9808托福听力文字

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89年1月托福听力文字

89年1月托福听力文字89年1月托福听力文字PART A1. I lent him a book.2. Bob wanted to be a doctor, but he became a teacher instead.3. No one ever listens to a word I say.4. Gary's beginning to come around to my point of view.5. Get to the movie theater by seven and you won't have to wait in the ticket line.6. This biography isn't half as well - written as the last one I read.7. What a wonderful story!8. George helped himself to another piece of pie.9. On the bookshelf in the office is a dictionary for everyone's use10. I like'd a larger suitcase than this one.11. Bill and Mary were enraged when their meeting was cancelled.12. How about keeping the noise level down in here?13. They are getting along fine in their new school14. Typing the essay is the least of my worries.15. I didn't discourage Pamela from doing her art project.16. I suggest we keep the party for Beth as a surprise,17.Sarah wanted to take a makeup exam.18. Are there enough assignment sheets to go around?19. Wasn’t that the city bus that'd j ust pulled away!20. No one knows more about the subject than Polly.PART B21. Paula, will you be ready to leave at eight?No way.Q: What does Paula mean22. Go ahead and have a seat.Thanks, but I'd rather stand.Q: What will the man probably do?23. Did you call an electrician to repair the lamp?No. I got Mike to do itQ: What does the woman mean?24 .I am not sure what the best way is to hang this poster without damaging the wall.Couldn't you use tape? It peels off easily.Q: What does woman suggest?25. Chemistry 502 is really a hard course.So was Chemistry 402 .Q: What do we learn from the conversation?26. Mark is watching a movie on TV.Should he be doing that now with the exams coming up next week?Q: What does the man imply that Mark should be doing?27. Have you picked up your ID card from the office yet?No, the camera for taking photos was broken.Why hasn't the woman gotten her ID card?28. Shall I call you to let you know about the next meeting?By all means.Q: What does the man imply?29. Did you get cut off?No, they asked me to hang up and try again later.Q: What has the woman been doing?30. Would you like to take a break and get a soda?Would I ever!Q: What does the woman mean?31. I can't decide whether to take anthropology or geology this term.It’s six of one and half a dozen of the other.Q: What does the man mean?32. Did you really give away all your science texts when you moved?Only the out-of-date onesQ: What does the woman mean?33. I don’t imagine yo u would have time to help me with this.As it happens, I would.Q: What does the man mean?34. I'm going to the drugstore to buy a birthday card for Aunt Margaret If you wait a minute I'll go with you. I need some aspirine.Q: Why are the man and woman going to the drugstore?35. Dick seems to think this year's football season will be disappointing.That's his opinion. Most others think differently.Q: What does the woman mean?PART CQuestions 36 - 40Excuse me, Dr. Tyler, your secretary said I should come right in.Please do, Jenny How can I help you?I need to get your signature on my schedule card here, on the line above advisor’s approval. Sure, but let's look at it over together first. How many courses do you have here?Six.Six? That's quite a heavy load. Any particular reason?I have to drop my chemistry course last semester when I went into the hospital, so I need to take it again,So you've already learnt a lot of the material.Right. And calculus is a part of the second year requirement.Let's see, Chemistry ,Calculus. Oh I see you'll be in my seminar on themodern American novel.Yes, I'm looking forward to it and the romantic poetry seminar, too. Two seminars? That is rather a lot. Can you handle the work?I think so. The introductory economics is fairly easy and so is the music course.Well, then I'll be happy to sign the card. However, I insist that you come see me after the firstweek of classes so we can make sure this isn’t too much for you.That's a promise.36. Where does this conversation most probably take place?37.When does this conversation take place?38. Why has the woman come to see Dr. Tyler?39. Why did the woman drop her chemistry course?40. What does Dr. Tyler seem most concerned about?Questions 41-45We are rapidly nearing the end of this course in the history of classical music. We have covered several centuries in a very short time. Much too short to do the music justice, of course, but then this is a survey course. From now until the end of the term, we’II be talking about and listening to electronic music Youprobably already know it was in the 1930 s that musical computers and synthesizers first appeared in universityies. The first commercial synthesizers were sold about this time, too. The sophistication and complexity of these instruments has now increased to the point that they can produce almost any kind of sound. Some alarmists believe these new instruments will bring an end to classical music or they've already have You know I don't share this view, though I agree we are in the midst of a revolution in instrument design. This, however, is not the first such revolution in musical history and probably not the last one either. Remember we’ve already studied a similar case in the early nineteenth century when The piano replaced the harpsichord and modern brass and wind instruments came into being.One of the most important reasons for the great popularity of electronic instruments is of course their relatively cheap price. Well, just look at it. Only about 400 dollars for an electronic keyboard compared to nearly 3000 dollars for a piano. Naturally, this has done a lot to increase sales of electronic instruments. But I don't think even the most ardent supporters of electronic instruments expect them to completely replace acoustic instruments.41. What is the speaker's main topic?42. At what point in the semester is this talk being given?43. What is the speaker's opinion of the idea that electronic instruments will destroy classical music?44. When does the speaker say that another significant change in instrument design took place?45. According to the speaker, how does the price of the electronic keyboard compared with the price of the piano?Questions 46- 50The volcanic ash from the eruption of Mount Saint Helens certainly caused a lot of damage, didn't it? It did, but not as much as experts have predicted. It seems to have had a beneficial effect as well. Really? But weren't crop losses great? Yes, However, since the weather following the eruptions was unexpectedly good, some crop yields remain steady or even increased beyond normal expectancy level. I'm glad to hear that. But what was the beneficial effect you mentioned?A mass destruction of various insect populations.How could the ash have killed insects without affecting people too? It's highly abrasive and quickly wears away the outer wax layer protecting insect bodies. Removal of that layer causes insects to lose body moisture by evaporation, the result is usually lethal. How about that! Sounds like an effective yet natural insecticide.46. What is the main topic of the conversation?47. According to the woman, what was the extent of crop damage?48. What beneficial result did the volcanic ash have?49. What can be inferred about the effect of volcanic ash on people?50. What is the man's attitude toward the information?。

