金星英语导游词
武当山导游词英文版(金顶)
武当山导游词英文版（金顶）Outline for Tour Guiding of Mount Wudang1：欢迎词Good morning! Ladies and Gentlemen.Welcome to Wuhan. My name is Silver. I am from Wuhan Travel Service. I will be your local guide during your stay in Wuhan. This is our driver, Mr Wang. Our bus number is WH12345.On behalf of my travel agency; we hope you have a nice journey here. If you have any special interest, please tell your tour leader, and he will let us know. My job is to smooth your way, care for your welfare, try my best to answer your question, and be your guide and interpreter. I will try to do my best to make your trip go smoothly. We highly appreciate your understanding and cooperation. Today we’ll visit the famous sacred place of Taoism-----Mount Wudang.We will climb up the mountain and visit the scenic spots on way up the mountain, then take the tram rail down the mountain. First, it will take us 45 minutes to visit Yuxu Palace. Then we will visit Purple Cloud Palace for about one hour and South Rock for 30 minutes. The last two stations are Golden Summit and Golden Palace. They are the most important palace. We will spend 2 hours on visiting them.2：导入Everyone must be very familiar with the best foreign language film Oscar, 2001 “Crouching Tiger, Hidden dragon”. At the end of the film, the actress Y u Jiaolong jumped from the cliff here. I believe that everyone must be on kungfu and scenery in the movie. Today I will lead you appreciate its mysteriousness and charm.Mount Wudang, situated in Shiyan City, Hubei Province, China, where there are many high mountains, green forests, and everlasting springs, has been called the No. One Celestial Mountain in China.Throughout history, federal emperors of every dynasty paid increasingly attention to the creation of buildings on Mount Wudang, and in the Ming Dynasty, Mount Wudang was the center of China Taoism.The ancient buildings in Mount Wudang, great in size and beautiful in artistic design, built on steep hills or in sharp cliffs to achieve a harmonious unity between buildings and nature, have been praised as the ultimate showcase of China's ancient buildings and approved World Cultural Legacy.There are full of attractive places of interest in Mount Wudang Tourism and Economy Special Region, as charming as the rainbow in the sky; especially Mount Wudang, the famous Taoism Mountain which has combined quietness, wonder, beauty, and elegance into one, has these following famous scenic spots, such as, seventy-two peaks, thirty-six cliffs, twenty-four valleys, eleven caves, three pools, nine springs, ten lakes, nine wells, ten stones, and nine pavilions. There are four distinct seasons with their own features, the mountain is green and full of flowers in the spring; there are wind, thunder, and rainstorm with cloud and fog twisting the mountain in the summer; the forest are in gold yellow and the laurels send fragrance in the autumn; all the mountain is covered by the white snow in the winter.3：道教文化Mount Wudang, the famous scenic spot in China, whose perimeter is over 800 km, about 500 miles, full of beautiful hills and intense forests, was praised as the meeting place of heaven andearth. For its enchanting scenery and the legend of home of gods, many Taoists and hermits came to cultivate, so Mount Wudang was regarded as the origin place of China Taoism. Taoism can trace back to Han dynasty and after thousands of years’development Taoism has played an important role in politics, economy，culture, and ideology of China. Taoism, with Chinese characteristics and nearly 2000-year history, is still influencing Chinese life. The main idea of Taoism is harmony. People believe Taoism because they want to reach the perfect combination with the nature.It is said that Zhenwu Emperor had been cultivating here for over 40 years and became god. Zhenwu is named Emperor Zhenwu, the Founder or the Granddad in Heaven. This super god is evolved from the image of the ancient northern god----Xuanwu. During the Song Dynasty, Wudang Taoism had developed into some certain size, forming its own organization sodality, and also had set up many Taoist buildings. On the days of Zhenwu' birthday and becoming god, pious people would come here worship Mount Wudang from all directions.Wudang Taoism came to the most prosperous stage in the Ming Dynasty. Cheng Emperor, the third emperor of Ming Dynasty, Zhu-Di ordered to support and develop Wudang Taoism after he became the emperor. He wrote all the orders by himself, from reconnaissance and devise of Taoist buildings, sending qualified officials to overlook the project, to the ways for Taoists to cultivate. There were all high buildings on the both sides of the 140-km ancient road to the Golden Peak. The series Wudang Taoism palaces and temples, located in Southern China, the Forbidden City, located in Northern China, were the two key constructions under the supervision of Emperor Zhu-Di (the third emperor of Ming Dynasty 1403-1425) during his realm.After thousands years' development, there produced proud and profound Wudang Culture in Wudang Taoism: nature-upholding Taoist buildings, mysterious Wudang Boxing, Wudang Ways to keep healthy, talking-with god religion service, court-like Taoist music, unrivalled carvings, China traditional medicine and herbs, all are the crystal of Chinese national cleverness.4：景点讲解4）金顶Let’s get on the bus and go to our next station-----golden summit ,which is regarded as the symbol of the Mount Wudang. Golden summit is the second peak in Eme i mountain, it’s scenic spots including the Huanglong hole, Chaotian palace ,Golden palace and other Yuan Dynasty bronze and ancient architecture . Here preserved a lot of the dynasties of manufacturers, religious artifacts and other treasures. These are the technology of casting brilliant pearl in our ancient Chinese architecture, which reveal the wisdom of Chinese people and ancient scientific level.Golden summit has a strong attraction to visitors and pilgrims. Whenever you stand in front of the golden summit, there will be an invisible feeling to shock and respect .A t the same time, you still can enjoy many peculiar natural wonders of the myths and stories.We are now traveling among the peaks the golden palace is located here. The golden palace, with a height of 5.45 meters and flying eaves decorated by dragon, phoenix, sea horse and immortals ,is the highest one in the ancient Chinese construction grade. Enduring about 600 years’ wind and rain ,thunder and lighting ,cold winter and hot summer ,the golden palace is still shining as if it was newly built up. Every summer thunderstorms season, it will appear the spectacle of lightning golden summit: when the lighting flashes across the sky, the deafening noise arises, suddenly, the sky is point-----blank, what a spectacular!5：结束语We will get back to the station by tram rail. You have enjoyed the view of the peaks again. Now let’s get on the bus.We have appreciated the scenery as well as its culture .It is not only a mountain but also a heritage full of our ancestors’ wisd om. Your current visit to China is drawing to a close. Time have elapsed so quickly and you have visited several scenic spots in this city. The time we stayed together was rather short and really the surface was only scratched. What the Chinese people call “looking at the flowers on the horse’s back.” Every one in the group has been very cooperative, friendly, understanding and punctual. That is what I witnessed and experienced, and as a national guide, it was much appreciated.Parting is such sweet sorrow. Happy to meet, sorry to depart, and happy to meet again. Wish you have a nice journey home. Goodbye!。
英语导游词(最新4篇)
英语导游词（最新4篇）作为一名优秀的`导游，就难以避免地要准备导游词，导游词具有极强的实用性，涉及的知识十分广泛。
那么写导游词需要注意哪些问题呢？牛牛范文为您精心收集了4篇英语导游词，希望可以启发、帮助到大朋友、小朋友们。
