英语词汇学Lecture4精品PPT课件
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语言学第四章chapter4课件
• (7) I hear _____ yesterday. (noun phrases: it, the car, a dog, Peter, a new car, the scholar with an American accent)
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4.4.2 Immediate constituent analysis
• (4) The _____ makes a lot of noise. (nouns: car, radio, child, dog)
• (5) I heard a _____ yesterday. (nouns: car, radio, child, dog)
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• (6) _____ makes a lot of noise. (noun phrases: it, the car, a dog, Peter, a new car, the scholar with an American accent)
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4.4.1 Structural analysis
• A descriptive approach studying the distribution of linguistic forms in a language by means of test frames, which can be sentences with empty slots in them.（分布、测试框架、替代、纵聚合关系）
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• (a) You must not split infinitives.
• (b) You must not end a sentence
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4.4.2 Immediate constituent analysis
• (4) The _____ makes a lot of noise. (nouns: car, radio, child, dog)
• (5) I heard a _____ yesterday. (nouns: car, radio, child, dog)
学习交流PPT
13
• (6) _____ makes a lot of noise. (noun phrases: it, the car, a dog, Peter, a new car, the scholar with an American accent)
学习交流PPT
12
4.4.1 Structural analysis
• A descriptive approach studying the distribution of linguistic forms in a language by means of test frames, which can be sentences with empty slots in them.（分布、测试框架、替代、纵聚合关系）
学习交流PPT
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• (a) You must not split infinitives.
• (b) You must not end a sentence
英语词汇学第4讲
Allomorph
A prefix like im- occurs before p, b, or m (imperfect, imbalance, immobile). Its allomorphs are ir- before r (irregular, irresponsible); il- before l (illogical, illegal); in- before all other consonants and vowels (inflexible, incomplete).
Origin and productivity
Native affixes are those that existed in the OE period or were formed from OE words, such as un-, mis-, be-, out-, over-, -ness, -dom, -hood, -ly, –er. Foreign affixes came as a part of loan words from Latin, Greek, French, or other languages. Examples: ab-(L), bi-(L), dis-(L), re-(L), kilo(Gk), poly-(Gk), mal-(F), -ic(Gk), -ism(Gk), ist(Gk), -able (F), -ize(F).
Morpheme: exercise
Please identify the morphemes.
ecocrisis meaningfulness prediction inequality understatement undeveloped downsizing moonscape supernatural
英语词汇学EnglishLexicologyIV.ppt
Transference
Subject respectful
imaginative unexpressive contemptuous
Object respectable
imaginary inexpressible contemptible
English lexicology (III)
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10.2 Causes of changபைடு நூலகம்s
Villain, clown, churl Democracy, revolution, liberalism,
communism, landlord, trade union
English lexicology (III)
English Lexicology (IV)
Contents
10. Changes in Meaning 11. American English
To be continued
English lexicology (III)
2
Vocabulary is the most unstable element of a language as it is undergoing constant changes both in form and content. Comparatively, the content is even more unstable than the form.
Deer girl garage liquor instant reply
English lexicology (III)
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10.1 Types of changes
Elevation / Amelioration
Subject respectful
imaginative unexpressive contemptuous
Object respectable
imaginary inexpressible contemptible
English lexicology (III)
12
10.2 Causes of changபைடு நூலகம்s
Villain, clown, churl Democracy, revolution, liberalism,
communism, landlord, trade union
English lexicology (III)
English Lexicology (IV)
Contents
10. Changes in Meaning 11. American English
To be continued
English lexicology (III)
2
Vocabulary is the most unstable element of a language as it is undergoing constant changes both in form and content. Comparatively, the content is even more unstable than the form.
Deer girl garage liquor instant reply
English lexicology (III)
5
10.1 Types of changes
Elevation / Amelioration
词汇学第四章word formation (课堂PPT)
An example has been done for you.
Word
prefix
root
retell
re
tell
ex-wife
misleading
multimedia
automobile
microcomputer
vice-chairman
Observe the words and their roots or stems, do you think
it is the formation of new words by adding prefix to stems.
• Features:
non-class changing
• Exceptions:
class-changing prefixes
In modern English, there are small part of
every word enjoys the same part of speech with its root or
stem?
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5
• On semantic basis, prefixes are divided into
ten groups:
① Negative Prefixes否定前缀 ② Reversative or privative prefixes逆反前缀 ③ Pejorative prefixes贬义前缀 ④ Prefixes of degree or size表范围和程度的前缀 ⑤ Prefixes of orientation and attitude表方向和态度的前缀 ⑥ Locative prefixes方位前缀 ⑦ Prefixes of time and order表时间和顺序的前缀 ⑧ Number prefixes数字前缀 ⑨ Conversion prefixes转化前缀 ⑩ Miscellaneous prefixes其他类型的前缀
英语词汇学授课课件 PPT
❖ 2. synonyms and idioms
B: rapid growth of present-day English Vocabulary and Its causes
❖ Neologisms(新词) after World War II ❖ Reasons： ❖ 1. progress of science and technology科技
❖ This definition emphasizes syntax(句法)， but does not touch upon meaning.