某年8月托福听力文字

蓝色字为注释，红色字为尚待校正部分。

00年8月托福听力文字Part A1. M: do you have this style shirt in my size?W: I'll check. But...to tell u the truth, i think this one's right for u.Q: what does the woman mean?2. M: oh, I'm sorry. I just realized that I forgot to bringthe tape recorder you lent me. I left it back in mydorm.W: That's all right. I won't need it until tonight. As long as I've got it by then.Q: what does the woman Imply?3. M: So how much was your plane ticket?W: More than I could really afford. I had to dip into my saving(动用存款).Q: What does the woman imply?4. W: Wed. are going to be busy days for me next semester.Three class in the morning and then two more in theafternoon. I won't even have time for lunch.M: You really should try to fit it in, you know. Those afternoon classeswould be tough to sit through（耐着性子听完） if u stomach's rumbling（咕噜叫）.Q: What does the man suggest the woman do?5. W: You are dropping out of the Marching Band? But Ithought you loved it. All the travelling, playingbefore big crowds.M: I do. But...with all that time away from my studies my grades are really starting to slip.Q: what does the man mean?6. W: I'm thinking of getting a new pantsuit（长裤与衣相配成套的便服）to wear to James' wedding.M: I just hope that my old suit still fits. You know how I feel about shopping.Q: What does the man imply?7. M: What's my share of the bill? 18.50? That can't be right! I only had asalad for dinner.W: don't get excited. let me check them out（核对）.Q: what will woman probably do next?8. M: I'm surprised that Sarah told her boss he was wrong to have fired his secretary.W: I know. But that Sarah...If she has an opinion, everyone's got to know it.Q: what does the woman mean?9. M: how about a movie tonight? That new comedy is opening in town.W: Sounds great, but I've got to put finishing touches on my psychology research paper.Q: What does the woman imply?10. W: you won't have to look very hard to find a job oncampus. But I don't think you'll find anything thatisn't just part-time.M: That suits me. Anything more than that, and I have to change my class schedule.Q: What does the man mean?11. M: Do u think u feel energetic enough to walk to our study group session tonight?W: If there is one! I guess u haven't heard the weather report. over a foot of snow is expected.Q: What does the woman imply?12. M: Oh! I turned all of my white sock pink! I threw a red T-shirt in by accident.W: Have u tried running them through again with bleach?Q: what does the woman suggest the man do?13. W: I hear that your brother is planning to transfer to another universityM: not if I can talk him out of it. And believe me, I'm trying.Q: what does the man imply?14. W: I'd like to enroll in the free seminar u advertisedin newspaper. The one on managing your personalfinances.M: Okay. Now the ad did say that u have to have a saving account at our bank to be eligible. Do u have onehere?Q: What does the man want to know?15. W: Did you see the weather forecast for this weekend?I can't believe how the temperature's gonna dip(下降).M: I know. That isn't my idea what Oct. should be like.Q: What does the man mean?16. M: This exhibit is a total bore! I can't believe they call this art.W: I think I've seen enough.Q: What will the woman probably do next?17. W: We should probably think about selecting someoneto lead our study group you know, somebody reallyorganized.M: Then u can count me out.Q: What does the man mean?18. W: what do you think would be a reasonable price to pay for a new computer?M: You are asking the wrong person. my brother gave me mine.Q: What does the man imply?19. W: T hat’s a nice-looking jacket. It fits u perfectly.Is it something u bought recently?M: Thanks. No, I've had it a while. I've just been waiting for the weather tocool down.Q: What does the man imply?20. M: What's wrong with Herald today? he snapped（厉声说）to me for no reason.W: Don't worry, it's just the end of the semesterpressure. He'll be his old self next week.（变回原来的样子）Q: What does the woman say about Herald?21. W: I'm sorry. I need to work late tonight. So u shouldprobably cancel our reservation at the restaurant.M: Oh, actually I've never got round to making one in the first place.Q: What does the man mean?22. M: Professor Johnson, for my sociology project thisterm I'm thinking of interviewing all theresidents in town on their TV viewing habit.W: Well that's quite an undertaking for such a short term project. Maybeyou should to take a little while to think about what that would entail（使必须的）before making your final decision.Q: What does the woman suggest the man do?23. M: how do I look in this new sweater I bought yesterday?I was in a hurry, so didn't have a chance to try iton.W: Well, I really like the style. But it looks a little tight. You might want to take it back and get the next size up.Q: What does the woman suggest the man do?24. M: Do you have any idea what it'll cost to send this little package to Australia?W: You've got me! The farthest I've ever sent a package is Canada.Q: What does the woman mean?25. M: This isn't the dish I ordered, but I'm glad I got it. It's delicious.W: As far as I'm concerned, the waiter should still hear about it.26. M：I’ve still got to fulfill my foreign languagerequirement, three semesters’worse. What aboutyou?W: N ot me. I tested out of Spanish. Don’t you remember my dad got a job in Mexico when I was 5? I’ve lived there for 8 years, so I’m pretty fluent.Q: What does the woman mean?27. W: Excuse me. Do you know when the next train for Philadelphia leaves?M: No, I don’t. But there’s a schedule in the rack, right in front of the ticket window.Q: What can be inferred about the man?28. W: I want to take some pictures of my family when Igo home this weekend, but I hate lugging my cameraaround. It’s so bulky（体积大的）and heavy.M: You can take mine instead. I won’t need it this weekend and it takes great pictures despite thesize.Q: What does the man imply?29. W: You know what the Wildlife Club needs? We need anadvisor, someone who knows a lot about theenvironment and wild life conservation.M: There’s someone new in the Biology Department, Professor Bell. I’ll see if she’ll beinterested.Q: What will the man probably do?30. M: You were also wearing a blue scarf when you camein, weren’t you? I think I grabbed yours byaccident.W: No, you didn’t. Mine’s still hanging by the door.I can see it from here.Q: What does the woman mean?Part B31-35M: What happened to you today?W: I went to the Bard Music Festival in downtown New York .I listened to a really nice concert.M: Really? Then whose music were they played?W: Just Haydn’s. It was so beautiful that I was humming （哼唱的）the music myself all the way home on the train.What time is it, anyway? It must be getting late. M: 7o’clock. Did you forget? We were supposed t o meet the other members of the Computer Science Club thisafternoon.W: Oh, I am sorry. It completely slipped my mind.M: Sally was going to show us a software program she bought.I wanted to see it.W: Why didn’t you go?M: Well, I was waiting for you, like we planned. And beforeI knew it, it was too late. But forget it, the concertwould probably be more interesting.W: My favorite piece of Haydn’t Baritone Trion No.97. The Baritone（萨克斯号）is an old type of string instrument.It’s unusual that it had two sets of strings. One set you play with a bow, like a violin, the other set you can pluck with your figures. The balance of theplucking and bowing was beautiful.M: I’ve listened to several of Haydn’s symphonies before.I have a couple of () CDs.W: You do? I’d like to borrow them some time if you don’t mind.M: If I can find them, sure. My CD collections stuff away somewhere.W: I hope I can get the CD of the Baritone Trio I’ve heard. M: Well, we still have some time before the mall closes.Why don’t we check to see if the music shop’s got it. W: All right.31, what is the conversation mainly about?32, why did the woman apologize to the man?33, what is unusual about the baritone?34, what does the woman want to borrow front the man? 35, where will the speakers probably go next?Question 36 through 39;M: let's say you are geologist, and u want to investigatethe geological history of a place. that is, how did geologists determine things like...say ..How were the rocks formed? Or was an area once under water? If so, when? How should u go about it?W: I'd start with stratigraphy（地层学）.M: could u explain what that is to the class?W: well, stratigraphy is the description of strata（地层，stratum的复数） in sedimentary rock. I guess that's not so clear, huh? Ok, let's say one of theinvestigators spot near a river, for example. well, over the history of the area, every time the river flooded, it would deposit a layer of sediment all through with floodplain(泛滥平原). Sometimes a bigger layer, sometimes a smaller, depending on the size of the flood. Well, one layer or stratum gets deposited over another. Obviously these strata built up over millions of years. Stratigraphy is the study of these layers of deposited settlement.M: so does that mean if i examine each of these strata,i can tell how long ago each one is deposited?W: not necessarily. You see, there might've been some years when the river didn't flood and no settlement was deposited. You need other kinds of evidence to tell how much time might've gone by between when one layer got deposited and one on top of it got deposited.M: and what are those other kinds of evidence u are talking about?W: well, fossils for one. You can determine exactly how old a fossil is and that's how u can tell how the rock surrounding it is.M: very good. The discovery of that particular techniqueis an interesting story. It was a man named William Smith who first used fossils for the purpose of dating strata back in the 1800s.let's take a look at how he went about making this geological breakthrough.36 what is the discussion mainly about?37 what does the woman explain when she talks about rivers?38 according to the discussion, why are geologists unable to determine thegeological age of an area by studying sediment deposit alone?39 what will the class probably discuss next?Part CQuestion 40 through 43(这篇文章Gter的笔记有缺失) Recently some anthropologist conducted an interesting case study in ethnology. now ethnology(人种学)as u recall is a branch of anthropology that deal with how various cultures developed change. The study was about the development of basket weaving by African-american women who live in the town of Mount Pleasant, South Carolina. The town is known for its high quality sweet grass baskets which are woven bye these women. They've been weaving the baskets for generations, handing down the skill from mother to daughter. Some of the baskets have been place on permanent display at the Philadelphia Museum of Art. the origin of their basket weaving dates back to the 17th century and even earlier when these women's ancestors came to the United States from the west coast of Africa. Now, it's mainly a hobby. But back in the 17th and 18th century African and American women wove the baskets for use on therice plantations. There were two types of baskets then: workbaskets and baskets for use in the home. The workbaskets were made out of bulrushes(芦苇). Bulrushes are long tough grass that grow in marshes. One type ofworkbaskets was fan basketwhich was used to separate the grain of rice from waste. The baskets used in the home were made out of the more delicate sweet grass. They were used for everything from fruit baskets to baby cradles.40 what is the talk mainly about?41 how did the women mentioned in the talk learn to wave basket?42 according to the speaker, what type of baskets was make out of bulrush?43 what is the main reason that the women in South Carolina now weave baskets?Questions 44 through 46:This morning I want to tell u about a recent scientific discovery dealing with the relation between plants and animals. this is about a desert shrub whose leaves can shoot a stream of poisonous resin（树脂）a distance of six feet. You think it will be safe from all attacks by insects. But a recent study has found one insect, a beetle, that can chew its way past the plant's defense system by cutting the main vein that delivers the poison to the leaves. This vein cutting is jut one method the beetles used to prepare a safe meal. Another is by cutting a pathall the way across the leave to hold the flow of chemicals. Then they simply eat between the veins of poison. In the past, scientists who studied inset adaptation to plant defenses have focused on chemical responses. That is, how the insects can neutralize or alter the poisonous substances plants produce. what's unique about this chewing strategy is that the beetle is actually exhibiting a behavioral(行为的) response to the plant's defenses rather than the more common chemical response. It is only after a beetle's survived several encounters with the plant' resin that it learns how to avoid the poison: by chewing through the resin transporting veins on the next leaf it eats. And thus gives itself a meal. however, it can take a beetle an hours an a half of careful vein cutting to prepare a small leaf that takes it only a few minutes to eat. So, though the method is effective, it's not very efficient.41 what is the talk mainly about?42 what is unusual about the desert plant?43 how can the beetles avoid being poisoned by the plant?Questions 47 through 50:We're going to start our discussion of poetry in Western Europe with the Iliad and the Odyssey .these two great poems stand out as great examples of the earliest European poems. they are believed to have been written some time between 800BC and 700BC,partly because the poems refer to the social conditions of that time, conditions that have been validated（验证）by the findings of archeologists. but just who was the poet who laid down thesecornerstones(基石) of western literature? Well, tradition ascribles them to a man named Homer, but we know virtually nothing about this Homer. In fact, some say that such a poet never existed at all, that neither the Iliad nor the Odyssey was written by a single poet, but rather each poem is compositive of the writings of several people. This, anyway, is the view of a school of literary critics in the 18th century known as the Analysts. The Analysts pointed to internal evidence such as variations in the literary devices used in the poem to argue that each work was in fact a collection of several poems by several Greek authors. Opposing the analysts were a second group of scholars called the Unitarian. They insisted that the Iliad and the Odyssey could have been the work of single poetic genius. To support their argument, they stress among other things the consistency of the character portrayed in the poetry. This wouldn't have been possible, they said, if they were written by many different poets. Now how we look at the Homeric question today has been greatly influenced by someone named Milman Parry, an American scholar who first presented his ideas about Homer in the 1930s. So let's take a look at Parry's research and how it affects what modern day scholars think about Homer.47 what aspect of the Iliad and the Odyssey does the professor mainly discuss?48 according to the professor, what is one of the claims made by the analysts?49 According to the Unitarians, what is one type of evidence that a single poet could have written both the Iliad and the Odyssey?50 What will the professor probably talk about next?。

托福TPO8口语Task5听力文本+题目+满分范文

为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO8口语Task5听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。