英语导游词篇一ladies and gentlemen:historical records trace the construction of the origin of the wall to defensive fortification back to the year 656 b.c. during the reign of king cheng of the states of chu. its construction continued throughout the warring states period in the fifth century b.c. walls, then, was built separately by these ducal states to ward off such harassments. later in 221 b.c. the most extensive reinforcements and renovations were carried out in the ming dynasty (1368--1644) when altogether 18 lengthy stretches were reinforced with bricks and rocks. it is mostly the ming dynasty wall that visitors see today.the great wall is divided into two sections, the east and west, with shanxi province as the dividing line. the west part is a rammed earth construction, about5.3 meters high on average. in the eastern part, the core of the wall is rammed earth as well, but the outer shell is reinforced with bricks and rocks. the most imposing and best preserved sections of the great wall are at badaling and mutianyu, not far from beijing and both are open to visitors.the wall of those sections is 7.8 meters high and 6.5 meters wide at its base, narrowing to 5.8 meters on the ramparts, wide enough for five horses to gallop abreast. two-storied watch-towers are built at approximately 400-meters internals. the top stories of the watch-tower were designed for observing enemy movements, while the first was used for storing grain, fodder, militaryequipment and gunpowder as well as for quartering garrison soldiers. thehighest watch-tower at badaling standing on a hill-top, is reached only after a steep climb, like climbing a ladder to heaven.there stand 14 major passes (guan, in chinese) at places of strategicimportance along the great wall, the most important being shanghaiguan and jiayuguan. yet the most impressive one is juyongguan, about 50 kilometers northwest of beijing.known as tian xia di yi guan (the first pass under heaven)，shanghaiguan pass is situated between two sheer cliffs forming a neck connecting north china with the northeast. it had been, therefore, a key junction contested by all strategists and many famous battles were fought here. it was the gate ofshanghaiguan that the ming general wu sangui opened to the manchu army to suppress the peasant rebellion led by li zicheng and so surrendered the whole ming empire to the manchus, leading to the foundation of the qing dynasty. (1644-1911)as a cultural heritage, the wall belongs not only to china but to the world. the venice charter says: historical and cultural architecture not only includes the individual architectural works, but also the urban or rural environment that witnessed certain civilizations, significant social developments or historicalevents. the great wall is the largest of such historical and cultural architecture, and that is why it continues to be so attractive to people all over the world. in 1987, the wall was listed by unesco as a world cultural heritage site.英语导游词篇二Paris, the capital of the French republic, historical and cultural city, one of the antic。
八大行星英语演讲ppt(便宜正宗有价值)
火星
火星是太阳系由内往外数的第 四颗行星，属于类地行星，直径为 地球的一半，自转轴倾角、自转周 期相近，公转一周则花两倍时间。 在西方称为战神玛尔斯，中国则称 为“荧惑”。橘红色外表是因为地 表的赤铁矿（氧化铁）。火星基本 上是沙漠行星，地表沙丘、砾石遍 布，没有稳定的液态水体。二氧化 碳为主的大气既稀薄又寒冷，沙尘 悬浮其中，每年常有尘暴发生。火 星两极皆有水冰与干冰组成的极冠， 会随着季节消长。
土星
土星，为太阳系八大行星之一，至太 阳距离（由近到远）位于第六、体积则仅 次于木星。并与木星、天王星及海王星同 属气体（类木）巨星。古代中国亦称之镇 星或填星。
天王星
天王星是太阳向外的第七颗行 星，在太阳系的体积是第三大（比 海王星大），质量排名第四（比海 王星轻）。他的名称来自古希腊神 话中的天空之神乌拉诺斯 （Οὐρανός），是克洛诺斯（农 神）的父亲，宙斯（朱比特）的祖 父。天王星是第一颗在现代发现的 行星，虽然它的光度与五颗传统行 星一样，亮度是肉眼可见的，但由 于较为黯淡而未被古代的观测者发 现。威廉· 赫歇耳爵士在1781年3月 13日宣布他的发现，在太阳系的现 代史上首度扩展了已知的界限。这 也是第一颗使用望远镜发现的行星。
天王星是第一颗在现代发现的行星虽然它的光度与五颗传统行星一样亮度是肉眼可见的但由于较为黯淡而未被古代的观测者发现
各大行星
一、水星 二、金星 三、地球 四、火星 五、木星 六、土星 七、天王星 八、海王星
水星
水星 (Mercury )，中国古代称为辰星。 是太阳系中的类地行星，其主要由石质和 铁质构成，密度较高。自转周期很长为 58.65天，自转方向和公转方向相同，水星 在88个地球日里就能绕太阳一周,平均速度 47.89千米,是太阳系中运动最快的行星。无 卫星环绕。它是八大行星中是最小的行星， 也是离太阳最近的行星。
墨西哥金字塔英文导游词
Mexico's Pyramid of DeathAt the Pyramid of the Moon in central Mexico, humans and animals were buried alive. Excavations reveal the remains of sacrifices once witnessed by thousands of spectators. 在墨西哥中部的⽉亮⾦字塔⾥，⼈和动物被活埋。
成千上万的观众曾经见证了遗骸发掘的过程。
⼤风车给你看真实的世界Bird of SacrificeSacred symbols of supernatural power, golden eagles shared the fate of a dozen men killed in a horrifying ritual likely witnessed by a crowd of thousands at the great urban center of Teotihuacan in about A.D. 300.Scene of Bloody MurderTraversing Teotihuacan's ceremonial center, the Street of the Dead ends at the Pyramid of the Moon, a platform for public rituals and sacrifices that repeats the shape of a distant mountain. Recent excavations deep inside the pyramid have revealed the remains of people and animals-all probably buried alive or beheaded to dedicate a series of expansions that began in about A.D. 200. This adds a new dimension to our understanding of such structures.Headless WarriorsTeotihuacan's military dominated portions of Mesoamerica with brutal force. Beneath excavation co-director Saburo Sugiyama lie the remains of ten men from about A.D. 300. Probably prisoners of war, they were made eternally submissive: With their hands tied behind them and stripped of all ornamentation, they were beheaded and thrown in a heap. Casualties of WarThe skulls of 17 men were unearthed in another mass grave. Likely prisoners of war, all of the victims were foreigners, as indicated by bone analysis and teeth inlaid with greenstone and pyrite.Secrets of the GraveDiscovered in the burial of A.D. 300, a puma was one of more than 40 sacrificial animals, most found with their legs bound. ieces of a PuzzleScattered beads fill the mouth of a human sacrifice.。
英文版的导游词范文5篇
英文版的导游词范文篇1Dear visitors, everybody! I am your tour guide, surnamed xu, today I to lead everybody together are on a tour of the huge military museum, should take good care of cultural relic, when visiting, please don't litter.Qin Terra Cotta Warriors of xi 'an unearthed in China, the total area of 20__0 square meters. Deep pit layout is reasonable, the structure is peculiar, pit 5 meters, set up a east-west main wall every 3 meters. Army, tall, armed with bronze weapons, these weapons have buried more than two thousand years, still if brightness is new. You feel very surprised!Ok, say so many, everyone to look at the general figurines! He crown, and a general figurines burly, wearing armor, cold light shinning sword in hand, chin and looked to the point, if it had been arranged that the countermeasure, waiting for the enemy to send to your door. By the way, it is said that before the qin dynasty, the emperor is looking for the living to compensate was buried after death. Later, a minister of emperor qin shi huang said: "previous dynasties but with buried the living. I think it is not very appropriate to you. Let create a skillful craftsman made of dirt that you have conquered, invincible army?" Qin shi huang think this idea is very good, agreed. So he formed the scale of qin Terra Cotta Warriors.We are moving the warriors. Terracotta warriors average about 1.8 meters tall and powerfully built, fit, they are wearing a shirt, wear armor, feet front end up war boots cock, armed with weapons, ready to go.Light has soldiers, there is no war not mark. You look at the horse, a horse horse body, muscle fullness. The itch to try, if commanded, casting its hooves, rose and set off on a journey.Qin Terra Cotta Warriors, is unique in DiaoSuShi of ancient and modern, Chinese and foreign. Arrange it perfectly simulate the ranks, vividly the qin soldier millions, thousand chariots grand momentum, vividly demonstrates the power of the Chinese nation and heroism. I wish you all have fun, fun.