英语词汇学课程课件
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英语词汇学课件Unit
Combining two or more words to create a new word, e.g., "eyewitness," "motherland."
Synthesis
Changing the form of a word to create a new word or expression, e.g., "run" to "ran," "walk" to "walk a walk."
Blending: Combining the sounds or parts of two words to create a new word, e.g., "smog," "break."
Prefixes and suffixes that are added to the beginning or end of words to modify their meanings or functions, e.g. "un -" in "unhappy," "- ness" in "happiness."
The rapid pace of technological advancement has greatly influenced the English vocabulary New terms related to technology, such as "cyberpunk" or "algorithm," have entered the language to describe these advancements
Chapter 8 English Idioms 英语词汇学 教学课件
Stylistic Features
❖ A large proportion of idioms were first created by working people:
❖ in deep water, tide over, take the helm by seamen;
❖ kill two birds with on stone, if you run after two hares, you will catch neither used by hunters;
❖ Occasionally, we may find changes in constituents of idioms
❖ Replacement ❖ Addition or deletion ❖ position-shifting ❖ shortening ❖ dismembering.
First
❖ Strictly speaking, idioms are expressions that are not readily understandable from their literal meanings of individual elements.
Introduction
❖ for example: ❖ fly off the handle, put up with ❖ In a broad sense, idioms may include
Rhetorical Features
❖ Apart from the stylistic features, idioms manifest apparent rhetorical coloring in such respects as:
词汇学第九章课件
Many idioms are semantically inexplicable. 许多习语在语义上是无法解释的。
9.1.2 Structural Stability结构 的稳定性
01 T h e s t r u c t u re of a n idiom is to a large extent unchangeable. 一个习语的结构在很大程 度上是不可改变的。
9.2 Classification of idioms习语的分类
01
The standard of Classification of idioms is The criterion
02
of ’grammatical function’.习语的分类标准是语法功能的 标准 。
9.2.1 Idioms nominal in
主要是谚语和格言，包 括口语词和时髦语
The forms and functions of idioms are not necessarily identical. 习语的形式 和功能并非完全相同。 E.g. pepper and salt His hair is pepper and salt.他的头发黑白 相间
❖ 3.Figure of speech 修辞手法
❖ I. Simile 明喻
❖ II .Metaphor 暗语
Animal to refer to people.
❖ III.Metonymy 借代
❖ Synecdoche 提喻法
.——means using a part for a whole， an individual for a class a material for a thing or the reverse of any of these. 部分代替整体或整体代替部分
9.1.2 Structural Stability结构 的稳定性
01 T h e s t r u c t u re of a n idiom is to a large extent unchangeable. 一个习语的结构在很大程 度上是不可改变的。
9.2 Classification of idioms习语的分类
01
The standard of Classification of idioms is The criterion
02
of ’grammatical function’.习语的分类标准是语法功能的 标准 。
9.2.1 Idioms nominal in
主要是谚语和格言，包 括口语词和时髦语
The forms and functions of idioms are not necessarily identical. 习语的形式 和功能并非完全相同。 E.g. pepper and salt His hair is pepper and salt.他的头发黑白 相间
❖ 3.Figure of speech 修辞手法
❖ I. Simile 明喻
❖ II .Metaphor 暗语
Animal to refer to people.
❖ III.Metonymy 借代
❖ Synecdoche 提喻法
.——means using a part for a whole， an individual for a class a material for a thing or the reverse of any of these. 部分代替整体或整体代替部分
《英语词汇学第一章》PPT课件
A morpheme may be represented by one syllable, lik e boy and child, or by two or more syllables, as in la· dy, cro·co·dile, etc.
• B. Allomorphs 词素变体 • A morpheme may take various shapes or forms. • 如：books, pigs, horses共同词素是什么？ • 曲折词素-(e)s。 • 有三种不同发音：/-s, -z, -iz/
• An elusive notion • have has had ？ • friend friends ？
• entry词条in a dictionary --- lexeme 词位 • word form 词形：词的不同形状 • lexical unit 词汇单位：一个词形跟一个意义的结合
• Definition: • A word is an independent, minimal, meaningful linguistic unit.