托福TPO8口语Task5听力文本： Listen to a conversation between two students. (woman) Hey, Steve, are you ready for classes to start? (man) Not really. There’s still a big conflict in my course schedule. (woman) What’s wrong? (man) This is my last semester and I’ ve still got two required courses left to take in order to finish my literature degree. (woman) Ok? (man) I have to take both History of the Novel and Shakespeare or I can’t graduate! Problem is the two courses meet at the same time! (woman) Uh, oh. What are you gonna do? (man) Well, I talked to the professor who’s gonna teach Shakespeare, he said I could do an independent study to fulfill that requirement. (woman) How would that work? (man) I’d read the assigned text on my own, do all the same assignments, and meet with him when I need to, if I had an y questions. (woman) Well, that sounds a good way to fulfill the requirement. (man) Yeah, plus it’d be nice to have one-on-one discussions with the professor. It’s just that, well, working o n my own like that, I’m kind of concerned I won’t be able to motivate myself to get the work done on time. It’s easy to put things off when it’s not an actual class, you know? (woman) Yeah, are there other options? (man) Um, yeah, I found out that the Shakespeare class is being offered at another university about a half an hour from here. That university has a really great literature program and our university will accept their credits, so… (woman) That’s an idea! (man) Yeah, I’m sure it’ll be a good class. And it’d fulfill the requirement. Only thing is, you know, I’d have to drive a half an hour to get to the class and then half an hour to come back, three times a week! That’s a lot of time and gas money. 托福TPO8口语Task5题目： Briefly summarize the problem the speakers are discussing. Then state which solution you would recommend. Explain the reasons for your recommendation. 托福TPO8口语Task5满分范文： The man’s problem is that there is a big conflict in his course schedule, he’s got to take two required courses to graduate but they are offered at the same time. He has two possible solutions, the first is to do an independent study on his Shakespeare course. The second solution is to take it at another school. I think the second solution is better. First of all, it’s mentioned in the conversation that the class being offered at the other school is excellent, also, he can make many friends when he’s over there. Second, in doing so, he still gets to go to lectures for it and work with the professor and classmates in class, which is more productive. 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO8口语Task5听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。

【托福听力资料】托福TPO8听力文本——Lecture 1

【托福听力资料】托福TPO8听力文本——Lecture 1众所周知，托福TPO材料是备考托福听力最好的材料。

相信众多备考托福的同学也一直在练习这套材料，那么在以下内容中我们就为大家带来托福TPO听力练习的文本，希望能为大家的备考带来帮助。

TPO 8 Lecture 1 Animal BehaviorPro: OK. Well, last time we talked about passive habitat selection, likeplants for example, they don’t make active choices about where to grow. They aredispersed by some other agent, like the wind. And if the seeds land in a suitable habitat, they do well and reproduce.With active habitat selection, an organism is able to physically selectwhere to live and breed. And because an animal’s breeding habitat is so important, we’d expect animal species to have developed preferences for particular types of habitats, places where their offspring have the best chanceof survival. So let’s look at the effect this preference can have by looking atsome examples.But first let’s recap. What do we mean by habitat? Frank?Stu: Well, it’s basically the place or environment where an organismnormally lives and grows.Pro: Right, and as we’v discussed, there are some key elements that ahabitat must contain, food obviously, water, it’s got to have the right climate and spaces for physical protection. And we saw how important habitat selection is when we look at habitats where some of these factors are removed, perhapsthrough habitat destruction. I just read about a shorebird, the plover.The plover lives by the ocean and feeds on small shellfish, insects and plants. It blends in with the sand, so it’s well-camouflaged from predator birds above. But it lays its eggs in shallow depressions in the sand with very little protection around them. So if there are people or dogs on the beach, the eggs and fledglings in the nests are really vulnerable. Out in California where there has been a lot of human development by the ocean. The plovers are now a threatened species. So conservationists tried to recreate a new habitat for them. They made artificial beaches and sand bars in areas inaccessible to people and dogs. And the plover population is up quite a bit in those places.Ok. That is an instance where a habitat is made less suitable. But now,what about cases where an animal exhibits a clear choice between two suitable habitats? In cases like that, does the preference matter? Well, Let’s look at the blue warbler.The Blue warbler is a songbird that lives in North America. They clearly prefer hard wood forests with dense shrubs, bushes underneath the trees. They actually nest in the shrubs, not the trees. So they’re pretty close to the ground, but these warblers also nest in forests that have low shrub density. It is usually the younger warblers that nest in these areas because the preferred spots where there are a lot of shrubs are taken by the older, more dominant birds.And the choice of habitat seems to affect reproductive success. Because the older, more experienced birds who nest in the high density shrub areas have significantly more offspring than those in low density areas, which suggests that the choice of where to nest does have an impact on the number of chicks they have.But a preferred environment doesn’t always seem to correlate with greater reproductive success. For example, In Europe, studies have been done of blackcap warblers. We just call them blackcaps.The Blackcap can be found in two different environments. Their preferred habitat is forests near the edge of streams. However, blackcaps also live in pine woods away from water. Studies have been done on the reproductive success rates for the birds in both areas, and the result showed surprisingly that the reproductive success was essentially the same in both areas--- the preferred and the second choice habitat. Well. Why?It turned out that there were actually four times as many bird pairs or couples living in the stream edge habitat compared to the area away from the stream. So this stream edge area had a much denser population, which meant more members of the same species competing for resources, wanting to feed on the same things or build their nests in the same places, which lower the suitability of the prime habitat even though it’s their preferred habitat. So the results of the study suggest that when the number of the competitors in the prime habitat reaches a certain point, the second rank habitat becomes just as successful asthe prime habitat, just because there are fewer members of the same species living there. So it looks like competition for resources is another important factor in determining if a particular habitat is suitable.。

TEM8 Mini-lecture的技巧(上)(2)

2008年专业八级考试听力部分Mini-lecture录音文稿Good morning, everyone. Today’s lecture is about the popularity of English. As we all know,English is widely used in the world. Although English is NOT the language with t he largest number of native or “first” language speakers, it has really become a lingua franca.Then, what is a lingua franca? The term refers to a language which is widely adopted for communication between two speakers whose native language s are different from each other’s, and where one or both speakers are using it as a “second” language. For example, when an Indian talks to a Singaporean using English, then English is the lingua franca.Then, actually how many pe ople speak English as either a “first” or a “second”language? Some researchers suggested a few years ago that between 320-380 million people spoke English as a first language, and anywhere between 250 - 350 million as a second language.And of course, if we include people who are learning English as a foreign language all over the world, that number may increase dramatically.Then, we may ask a question: how did English get there? That is, how did English gain the present status of popularity? There are, in fact, a number of interlocking reasons for the popularity of English as a lingua franca. Many of the reasons are historical, but they also include economic and cultural factors that have influenced and sustained the spread of the language. Let’s go through the reasons one by one.First is the historical reason. This is related to the colonial history. As we know, when the Pilgrim Fathers landed on the Massachusetts coast in 1620, after their journey from England, they brought with them not just a set of religious beliefs, a pioneering spirit or a desire for colonization, but also their language. Although many years later the Americans broke away from their colonial master, the language of English remained, and still does.It was the same in Australia, too. When Commander Philip planted the British flag in Sydney Cove on 26th Jan. 1788, it was not just a bunch of British convicts and their guardians, but also a language.In other parts of the former British Empire, English rapidly became a unifying or dominating means of control. For example, it became a lingua franca in India, where a variety of indigenous languages made the use of any one of them as a whole-country system/problematic. So, the imposition of English as the one language of administration helped maintain the colonizer's control and power.Thus, English traveled around many parts of the world in those days, and long after that colonial power has faded away, it is still widely used as a main or at least an institutional language in countries as far apart as Jamaica and Pakistan, Uganda, and New Zealand.That is the first factor. Now, the second major factor in the spread of English has been the spread of commerce throughout the world: the spread of international commerce has taken English along with it. This is the 20th-century phenomenon of “globalization”. Therefore, one of the first sights many travelers see when arriving incountries as diverse as Brazil, China, for example, is the yellow twin-arched sign of a McDonald’s fast food restaurant, or some other famous brands’ outlets. And without doubt, English is used as the language of communication in the international business community.And the third factor related to the popular use of English is the boom in international travel. And you will find that much travel and tourism is carried on, around the world, in English. Of course, this is NOT always the case, as the mutilingualism of many tourism workers in different countries demonstrate. But, a visit to most airports on the globe will show signs not only in the language of that country, but also in English, just as many airline announcements are broadcast in English, too, whatever the language of the country the airport is situated in.So far,English is also the preferred language of air traffic control in many countries and is used widely in sea travel communication.Another factor has something to do with information exchange around the world. As we all know, a great deal of academic discourse around the world takes place in English. It is often a lingua franca of conferences, for example, and many journal articles in fields as diverse as astronomy, child psychology and zoology have English as a kind of default language.The last factor I cite here concerns popular culture. In the western world, at least, English is a dominating language in popular culture. Pop music in English can be heard on many radios. Thus many people who are not English speakers can sing words from their favourite English medium songs. And many people who are regular cinemagoers or (TV viewers) can frequently hear English in subtitled films coming out of the USA.Now, to sum up, in today's lecture, we have reviewed some of the reasons or factors that lie behind the popular use of English as the number one world language. Before we finish, I would like to leave a few questions for you to think about: Is the status of English as the number-one world language assured in the future? Will it split into varieties that become less mutually intelligible? OR will some other language or languages take the place of English as world language in future? These questions are not easy to answer, I know, but they are definitely worth pondering over after the lecture.OK, this brings us to the end of today’s lecture. Thank you for your attention.Now, you have 2 minutes to check your notes, and then please complete the gap-filling task on Answer Sheet One in ten minutes.。