英文版的导游词范文篇2Double cease day, mom and dad is going to take my children to play in the park in yichang, I was very happy.Today, we all got up early. Wash and dress up, ate breakfast, and set off. My mom and dad to sit for an hour of car, finally arrived yichang, my parents and I got off the bus saw the wide parking lot and parked inside the large and small car, walked to the parking lot outside, I see the broad road, the road with beautiful flowers, neat, sidewalk no garbage, clean.We came to children's park gate, the center of the park with lots of the flowers, colorful, very beautiful; Carries out my name on both sides of the trees, grown very lush, lush.Walk to the park, I saw pigeons at a glance, with white, black, pink... Looking at a lot of children in there to feed the pigeons, I also. Dad met, bought a bag of corn and gave it to my,I took a few, from corn bag in hand, a few dove coming towards me, with a sharp beak pecking at the corn son, I feel itchy, this is fun.After feeding pigeons, we walked forward, suddenly, I saw a tall and big ferris wheel, I told mom and dad said: "I want to go to the ferris wheel, you can accompany me to play?""Yes!" father said.Mother bought three tickets, before we go to the ferris wheel, have the staff took us to the trunk, we sat in the trunk, trunk up slowly, I looked in the window, "good high!" I called to get up, and I looked down on, see the lawn, a lot of people play on the lawn, trunk up to the highest, I can't look down, heart all quick to drop out, I grabbed my dad's hand tightly, afraid to fall, also good, trunk and slowly down, we walked out of the trunk, I could hardly stand, dizzy, but I think a lot of fun. I think: if again, I will also play the ferris wheel.We also played sand painting, a balloon, bumper car... The park there are a lot of a lot of fun!A day passed quickly, in the evening, I reluctantly left the park.Today is a happy day.英文版的导游词范文篇3Beautiful Daxinganling in my mind, has always just appeared in the book,listen to the name, I always thought it was a fairyland in the fairy tale.Whenthey told me that I was standing at the foot of the Great Xing'an Mountains, Isaw a little bit of it. I can't believe that the Great Xing'an Mountains arestationed in the Inner Mongolia grassland where I am fascinated. I can't believeit's lying right in front of me. Sitting in the car, looking at the mountainsnearby, white clouds floating on the top of the mountain. The blue sky thatoccasionally leaks from the crevice of the cloud is like the sea water scatteredon the ground. The primeval forests on the mountain are unique. The "tall,short, fat and thin" of trees are almost the same. No tree will be a littlehigher or a little shorter. The mountain is neither high nor dangerous, so itgives people a soft feeling. There is no protruding rock on the mountain; thereis no suddenly broken cliff; there is no bare cliff. Even where there is noforest, it is covered with green grass. Occasionally, you can see large wildflowers or a beautiful dandelion wrapped in white fluff. Trees are a kind ofcolor, with a special sense of hierarchy. From the bottom of the dark greenslowly upward, the upper part of the forest is slightly lower, but green. Theforest above is a whole, giving people the feeling of fluffy. Every tree isstanding and vigorous.They stretch the branches to their heart's content andattach vigor and luxuriance to every tree. Further up, the top of the mountainis covered with emerald green. The whole mountain is like a brush with differentpigments, gently brushing on the mountain. The mountains in the Great Xing'anMountains are not so adventurous. The whole mountain, as if in computer art withelegant arc hook out the same. His eyes gaze deep into the forest, but his mindfantasizes about the rare birds and animals in it; his ears resound with thejoyful birdsong (just thinking). No matter how far you drive, the Great Xing'anMountains are still long, the forest is still flat, and the color is stillbeautiful. The Great Xing'an Mountains outside the car window retreatedslowly,but I couldn't see the end of the Great Xing'an Mountains all the time. Thebeauty of every moment is painted on the plain of my memory. From chaganhaotebeside the Horqin grassland to the frigid dead volcano - Arshan mountain; fromthe refreshing and sweet Wuli spring to the rippling world; from yiershi, whichis also the frontier of the train terminal, to Ulanhot, where Genghis KhanTemple is located. Daxing'anling, accompany me through the whole journey.英文版的导游词范文篇4Dali referred to as "elm city, the scenery at the foot of beautiful framed, 13 km from the Dali shimonoseki. Dali ancient city was built in Ming dynasty fifteen years (1382), is one of the first batch of historical and cultural city. Dali erhai lake in the ancient east, west pillow features, towers majestic, beautiful scenery. Dali city the size of the grand square around 12, the original walls 7.5 meters high, thick 6 meters, north and south, east and west four gates, original on towers. If, autonomous prefecture capital of shimonoseki to flourish, the noisy impression, Dali is a simple and quiet.A north-south street in the city, the street has a variety of monopoly marble products, tie-dye, straw and other special products stores and bai trattoria flavour is dye-in-the-wood. With stream in the city, everywhere the bai traditional local-style dwelling houses of primitive simplicity, here people, both rich and poor, are in the habit of inside the courtyard gardening. Dali is also "the every family running water, flowers". Dali from shimonoseki close, more than 10 minutes by bus to arrive before the city's bus station and the main hotel to all of them. Also can be made of shimonoseki by small carriages to, just to talk about in front of the bus. Travel to Dali, if want to stay, the city has many according to the traditional bai local-style dwelling houses building hotel to choose from, the price is not expensive.Around three spirits, is in a summer solstice 23 25 April every year, around three spirit festival for three days. March street, also known as: the goddess of mercy, is in the annual lunar March 15 solstice 21. March street is the most grand traditional festival of the bai, is not only the material exchange event, and horse racing, dian, lanterns and other literary sports center for the performing of the play. Form of singing festival, it is in the annual lunar July 26 solstice August the first. Will play the sea, is also called: body section. On clearance, xizhou area began in the lunar calendar of July 23, Dali, where the area began in August 8th lunar month.英文版的导游词范文篇5Dear friends: passengersHow do you do! I'm the tour guide, my name is liang, you call I beam guide. Very glad to serve you. Today I'll guide you to visit the famous royal garden, the Summer Palace.The Summer Palace beauty such as immortal mirror? Because it is associated with water up to the mountain. Mountain, according to the longevity hill, with water, the kunming lake. We today is coming to travel. Ok, few words said, let's go to climb the longevity hill.We have now arrived at the foot of longevity hill, you can looking upward, the rows of resplendent and magnificent palace is cloud temple. Looked up again, the star of the pyramid three layer architecture is the buddhist incense. You don't have to wait, because we are heading for the top of the mountain.We have now reached the top of the longevity hill and looked down on, you can see the beautiful scenery. Look, the lush trees, with the yellow green glazed tile roof and wall of scarlet. Really beautiful! But there are more beautiful. Look! The kunming lake is proof of that?We are going to travel on the last leg of - kunming lake.Kunming lake is very beautiful, beautiful enough to be with than the west lake. Kunming lake on several islands, as long as we walked through the long stone bridge, you can go to the island to play. In the stone bridge, one of the most famous seven Kong Qiao dozens, because it has seventeen little tunnel.We travel to the end.。
金星英文ppt
-3.3 ~ -4.4 et al.
