __43__ such a simple thing as a phone number? The exact process is not yet fully understood, but research around the world has begun to define the specific areas of the bland and processes __44__ for facial recognition.Researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology believe that they have succeeded in __45__ a specific area of the brain called the fusiform face area(FFA), which is used only for facial recognition. This means that recognition of familiar objects such our clothes or cars, is from __46__ in the brain. Researchers also have found the brain needs to see the whole face for recognition to take place. It had been __47__ thought that we only needed to see certain facial features. Meanwhile, research at University College London has found that facial recognition is not a single process, but __48__ involves three steps. The first step appears to be an analysis of the physical features of a person’s face, which is similar to how we scan the bar codes of our groceries. In the next step, the brain decides whether the face we are looking at is already known or unknown to us. And finally, the brain furnishes the information we have collected about the person whose face we are looking at. This complex __49__ is done in a split second so that we can behave quickly when reacting to certain situations.2014Section BDirections:Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.Let’s say you’ve decided you want to eat more healthfully. However, you don’t have time to carefully plan menus formeals or read food 41 at the supermarket. Since you really 42 yourself to a healthier lifestyle, a little helpwo uld come in handy, wouldn’t it? This is where a “choice architect” can help 43 some of the burden of doing it all yourself. Choice architects are people who organize the contexts in which customers make decisions. For example, the person who decides the layout of your local supermarket—including which shelf the peanut butter goes on, and how the oranges are piled up—is a choice architect.Governments don’t have to 44 healthier lifestyles through laws—for example, smoking bans. Rather, if given an environment created by a choice architect—one that encourages us to choose what is best—we will do the right things. In other words, there will be designs that gently push customers toward making healthier choices, without removing freedom of choice. This idea combines freedom to choose with 45 hints from choice architects, who aim to help people live longer, healthier, and happier lives.The British and Swedish governments have introduced a so-called “traffic light system” to46 foods as healthy or unhealthy. This means that customers can see at a glance how much fat, sugar, and salt each product contains 47 by looking at the lights on the package. A green light 48 that the amounts of the three nutrients are healthy; yellow indicates that the customer should be 49 ; and red means that the food is high in at least one of the three nutrients and should be eaten in 50 . The customer is given important health information, but is still free to decide what to choose.Considering how much time people spend in offices, it is important that work spaces be well designed. Well-designed office spaces help create a corporation’s image. They motivate workers, and they make an impression on people who visit and might be potential, or 41 , customers. They make businesses work better, and they are a part of the corporate culture we live in.As we move away from an industrial-based economy to a knowledge-based one, office designers have come up with 42 to the traditional work environments of the past. The design industry has moved away from a fixed office setup and created more flexible “strategic management environments.” These 43 solutions are meant to support better organizational performance.As employee hierarchies (等级制度) have flattened, or decreased, office designers’ response to this change has been to move open-plan areas to more desirable locations within the office and create fewer formal private offices. The need for increased flexibility has also been44 by changes in workstation design. Offices and work spaces often are not 45 to a given person on a permanent basis. Because of changes to methods of working, new designs allow for expansion or movement of desks, storage, and equipment within the workstation. Another important design goal is communication, which designers have improved by lowering the walls that 46 workstations. Designers have also created informal gathering places, and upgraded employees’ 47 to heavily trafficked areas such as copy and coffee rooms.Corporate and institutional office designers often struggle to resolve a number of competing and often 48 demands, including budgetary limits, employee hierarchies, and technological innovation (especially in relation to computerization). These demands must also be balanced with the need to create interiors (内饰) that in some way enhance, establish, or promote a company’s image and will enable employees to 49 at their best.All these 50 of office design are related. The most successful office designs are like a good marriage—the well-designed office and the employees that occupy it are seemingly made for each other.。