托福199508托福听力文字

95年8月托福听力文字1. Do you want to go on a trip with us to Florida this spring?It will cost about $300 a person.What can be inferred about the man?2. My watch stopped again. And I just got a new battery.Why don't you take it to Smith's Jewelry. They can check it for you. And they're pretty reasonable. What does the man mean?3. We're going to change our meeting from Monday to Tuesday.It's all the same to me.What does the man mean?4. We plan to go to the beach after class. Want to come?I'd love to. But Prof. Jones want to speak with me.What will the woman probably do?5. Janet sounded worried about her grades.But she's getting As & Bs, isn't she?What does the man imply about Janet?6. You look great since you've been taking those exercises classes.Thanks. I've never felt better in my life.What does the man imply?7. I had a hard time getting through this novel.I know how you feel. Who can remember the names of 35 different characters.What does the woman imply?8. That's a long line. Do you think there'll be any tickets left?I doubt it. Guess we'll wind up going to the second show.What does the woman mean?9. This course in much too hard for me.Sorry you decided to take it, huh?What does the man ask the woman?10. Are you going home for winter vacation?I'd agreed to stay on here as a research assistant.What can be inferred about the woman?11. Hello!Hello! This is Dr, Grey's office. We're calling to remind you of your 4:15 appointment for your annual checkup tomorrow.Oh, thanks. It's a good thing that you called. I thought it was 4:15 today.What does the man mean?12. How wonderful you won the scholarship. Can you believe it?No. It's almost too good to be true.What does the man mean?13. Excuse me. Prof. Davidson. But I was hoping to talk to you about my class project for economics.I have a class in a few minutes. Why don't you come to see me during office hours tomorrow?When will the woman discuss her project with Prof. Davidson?14. How are you feeling?The stuff the nurse gave me seemed to have helped. But it's making me awfully drowsy.What does the woman mean?15. Bill Smith has volunteered to write a summary of the proposals we've agreed on.Will I have a chance to review it?What does the woman want to know?16. Why don't you wear that yellow shirt that your sister gave you for your birthday.I love that shirt. But it's missing two buttons.What does the man mean?17. How many classes do you have today?Just one. From 3 till 6.What does the man mean?18. Our football team didn't play very well.That's true. But at least we won the game.What does the man mean?19. This has been an unusually cool summer.Uh huh! I actually had to get out my wool sweaters in August.What does the woman imply?20. I got some bad news today. The store where I work in laying off staff.Are they going to let you go?What does the woman want to know?21. I'd like to pick this film up by 4 tomorrow afternoon.I can have it for you at 2 if you like.What does the woman say about the film?22. I talked to Philip today and he said he'd be coming to the party.Oh, so he can come after all.What can be inferred about Philip?23. Gary insists on buying the food for the picnic.That's pretty generous. But shouldn't we at least offer to share the expense?What does the woman suggest they do?24. How's the new job going?Well. I'm getting used to lots of new things. But I wish the supervisor would give me some feedback.What does the woman mean?25. Did Linda ever finish that introductory chapter?I'm not sure. She's spent hours on end rewriting it.What does the man imply about Linda?26. The supermarket down the street is selling everything half price because they are going out of business. Sounds like an ideal time to stock up on coffee.What does the man mean?27. Have you heard anything about the new professor?Just that she's no pushover.What does the man say about the professor?28. I need to get a copy of my birth certificate.Sorry. But we can only accept requests by mail now.What does the woman mean?29. When is the earliest flight from Washington to New York?There's a shuttle at six. And if that's full, there's another at 7.What does the man mean?30. How do you like to help me plan the refreshments for the astronomy club meeting tomorrow night? Sure. Let's be careful not to overdo it though. Last time we had enough for 3 clubs put together.What does the woman mean?Question 31-33David, can I g ive you a hand with one of those grocery bags?Sure, Nanny. Could you take this one please? I didn't realize how heavy these bags would be.Why did you buy so much stuff when you have to walk back home from the store?Well, I didn't intend to buy a lot. But I'm having some people over and I guess I needed more than I expected.What's the occasion?Now the people I live with, the Kremers, have been on vacation for a month and I thought I'd surprise them. I'm inviting some of their friends and families for a welcome home dinner.Oh, that's really thoughtful of you.I figure it's the least I can do for them. They've been letting me stay with them rent free while I'm in school.Really? That's pretty generous of them.Well, they understand how difficult it is to make ends meet when you're a student. They've been such a big help to me. I thought that this might be a small way to thank them for the generosity.31. What is David trying to do?32. Why did David think he wouldn't have a problem?33. Why is David appreciative of the Kremers?Question 34-37Wonderful I spent most of my time at the art museum. I especially liked the new wing. I was amazed to hear the guide explain the problems they had building it.Right. I just read an article that went on & on about the cost. 90 million total I think.Yeah. The guide mentioned that. You could see they spared no expense.Hm. It looked really unusual, at least from what I saw in the picture.It is. The basic design is two triangles. In fact there are triangles all over. The paving stones in the courtyard, the skylights and even a lot of the sculptures.One sculpture is a mobile. It's in the courtyard and it's made of pieces of aluminum that moves slowly in the air. It's really impressive.That was in the article too. It said that the original was steel and it weighed so much that it wasn't safe to hand.Right. They did it over in aluminum so it wouldn't come crashing down on someone's head.You know the article went into that in detail. There was even an interview with the sculptor.I'd like to read that. Would you mind if I borrow the magazine sometime?No. I wouldn't mind if I haven't thrown it out yet.34. What did the woman think of the new wing of the museum?35. How had the man learned about the museum?36. According to the woman, what do the paving stones, skylights and mobile have in common?37. What was the problem with the original mobile?Questions 38 to 41In the few minutes that remain of today's class. I'd like to discuss next week's schedule with you because I'm presenting a paper at a conference in Detroit on Thursday, I won't be here for either Wednesday's or Friday's class. I will however be here for Monday's. Next Friday, a week from today, is the midterm exam, marking the half way point in the semester. Prof. Andrews has agreed to administer the exam. In place of the usual Wednesday's class, I've arranged an optional review session. Since it is optional, attendance will not be taken. However attending the class would be a good idea for those worried about the midterm. So remember: Optional class next Wednesday; Midterm, Friday.38. What is the purpose of the talk?39. At what point during the semester does the talk take place?40. What did Prof. Andrews agree to do?41. What will occur at next Wednesday's class time?Question 42 to 46Today's lecture we'll center on the prehistoric people of Nevada Desert. Now most of these prehistoric desert people moved across the countryside throughout the year. You might think that they're wandering aimlessly. Far from it, they actually followed the series of carefully planned moves.Where they moved depended on where food was available. Places where plants were ripening or fish were spawning. Now often when these people moved, they carried all their possessions on their backs. But if the journey was long, extra food and tools were sometimes stored in caves or beneath rocks.One of these caves is now an exciting archaeological site. Beyond its small opening is a huge underground grotto. Even though the cave is very large, it was certainly two dark and dusty for the crawlers to live in. But it was a great place to hide things. And tremendous amounts of food supplies and artifacts have been found there. The food includes dried fish seeds and nuts. The artifacts include stone spear points and knives. The spar points are actually rather small. Here is a picture of some that were found. You can see their size in relation to the hands holding them.42. What is the main subject of this talk?43. What point does the speaker make about the prehistoric people of the Nevada Desert?44. Why didn't the people live in the cave described by the speaker?45. What have archaeologists found in the cave?46. Why does the speaker show a photo to the class?Question 47 to 50To us, the environment in which fish dwell often seems cold, dark and mysterious. But there are advantages to living in water. And they've played an important role in making fish what they are. One is that water isn't subject to sudden temperature changes. Therefore it makes an excellent habitat for a cold blooded animal. Another advantage is the water's ability to easily support body weight. Protoplasm has approximately the same density as water. So a fish in water is almost weightless. This weightlessness in turn means two things:1) A fish can get along with a light weight and a simple bone structure. And2) Limitations to a fish's size are practically removed. Yet there is one basic difficulty to living in water the fact that it is incompressible. For a fish to move through water, it must actually shove it aside. Most can do this by wiggling back and forth in snakelike motion. The fish pushes water aside by the forward motion of its head and with a curve of its body and its flexible tail. Next the water flows back along the fish's narrowing size, closing in at the tail and helping the fish propel itself forward.The fact that water is incompressible has literally shaped the development of fish. A flat and angular shape can be moved through water only with difficulty. And for this reason, fish have a basic shape that is beautifully adapted to deal with this peculiarity.47. What is the talk mainly about?48. What does the speaker mention as a problem that water presents to fish?49. The speaker compares a fish's movement with that of what creature?50. What aspect of a fish does the speaker discuss in the most detail?。

