自考英语词汇学 第九章课件
现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料chapter9
Chapter 9 Changes in Word Meaning⏹9.1 Causes of Changes in Word Meaning⏹9.2 Four Tendencies in Semantic Change⏹9.3 Semantic Development or Change Resulting from the Figurative Use ofWordsDefinition: Change of meaning refers to the alteration of the meaning of existing words, as well as the addition of new meaning to established words.9.1 Causes of Changes in Word MeaningA.Historical cause 历史原因It often happens that though a word retains its original form ,its meaning has changed because the object which it denotes has changed .*Changes of meaning because of increased knowledge of the object described are common in the history of science.Eg.pencil==is from a Latin word meaning “a little tail”or “a fine brush”, like our Chinese “pen”毛笔.Later, when it was made of wood and graphite ,it was still called a “pencil”.atom ==It was borrowed though Latin and French from Greek arouos ,invisible. Thus atom meant originally “an particle too small to be divided”. This meaning is now out-of-date, because scientist have found out that atom can be split.B.Social cause 社会原因Change in word meaning resulting from a constant verbal traffic between common words and various technical words is referred to as socialcause of semantic change.Some technical words have lost their specialized meaning and have come to be used in more general senses.Eg.feedback (Electr.) =means “response” in common use ,as in “The teacher likes to have feedback from his students”;allergic (Med.)=means “being unusually sensitive to the action of particular foods, pollens, insect-bites ,etc.”*A specific environment may add a fresh and highly technical sense to a word of general use .Eg.energy =(Phys.) ability of matter or radiation to do workdecline =(Gram.) inflect, state the case-forms ofC.Foreign influences 外来文化影响A particularly important cause .eg.-pig ,sheep ,ox(cow) denote the names of both the animals and their meat in the Old English period ,but since the meat was called pork ,mutton and beef respectively among the Norman conquerors, the original terms are now used only as the names of the animals.-dream meant “joy” in OE, it gets its modern sense from the related Scandinavian word draumr.D.Linguistic cause 语言上的原因*Two tendencies: towards ellipsis省略and towards analogy类推.-Ellipsis as a cause of semantic change often occurs in habitual collocations, such as adj.+n.,or attributive n.+n.,in which the noun is often deleted and only the first element (the attributive )is left ,but retaining the sense of the whole phrase .eg.a general –a general officer 一位将军an editorial–an editorial article一篇社论bugle–bugle horn 号角gold–gold medal ,as in the Olympic Games金牌uniform–uniform dress 制服transistor–transistor radio 收音机daily–daily newspaper 日报duplicate –duplicate copy 副本-Analogical tendency: New meanings developed in one part of speech are passed on to other parts of speech from the same lexical base.eg.diplomatic(外交的，外交上的)which had earlier meant only “skillful in managing international relations,”had by 1826 developed the sense of “tactful in the management of relations of any kind ;artful management it dealing with others.”By 1848，this new meaning had been passed on to the noun diplomacy. （外交；外交手腕；交际手段）E.Psychological cause 心理学上的原因*Three formsa)Euphemism委婉People have a tendency to use mild, agreeable language when speaking of an unpleasant or embarrassing fact (such as death, disease, unfortunate events or crime), and of taboo subjects as sex and the excretive processes of the body.eg. hence death and things related to death-to pass away-to breathe one’s last -to cease to think-to fall asleep -to go west-to kick the bucket -to be no moreb)Grandiloquence 夸Grandiloquence