• 粘着词根大多源自希腊语或拉丁语，不能独立使用。
• 观察下面几个单词，找出共同词根： • revive, vitamin, vital, vivacious, vivid • 拉丁词根：vit-/viv-, 意思：life or live • 复兴，复活；维生素；十分重要的；生机勃勃的，活泼的；生动的
zable into smaller forms. • 词素是语言中最小的语音语义结合体。(P13)
• Q: What’s the difference between a “word” & a “morpheme”? • 词：能独立运用的、最小的语音语义结合体 • 词素：不一定能独立运用 • Example • 试分析：denationalization共有几个词素？ • nation • nation+al • nation+al+ize • de-nation+al+ize • de-nation-al-iz-ation 使非国有化,使私营化
• B. Allomorphs 词素变体 • A morpheme may take various shapes or forms. • 如：books, pigs, horses共同词素是什么？ • 曲折词素-(e)s。 • 有三种不同发音：/-s, -z, -iz/
• An elusive notion • have has had ？ • friend friends ？
• entry词条in a dictionary --- lexeme 词位 • word form 词形：词的不同形状 • lexical unit 词汇单位：一个词形跟一个意义的结合
• Definition: • A word is an independent, minimal, meaningful linguistic unit.
• 粘着词根大多源自希腊语或拉丁语，不能独立使用。
• 观察下面几个单词，找出共同词根： • revive, vitamin, vital, vivacious, vivid • 拉丁词根：vit-/viv-, 意思：life or live • 复兴，复活；维生素；十分重要的；生机勃勃的，活泼的；生动的
zable into smaller forms. • 词素是语言中最小的语音语义结合体。(P13)
• Q: What’s the difference between a “word” & a “morpheme”? • 词：能独立运用的、最小的语音语义结合体 • 词素：不一定能独立运用 • Example • 试分析：denationalization共有几个词素？ • nation • nation+al • nation+al+ize • de-nation+al+ize • de-nation-al-iz-ation 使非国有化,使私营化
词汇学PPT课件
b. Borrowed words
Borrowed words (loan words): are words taken from foreign languages.
Origin of borrowed words
Danish Latin Italian Arabic Russian
French Greek Spanish Chinese German
4. Meaning and concept
How are words related
to things?
4. Meaning and concept
Word → concept → referent
referent ↗↖
Word → concept
4. Meaning and concept
Features of native words
in structure: mostly monosyllabic words in meaning: express the fundamental
concepts dealing with everyday
objects and things in grammar: include most parts of speech
1. Definition of a Word
I love you!
I hate you!
1. Definition of a Word
What is a word?
Major Features of Words
What are the major features of words?
（杨信彰，2009）
1.terminology 术语 2.jargon 行话
词汇学第三单元ppt课件
名人的姓名也经常以缩略词的形式出现，首字母缩略词加不 加圆点，用法各异，英国人经常不加圆点，美国人经常加圆 点,但总是倾向不加圆点。
例：萧伯纳 George Bernard Shaw (G.B.S.)
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Ⅲ.首字母拼音词
• 把首字母组成的缩略词拼读成一个词，就是首字 母拼音词。
• 涉及面：科技用语；组织名称；产品名称；国际 机构等
截短词有鲜明的文体色彩，只适用于口语或非正 式场合。例如，exam（考试）、prof（教授） 拼写稍作改动，以便发音。例如dub double（为 电影配音）
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II. 首字母缩略词
• 首字母缩略法是将社团名称、特殊名词短语或专 业术语的第一个字母组合在一起的构词方法。利 用第一个词的首字母代表一个词组的缩略词，就 叫做首字母缩略词。
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• 个别截短词演变出新的词义
例如，fan（体育运动、电影等爱好者）来自fanatic （狂热者，入迷者）。
• 截短词和原词同时存在，但截短词是通用的词， 而原词却不常用，甚至带有书卷气。
例如：lunch luncheon（午餐）、movie movie picture（电影） 词义有分工，例如，cute（小巧可爱的） acute （敏锐的）、mend（修理） amend（修订、改 良）、spy（间谍） espy（窥见）
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IV.拼缀词
拼缀法：将两个词的某一部分合并，或者在一个词上加上另一 个词的一部分而构成新词的一种方法，拼缀法只能裁剪两个词 中的一个，把一个不完整的词和一个完整的词拼成另一个词，
这样的构词方法叫做“拼缀词”，“合成词”“混成词 （teleseope word）”或者“行囊词（portmanteau word）”
例：萧伯纳 George Bernard Shaw (G.B.S.)