某年8月托福听力文字

某年8月托福听力文字00年8月托福听力文字Part A1. M: do you have this style shirt in my size?W: I'll check. But...to tell u the truth, i think this one's right for u.Q: what does the woman mean?2. M: oh, I'm sorry. I just realized that I forgot to bringthe tape recorder you lent me. I left it back in mydorm.W: That's all right. I won't need it until tonight. As long as I've got it by then.Q: what does the woman Imply?3. M: So how much was your plane ticket?W: More than I could really afford. I had to dip into my saving(动用存款).Q: What does the woman imply?4. W: Wed. are going to be busy days for me next semester.Three class in the morning and then two more in theafternoon. I won't even have time for lunch.M: You really should try to fit it in, you know. Those afternoon classeswould be tough to sit through（耐着性子听完） if u stomach's rumbling（咕噜叫）.Q: What does the man suggest the woman do?5. W: You are dropping out of the Marching Band? But Ithought you loved it. All the travelling, playingbefore big crowds.M: I do. But...with all that time away from my studies my grades are really starting to slip.Q: what does the man mean?6. W: I'm thinking of getting a new pantsuit（长裤与衣相配成套的便服）to wear to James' wedding.M: I just hope that my old suit still fits. You know how I feel about shopping.Q: What does the man imply?7. M: What's my share of the bill? 18.50? That can't be right! I only had asalad for dinner.W: don't get excited. let me check them out（核对）.Q: what will woman probably do next?8. M: I'm surprised that Sarah told her boss he was wrong to have fired his secretary.W: I know. But that Sarah...If she has an opinion, everyone's got to know it.Q: what does the woman mean?9. M: how about a movie tonight? That new comedy is opening in town.W: Sounds great, but I've got to put finishing touches on my psychology research paper.Q: What does the woman imply?10. W: you won't have to look very hard to find a job oncampus. But I don't think you'll find anything thatisn't just part-time.M: That suits me. Anything more than that, and I have to change my class schedule.Q: What does the man mean?11. M: Do u think u feel energetic enough to walk to our study group session tonight?W: If there is one! I guess u haven't heard the weather report. over a foot of snow is expected.Q: What does the woman imply?12. M: Oh! I turned all of my white sock pink! I threw a red T-shirt in by accident.W: Have u tried running them through again with bleach?Q: what does the woman suggest the man do?13. W: I hear that your brother is planning to transfer to another universityM: not if I can talk him out of it. And believe me, I'm trying.Q: what does the man imply?14. W: I'd like to enroll in the free seminar u advertisedin newspaper. The one on managing your personalfinances.M: Okay. Now the ad did say that u have to have a saving account at our bank to be eligible. Do u have onehere?Q: What does the man want to know?15. W: Did you see the weather forecast for this weekend?I can't believe how the temperature's gonna dip(下降).M: I know. That isn't my idea what Oct. should be like.Q: What does the man mean?16. M: This exhibit is a total bore! I can't believe they call this art.W: I think I've seen enough.Q: What will the woman probably do next?17. W: We should probably think about selecting someoneto lead our study group you know, somebody reallyorganized.M: Then u can count me out.Q: What does the man mean?18. W: what do you think would be a reasonable price to pay for a new computer?M: You are asking the wrong person. my brother gave me mine.Q: What does the man imply?19. W: T hat’s a nice-looking jacket. It fits u perfectly.Is it something u bought recently?M: Thanks. No, I've had it a while. I've just been waiting for the weather tocool down.Q: What does the man imply?20. M: What's wrong with Herald today? he snapped（厉声说）to me for no reason.W: Don't worry, it's just the end of the semesterpressure. He'll be his old self next week.（变回原先的样子）Q: What does the woman say about Herald?21. W: I'm sorry. I need to work late tonight. So u shouldprobably cancel our reservation at the restaurant.M: Oh, actually I've never got round to making one in the first place.Q: What does the man mean?22. M: Professor Johnson, for my sociology project thisterm I'm thinking of interviewing all theresidents in town on their TV viewing habit.W: Well that's quite an undertaking for such a short term project. Maybeyou should to take a little while to think about what that would entail（使务必的）before making your final decision.Q: What does the woman suggest the man do?23. M: how do I look in this new sweater I bought yesterday?I was in a hurry, so didn't have a chance to try iton.W: Well, I really like the style. But it looks a little tight. You might want to take it back and get the next size up.Q: What does the woman suggest the man do?24. M: Do you have any idea what it'll cost to send this little package to Australia?W: You've got me! The farthest I've ever sent a package is Canada.Q: What does the woman mean?25. M: This isn't the dish I ordered, but I'm glad I got it. It's delicious.W: As far as I'm concerned, the waiter should still hear about it.26. M：I’ve still got to fulfill my foreign languagerequirement, three semesters’worse. What aboutyou?W: Not me. I tested out of Spanish. Don’t you remember my dad got a job in Mexico when I was 5? I’ve lived there for 8 years, so I’m pretty fluent.Q: What does the woman mean?27. W: Excuse me. Do you know when the next train for Philadelphia leaves?M: No, I don’t. But there’s a schedule in the rack, right in front of the ticket window.Q: What can be inferred about the man?28. W: I want to take some pictures of my family when Igo home this weekend, but I hate lugging my cameraaround. It’s so bulky（体积大的）and heavy.M: You can take mine instead. I won’t need it this weekend and it takes great pictures despite thesize.Q: What does the man imply?29. W: You know what the Wildlife Club needs? We need anadvisor, someone who knows a lot about theenvironment and wild life conservation.M: There’s someone new in the Biology Department, Professor Bell. I’ll see if she’ll beinterested.Q: What will the man probably do?30. M: You were also wearing a blue scarf when you camei n, weren’t you? I think I grabbed yours byaccident.W: No, you didn’t. Mine’s still hanging by the door.I can see it from here.Q: What does the woman mean?Part B31-35M: What happened to you today?W: I went to the Bard Music Festival in downtown New York .I listened to a really nice concert.M: Really? Then whose music were they played?W: Just Haydn’s. It was so beautiful that I was humming （哼唱的）the music myself all the way home on the train.What time is it, anyway? It must be getting late. M: 7o’clock. Did you forget? We were supposed to meet the other members of the Computer Science Club thisafternoon.W: Oh, I am sorry. It completely slipped my mind.M: Sally was going to show us a software program she bought.I wanted to see it.W: Why didn’t you go?M: Well, I was waiting for you, like we planned. And beforeI knew it, it was too late. But forget it, the concertwould probably be more interesting.W: My favorite piece of Haydn’t Baritone Trion No.97. The Baritone（萨克斯号）is an old type of string instrument.It’s unusual that it had two sets of strings. One set you play with a bow, like a violin, the other set you can pluck with your figures. The balance of theplucking and bowing was beautiful.M: I’ve listened to several of Haydn’s symphonies before.I have a couple of () CDs.W: You do? I’d like to borrow them some time if you don’t mind.M: If I can find them, sure. My CD collections stuff away somewhere.W: I hope I can get the CD of the Baritone Trio I’ve heard. M: Well, we still have some time before the mall closes.Why don’t we check to see if the music shop’s got it. W: All right.31, what is the conversation mainly about?32, why did the woman apologize to the man?33, what is unusual about the baritone?34, what does the woman want to borrow front the man? 35, where will the speakers probably go next?Question 36 through 39;M: let's say you are geologist, and u want to investigatethe geological history of a place. that is, how did geologists determine things like...say ..How were the rocks formed? Or was an area once under water? If so, when? How should u go about it?W: I'd start with stratigraphy（地层学）.M: could u explain what that is to the class?W: well, stratigraphy is the description of strata（地层，stratum的复数） in sedimentary rock. I guess that's not so clear, huh? Ok, let's say one of theinvestigators spot near a river, for example. well, over the history of the area, every time the river flooded, it would deposit a layer of sediment all through with floodplain(泛滥平原). Sometimes a bigger layer, sometimes a smaller, depending on the size of the flood. Well, one layer or stratum gets deposited over another. Obviously these strata built up over millions of years. Stratigraphy is the study of these layers of deposited settlement.M: so does that mean if i examine each of these strata,i can tell how long ago each one is deposited?W: not necessarily. You see, there might've been some years when the river didn't flood and no settlement was deposited. You need other kinds of evidence to tell how much time might've gone by between when one layer got deposited and one on top of it got deposited.M: and what are those other kinds of evidence u are talking about?W: well, fossils for one. You can determine exactly how old a fossil is and that's how u can tell how the rock surrounding it is.M: very good. The discovery of that particular techniqueis an interesting story. It was a man named William Smith who first used fossils for the purpose of dating strata back in the 1800s.let's take a look at how he went about making this geological breakthrough.36 what is the discussion mainly about?37 what does the woman explain when she talks about rivers?38 according to the discussion, why are geologists unable to determine thegeological age of an area by studying sediment deposit alone?39 what will the class probably discuss next?Part CQuestion 40 through 43(这篇文章Gter的笔记有缺失) Recently some anthropologist conducted an interesting case study in ethnology. now ethnology(人种学)as u recall is a branch of anthropology that deal with how various cultures developed change. The study was about the development of basket weaving by African-american women who live in the town of Mount Pleasant, South Carolina. The town is known for its high quality sweet grass baskets which are woven bye these women. They've been weaving the baskets for generations, handing down the skill from mother to daughter. Some of the baskets have been place on permanent display at the Philadelphia Museum of Art. the origin of their basket weaving dates back to the 17th century and even earlier when these women's ancestors came to the United States from the west coast of Africa. Now, it's mainly a hobby. But back in the 17th and 18th century African and American women wove the baskets for use on therice plantations. There were two types of baskets then: workbaskets and baskets for use in the home. The workbaskets were made out of bulrushes(芦苇). Bulrushes are long tough grass that grow in marshes. One type ofworkbaskets was fan basketwhich was used to separate the grain of rice from waste. The baskets used in the home were made out of the more delicate sweet grass. They were used for everything from fruit baskets to baby cradles.40 what is the talk mainly about?41 how did the women mentioned in the talk learn to wave basket?42 according to the speaker, what type of baskets was make out of bulrush?43 what is the main reason that the women in South Carolina now weave baskets?Questions 44 through 46:This morning I want to tell u about a recent scientific discovery dealing with the relation between plants and animals. this is about a desert shrub whose leaves can shoot a stream of poisonous resin（树脂）a distance of six feet. You think it will be safe from all attacks by insects. But a recent study has found one insect, a beetle, that can chew its way past the plant's defense system by cutting the main vein that delivers the poison to the leaves. This vein cutting is jut one method the beetles used to prepare a safe meal. Another is by cutting a pathall the way across the leave to hold the flow of chemicals. Then they simply eat between the veins of poison. In the past, scientists who studied inset adaptation to plant defenses have focused on chemical responses. That is, how the insects can neutralize or alter the poisonous substances plants produce. what's unique about this chewing strategy is that the beetle is actually exhibiting a behavioral(行为的) response to the plant's defenses rather than the more common chemical response. It is only after a beetle's survived several encounters with the plant' resin that it learns how to avoid the poison: by chewing through the resin transporting veins on the next leaf it eats. And thus gives itself a meal. however, it can take a beetle an hours an a half of careful vein cutting to prepare a small leaf that takes it only a few minutes to eat. So, though the method is effective, it's not very efficient.41 what is the talk mainly about?42 what is unusual about the desert plant?43 how can the beetles avoid being poisoned by the plant?Questions 47 through 50:We're going to start our discussion of poetry in Western Europe with the Iliad and the Odyssey .these two great poems stand out as great examples of the earliest European poems. they are believed to have been written some time between 800BC and 700BC,partly because the poems refer to the social conditions of that time, conditions that have been validated（验证）by the findings of archeologists. but just who was the poet who laid down thesecornerstones(基石) of western literature? Well, tradition ascribles them to a man named Homer, but we know virtually nothing about this Homer. In fact, some say that such a poet never existed at all, that neither the Iliad nor the Odyssey was written by a single poet, but rather each poem is compositive of the writings of several people. This, anyway, is the view of a school of literary critics in the 18th century known as the Analysts. The Analysts pointed to internal evidence such as variations in the literary devices used in the poem to argue that each work was in fact a collection of several poems by several Greek authors. Opposing the analysts were a second group of scholars called the Unitarian. They insisted that the Iliad and the Odyssey could have been the work of single poetic genius. To support their argument, they stress among other things the consistency of the character portrayed in the poetry. This wouldn't have been possible, they said, if they were written by many different poets. Now how we look at the Homeric question today has been greatly influenced by someone named Milman Parry, an American scholar who first presented his ideas about Homer in the 1930s. So let's take a look at Parry's research and how it affects what modern day scholars think about Homer.47 what aspect of the Iliad and the Odyssey does the professor mainly discuss?48 according to the professor, what is one of the claims made by the analysts?49 According to the Unitarians, what is one type of evidence that a single poet could have written both the Iliad and the Odyssey?50 What will the professor probably talk about next?。