refers to the use of long, important-sounding words for effort .The desire to upgrade or raise the social status of a position,occupation, or institution by changing its common name to one felt to confer greater dignity or importance is another psychological factor in the change of word meaning.eg.janitor看门人；守卫；门警–custodian管理人；监护人；保管人gardener园丁；花匠；园艺家–landscape architect造园技师；环境美化设计家reform school教养院；少年犯管教所–community home少年感化院；c)Cynicism 嘲讽Cynicism: the desire to sneer and to be sarcastic.eg .pious虔诚的；敬神的；可嘉的；尽责的--hypocritically virtuous 伪善地善良fanatic狂热的；盲信的—unreasonably enthusiastic ,almost approaching to madness grandiloquent夸的；夸大的；大言不惭的—pompous in language ;given to beautiful talksanctimonious假装虔诚的；假装圣洁的；假装诚实的–devout ,holy or sacre d9.2 Four Tendencies in Semantic ChangeA.Restriction of meaning (specialization) 词义的缩小/具体化Restriction of meaning means that a word of wide meaning acquires a narrow , specialized sense which is applicable to only one of the objects it had previously denoted.B.Extension of meaning (generalization) 词义的扩大/普遍化Extension of meaning: means the widening of a word’s sense until it covers much more than what it originally conveyed.*Two main reasons for this tendency :1. The predominant developmental trend is in the direction of differentiationrather than of synthesis;2. Related to the first ,is that the formation of general concepts from specificterms is of lesser importance in non-scientific communication though it is rathera characteristic of scientific endeavor .eg.C.Degeneration of meaning (pejoration) 词义的降格/语义转贬Two main forms:1.The failing of word meaning into disrepute, for one reason or another .eg. silly1)Originated from the AS sœlig meaning “blessing and happy”2)Since the blessed people are usually those innocent of evil ,the word came tomean “innocent” in the 17th century3)As innocent people are so often those leading simple lives, it later came to mean“simple”and “simple-minded”, which is often associated with “lack ofintelligence”4)hence the modern meaning of the word silly :“foolish”.2.This form may take the form of the gradual extension to so many senses thatany particular meaning which a word may have had is completely lost.*This form refers to the weakening of meaning resulting from habitual use of particular words on unsuitable occasions.D.Elevation of meaning (amelioration) 词义的升格/语义改良♦Elevation of meaning: a word meaning takes a turn for the better in the course of time, and has either risen from a “snarl” word to a “purr” word ,or from a slang term to a common word.eg.9.3 Semantic Development or Change Resulting from the Figurative Use of WordsA. Metaphor隐喻，暗喻♦Metaphor is a figure of speech containing an implied comparison based on association of similarity, in which a word or a phrase ordinarily and primarily used for one thing in applied to another, a process which often results insemantic change or figurative extension of meaning.eg. food for thought ,a heart of stone ;thunderous applausea cunning person –foxa beautiful woman –vision美景♦Two types:a)The similarity between tenor and vehicle may be based on likeness in form orappearance; on a resemblance in relative position; in quality or in function.eg. eye of a needlethe teeth of a combthe bridge of a pair of eyeglassesthe crest of a mountainb)There is one psychological process which also produces linguistic results similarto those of metaphor:eg. synaesthesia. 