Antoine Meillet
❖ “A word is defined by the association of a given sense with a given group of sounds capable of a given grammatical use.” (p.2, para.2 )
Bloomfield布洛姆菲尔德（美国语言学家教育 家） and ❖ a French linguist, Antoine Meillet（梅耶，法 国语言学家）
Bloomfield
❖ “some linguistic forms（语言形态）, which we call bound forms(限定/非自由形态) are never used as sentences.
invaded by Angles盎格鲁, Saxons撒克逊, Jutes朱特人
❖ Vocabulary： 5000-6000 words，chiefly Anglo-Saxon/ some Old Norse古斯堪的那维 亚语
❖ Old Norse words (are, they, their, them, till, call, die, give, take, skin, window, ill, weak)
B: rapid growth of present-day English Vocabulary and Its causes
❖ Neologisms(新词) after World War II ❖ Reasons： ❖ 1. progress of science and technology科技
❖ This definition emphasizes syntax(句法)， but does not touch upon meaning.
Antoine Meillet
❖ “A word is defined by the association of a given sense with a given group of sounds capable of a given grammatical use.” (p.2, para.2 )
Bloomfield布洛姆菲尔德（美国语言学家教育 家） and ❖ a French linguist, Antoine Meillet（梅耶，法 国语言学家）
Bloomfield
❖ “some linguistic forms（语言形态）, which we call bound forms(限定/非自由形态) are never used as sentences.
invaded by Angles盎格鲁, Saxons撒克逊, Jutes朱特人
❖ Vocabulary： 5000-6000 words，chiefly Anglo-Saxon/ some Old Norse古斯堪的那维 亚语
❖ Old Norse words (are, they, their, them, till, call, die, give, take, skin, window, ill, weak)
Lecture4--英语词汇学学习课件
④ a + n: long-distance; short-term；full-length
⑤v + n: breakneck (危险的); cross-contry (越野的);
cut- price (特价的);
⑥ n + n-ed: chicken- hearted; honey-mouthed; paperbacked ⑦ a + n-ed: short-sighted; warm-hearted; long-haired
English Lexicology(I)
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(3) Verb compounds
① Through conversion nickname (n) to nickname (给……起 绰号) honeymoon (n) to honeymoon (度蜜月) moonlight (n) to moonlight (夜袭) machine-gun (n) to machine-gun (用机 枪扫射)
English Lexicology(I)
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⑵. Adjective compounds
① n +a: fat-free (不含脂肪的); world-famous;life-long
② a + a: dark-blue; icy-cold; bitter-sweet
③adv + a: all-mighty (万能的)；evergreen;over-cautious
2. Compounding (复合法/合成法)
1).Definition of compounding
also called composition, is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems. Words formed in this way are called compounds. So a compound is a
英语词汇学 unit4 Major Process of Word Formation ppt
Derivational affixes may have more than one meaning. e.g. de 1. to undo what has been done, to reverse the action of decentralize, decode 2. to remove: to debone 3. to reduce: devalue
free = free root morpheme bound root bound inflectional affixes (suffixes) affixes (prefixes) derivational affixes (suffixes)
Allomorphs（词素变体）
Definition: different variants of a morpheme Allomorphs can be phonologically or morphologicaBiblioteka ly conditioned.
10 words from each group with Chinese meaning
Teaching Outline
Basic morphological 形态学的 concepts:
Morpheme. Root Stem
词素
Preffixation Suffixation Compounding 复合法
Chapter 4
Major Process of Word Formation
Presentations and assignments
1. Make sure the meaning of words with affixes indicating the following categories:
Lecture 4PPT教学课件
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Semantic Motivation:
A number of words in English may be
explained by the motivation of meaning.
This has much to do with figures of speech.
Bottleneck:
a. the neck of a bottle;
b. a narrow strip of road between two
wide parts;
c. an obstruction in the case of traffic or
production
a coat of paint, potatoes cooked in their
1. Semantics: studies in the science of meaning. (first used by the French linguist Michael Bréal in the 19th century) Semantics: the study of the relationships between linguistic forms and entities in the world; that is, how words literally connect to things. (美国路易斯安那州立大学的语言学教授 George Yule)
Africa.
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Metonymy: using the name of one thing for that of something else with which it is associated.
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2ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
Lecture 4 Morphological Structure of English Words Before we actually deal with the means of word-formation, we need to analyze the morphological structure of words and gain a working knowledge of the different wordforming elements which are to be used to create new words.