VENUS
Brightness ['braɪtnəs] 亮度
Equatorial radius [ˌi:kwəˈtɔ:ri:əl ˈreidjəs 赤道半径
6051.8 km
475℃
Surface temperature [ˈsə:fis ˈtempəritʃə] 表面温度
1989年5月4日，亚特兰蒂斯号航 天飞机将“麦哲伦”号金星探测 器带上太空，并于第二天把它送 入金星的航程。后来的事实说明， “麦哲伦”号是迄今最先进最为 成功的金星探测器。“麦哲伦” 的中心任务是对金星作地质学和 地球物理学探测研究，通过先进 的雷达探测技术，研究金星是否 具有与河床和海洋构造，因前苏 联有科学家推测，大约40亿年前 金星上有过汪洋大海。
[ˈnaɪtrədʒən]（氮气）The atmosphere of Venus is 92 times larger than that of
the earth.金星的大气主要由二氧化碳组成，并含有少量的氮气。金星的大气压强
非常大，为地球的92倍，
”
03
PART THREE
Some numbers
through the dense fog of Venus, take the high temperature, the first time to achieve a soft landing on the surface of venus.
The "Venus 7" has a strong pressure on the surface of Venus, at
04
PART FOUR
Unique Venus
BBC行星地球英文解说词全集
行星地球英文解说词第1集 PLANET EARTH From Pole to PoleA hundred years ago there were one and a half billion people on Earth. Now, over six billion crowd our fragile planet Earth. But even so, there are still places barely touched by humanity. This series will take to the last wildernesses and show you the planet Earth and its wildlife as you have never seen them before. Imagine our world without sun. Male Emperor penguins are facing the nearest that exists on planet Earth Earth - winter in Antarctica. It's continuously dark and temperatures drop to minus seventy degrees centigrade. The penguins stay when all other creatures have fled because each guards a treasure: a single egg rested on the top of its feet and kept warm beneath the downy bulge of its stomach. There is no food and no water for them, and they will not see the sun again for four months. Surely no greater ordeal is faced by any animal. As the sun departs from the Antarctic it lightens the skies in the far north. It's March and light returns to the high Arctic, sweeping away four months of darkness. A polar bear stirs. She has been in her den the whole winter. Her emergence marks the beginning of spring. After months of confinement underground she toboggans down the slope. Perhaps to clean her fur, perhaps for sheer joy. Her cubs gaze out of their bright new world for the very first time. The female calls them, but this steep slope is not the easiest place to take your first steps. But they are hungry and eager to reach their mother, who's delayed feeding them on this special day. Now she lures them withthe promise of milk, the only food the cubs have known since they were born deaf and blind beneath the snow some two months ago. Their mother has not eaten for five months and has lost half her body weight. Now she converts the last of her fat reserves into milk for her cubs. The spring sun brings warmth but also a problem for the mother. It starts to melt the sea ice. That is where she hunts for the seal she needs to feed her cubs. And she must get there before the ice breaks up. For now though it's still minus thirty degrees and the cubs must have the shelter of the den. It's six days since the bears emerged and spring is advancing rapidly. But even now blizzards can strike without warning. Being so small, the cubs are easily chilled and they will be more comfortable resting in the den. But their mother must keep them out and active. She's becoming weak from hunger and there's no food on these nursery slopes. The sea ice still holds firm, but it won't last much longer. Day 10, and the mother has led her cubs a mile from the den. It's time to put them to the test. They've grown enormously in confidence, but they don't have their mother's sense of urgency. At last it seems that they're ready for their journey and they're only just in time, for a few miles from the coast the ice is already splitting. Now the mother can start hunting for the seals they must have, but she's leading her cubs into a dangerous new world. Nearly half of all cubs die in their first year out on the ice. Summer brings 24 hours of sunlight and the thawing shifting landscape. Further south the winter snows have almost cleared from the Arctic tundra. Northern Canada's wild frontier. Here nature stages one of her greatest dramas - Every year three million caribou migrate across the Arctic tundra.The immensity of the herd can only be properly appreciated from the air. Some herds travel over 2,000 miles a year in search of fresh pastures. This is the longest overland migration made by any animal. They're constantly on the move. Newborn calves have to be up and running the day they are born. But the vast herds do not travel alone. Wolves. Packs of them, eight to ten strong, shadow the migration. And they are hungry. It's the newly born calves that they are after. Running directly at the herd is a ploy to generate panic. The herd breaks up and now it's easier to target an individual. In the chaos a calf is separated from its mother. The calf is young, but it can outrun the wolf if only it manages to keep its footing. At this stage the odds are even - either the caribou will make a mistake or after a mile the wolf will give up. Midsummer on the tundra and the sun does not set. At these latitudes the sun's rays are glancing and not enough of their energy reaches the ground to enable trees to grow. You'll need to travel 500 miles south from here before that is possible. These stunted shrubs mark the tree line - the beginning of the boreal forest - the taiga. The needle-shaped leaves of the conifers are virtually inedible so this forest supports very little animal life. It's a silent place where the snow is unmarked by footprints. In the Arctic winter snow forms a continuous blanket across the land. But as spring creeps up from the south the taiga is unveiled. This vast forest circling the globe contains a third of all the trees on Earth and produces so much oxygen it changes the composition of the atmosphere. As we travel south so the sun's influence grows stronger and at 50 degrees of latitude a radical transformation begins. Summers here are long enoughfor broadleaf trees to replace conifers. Broadleaves are much easier to eat and digest so now animals can collect their share of the energy that has come from the sun. It's summer and these forests are bustling with life. But the good times will not last. Broad leaves must be shed in winter for their damage by frost. As they disappear, so the land becomes barren with little for animals to eat. The inhabitants must migrate, hibernate, or face months of near starvation. The Amur leopard - the rarest cat in the world. Here, in the deciduous forests of eastern Russia the winter makes hunting very difficult. Pray animals are scarce, and there's no concealing vegetation. The cub is a year old and still dependent on its mother. Deer are frequent casualties of the harsh winter and these leopards are not above scavenging from a corpse. African leopards could never survive here, but the Russian cats have thick fur to shield them from the cold. There are only forty Amur leopards left in the wild and that number is falling. Like so many creatures, the cats have been pushed to the very edge of extinction by hunting and the destruction of their habitat. The Amur leopard symbolises the fragility of our natural heritage. The future of an entire species hangs on survival of a tiny number of mothers like this one. All animals, rare or common, ultimately depend for their energy on the sun. In Japan the arrival of the cherry blossom announces the beginning of spring. The sun's energy brings colour to the landscape. The earth, as it makes its annual journey around the sun, spins on a tilted axis. And it's this tilt that creates the seasons. The advance of the seasons brings constant change. As the sun's influence diminishes in the north, so the deciduous forests of America begin toshut down losing their leaves in preparation for the dark cold months ahead. One season hands over to another. Some organisms thrive on decay, but most must make special preparations for winter and a life with little sun. Whole populations of animals are now forced to travel great distances in pursuit of food and warmth. 