联觉“which is based on transportation from one sense to another”*Many words have been used so frequently as metaphors that their metaphorical sense have become well-established in people’s minds. They are called faded metaphors and appear as one of the word’s meanings listed in any standard dictionaries.B. Metonymy 借喻，转喻，借代♦Metonymy is a figure of speech by which an object or idea is described by the name of something closely related to it.eg. the white house –the president or for the presidential staff of the US♦Categories of metonymy:a)Sign for the person or thing signified;eg. from the cradle to the grave (for “from infancy until death”)b)Container for its contents; the place for the people occupying it;eg. the bottle(for alcoholic drink ) wardrobe(for a person’s collection of clothes)c)The abstract for the concrete;eg. the pride (of our university ) the management (for governing body ,board of directors ect.)d)The concrete for the abstract;eg. tongue (for language ) the floor (the right of one member to speak, as in “to have the floor )e) A part for the whole and vice versa;eg. a sail for a ship (as in “a fleet of fifty sail )f)The material for the ting made.eg. silver for coins made of silver (as in “£20 in notes and £3 in burglars).. .。
出版自考英语（二）讲义Unit9FacingLife27sChallenges
出版自考英语（二）讲义Unit9FacingLife27sChallenges2013年自考“英语（二）”备考资料（新版教材unit 9）Unit 9 F ac i ng Lif e's Chal len gesI. Ne w w or ds a nd ex p r es s ionsNe w wor ds1. hur d le n. h ur dl es [pl.]跨栏赛；栏架，跨栏；难关，障碍2. ne gat iv e n.否定词；否定；拒绝adj. 坏的；有害的3. des p air v. 绝望；失去希望；丧失信心4. pe tt y adj. 小的：琐碎的；次要的5. i ndi v idu al adj. 一个人的；供一个人用的6. l ane n. （比赛的）跑道，泳道7. s pot n. 地点；场所；处所8. s ym bo li ze v. 象征；是…的象征；代表s ym bol-i ze常用的动词后缀：m oder ni ze, g lob al i ze, ec on om ize9. i nc r edi bl y a dv.极端地；极其c r edib le 可靠的，可信的c r edib l y变副词时需省略-e的形容词有s im ple, tr ue, c r edib le, bel ie va ble s im pl y, tr u l y, (in)c r edi bl y, (u n)bel ie va bl y10. p os it iv e adj. 良好的；正面的11. t oug h adj. 艰苦的；艰难的；棘手的12. ar is e v. 发生；产生；出现ar is e f r om s th.区分：ar ous e / ar is ear ous e one's a ng er / r es pec t / s ym p ath y13. los t a dj. 不知所措的；一筹莫展的14. lea p v. 跳跃15. yar d n. 码16. inc h n. 英寸17. c i nc h n. 很容易的事；小莱Phr as es a nd Ex pr es s i ons1. l ine up 排成一行；站队；排队（等侯）2. en d u p 最终成为；最后处于end up (in) d oin g s t h. en d u p be gg ing / b ein g ar r es tedend up as a b egg ar / pr is on er / m ill ion air eend up in pr is on / d ebts3. k eep up wit h（与…）齐步前进；并驾齐驱；跟上4. pac e on es elf调整自己的工作（或活动）节奏5. f it i n （与…）合得来；适应6. ge t o ver解决；克服；控制7. we ar out 使疲乏；使筋疲力尽；使厌烦8. wi th e as e 轻而易举地9. m ak e it 获得成功10. f al l o ver被…绊倒；几乎被…绊倒11. g et los t 不知所措；一筹莫展12. look bac k on 回首(往事)；回忆；回顾13. inc h b y inc h 缓慢而谨慎地；一步一步14. a t a t im e 每次；逐一；依次II. T ex t Lear n ing300 H ur dl es① Lif e m a y gi v e yo u a ne gat iv e, b ut d on't des pa ir- it m a y j us t d eve lo p into a b eau tif ul pic tur e on e da y. T his year, I r eal i zed m y the or y t hat I hav e o n l if e. Lif e is li k e a 300m hur dle r ac e. S inc e I r un t he 300mhur dl es, I wo ul d k now w hat the r ac e is l ik e.② T he f ir s t thing to a n y r ac e is wor r yin g a bout whet her you ar e goi ngto wi n or n ot. T his r e l ates to w or r yi ng abo u t the pett y t hi ngs i n l i f e. Does it r ea ll y m atter i f yo u w in? Is it r e al l y goi ng t o be the en d o f the wor ld? O r wi ll yo u b e ups et if you los e and then f or get ab out it? (1)Inlif e we wor r y t oo m uc h an d l iv e i n th e m om ent t oo litt le.（承上总结句）③ (2)Nex t is t he li nin g up in our o w n ind iv i dua l l anes. W e eac h s tar t at dif f er ent s pots, bu t th e r ac e is s ti ll th e s am e dis t anc e f or e ver yo ne.（承上启下句） (3)T his r el ates to our l i ves tak in g us to dif f er ent pl ac es and putt ing us in dif f er ent s ituat io ns, but ho pef ull y w e wil l en d u p i n the s am e plac e, but m a yb e at dif f er ent tim es.④ No w c om es the b e gin nin g of the r ac e. W e all tr y t o k eep u p withever yon e a nd pac e o ur s elv es wit h ot her p eop le. (4)T his s ym bo l i zes that at tim es in e ver yon e's li ves w e wor r y, ab out f itting in or be in g th e s am e as other peo pl e, i ns te ad of wor r yi ng ab out bei ng u ni que. If eve r yone wer e th e s am e, the wor ld wou ld b e i nc r edi bl y bor ing.本部分重点及难点：1. In lif e w e wor r y too m uc h and li ve in the m om ent too lit tle.生活中，我们担心得太多，而活在当下太少。