89年10月托福听力文字

89年10月托福听力文字Part A1 . That's it for today,2. Robert is stopping QJ the bank to cash a check.3. She's left to go shopping.4. Your pen needs a refill, doesn't it?5. Everyone wants to take Professor Stanton's class.6. Why don't we get together for dinner sometime?7. Gary went to the dentist's about his broken tooth.8. Have you ever seen so many people at one of these lectures before"9. You've got to do what is best for you.10. I just arrived, but my suitcases were put on a later plane.11. He said the dormitory wasn't full, and it wasn't.12. Susan asked us to bring the slide projector.13. He lacks discipline in his study habits.14. The report is all ready to be typed.15. We'll pick you up tomorrow at eight come what may.16. I wish the semester were over, but we still get a month to go.17. You mean you paid only ten dollars for that huge stack of books?18. That kind of problem isn't completely unknown.19. Professor Keen made us rewrite our essays in class.20. I can’t .believe you are not a physics major.PARTB21. M: I don't like this book very much.W: Neither do I.Q: What does the woman mean?22. W: I'm going to the bank then to the dentist's, and after that, I have toprepare a presentation for my history seminar.M: I'd say you have a pretty busy afternoon.Q: What does the man say about the woman?23. M: Would it be better to buy a monthly meal ticket or pay for each meal separately? W: What difference does it make? The price per meal is the same either way.Q: What does the woman-mean?.24. W: Where can I have copies made of my application?M: Isn't there a photo copy machine in the post office?Q: What does the man imply?25. M: Michel is the most talented actor on campus.W: Isn't he, though.Q: What does the woman think about Michel?26. W: How is Ann lab experiment coming along?M: I'm not sure. Why don't we go have a look?Q: What does the man mean?27. M: Do you think Prefessor Smith will cancel class on account of the special conference?W: Not likely.Q: What does the woman mean?28. W: Let's drop by the post office again, Fred, and see if there is any mail yet.M: The post office again? It's only been an hour.Q: What does Fred mean?29. M: The math requirements for graduation are being changed.W: Yes. And I'm afraid I may be short one course .Q: Why is the woman concerned?30. M: The doctor told me to quit drinking coffee.W: Shouldn’t you quit drinking tea, too?Q: What does the woman suggest?31. W: Since when do you read the Sunday Times?M: Since I discovered its big help-wanted section.Q: What can be assumed about the man?32. M: Do you mind if I turn the television off?W: I’ m in the middle of watching a program .Q: What does the woman imply?33. W: Randy, how are you finding life on campus this year?M: Much the same as last.Q: What does Rendy mean?34. M: It would be nice if these last few days of vacation were sunny and warm.W: But that's not what they forecast, is it?Q: What does the woman imply about the weather?35. M: We got someone to take over Harry's job.W: Oh, so it has been taken care of.Q: What had the woman assumed?PARTCQuestions 36 ~ 41M: Hi, Janet, where were you at lunch time? I was saving a seat for you in the cafeteria..M: Oh, sorry to miss you. But my thirst for knowledge was greater than my pains of hunger.M: I never had that problem. So where were you?W: My political science class ran overtime.M: That's been happening quite a bit lately, hasn't it?W: I guess so. Actually, what happens is that a bunch of us hang around for a while after class to talk with our professor and ask him questions.M: Who is this twentieth century's Operates?W: Professor Howl. Have you heard of him?M: Mh, he does have a good reputation in the political science departmentW: And a well deserved one. The same students who fall asleep in discussion groups and seminars fight for front-row seats in his lectures.M: Oh, no. I hope this isn’t catchingW: You can joke. But it's great to have a professor who's not only interesting but prepared to giveup time to students.M: I know. They are a rare breed. Maybe I should sit in on his class some time. Do you think he’d care?W: Not at all. Lots of students bring their friends, and he says he feels flattered.M: Well, just to be safe. I think I'll bring my lunch along as wellW: I' II make a good Student of you yet .36. Where was the woman at lunch time?37. What habit has the woman recently gotten into?38. How do the students demonstrate that they really enjoy professor Howl’s classes?39. How does Prof. Howl feel about visitors at his lectures?40. At what time does Prof. Howl's class probably meet?41. Which word best describes Prof. Howl's relationship with his students?Questions 42 – 46Today I'd like to mention an interesting television program that will be shown on October tenth. It's about the brain. It's a new public television show produced in New York city. The program will investigate how the brain functions and malfunctions. Some interesting topics that will be discussed are dreaming, memory and depression. These topics will be illustrated with computer animations to make explanations easy to follow. The show is not for children. But don't worry, it's not intended for scientists either. I think the program will be very helpful with the work we are doing in class on the brain. I hope you'll watch it. Remember, it's on October tenth.42. who is the speaker?43. what will be broadcast on television on October tenth?44. what will be the main purpose of the show?45.wh y does the woman recommend watching the program?46. why should the program be easy to understand?Questions 47-50W: I just read a curious fact. Did you know that people who spend less than ten minutes in a drugstore are five times more likely to make a purchase than those who spend half an hour there? M: I saw that article, too. But think, if someone runs into a drugstore for ten minutes, it's usually to make a specific purchase.W: And someone who spends more time there maybe just looking..M: exactly. Haven't you ever gone into a store thinking that you'd buy something, and then talk yourself out of it?W: Yes, I have. Especially when I thought I could get it for less elsewhere, or I really didn't need it after all.M: Exactly. But if you run in to buy something specific and have very little time, you pick it up, pay for it immediately and then leave.W: That's true. Maybe we should learn a lesson from that. Take your time and you'll spend less money.M: I doubt if that would be true in all stores, though. In a department store, for instance, you may see a sweater or something you never intended to buy and buy it because you have time to look around.47.what prompted the conversation?48.what is the main topic of the conversation?49.what fact have the man and woman learned about the drugstores?50. what does the man say about people who shop quickly?。