300,000 Baikal teal gather to escape from the Siberian winter by migrating south to Korea - the world's entire population in a single flock. But there are parts of the world that have no seasons. In the tropics the sun's rays strike the earth head on and their strength is more or less constant all year round. That is why the jungle grows so vigourously and supports so much life. This forest covers only 3 percent of the planet's surface, but it contains more than 50 percent of all its plants and animals. The canopy is particularly rich. There are monkeys, birds and millions of species of insects, exactly how many we have no idea. The character of the forest changes as we descend, becoming ever darker and damper, favouring different kinds of animals and plants. Less than 2 percent of the sunlight reaches the floor, but even here there is extraordinary variety. In the great island of New Guinea there are 42 different species of birds of paradise, each more bizarre than the last. This forest is so rich that nourishing food can be gathered very quickly. That leaves the male six-plumed bird of paradise with time to concentrate on other matters like tidying up his display area. Everything must be spick and span. All is ready. Very impressive, but no one is watching. The superb bird of paradise calls to attract a female. And he has more luck. But what does he have to do to really impress her? She retires to consider her verdict. It's hard notto feel deflated when even your best isn't good enough. The sun influences life in the oceans just as it does on land. Its richest parts are those where waves and currents bring fertilising nutrients to surface waters that are bathed in sunlight. The seas off the Cape in South Africa have this magic recipe and are hugely productive. Summer is the time of plenty and it's now that the seals start to breed. The strike of a great white shark lasts a mere second. Slowing it down forty times reveals the technique and immense strength of this massive predator. If surprise fails, there will be a chase. The shark is faster on a straight course but it can't turn as sharply as the seal, its agility versus power. Once the seals have finished breeding the giant sharks will move on. It's now becoming clear that great whites migrate thousands of miles across the oceans to harvest seasonal abundances in different seas. The sun, beating down on tropical waters, powers the weather systems of the globe. Moisture evaporates from the warming ocean and rises to create great storms. The winds generated out at sea sweep inland across the continents. As they travel across the Sahara they create the biggest of all sand storms blowing sand halfway round the world to fertilize the Amazon jungle. Winds blowing across the Indian Ocean collect moisture and sweep northwards towards the Himalayas. As the air rises, so it cools. The water it carries condenses into clouds and then falls as the life giving rains of the monsoon. So air currents powered by the sun carry wet air to the middle of continents. Without water there can be no life, but its distribution over the land is far from even. Deserts cover one third of the land's surface and they're growing bigger every year. This is the Kalahari Desert inSouthern Africa. It's the dry season and thousands of elephants have started to travel in desperate search for water. All across Southern Africa animals are journeying for the same reason. Buffalo join the great trek. Nowhere else on Earth are so many animals on the move with the same urgent purpose. They're all heading for the swamps of the Okavango, a vast inland delta. At the moment it is dry, but water is coming. The travellers are hampered by dangerous dust storms. Females and calves can easily get separated from the main herd. For this pair sanctuary lies in the patch of woodland a few miles ahead. They can't rest until they reach it. The main has already got there safely. Finally, the stragglers emerge from the dust. The exhausted calf is still blinded by sand. Its mother does everything possible to help it. The storm is now subsiding, but not all the elephants have been so lucky. One youngster has got lost. Thirsty and exhausted, it follows the tracks of its mother, but sadly in the wrong direction. At the peak of the dry season in the Kalahari water arrives in the Okavango. It fell as rain a thousand miles away in the highlands of Angola and has taken nearly five months to reach here. The water drives out insects from the parched ground, which are snapped up by plovers. Catfish, travelling with the flood, collect any drowning creatures the birds have missed. It's a seasonal feast for animals of all kinds. Birds are the first to arrive in any numbers - water cranes, then black storks. Behind the birds come buffalo. After weeks of marching their trek is coming to an end. As the water sweeps into the Okavango a vast area of the Kalahari is transformed into a fertile paradise. Nowhere on our planet Earth is the life giving power of water so clearly demonstrated. TheOkavango becomes criss-crossed with trails as animals move into its heart. The new arrivals open up paths like arteries along which water flows, extending the reach of the flood. This is an Africa rarely seen - a lush water world. Some creatures are completely at home here. These are lechwe - antelope with hooves that splay widely, enabling them to move its speed through the water. For others the change is far less welcome. Baboons are somewhat apprehensive bathers. The water brings a season of plenty for all animals. Hunting dogs. These are now among the rarest of Africa's mammals, but then nonetheless the continent's most efficient predators. Their secret is teamwork. Impala are their favourite prey. They start to hunt and the pack splits up. An aerial viewpoint gives a new insight into their strategy. As the dogs approach their prey they peel off to take up separate positions around their target. They seem to form a cordon around the impala. Moving in total silence they take up their positions. Those ears can detect the slightest rustle. The hunt is on. Three dogs close in on one impala. Missed. The lead dog drives the impala towards the hidden flankers. Anticipating their line the leader cuts the corner and joins a flanker for the final assault. It's all or nothing. One on one. The dog has stamina, the impala has speed. Leaping into the lake is an act of desperation - impala can barely swim. The dogs know their prey must come out or drown - now it's a waiting game. The rest of the pack are calling. They've made a kill in the forest and this is an invitation to join in the meal. The impala is in luck. A pack this size kills once a day and everything is shared. And this impala is reprieved. The elephants are nearing the end of their long journey. After weeks of marchingthey're desperately tired. The matriarch can smell water and encourages the herd to make one last effort. The youngsters are exhausted but their mothers have made this journey before and they know that they're close to water. After many hundreds of miles they've arrived. The lives of these elephants are dominated by the annual rhythm of wet and dry, a seasonal cycle created by the sun. At the southern end of the earth, after four months of total darkness, the sun once more rises over Antarctica. Now at last the Emperor penguins abandon their huddle. The males are still carrying the precious eggs that they've cherished throughout the Antarctic winter. With the returning sun the eggs hatch. Other birds have not even arrived. but the Emperors by enduring the long black winter have given their chicks a head start. These youngsters are now ready and eager to make the most of the brief Antarctic summer.第2集 PLANET EARTH MountainsHuman beings venture into the highest parts of our planet at their peril. Some might think that by climbing a great mountain they have somehow conquered it, but we can only be visitors here. This is a frozen alien world. This is the other extreme - one of the lowest hottest places on Earth. It's over a hundred metres below the level of the sea. But here a mountain is in gestation. Pools of sulphuric acid are indications that deep underground there are titanic stirrings. This is the Danakil Depression in Ethiopia, lying within a colossal rent of the earth's surface where giant land masses are pulling away from one another. Lava rises to the surfacethrough this crack in the crust creating a chain of young volcanoes. This one, Erta Ale, is today the longest continually erupting volcano on the planet, a lake of lava that has been molten for over a hundred years. These same volcanic forces also created Ethiopia's highlands. 