英语专业词汇学课件Chapter
02
Co text
The larger surrounding text or paragraph can influence the
meaning of a word The contextual clubs can help determine the
intended meaning
03
Situation
Associative learning
Connect new vocabulary words to know information or concepts to enhance memory retention
The settlement and application of vocabulary
Derived words often have related meanings or functions, and can help expand vocabulary and express more complex ideas
Compound vocabulary
Compound vocabulary refers to words that are formed by combining two or more words together, such as "bedroom", "notebook", "worldwide", etc
Idiom recognition
Situation language
Recognize and use English idioms to enhance natural language production
Apply vocabulary words based on the situation or context to communicate effectively
英语语言学课件Chapter 9 Phrases and Sentences
Traditional Grammar Categories
Number Agreement Person Tense Voice Gender: natural gender vs grammatical
gender
Traditional Analysis
PHale Waihona Puke ge 90 Page 94 We can also label each constituents
with grammatical terms Hierarchical organization:
sentence > noun phrase > noun
Linguistic Grammar
Involves the study and analysis of the structures ofound in a L, usu. With the aim of establishing a description of the grammar of ENG, for example
Phrases and Sentences: Grammar
Linguistic expressions as sequences of sounds represented phonetically
Linguistic expressions as sequence of morphemes
With these descriptions, we could characterize all the words of a language in terms of their phonetic and morphological make-up
Unit_9_Invented_words(课堂PPT)
gelivable
• “geli”是直接音译自中文的“给力(geili)”， 与其他英文单词相比，这两个单词基本 符合英语造词规则，唯一的不同之处在 于老外绝对看不懂。虽然老外看不懂， 但是ungelivable在中国网友中却大受欢 迎。
4
Newly invented words in English
Unit 9 Invented words
What can you infer from the title?
1
Newly invented/coined words in Chinese
• Vegeteal 偷菜 v. the most popular on-line game in China which everyone with IQ above 30 can play. 任何智商在30以上的人都可以玩的中国 最流行的网络游戏。
15
Text
Task 4: reading for main ideas( Para 412). (4 min)
• The key word of this part is _in_ve_n_t_ed__wo_r_d_s .
• There are _th_r_e_e forming ways of i_nv_e_n_te_d words.
6
E-waste
• Electronic material and devices that have been thrown away.
7
Face Time
• Application which enables people to make video phone calls. They can speak and see each other at the same time.
新编英语词汇学教程 第二版 Chapter 9 English Idioms
9.1 The definition of idioms
(2) a. It will be like carry coal to Newcastle if another post office open in the neighborhood; there are already three now.
Characteristics of English idioms
Structural invariability Semantic integratedness and figurativeness
9.2 Characteristics of English idioms
English idioms have two main characteristics:
(to take goods to a place where there are already plenty of them)
b. She turned her nose up at my small donation. (to treat sb. or sth. with contempt)
c. He’s become very high and mighty since he got that new job. (arrogant)
Chapter 9
English Idioms
CONTENT
1
The definition of idioms
2 Characteristics of English idioms
2021年自考英语二教材课文讲义unit9