89年10月托福听力文字

89年10月托福听力文字Part A1 . That's it for today,2. Robert is stopping QJ the bank to cash a check.3. She's left to go shopping.4. Your pen needs a refill, doesn't it?5. Everyone wants to take Professor Stanton's class.6. Why don't we get together for dinner sometime?7. Gary went to the dentist's about his broken tooth.8. Have you ever seen so many people at one of these lectures before"9. You've got to do what is best for you.10. I just arrived, but my suitcases were put on a later plane.11. He said the dormitory wasn't full, and it wasn't.12. Susan asked us to bring the slide projector.13. He lacks discipline训练in his study habits.14. The report is all ready to be typed.15. We'll pick you up tomorrow at eight come what may.16. I wish the semester were over, but we still get a month to go.17. You mean you paid only ten dollars for that huge stack of books?18. That kind of problem isn't completely unknown.19. Professor Keen made us rewrite our essays in class.20. I can’t .believe you are not a physics major.PARTB21. M: I don't like this book very much.W: Neither do I.Q: What does the woman mean?22. W: I'm going to the bank then to the dentist's, and after that, I have toprepare a presentation for my history seminar.M: I'd say you have a pretty busy afternoon.Q: What does the man say about the woman?23. M: Would it be better to buy a monthly meal ticket or pay for each meal separately? W: What difference does it make? The price per meal is the same either way.Q: What does the woman-mean?.24. W: Where can I have copies made of my application?M: Isn't there a photo copy machine in the post office?Q: What does the man imply?25. M: Michel is the most talented actor on campus.W: Isn't he, though.Q: What does the woman think about Michel?26. W: How is Ann lab experiment coming along?M: I'm not sure. Why don't we go have a look?Q: What does the man mean?27. M: Do you think Prefessor Smith will cancel class on account of the special conference?W: Not likely.Q: What does the woman mean?28. W: Let's drop by the post office again, Fred, and see if there is any mail yet.M: The post office again? It's only been an hour.Q: What does Fred mean?29. M: The math requirements for graduation are being changed.W: Yes. And I'm afraid I may be short one course .Q: Why is the woman concerned?30. M: The doctor told me to quit drinking coffee.W: Shouldn’t you quit drinking tea, too?Q: What does the woman suggest?31. W: Since when do you read the Sunday Times?M: Since I discovered its big help-wanted section.Q: What can be assumed about the man?32. M: Do you mind if I turn the television off?W: I’ m in the middle of watching a program .Q: What does the woman imply?33. W: Randy, how are you finding life on campus this year?M: Much the same as last.Q: What does Rendy mean?34. M: It would be nice if these last few days of vacation were sunny and warm.W: But that's not what they forecast, is it?Q: What does the woman imply about the weather?35. M: We got someone to take over接管Harry's job.W: Oh, so it has been taken care of.Q: What had the woman assumed?PARTCQuestions 36 ~ 41M: Hi, Janet, where were you at lunch time? I was saving a seat for you in the cafeteria..M: Oh, sorry to miss you. But my thirst渴望for knowledge was greater than my pains of hunger 饥肠辘辘.M: I never had that problem. So where were you?W: My political science class ran overtime.M: That's been happening quite a bit 相当多lately, hasn't it?W: I guess so. Actually, what happens is that a bunch of us hang around 耽搁for a while after class to talk with our professor and ask him questions.M: Who is this twentieth century's Operates?W: Professor Howl. Have you heard of him?M: Mh, he does have a good reputation in the political science departmentW: And a well deserved 当之无愧one. The same students who fall asleep in discussion groups and seminars fight for 争取front-row 前排seats in his lectures.M: Oh, no. I hope this isn’t catching吸引人W: You can joke. But it's great to have a professor who's not only interesting but prepared to give up time to students.M: I know. They are a rare breed种类. Maybe I should sit in on his class some time. Do you think he’d care?W: Not at all. Lots of students bring their friends, and he says he feels flattered荣幸.M: Well, just to be safe. I think I'll bring my lunch along as wellW: I' II make a good Student of you yet .36. Where was the woman at lunch time?37. What habit has the woman recently gotten into?38. How do the students demonstrate that they really enjoy professor Howl’s classes?39. How does Prof. Howl feel about visitors at his lectures?40. At what time does Prof. Howl's class probably meet?41. Which word best describes Prof. Howl's relationship with his students?Questions 42 – 46Today I'd like to mention an interesting television program that will be shown on October tenth. It's about the brain. It's a new public television show produced in New York city. The program will investigate how the brain functions and malfunctions失灵. Some interesting topics that will be discussed are dreaming, memory and depression沮丧. These topics will be illustrated图解with computer animations 动画to make explanations easy to follow. The show is not for children. But don't worry, it's not intended for scientists either. I think the program will be very helpful with the work we are doing in class on the brain. I hope you'll watch it. Remember, it's on October tenth.42. who is the speaker?43. what will be broadcast on television on October tenth?44. what will be the main purpose of the show?45.wh y does the woman recommend watching the program?46. why should the program be easy to understand?Questions 47-50W: I just read a curious奇特的fact. Did you know that people who spend less than ten minutes in a drugstore are five times more likely to make a purchase than those who spend half an hour there?M: I saw that article, too. But think, if someone runs into a drugstore for ten minutes, it's usually to make a specific purchase.W: And someone who spends more time there maybe just looking..M: exactly. Haven't you ever gone into a store thinking that you'd buy something, and then talk yourself out of it?W: Yes, I have. Especially when I thought I could get it for less elsewhere其他时间用, or I really didn't need it after all.M: Exactly. But if you run in to buy something specific and have very little time, you pick it up, pay for it immediately and then leave.W: That's true. Maybe we should learn a lesson from that. Take your time and you'll spend less money.M: I doubt if that would be true in all stores, though. In a department store, for instance, you may see a sweater or something you never intended to buy and buy it because you have time to look around.47.what prompted提示the conversation?48.what is the main topic of the conversation?49.what fact have the man and woman learned about the drugstores?50. what does the man say about people who shop quickly?。

托福TPO8综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文

为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO8综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。

托福TPO8综合写作阅读原文文本： Toward the end of his life, the Chevalier de Seingalt (1725-1798) wrote a long memoir recounting his life and adventures. The Chevalier was a somewhat controversial figure, but since he met many famous people, including kings and writers, his memoir has become a valuable historical source about European society in the eighteenth century. However, some critics have raised doubts about the accuracy of the memoir. They claim that the Chevalier distorted or invented many events in the memoir to make his life seem more exciting and glamorous than it really was. For example, in his memoir the Chevalier claims that while living in Switzerland, he was very wealthy, and it is known that he spent a great deal of money there on parties and gambling. However, evidence has recently surfaced that the Chevalier borrowed considerable sums of money from a Swiss merchant. Critics thus argue that if the Chevalier had really been very rich, he would not have needed to borrow money. Critics are also skeptical about the accuracy of the conversations that the Chevalier records in the memoir between himself and the famous writer Voltaire. No one doubts that the Chevalier and Voltaire met and conversed. However, critics complain that the memoir cannot possibly capture these conversations accurately, because it was written many years after the conversations occurred. Critics point out that it is impossible to remember exact phrases from extended conversations held many years earlier. Critics have also questioned the memoir's account of the Chevalier's escape from a notorious prison in Venice, Italy. He claims to have escaped the Venetian prison by using a piece of metal to make a hole in the ceiling and climbing through the roof. Critics claim that while such a daring escape makes for enjoyable reading, it is more likely that the Chevaliers jailers were bribed to free him. They point out that the Chevalier had a number of politically well-connected friends in Venice who could have offered a bribe. 托福TPO8综合写作听力原文文本： No memoir can possibly be correct in every detail, but still, the Chevalier's memoir is pretty accurate overall, and is, by and large, a reliable historical source Let's look at the accuracy of the three episodes mentioned in the reading. First, the loan from the merchant. Well, that doesn't mean that the Chevalier was poor. Let me explain. We know that in Switzerland, the Chevalier spent huge amounts of money on parties and gambling, and he had wealth. But it was a kind of propertyyou have to sail first to get money. So it usually took a few days to convert his assets into actual money. So when he ran out of cash, he had to borrow some while he was waiting for his money to arrive, but that's not being poor. Second, the conversations with Voltaire. The Chevalier states in his memoir that each night immediately after conversing with Voltaire, he wrote down everything he could remember about that particular night's conversation. Evidently the Chevalier kept his notes of these conversations for many years and referred to them when writing the memoir. Witnesses who lived with the Chevalier in his later life confirmed that he regularly consulted notes and journals when composing the memoir. Third, the Chevalier's escape from a prison in Venice. Other prisoners in that prison had even more powerful friends than he did, and none of them were ever able to bribe their way to freedom. So bribery hardly seems likely in his case. The best evidence, though, comes from some old Venetian government documents. They indicate that soon after the Chevalier escaped from the prison, the ceiling of his old prison room had to be repaired. Why would they need to repair a ceiling unless he had escaped exactly as he said he did. 托福TPO8综合写作满分范文： In the reading passage, some critics cast doubts over the accuracy of the memoir written by the Chevalier de Seingalt, which might contain distortion or invention of many events to glamorize his life. The critics point out that Chevalier was not as rich as he described in the memoir since evidence showed that Chevalier borrowed much money form a Swiss merchant. However, the speaker in the states that borrowing money doesn’t mean poor. It was very likely that Chevalier had to borrow some money before he converted his money into actual money, which might took several days. While the critics in the reading contend that the memoir would very likely contain some inaccuracies about the conversation between Chevalier and the famous writer Voltaire, the speaker holds the ideas that Chevalier did take notes immediately after his conversation with Voltaire each night. When he wrote the memoir, he consulted these notes which was confirmed by witnesses who lived with him in his later life. The critics also claim that instead of a daring escape from a notorious prison in Venice, it is more likely that someone offered a bribe to free Chevalier. However, the speaker states that bribery might not be possible since other prisoners who had even more powerful friends were not able to bribe their way to freedom. Also, the government documents showed that the ceiling of Chevalier’s old prison room had to。