70 million years ago this land was just as flat and as deep as the Danakil Depression. Molten lava rising from the earth's core forced up a huge dome of rock 500 miles wide, the roof of Africa. Over millennia, rain and ice carved the rock into a landscape of spires and canyons. These summits, nearly 3 miles up, are home to some very remarkable mountaineers Gelada baboons. They are unique to the highlands of Ethiopia. The cliffs where they sleep are for expert climbers only, and Gelado certainly have the right equipment. the strongest fingers of any primate and an utterly fearless disposition. But you need more than a head for heights to survive up here. A day in a Gelado's life reveals how they've risen to the challenge. For all monkeys morning is grooming time, a chance to catch up with friends. But, unlike other monkeys, Gelados chatter constantly while they do it. It's a great way to network while your hands are busy. But these socials can't go on for too long. Gelados have a busy daily schedule and there's work to be done. Most monkeys couldn't live up here. There's no food and few insects to feed on. But Gelados are unique they're the only monkeys in the world that live almost entirely on grass. They live in the largest assemblies formed by any monkeys. Some groups are 800 strong and they crop the high meadows like herds of wildebeest. The Gelados graze alongside Walia ibex, which are also unique to these highlands. These rare creatures are usually very shy but they drop their guard when the Gelados arearound. You might expect that grazers would avoid each other's patch but this is a special alliance from which both partners benefit. It's not so risky to put your head down if others are on the lookout. Ethiopian wolves - they won't attempt an attack in broad daylight. But at dusk the plateau becomes a more dangerous place. With the grazing largely over there's a last chance to socialise before returning to the sleeping cliffs. An early warning system puts everyone on the alert. Their day ends as it began, safe on the steep cliffs. The Ethiopian volcanoes are dormant, but elsewhere others still rage. Volcanoes form the backbone of the longest mountain chain on our planet - the Andes of South America. This vast range stretches 5,000 miles from the Equator down to the Antarctic. It formed as the floor of the Pacific Ocean slid beneath the South American continent, buckling its edge. At the southern end stand the mountains of Patagonia. It's high summer, but the Andes have the most unstable mountain weather on the planet and storms can erupt without warning. Temperatures plummet and guanacos and their newborn young must suddenly endure a blizzard. Truly, all seasons in one day... A puma - the lion of the Andes. Pumas are usually solitary and secretive. To see a group walking boldly in the open is extremely rare. It's a family - a mother with four cubs. She has just one brief summer in which to teach them their mountain survival techniques. Rearing four cubs to this age is an exceptional feat, but she does have an excellent territory, rich in food and water. Although the cubs are now as large as their mother, they still rely on her for their food. It will be another year before the cubs can hunt for themselves. Without their mother's skill and experience they would never survivetheir first winter. Battered by hurricane force winds, these slopes are now lifeless. Further north, they hold other dangers. Moving at 250 miles an hour, an avalanche destroys everything in its path. In the American Rockies a 100,000 avalanches devastate the slopes every winter. This huge mountain chain continues the great spine that runs from Patagonia to Alaska. The slopes of the Rockies, bleak though they are, provide a winter refuge for some animals. A mother grizzly emerges from her den after six months' dozing underground. Her two cubs follow her and take their first steps in the outside world. These steep slopes provide a sanctuary for the cubs. A male bear would kill and eat them given the chance. But big animals find it difficult to get about here. Males may be twice the size of a female and even she can have problems. Her cubs, however, make light of the snow and of life in general. But the mother faces a dilemma: it's six months since she last fed and her milk is starting to run dry. She must soon leave the safety of these nursery slopes and lead her cubs away from the mountain. If she delays, the whole family will risk starvation. Summer reveals the true nature of the Rockies. Stripped of snow, the peaks bear their sculpted forms. Only now can mountaineers reclaim the upper reaches. Two miles up the crumbling precipices seem devoid of life. But there are animals here - a grizzly bear. It seems to be an odd creature to find on these high rocky slopes. It's hard to imagine what could have attracted it here. At this time of the year bears should be fattening up for the winter. Yet they gather in some numbers on these apparently barren slopes. They're searching for a rather unusual food - moths. Millions have flown up here to escape the heat of the lowlandsand they're now roosting among the rocks. Moths may seem a meager meal for a bear, but their bodies are rich in fat and can make all the difference in a bear's annual struggle for survival. Another battle is being waged here but on a much longer timescale. These loose boulders are the mountain's crumbling bones. The Rockies are no longer rising but slowly disintegrating. All mountains everywhere are being worn down by frost, snow and ice. The Alps were raised some 15 million years ago as Africa, drifting northwards, collided with the southern edge of Europe. These spires are the eroded remains of an ancient seabed that once stretched between the two continents. But these are just the Alpine foothills. The range at its centre rises to 3 miles high and is crowned with permanent snows. The Matterhorn, its summit too steep to hold a snow field. Mont Blanc - the highest peak in Western Europe. The distinctive jagged shapes of the Alps were carved by those great mountain sculptors - the glaciers. Immense rivers of moving ice, laden with rock, grind their way down the mountains, gouging out deep valleys. They're the most powerful erosive force on our planet. A moulin - a shaft in the ice opened by melt water as it plunges into the depths of the glacier. Like the water running through it, the ice itself is constantly moving, flowing down the valley with unstoppable force. Alpine glaciers may seem immense, but they're dwarfed by those in the great ranges that divide the Indian subcontinent from Tibet. This is the boulder strewn snout of the giant Baltoro glacier in the Karakoram mountains of Pakistan. It's the biggest mountain glacier on Earth - 43 miles long and over 3 miles wide. This huge ice-filled valley is so large it's clearly visible from space. This is the greatestconcentration of peaks over 5 miles high to be found anywhere on Earth. They're the most dangerous mountains of all. K2 and her sister peaks have claimed more lives than any others. The peaks here rise so precipitously, the glaciers are so steep and crevassed that few except the most skilled mountaineers can penetrate these ranges. Markhor gather for their annual rut. Males must fight for the right to breed, but on these sheer cliffs any slip by either animal could be fatal. A snow leopard - the rarest of Himalayan animals. It's a female returning to her lair. These are the first intimate images of snow leopard ever filmed in the wild. She greets her one year old cub. Her den is well chosen. It has exceptional views of the surrounding cliffs. On these treacherous slopes no hunter other than the snow leopard would have a chance of catching such fragile prey. A female with young makes an easier target. Her large paws give an excellent grip and that long tail helps her balance. Silently she positions herself above her prey. She returns with nothing. Golden eagles patrol these cliffs in search of the weak or injured. With a 2 metre wing span this bird could easily take a young markhor. Eagles hunt by sight and the thickening veil of snow forces them to give up. For the leopard the snow provides cover and creates an opportunity. The worsening weather