2021年自考英语二教材课文讲义unit9 Unit 9 Facing Life’s ChallengesI. New words and expressionsNew words1. hurdle n. hurdles [pl.]跨栏赛；栏架，跨栏；难关，障碍2. negative n. 否定词；否定；拒绝 adj. 坏的；有害的3. despair v. 绝望；失去希望；丧失信心4. petty adj. 小的：琐碎的；次要的5. individual adj. 一个人的；供一个人用的6. lane n. （比赛的）跑道，泳道7. spot n. 地点；场所；处所8. symbolize v. 象征；是…的象征；代表 symbol-ize常用的动词后缀：modernize, globalize, economize 9. incredibly adv. 极端地；极其 credible 可靠的，可信的 credibly变副词时需省略-e的形容词有simple, true, credible, believable simply, truly, (in)credibly, (un)believably 10. positive adj. 良好的；正面的 11. tough adj. 艰苦的；艰难的；棘手的 12. arise v. 发生；产生；出现 arise from sth. 区分：arouse / arisearouse one's anger / respect / sympathy 13. lost adj. 不知所措的；一筹莫展的 14. leap v. 跳跃 15. yard n. 码 16. inch n. 英寸17. cinch n. 很容易的事；小莱Phrases and Expressions1. line up 排成一行；站队；排队（等侯）2. end up 最终成为；最后处于end up (in) doing sth. end up begging / being arrested end up as a beggar / prisoner / millionaireend up in prison / debts3. keep up with （与…）齐步前进；并驾齐驱；跟上4. pace oneself 调整自己的工作（或活动）节奏5. fit in （与…）合得来；适应6. get over 解决；克服；控制7. wear out 使疲乏；使筋疲力尽；使厌烦 8. with ease 轻而易举地 9. make it 获得成功10. fall over 被…绊倒；几乎被…绊倒 11. get lost 不知所措；一筹莫展12. look back on 回首(往事)；回忆；回顾 13. inch by inch 缓慢而谨慎地；一步一步 14. at a time 每次；逐一；依次II. Text Learning300 Hurdles① Life may giv e you a negative, but don't despair - it may just develop into a beautiful picture one day. This year, I realized my theory that I have on life. Life is like a 300m hurdle race. Since I run the 300m hurdles, I would know what the race is like.② The fi rst thing to any race is worrying about whether you are going to win or not. This relates to worrying about the petty things in life. Does it really matter if you win? Is it really going to be the end of the world? Or will you be upset if you lose and then forget about it? (1)In life we worry too much and live in the moment too little. （承上总结句）③ (2)Next is the lining up in our own individual lanes. We each start at different spots, but the race is still the same distance for everyone.（承上启下句） (3)This relates to our lives taking us to different places and putting us in different situations, but hopefully we will end up in the same place, but maybe at different times.④ Now comes the beginning of the race. We all try to keep up with everyone and pace ourselves with other people. (4)This symbolizes that at times in everyone's lives we worry, about fitting in or being the same as other people, instead of worrying about being unique. If everyone were the same, the world would be incredibly boring. 本部分重点及难点：1. In life we worry too much and live in the moment too little. 生活中，我们担心得太多，而活在当下太少。
自考英语一第九单元
Text A learned words and popular words本课主要单词1. learned adj. 有学问的，博学的；学术上的这个单词做形容词用时有两种读音，一是，另一个是或。
读时，意思是“有学问的，博学的；学术上的”；读或时，意思是“经过训练学到的”。
a learned man (学者) a learned discussion (学术讨论)a learned doctor (医道高明的医生) a learned journal (学术刊物)a learned response 后天的反应（指非天生的）He was learned in the ways of the words. (他深通人情世故。
)2. cultivated adj. 耕种的；栽培的；有修养的cultivate v. 耕种；种植；培养；陶冶；建立；教化cultivation n 耕种；栽培；培养；修养.1）The farmer was busy cultivating the land when I found him. (我找到那位农民时，他正忙着耕地。
)2）His father cultivated a farm of 80 acres. (他父亲耕种一个80英亩地的农场。
)3）Extensive reading can cultivate your mind. (广泛阅读能陶冶你的心性。
)4）He tried hard to cultivate good relations with his colleagues. (他努力与同事们建立良好关系。
)5）He is a very cultivated young man. (他是一个非常有教养的年轻人。
)6）Her cultivated voice was pleasing to the audience. (她文雅的说话嗓音很悦耳。
)7）He just can't understand why they allowed the land to go out of cultivation.(他就是不理解他们为什么任土地荒芜。
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Use of idioms 习语的使用 we need to be aware of the rhetoric characteristics of idioms such as stylistic features， Rhetorical features and their occasional variations. 我们需要理解习语的修辞特点，如文体特 征、修辞特征和其偶然的变异 。
9.3.2
of speech 修辞手法 I. Simile 明喻 II .Metaphor 暗语 Animal to refer to people. III.Metonymy 借代 Synecdoche 提喻法 .——means using a part for a whole， an individual for a class a material for a thing or the reverse of any of these.部 分代替整体或整体代替部分