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Ⅲ.首字母拼音词
• 把首字母组成的缩略词拼读成一个词，就是首字 母拼音词。
• 涉及面：科技用语；组织名称；产品名称；国际 机构等
截短词有鲜明的文体色彩，只适用于口语或非正 式场合。例如，exam（考试）、prof（教授） 拼写稍作改动，以便发音。例如dub double（为 电影配音）
2024/8/8
8
II. 首字母缩略词
• 首字母缩略法是将社团名称、特殊名词短语或专 业术语的第一个字母组合在一起的构词方法。利 用第一个词的首字母代表一个词组的缩略词，就 叫做首字母缩略词。
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7
• 个别截短词演变出新的词义
例如，fan（体育运动、电影等爱好者）来自fanatic （狂热者，入迷者）。
• 截短词和原词同时存在，但截短词是通用的词， 而原词却不常用，甚至带有书卷气。
例如：lunch luncheon（午餐）、movie movie picture（电影） 词义有分工，例如，cute（小巧可爱的） acute （敏锐的）、mend（修理） amend（修订、改 良）、spy（间谍） espy（窥见）
2024/8/8
15
IV.拼缀词
拼缀法：将两个词的某一部分合并，或者在一个词上加上另一 个词的一部分而构成新词的一种方法，拼缀法只能裁剪两个词 中的一个，把一个不完整的词和一个完整的词拼成另一个词，
这样的构词方法叫做“拼缀词”，“合成词”“混成词 （teleseope word）”或者“行囊词（portmanteau word）”
Chapter-9-English-Dictionary-英语词汇学-教学课件
❖ American desk dictionaries: Webster’s New World Dictionary , 2nd college Edition ( 1980), and Webster’s Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary ( 1983).
Pocket dictionaries
Desk dictionaries
❖ Desk dictionaries are medium-sized ones containing words ranging from 50,000 to 150,000.
❖ British dictionaries: The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Ninth Edition (1996),Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, 3rd Edition (1980), Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, New Edition ( 1987)
Specialized Dictionaries
❖ Special dictionaries concentrate on a particular area of language or knowledge, treating such diverse topics as etymology, synonyms, idioms, pronunciation, usages in language, and computer, engineering, literature and a variety of other subjects. These dictionaries may not be very large in size, yet each contains much more detailed information on the subject than you can find in a general unabridged one.
Pocket dictionaries
Desk dictionaries
❖ Desk dictionaries are medium-sized ones containing words ranging from 50,000 to 150,000.
❖ British dictionaries: The Concise Oxford Dictionary, Ninth Edition (1996),Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, 3rd Edition (1980), Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, New Edition ( 1987)
Specialized Dictionaries
❖ Special dictionaries concentrate on a particular area of language or knowledge, treating such diverse topics as etymology, synonyms, idioms, pronunciation, usages in language, and computer, engineering, literature and a variety of other subjects. These dictionaries may not be very large in size, yet each contains much more detailed information on the subject than you can find in a general unabridged one.