▪ One morpheme---nation ▪ Two morphemes---nation-al ▪ Three morphemes---nation-al-ize
▪ Four morphemes---de-nation-al-ize（使…非国有
化）
▪ More than four morphemes---de-nation-al-ization
6
Lecture 4
-ness expresses a state or quality; -s expresses plural; and –ing helps to convey a sense of duration. These minimal meaningful units are known as morphemes. In other words, ① the morpheme is ‘the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words’ (crystal 1985)
Allomorphs do not occur at random, but are
phonetically conditioned and thus predictable:
教学目的和要求：通过本单元的学习，学生对词的
和认识。
形态结构、词的构成要素——词 素、词干、词根有基本的了解
1
Lecture 4
Morphological Structure of English Words
▪ 教学重点： 1) Morpheme; 2) Types of morphemes.
教学难点： 1) Concept of morpheme; 2) Morpheme、stem 、root.
8
Lecture 4
Morphological Structure of English Words 2. Allomorphs (词素词素变体/语素变体/形位变
体) “An allomorph is any of the variant forms of a
morpheme as conditioned（受制约） by position or adjoining sounds” (Webster’s New World Dictionary of the American Language).
Lecture 4
Morphological Structure of English Words
讲授题目： Morphological Structure of English Words
所属章节：教材之第二章 计划学时：2 periods
教学方法：传统讲授法
参考资料：《英语词汇学教程》、《英语词汇学》
7
Morphological Structure of English Words
▪ ② The morpheme is the smallest meaningful
linguistic unit of language, not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms. ▪ What is usually considered a single word in English may be composed of one or more morphemes:
3
Lecture 4
Morphological Structure of English Words
1. Morpheme (词素/语素/形位)
It seems to be generally agreed that a word is the smallest unit of a language that stands a lone to communicate meaning. Structurally, however, a word is not the smallest unit because many words can be separated into even smaller meaningful units. Look at the following items:
4
Lecture 4
Morphological Structure of English Words
▪ yes ▪ unhappiness ▪ horses ▪ talking
yes un-happi-ness horse-s talk-ing
5
Lecture 4
Yes has no internal grammatical structure. We could analyze its constituent sounds, [ j ]、[ e ]、[ s ], but none of these has a meaning in isolation. So the three sounds are called phonemes rather than morphemes. By contrast, horse, talk and happy plainly have a meaning, as do the elements attached to them: un-carries a negative meaning;
Lecture 4 Morphological Structure of English Words Before we actually deal with the means of word-formation, we need to analyze the morphological structure of words and gain a working knowledge of the different wordforming elements which are to be used to create new words.
▪ One morpheme---nation ▪ Two morphemes---nation-al ▪ Three morphemes---nation-al-ize
▪ Four morphemes---de-nation-al-ize（使…非国有
化）
▪ More than four morphemes---de-nation-al-ization
6
Lecture 4
-ness expresses a state or quality; -s expresses plural; and –ing helps to convey a sense of duration. These minimal meaningful units are known as morphemes. In other words, ① the morpheme is ‘the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words’ (crystal 1985)
Allomorphs do not occur at random, but are
phonetically conditioned and thus predictable:
教学目的和要求：通过本单元的学习，学生对词的
和认识。
形态结构、词的构成要素——词 素、词干、词根有基本的了解
1
Lecture 4
Morphological Structure of English Words
▪ 教学重点： 1) Morpheme; 2) Types of morphemes.
教学难点： 1) Concept of morpheme; 2) Morpheme、stem 、root.
8
Lecture 4
Morphological Structure of English Words 2. Allomorphs (词素词素变体/语素变体/形位变
体) “An allomorph is any of the variant forms of a
morpheme as conditioned（受制约） by position or adjoining sounds” (Webster’s New World Dictionary of the American Language).
Lecture 4
Morphological Structure of English Words
讲授题目： Morphological Structure of English Words
所属章节：教材之第二章 计划学时：2 periods
教学方法：传统讲授法
参考资料：《英语词汇学教程》、《英语词汇学》
7
Morphological Structure of English Words
▪ ② The morpheme is the smallest meaningful
linguistic unit of language, not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms. ▪ What is usually considered a single word in English may be composed of one or more morphemes:
3
Lecture 4
Morphological Structure of English Words
1. Morpheme (词素/语素/形位)
It seems to be generally agreed that a word is the smallest unit of a language that stands a lone to communicate meaning. Structurally, however, a word is not the smallest unit because many words can be separated into even smaller meaningful units. Look at the following items:
4
Lecture 4
Morphological Structure of English Words
▪ yes ▪ unhappiness ▪ horses ▪ talking
yes un-happi-ness horse-s talk-ing
5
Lecture 4
Yes has no internal grammatical structure. We could analyze its constituent sounds, [ j ]、[ e ]、[ s ], but none of these has a meaning in isolation. So the three sounds are called phonemes rather than morphemes. By contrast, horse, talk and happy plainly have a meaning, as do the elements attached to them: un-carries a negative meaning;