Idioms verbal in nature动词性习语 This is the largest group. 这是习语中数量 最多的一类 。 1）Phrasal verbs – idioms which are composed of a verb plus a prep and/or a particle. 短语动词是由一个动词外加一个 介词和/或小品词构成的习语。 2）Othere verb phrases – the phrases that serve as verb 其他动词短语
9.1.2 Structural Stability结构的稳定性
The structure of an idiom is to a large extent unchangeable. 一个习语的结构在 很大程度上是不可改变的。 First, the constituents of idioms cannot be replaced首先, 习语的组成部分成分不可 替换。 Secondly, the word order cannot be inverted or changed.习语的语序不能倒装 或改变。
3.Figure
拟人 VI .Euphemism 委婉语 Some idioms are used in a humorous way 习语一直以幽默的方式出现
9.2.4
Idioms adverbial in nature 副词性
习语 E.g. tooth and nail ：with great violence and determination 拼命，竭尽全力 in nothing flat：in a very little time;soon 立刻；在极短的时间内 through thick and thin ：through all difficulties 不畏艰险
The semantic unity of Idioms is also reflected in the is illogical relationship between the literal meaning of each word and the meaning of the idiom . 习语的语 义整体性也可体现在每个词的字面意义和习 语的意义之间不合逻辑的关系中。 Many idioms are semantically inexplicable. 许多习语在语义上是无法解释的。
9.1.1
Though the various words which make up the idiom have their respective literal meanings， in the idiom they have lost their individual identity. 尽管组成习语的不同词有各自的字面意 义，但在习语中 他们已失去个体的身份。 Their meanings are not often recognizable in the meaning of the whole idiom. The part of speech of each element in no longer important. Quite often the idiom functions as one word. 他们的意义在整个习语的意义中经常是无法识别的。 同样，每一成分的词性不再 重要。这条习语通常用 作一个词。
9.2
Classification of idioms习语的分类 The standard of Classification of idioms is The criterion of ’grammatical function’. 习语的分类标准是语法功能的标准 。
Idioms nominal in nature 名词性习语 Idioms nominal in nature have a noun as the key word and function as a noun. 名词性习语都有一个名词充当关键词，而且 在句中用作关键词。
True
Semi-idioms
– the meanings are in a way related to the meanings of the constitute but are not themselves explicit. 半习语—其意义在某种程度上与组成成分的 意义相关联，但本身却不是很明确。 The fixity of idioms depends on the idiomaticity 。The more idiomatic the idioms， the more fixed the structure. 习语的稳定性在于其习语性程度。习语的习 语性越强，其结构也便越稳固。
英语词汇学
Chapter 9
English Idioms 英语习语
Idiom 习语
Idioms consist of set phrases and short sentences， which are peculiar to the language in question and loaded with the native cultures and ideas. 习语由固定的短语 和短句组成，它们所讨论的语言所独有的，而且带 有本族的文化和观念。 Strictly speaking， idioms are expressions that are not readily understandable from their literal meanings of individual elements. 严格来讲，习语是不能从 其个体成分的文字意思理 解其意义的， In a broad sense， idioms may include colloquialisms， catchphrases， slang expressions， proverbs，etc. 从广义上讲， 习语包括口语词、时髦语、俚语、谚语等。
9.2.1
9.2.2 Idioms adjective in nature形容词性习语
function as adjectives but the constituents are not necessary adjectives. 功能是形容词，但பைடு நூலகம்组成成分却未必是形容 词
9.2.3
9.1 Characteristics of idioms 习语的特点
Semantic unity 语义的整体性 Idioms each consist of more than one word， but each is a semantic unity.习语 有一个以上的词组成，但其语义又是一个整 体。
idioms – the meaning of the idiom cannot be deduced from those of the individual constituents. 真正的习语—语 义是不能从单独组成成分的意义中推导出来 的习语。 Regular combination – the speaker of the regular collocations， the meaning of the idiom can be understood from the literal meaning of the constitute. 规则组合—其 意义能从组成成分的字面意义中得以解释。
The idomaticity of idioms is gradable and may best be thought in terms of scale， with the―true‖idioms established at the upper end and regular combinations at the bottom. 习语的习语性是分等级的，而且可能最好从 等级上来研究。“真正的习语位于顶端，规 则的组合处于末端。
Thirdly,
the constituents of idioms cannot be deleted or added to， not even an article. 习语的组成成分不能删除或增加， 甚至一个冠词。 Finally, many idioms are grammatically unanalysable. 很多习语在语法上是不可 分析的 。
9.3.1
Rhetorical features 修辞特征 1. Phonetic manipulation 语音运用 I. Alliteration 头韵（法） II. Rhyme 韵脚 2. Lexical manipulation 词汇运用 I. Reiteration 重复（同义的重复） II. Repetition 重复 III. Juxtaposition （of antonyms）邻接 （反义词）