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98年8月托福听力文字Part A1. M: I don't think you have time to send out the invitations to all the new students.W: Oh, yes. I will.Q: What do we learn about the woman from this conversation?2. W: Nobody told me that Bill was in the hospital.M: Sorry. I meant to give you a call when I found out, but it slipped my mind.Q: What does the man mean?3. M: I don't know if I will be able to turn in my economics paper on time.W: Haven’t you heard that the professor gave us a week of extension on it.Q: What does the woman mean?4. M: I'd like to make an appointment with the doctor for tomorrow.W: Unfortunately he is completely booked.Q: What does the woman mean?5. M: Joe just went down to the engineering meeting.W: Where is it?Q: What does the woman want to know?6. M: I have a collect call(对方付费电话) from Mike Peterson.W: I’ll accept the charges.Q: What does the woman mean?7. W: I'd really like to go to the concert tonight, but I don't know if I could sparethe time.M: Music always relaxes me. It might be worth it in a long run（从长远来看）.Q: What does the man suggest the woman do?8. M: Those airplanes are certainly loud（吵闹的).W: Aren't they though?Q: What does the woman think of the airplanes?9. M: Helen and I are thinking of renting a house at the beach in June. Are youinterested?W: June? I guess it is cheaper then, but do you really think it will be warm enough?Q: What does the woman mean?10. M: I'm getting hungry. I think we should go to dinner soon.W: Me too. All I have for lunch was a chocolate bar.Q: What does the man mean?11. M: Your apartment always looks so good，so spotless. Mine is such a mess.W: I've been at the lab all week. It is my roommate doing.Q: What does the woman imply?12. M: I run out of coins when I’m doing my laundry.W: That's too bad.Q: What does the woman mean?13. W: It's a shame that you didn't win your tennis match.M: I might have won if I listened to my coach.Q: What does the man imply?14. M: The Variety Theatre finally went out the business（停业）.W: Well, that's not a surprise. It was the worst one in town.Q: What does the woman mean?15. W: Shall we run around the park or go for a bike ride?M: It makes no difference to me. They are both good activities.Q: What does the man say about the activities.16. M: I can't for the life of me get that washing machine downstairs to work. Doyou have any suggestions?W: Try washing just half of the normal load.Q: What does the woman suggest the man do?17. M: I'm think about dropping my swimming class. I am just not catching on.W: Stick with it. I did and I learned how to swim eventually.Q: What can be inferred about the woman?18. M: Doctor, this cough medicine doesn't seem to be helping. Can you give me adifferent prescription?W: Let's give it another day or two and see how you are doing then.Q: What does the doctor imply?19. W: Would you like to see those pants in another color? They also come in brownand in Navy.（深蓝色）M: Actually the gray is fine but I prefer something in wool.Q: What will the woman probably do next?20. W: Professor Burns seems to think that there is only one way to write a paperand that's her way.M: No kidding, she sure wasn't like that last semester.Q: What can be inferred about professor Burns?21. W: This Barbecue sure beats the last one we went to Ha?M: Oh that's right. Everyone had to spend the whole time inside. Good thing is weather decided to cooperate this time around.Q: What can be inferred from this conversation?22. M: That new position requires a letter of reference. I guess the one my professorwrote for me last year should be fine. Don't you think?W: It’s a little dated though. You might want to submit a current one.Q: What does the woman suggest the man do?23. W: I don't think I want to be on the curriculum committee anymore but I'm notsure how to get out of it .M: Well, you know there are plenty of people who will be interested. Me, for example.Q: What does the man imply?24. W: Excuse me? Could you direct me to Customer Service? I need to have this giftwrapped.M: We can take care of that right here ma'am, and no charge. You can choose either silver or gold with the matching bow（蝴蝶结）.Q: What will the woman probably do the next?25. M: These plants next to the window always look brown. You wouldn't know by lookingat them that I watered them every week.W: Maybe they don't like the direct sunlight. I had the same problem with some of my plants and a little shade helped them immensely.Q: What does the woman suggest the man do?26. W: Oh no I just picked up the pictures I took at Dan and Linda's wedding andlooked at them and none of them came out.M: They are dark, aren't they? What a shame. Oh, well I'm sure the professional photographer got everything.Q: What does the man mean?27. M: I get a feeling that Sally never really listens to me.W: You said it. It’s as if she was always using the time to rehearse what she’ll say next.Q: What does the woman imply?28. W: Will you make sure all the members of student advisory committee know whatto expect at the tomorrow's meeting?M: They will have a briefing（情况介绍）this afternoon.Q: What does the man mean?29. W: How do you like my new poster. It was only twenty dollars.M: Really? The frame alone is worth the money.Q: What does the man mean?30. M: I hear Mary isn't getting much support in her running against Steve in theelection.W: It is not over yet. I think she will make a come back(卷土重来).Q: What does the woman mean?Part BQuestion 31-34M: I have been studying too much and need a change. So I just made plans to go away during January break.W: Really? Where are you going?M: I'm planning to visit New Mexico.W: Hey, my sister and I vacation(在口语中可做动词) there last year. We had a great time.M: Did you get into Albuquerque(美国新墨西哥州中部大城市)?W: Sure. Whenever we were skiing.M: Is it far from the mountains?W: Not at all. The even though Albuquerque on the high flat plateau，there are even higher mountains near it. Just half an hour away from the city there are snow-covered slopes.M: Well. As the mountains are just thirty minutes away, I guess I should take my ice skate and my skis.W: Definitely.M: I heard that the weather there is great.W: It is. No humidity, moderate temperatures, but you do need to be careful of the high altitude.M: What should I do about that?W: Oh, just take it easy for a few days. Don't go hiking up the mountains or exercise too vigorously. Just do everything gradually.M: I'm sure I will be fine. And I will let know all about my trip when I come back.31. What's the main purpose of the man's trip?32. Why does the woman know so much about Albuquerque?33. What can be inferred about the man?34. According to the woman, what may cause the man the most problems in the Albuquerque?Question 35-38.M: Hey Linda, do you get that letter about the new options for food service next year?W: Not yet. Are there a lot of changes?M: There sure are. Instead of paying one fee to cover all meals for the whole school year, we are now be able to choose how many meals per week we want and can contract for that amount. We still have to pay for the whole year at the beginning, but we can choose to buy seven, ten, fourteen or twenty-one meals per week. They give you a card with the number of meals you get per week marked on it.W: That's a big change Tom, and a complicated system.M: Yeah. But it will be much better for people who don't eat three meals a day, seven days a week in the cafeteria because they won't have to pay for meals they don't eat.W: So what's the deal for those who do eat at school all the time?M: It's better for them too. Because the more meals you contract for, the cheaper each one is.W: I see. It is still sound rather complicated.M: True. It took me several hours to figure it out. I decided to go with the ten Meals plan.W: Why is that?M: Well, I never eat breakfast and I often go away on weekends. So the ten meal plan gives me lunch and dinner each weekday at a fairly low price. And I won't be paying for meals that I don't usually eat.W: But what about the weekend when you are on campus?M: Well, there are often guests on campus on weekends. So they allow you to buy single meals on a walk-in basis on Saturdays and Sundays. The price per meal is much higher that way. But I an away so much that it will still be less money for me to pay single prices on the weekend rather than sign up for the fourteen mealsa week plan.W: Hum, I guess I'll have to sit down and figure out my eating pattern so I can getthe best deal.35. What's the main feature of the new method of paying for meals?36. When do the students pay for the meals they contract for?37. How does the new plan benefit the students who eat all their meals at the school cafeteria?38. How can weekend guest eat at the cafeteria?Part CQuestions 39 to 42I was really glad when your club invited me to share my coin collection. It's been my passion since I collected my first Lincoln cent in 1971. That is the current penny with Abraham's image. Just a little history before I started in my own collection. Lincoln pennies are made of copper and they were the first United States coins to bear the likeness(肖像) of the president. It was back in 1909 when the country was celebrating the centennial（百年的）of Lincoln's birth than 1809 that the decision was made to redesign the one-cent piece in his honor. Before that, the penny has an American Indian head on it. The new penny was designed by artist Victor David Braner. This is interesting because he put his initials VDB on the reverse of the coin ad the original design. There was a general abort when the initial was discovered. And only a limited numbers of coins were struck with the initials(词首大写字母)on them. Today a penny with the initials from a San Francisco mint called the 1909s' VDB is worth over 500 dollars. Now, when I started my coin collection, I began with the penny for several reasons. There were a lot of them, several hundred billion of them were minted and there were a lot of people collecting them. So I have plenty of people to trade with and talk to about my collection. Also it was the coin I could afford to collect as a young teenager. In the twenty-five years since then, I have managed to acquire over three hundred coins; some of them very rare. I will be sharing with you today some of my rare specimen including the 1909s' VDB.39. Why does the woman collect coins?40. Why were letters DVB on pennies?41. What was one of reasons the collector collected coins as a teenager?Question 43 to 46Today I want to talk to you about the wasps and their nests. You recall the biologist divided species of wasps into two groups, solitary（单独的）and social. Solitary wasps as the name implied do not live together with other wasps. In most species the male and female get together only to mate and then the female does all the work of building the nest and providing food for the offspring by herself. Solitary wasps usually make nests in the ground and they separate the chambers for the individual offspring with () of grass, stone or mud, whatever is handy. What about social wasps? They form a community and work together to build and maintain the nest. A nest begins in the spring when the fertile(能繁殖的) female called the queen builds the firstnew compartment in the nest and lays eggs. The first offspring are small females that cannot lay eggs. These females called workers. Then build a lot of new compartments and the queen lays more eggs. They also care for the new offspring and defend the nest with their stingers. By the way only female wasps have stingers. Most social wasps make nest of paper. The female produce the paper by chewing out plant fibers or old wood. They spread the paper in thin layers to make cells, which the queen lays her eggs. Most of you I'm sure have seen these nests suspended from the trees. They may also be built underground in abundant road burrows(洞穴).43. Who builds the nest of solitary wasps?44. Why the female wasps are more dangers to people than the male wasps are?45. What is the main function of the queen?46. What are the nests of social wasps made of?Question 47 to 50What was the most popular myth about the United States in the 19th Century was that of the free and simple life of the farmer. It was said that the farmers worked hard on their own land to produce whatever their families' needed. They might sometimes trade with neighbors, but in general they could get along just fine by relying on themselves, not on commercial ties with others. This is how Thomas Jefferson idealized the farmers at the beginning of the 19th century. And at that time, this may have been close to the truth especially on the frontier. But by the mid century sweeping changes in agriculture were well under way as farmers began to specialize in the raising of crops such as cotton or corn or wheat. By late in the century revolutionary invents in farm machinery has vastly increased the production of specialized crops and extensive network of railroads had linked farmers throughout the country to markets in the east and even overseas. By raising and selling specialized crops, farmers could afford more and finer goods and achieve much higher standard of living, but at a price. Now farmers were no longer dependent just on the weather and their own efforts, their lives were increasingly controlled by the banks, which had powder to grant or deny loans for new machinery, and by the railroads which set the rates for shipping their crops to the market. As businessmen, farmers now had to worry about national economic depressions and the implements of world supply and demand on for example, the of price of wheat in Kansas. And so by the end of the 19th century, the era of Jefferson's independent farmer had come to a close.47. What is the main topic of the talk?48. According to the professor, what was the major change in the agriculture during the 19th century?49. According to the professor, what was one result of the increased use of machinery on farms of the United States?50. According to the professor, why was world market important for the United States agriculture?。

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