dampens the sound of her approach allowing her to get within striking distance. It was an act of desperation to try and catch such a large animal. Wolves have made a kill giving other hunters a chance to scavenge. The worst of the blizzard brings success for the snow leopard, but having descended so far to make the kill she has a grueling climb to get back to her lair. The cub must be patient. It'll be a year before it has the strengthand skill to kill for itself on these difficult slopes. The snow leopard is an almost mythical creature, an icon of the wilderness, an animal few humans have ever glimpsed for its world is one we seldom visit. The Karakoram lie at the western end of a range that stretches across a tenth of our planet - the Himalayas. These, the highest mountains of the world, like other great ranges, were created by the collision of continents. Some 50 million years ago India collided with Tibet thrusting up these immense peaks, which are still rising. This vast barrier of rock and ice is so colossal it shapes the world's climate. Warm winds from India, full of moisture, are forced upwards by the Himalayas. As the air rises so it cools, causing clouds to form and the monsoon is born. At high altitudes the monsoon rains fall as snow. Here, at the far eastern end of the range in China, one inhabitant endures the bitter winters out in the open. Most other bears would be sleeping underground by now, but the giant panda can't fatten up enough to hibernate. Its food, bamboo, on which it totally relies has so little nutritional value that it can't build up a store of fat like other bears. Most of the creatures here move up or down the slopes with the seasons but the panda is held captive by its diet for the kind of bamboo it eats only grows at this altitude. But these forests hold fewer challenges for the more mobile. The golden snap-nosed monkey, like the giant panda, lives only in China. Their thick fur allows them to survive at greater altitudes than any other monkey and when the cold bites they have these upper slopes to themselves. Even if you have a warm coat it apparently helps to surround yourself with as many layers as possible. But at least these monkeys have a choice - if theytire of tree bark and other survival food they can always descend to lower warmer altitudes and not return there till spring. As the snows retreat trees come into bloom. Cherry blossom. Rhododendrons - here in their natural home they form great forests and fill the landscape with the covers of a new season. These forests are a host to a rich variety of springtime migrants. Beneath the blooms - another display. It's the mating season for oriental pheasants, Himalayan monal, tragopan and blood pheasant. Musk deer make the most of a short flash of spring foods. This male smells a potential mate. The red panda, rarely glimpsed in the wild. It was once considered a kind of raccoon, but is now believed to be a small mountain bear. By midsummer its larger, more famous relative, has retreated into a cave. A giant panda nurses a tiny week old baby. Her tender cleaning wards off infection. She won't leave this cave for three weeks, not while her cub is so utterly helpless. Progress is slow for milk produced on a diet of bamboo is wretchedly poor. Four weeks old and the cub is still blind. Its eyes do not fully open until three months after birth, but the chances of the cub reaching adulthood are slim. The struggle of a giant panda mother to raise her cub is a touching symbol of the precariousness of life in the mountains. On the highest summits of our planet nothing can live permanently. The highest peak of all, Mount Everest, five and a half miles above sea level and still rising - the roof of our world. Of those humans who've tried to climb it one in ten have lost their lives. Those that succeed can stand for only a few moments on its summit. The Nepalese call it 'a mountain so high no bird can fly above it.' But each year over 50,000 demoiselle cranes set out on one of the most challenging。
八大行星英语表达(课堂PPT)
solar system
Our solar system consists of the sun, eight planets (and their moons), an asteroid belt（小行 星带）, and many comets (彗星) and meteors（流星）.
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Mercury(水星)
Mercury is the planet closest to the Sun in our Solar System.
This small, rocky planet has almost no atmosphere.
its surface is similar to
the surface of our
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天王星 (Uranus)
Uranus is the seventh planet from the sun in our solar system.
This huge, icy planet is covered with clouds and is encircled by a belt of 11 rings and 22 known moons.
7
Mars（火星）
Mars, the red planet, is the fourth planet from the sun and the most Earth-like planet in our solar system.
It is about half the size of Earth and has a dry, rocky surface and a very thin atmosphere.
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My Very Excellent Mother Just Sent Us Nine Pizzas
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Ladies and gentlemen, we are going to reach our today‟s destination, a county of Tibetan Prefecture, Danba. Before you get off the bus, you are suggested to take care of your belongings, and if you have any needs or doubts, please don‟t hesitate to let me know, OK? Well, when you get off the bus, I‟ll take you to the Danba Hotel, our accommodation, and after you arrange your luggage, we would begin our travel. Now, ladies and gentlemen, please get down the bus one by one, and after 20 minutes, we will get together at the gate of the hotel.OK, it‟s said that a thousand-mile journey is started by taking the first step. Ladies and gentlemen, yesterday we had a pleasure trip in the Four Maidens Mountain, and today we‟ll enjoy ourselves in Danba, a county of Tibetan Prefecture. First, I‟d like to show you around the county, and give you some information about Danba, such as the geographical features, its cultures, the people, their life styles and customs. Then we‟ll go to Suopo Town, to have a look at the ancient tower groups in Moluo Village. And the last scenic spot we‟d visit today is Jiaju Tibetan Village. After these, we‟ll come back to the hotel, enjoy our dinner and have a good night.(一)OK, ladies and gentlemen, let‟s go, and please keep together. Now we are in the center of Danba County, Danbameans “a town on the cliff”in Tibetan. It‟s located on the west slope of Qionglai Mountain, along the southeast edge of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. (Well, here is a question for you, have you still remembered, which part of Qionglai Mountain is the Four Maidens Mountain situated in? Yes, that is right, in the middle part.) Danba County covers an area of 5,649 square meters, and has 15 villages under its jurisdiction. Due to the special geological formation of the county, the major rivers flow along mountains. The Dajin River, Xiaojin River, Donggu River and Geshizha River converge in the north part of Zhanggu Town, and then become the Dadu River. (Dadu River, maybe some of you have ever heard from it, the Red Army used to be forced to cross the river, and there were 17 heroes making great contributions to the army.) So overlooking from the air, the geological formation form a “whirlpool formation”, and the mountains and rivers are placed in a radioactive shape in the 360 degrees, resembling a delicate and charming plum amid high and steep mountains in the west part of the county.The unique alpine valley topography of Danba helps form a vertical climate zone. The rich spectrum of climates and complicated conditions in the area help form the diversified soil types and a home for many kinds of animals and plants. Fromshrubs in the hot and dry valley, through broad-leaved forest in the Temperate Zone, to mixed forest in the Cold Temperate Zone and conifer forest in the Frigid Zone, you may encounter argali and snow boars on high mountains; bears, wild cattle, macaques in dense forests; parrots, magpies, cuckoos and even soft-shelled turtles, and many kinds of fish in valleys. It is really a world with diversified plants and animals.Local people have benefited from this miraculous fertilized land, since the valley areas provide especially good conditions for the growth of crops and fruit trees, human ancestors began to settle and