英语词汇学教程 全套课件-精选文档
长子，赑屃/囚牛 次子，螭吻 三子，蒲牢 四子，狴犴 五子，饕餮 六子，蚆嗄 七子，睚眦 八子，狻猊/负屃 九子，椒图 /貔貅
龙之九子
长子，赑屃（bìxì ） /囚牛（qiúniú） 次子，螭吻（chīwěn） 三子，蒲牢（ púláo） 四子，狴犴（bìàn） 五子，饕餮（tāo tiè） 六子，蚆嗄（bā xià） 七子，睚眦（yá zì ） 八子，狻猊（ suān ní ）/负屃（fù xì ） 九子，椒图（ jiāotú）/貔貅（ pí xiū）
Biblioteka 莎士比亚大约掌握24000个词。 丘吉尔能使用90000个词。 一个受过高等教育的英国人一般能掌握 25000词以上。 美国大学对外国学生的英语要求是掌握 4000词。 学会常用的5000个词，就能理解97%左 右的内容。
大学英语四级（CET-4）词汇量4500 大学英语六级（CET-6）词汇量5500 英语专业四级（TEM-4）词汇量6000 英语专业八级（TEM-8）词汇量8000 托福 （TOEFL）词汇量7500 雅思 （IELTS） 词汇量8000 研究生入学考试 （GRE）词汇量12000 你的词汇量……?
Skill of memorizing new words
charisma Chairman Mao revealed his charisma to the whole world. (a natural ability and personality to attract and interest other people and make them admire you领袖魅力/气质/风采)
8000-15000词汇量 （GRE词汇量） abrasion equivocate morbid belligerent fortuitous peccadillo coalesce immaculate procrastination divulge loquacious taciturn
龙之九子
长子，赑屃（bìxì ） /囚牛（qiúniú） 次子，螭吻（chīwěn） 三子，蒲牢（ púláo） 四子，狴犴（bìàn） 五子，饕餮（tāo tiè） 六子，蚆嗄（bā xià） 七子，睚眦（yá zì ） 八子，狻猊（ suān ní ）/负屃（fù xì ） 九子，椒图（ jiāotú）/貔貅（ pí xiū）
Biblioteka 莎士比亚大约掌握24000个词。 丘吉尔能使用90000个词。 一个受过高等教育的英国人一般能掌握 25000词以上。 美国大学对外国学生的英语要求是掌握 4000词。 学会常用的5000个词，就能理解97%左 右的内容。
大学英语四级（CET-4）词汇量4500 大学英语六级（CET-6）词汇量5500 英语专业四级（TEM-4）词汇量6000 英语专业八级（TEM-8）词汇量8000 托福 （TOEFL）词汇量7500 雅思 （IELTS） 词汇量8000 研究生入学考试 （GRE）词汇量12000 你的词汇量……?
Skill of memorizing new words
charisma Chairman Mao revealed his charisma to the whole world. (a natural ability and personality to attract and interest other people and make them admire you领袖魅力/气质/风采)
8000-15000词汇量 （GRE词汇量） abrasion equivocate morbid belligerent fortuitous peccadillo coalesce immaculate procrastination divulge loquacious taciturn
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粘着语素不能独立成词，只能依附于其他语素上 以构成词或担当一定的语法功能。
Free morphemes are all roots /free roots, which are capable of being used as words or as wordbuilding elements to form new words.
formation
➢ Teaching focus:
• Definition of morphemes • Definition of allomorphs • Types of Types of morphemes
free morpheme bound morpheme
• Definitions of root, stem and base
Free vs. bound morphemes in terms of their capacity of occurring alone
Derivational vs. inflectional morphemes applying to affixes only
Content / lexntic and syntactic basis
1. Morpheme
What is a morpheme？ It is the minimal meaningful unit of language. Or it is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words. 语素是最小的有意义的单位。它是语言中最小 的构词单位
2. Morph and allomorph
➢The definition of morphs： The phonetic or orthographic strings or segments which realize morphemes are termed ‘morphs’. 语素的语音或拼写法的体现叫形素。 Morphs are actual spoken, minimal carriers of meaning. 形素是口语中最小的意义载体。
What is an allomorph?
An allomorph is one of the variants of the same morpheme.
语素/形位变体是同一个语素的不同形式。
For example
When the plural marker {s} is added to cat, dog, and horse, it is pronounced differently as /-s, -z,
英语词汇学课程课件
课件名称：英语词汇的形态结构 制作人：孙红梅、寻阳 单位：曲阜师范大学外国语学院
Chapter 3
Morphological structure of English words
➢ Objectives:
• Discuss morphemes, their classification and identification; • Explain the relationship between morphemes and word-
自由语素都是词根, 也叫自由词根, 能用作词或作 为构成新词的构词要素。
Bound morphemes consist of either roots (bound roots) or affixes.