farm in Danba in ancient times. Therefore, Danba has a long history and diversified cultures. The excavation of Neolithic age in Danba proves that Danba was one of the most important areas for human ancestors. From a wealth of pottery, store ware, bone ware, buildings and ash pits unearthed, experts determined that the site existed sometime between 2,000 to 5,000 years ago. Tibetans living in Danba are known as …‟Jiarong Tibetans”, while some say that “Jiarong Tibetans”means “Tibetans living in the Queen‟s valley”. Jiarong Tibetans in Danba practice Bon religion and Tibetan Buddhism. Located at the transitional section from plateau to plains, Danba is greatly influenced by the migration and blending of ethnic groups. Moreover, it is a place with diversifiedreligions and religious schools. For example, the sacred Moerduo Mountain, one of the four sacred mountains in the Tibetan area, is an important place where the Taoist and Bon religion rites are performed. In the sacred Moerduo Monastery, gods of Buddhism, Tibetan Buddhism and even Taoism are enshrined. The phenomenon of tolerance and co-existence is unique. From this, we may see that Jiarong Tibetans not only boast a long history, but also an opened and diversified culture.Danba is also known as “Beauty Valley”. Danba got the name in the historical past. Danba women are endowed with talents and elegance. They are well versed in singing and dancing. They do not apply many cosmetics as those city women do, but they are born clever and pure. It seems that they do not have a strong build and pretty appearance as other branches of Tibetan women do, but they appear to be slender and charming. Then, what has helped make them so? Some said that, Danba is the former home of Dongnu Kingdom in the Tang Dynasty, and the Queen of the Kingdom was a beautiful Jiarong lady. The scenic land with warm and moist climates could give birth to a beautiful queen, why can‟t produce many more beauties? Others said Jiarong people and WesternXia people had blood relationship. It is said that the Mongolian destroyed the WesternXia Kingdom. Some royalmembers of the Kingdom fled to the south and settled in the Dadu River Valley. Gradually, they merged with the aboriginal people. According to this saying that, Danba ladies are possible descendants of WesternXia royals. Therefore, the beautiful Danba ladies also bear the characteristics of multi-cultural exchanges.Ladies and gentlemen, now when you walk around the street, you can appreciate their pretties heartily. If you were lucky enough, you would encounter your Mr. Right or Miss. Right.(二)OK, ladies and gentlemen, you may have a general idea about Danba, after the tour in the county. Now we‟ll go to Suopo Town, to have a look at the ancient tower groups in Moluo Village. Danba has been known as “a place with a thousand towers” since ancient times. According to historical records, the building of the towers can be dated back to more than 2,000 years ago in the Han Dynasty (206BC-220AD). There had been already more than 3,000 towers by the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) and the middle period of the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911). According to the statistics, there still reserve 562 such ancient towers. Jiarong preserves the most ancient towers in China, and Danba has the most of the towers in Jiarong.The ancient towers are classic works of human architectural art，a symbol of Danba‟s long history and rich culture as well.Local people live as nomads, farmers-nomads, or simple as farmers. Farmers work on farm and can not be moved. But the land was just on the well-known “corridor”, where the wars for lands frequently broke out. Therefore, in order to defend the land, local people invented this special architectural form. The ancient towers played an important role in Jiarong people‟s fights for safeguarding their own rights. In Danba, the ancient towers were built with stones and in the form of quadrangle, pentagon, hexagon, octagon, dodecagon and even in the shape that has 13 straight sides. The more angles a tower has, the more complicated the structure will be, and therefore, it means it is more difficult to build. It is said that only three 13-sided towers that had ever been built in the whole Tibetan and Qiang area, and two of them were located in Danba. Nowadays, the ancient towers in Danba can be divided into two categories: family towers and village towers. A family tower was built by an individual family, and it was often built in front of, or in rear of the family house, or sometimes connecting with the house. Due to limited material resources and manpower, a family tower would only be built into a twenty to thirty meters high structure. In peace time, the towers were used to store goods to guard against thefts and attacks from enemies. During the war time, the towers would construct an inseparablecollective defense. Village towers were collectively built by a tribe or a vilage for defense purpose, and they can rise as high as 50 to 60 meters. Village towers can be divided into boundary towers, beacon towers, pass towers, geomantic towers and others. Usually, not many geomantic towers had been built; there was only one geomantic tower in a tribe or a village for worshipping. Boundary towers were erected as terminus. If there is no distinctive borderline between two tribes or villages, the boundary towers were used as well as posts and fortifications. The beacon and pass towers were situated at mountain ridges or valley forks. They served as observation posts in peace time and assumed attacking and defending tasks in wartime.In Danba, Tibetan houses and ancient towers are called “stockade villages” by the locals，because they are many unique ancient architectural groups . The choice of the site of a “stockade village”should take local conditions into consideration. The site should be favorable to flood and disasters preventing and controlling. And the choice should facilitate defense and arrangements for actions of the whole village. Due to these reasons, most of the villages were built on an open slope facing south and in the lee of a mountain. Stones, mud and timber were used as the major building materials of the towers. Each courtyard is wide atbottom and narrow at the top, resembling a man sitting cross-legged practicing meditation. From the first to the fifth floor, kitchen, bedroom and storeroom, scripture hall, balcony, mini tower and others are rational distributed. The four corners on the top of each tower enshrine white stones and Mani Banners. Cypress branches are burned in vase-shaped “songke” to worship gods.Looking far into distance, the distinctive Tibetan houses and ancient towers are situated on mountain slopes and by cliffs amid green mountains and dense woods. They fully embody the harmonious co-existence of Jiarong people and Mother Nature. It also perfectly demonstrates the ancient Chinese philosophy of the harmonious integration of nature and man.(三)Ladies and gentlemen, when you have finished your sightseeing here, we‟ll go to Jiaju Tibetan Villages. The style of buildings there are different from these towers. We would go along the Dajin River. It‟s one of the trunk streams in the upper reaches of the Dadu River; it stretches some 42.8 kilometers from Jinchuan County, through Badi, Bawang and Niexia Village of the same township; and finally it merges into the Danba River at Zhanggu Town. Scenery along the riverbanks is beautiful, as it adjoins the “beauty valleys”.Well, you can see that, the colorful and unique houses in Jiaju Tibetan village are well integrated with natural surroundings, they construct a picturesque scene. Each year, local people will gather at Puluwo on the 15th day of the fourth lunar month to worship the sacred Yaxiao Mountain and hold their annual grand horse race.1、slope[]n.坡;斜面2、plateau[]n.高原3、jurisdiction[]n.管辖范围4、whirlpool[]n.漩涡[C]5、resemble[]vt.像,类似[W][(+in)]6、amid[]prep.在...之间;在...之中7、alpine[]a.(像)高山的;高山生长的alpine plants高山植物8、topography[]n.地形;地形学;地形测量学9、vertical[]a.垂直的;竖的,立式的10、spectrum[]n.[C]系列;范围;幅度[(+of)]11、shrub[]n.矮树;灌木[C]12、broad-leaved[]a.阔叶的13、Temperate Zone【地】温带14、conifer[]n.【植】针叶树,松柏科植物15、Frigid Zone[]寒带16、encounter[]vt.意外地遇见(朋友等)The first person she encountered was Cyril Scott.她遇到的第一个人是西瑞尔·史考特。