粘着语素包括词根（粘着词根）和词缀。
E.g., bound root: -dict-, -ced-
affix: -ion, -ist, -ic
A multitude of words made up of merely bound morphemes, eg: ante-ced-ent. ➢ -ced- 是词根，‘接近’， ➢ ante- 是前缀，‘在…前’， ➢ -ent 是后缀，‘人，物’，
Derivational vs. inflectional morphemes 派生语素与屈折语素
What are derivational and inflectional morphemes?
➢ Derivational morphemes are used to derive new words when they are added to another morpheme. In English derivatives and compounds are all formed by such morphemes.
Free vs. bound morphemes 自由语素与粘着语素
➢ Morphemes which are independent of other morphemes are free. Free morphemes have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences.
➢ 自由语素是能独立运用的语素，它有完整的意 义，在句中充当一个自由的语法单位。
➢ E.g., man, wind, open, tour
Morphemes which cannot occur as separate words are bound. They are bound to other morphemes to form words or to perform a particular grammatical function.
-iz/ and thus has three phonological forms; the three forms are just the variants of the same morpheme {s}, i.e. the allomorphs of morpheme {s}.
3. Classifications of morphemes
Free morphemes are all roots /free roots, which are capable of being used as words or as wordbuilding elements to form new words.
formation
➢ Teaching focus:
• Definition of morphemes • Definition of allomorphs • Types of Types of morphemes
free morpheme bound morpheme
• Definitions of root, stem and base
Free vs. bound morphemes in terms of their capacity of occurring alone
Derivational vs. inflectional morphemes applying to affixes only
Content / lexntic and syntactic basis
1. Morpheme
What is a morpheme？ It is the minimal meaningful unit of language. Or it is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words. 语素是最小的有意义的单位。它是语言中最小 的构词单位
2. Morph and allomorph
➢The definition of morphs： The phonetic or orthographic strings or segments which realize morphemes are termed ‘morphs’. 语素的语音或拼写法的体现叫形素。 Morphs are actual spoken, minimal carriers of meaning. 形素是口语中最小的意义载体。
What is an allomorph?
An allomorph is one of the variants of the same morpheme.
语素/形位变体是同一个语素的不同形式。
For example
When the plural marker {s} is added to cat, dog, and horse, it is pronounced differently as /-s, -z,
英语词汇学课程课件
课件名称：英语词汇的形态结构 制作人：孙红梅、寻阳 单位：曲阜师范大学外国语学院
Chapter 3
Morphological structure of English words
➢ Objectives:
• Discuss morphemes, their classification and identification; • Explain the relationship between morphemes and word-
自由语素都是词根, 也叫自由词根, 能用作词或作 为构成新词的构词要素。
Bound morphemes consist of either roots (bound roots) or affixes.
粘着语素包括词根（粘着词根）和词缀。
E.g., bound root: -dict-, -ced-
affix: -ion, -ist, -ic
A multitude of words made up of merely bound morphemes, eg: ante-ced-ent. ➢ -ced- 是词根，‘接近’， ➢ ante- 是前缀，‘在…前’， ➢ -ent 是后缀，‘人，物’，
Derivational vs. inflectional morphemes 派生语素与屈折语素
What are derivational and inflectional morphemes?
➢ Derivational morphemes are used to derive new words when they are added to another morpheme. In English derivatives and compounds are all formed by such morphemes.
Free vs. bound morphemes 自由语素与粘着语素
➢ Morphemes which are independent of other morphemes are free. Free morphemes have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences.
➢ 自由语素是能独立运用的语素，它有完整的意 义，在句中充当一个自由的语法单位。
➢ E.g., man, wind, open, tour
Morphemes which cannot occur as separate words are bound. They are bound to other morphemes to form words or to perform a particular grammatical function.
-iz/ and thus has three phonological forms; the three forms are just the variants of the same morpheme {s}, i.e. the allomorphs of morpheme {s}.
3. Classifications of morphemes