LINK Introduction in Chinese
向外国朋友介绍中国历史人物的英语作文
向外国朋友介绍中国历史人物的英语作文全文共6篇示例，供读者参考篇1My Favorite Chinese Historical FiguresHi friends! My name is Xiaoming and I'm 10 years old. Today I want to tell you about some of the most amazing people from ancient Chinese history. They were all super smart and accomplished so much. I really admire them!The first person is Confucius. He was a great thinker and philosopher who lived over 2,500 years ago during the Zhou Dynasty. Confucius taught ideas about proper behavior, wisdom, and how societies should work. His teachings are called Confucianism and they influenced China for thousands of years.Some of Confucius' most important ideas were about relationships, like how people should respect their parents and elders. He also talked a lot about being a good ruler and governing fairly. Confucius said that education was really important too. He believed that if people studied hard, they could become better human beings.Confucius traveled around ancient China discussing his ideas with rulers and teaching students. He wanted to make the world a more just and harmonious place. Even though he lived so long ago, Confucius' thoughts are still super influential today. That's why he's considered one of the most important philosophers ever!Another amazing historical figure is Qin Shi Huang, the first emperor of China. He united all the warring states and created the mighty Qin Dynasty in 221 BC. Qin Shi Huang was a tough but effective ruler. He standardized weights, measures, the written language and even the width of wagon wheel axles to help unite the country.Qin Shi Huang had an incredible building project completed - the Great Wall of China! Thousands of workers toiled for years to construct huge fortifications to protect China from invasions. Parts of this gigantic wall still exist today. The Great Wall must have been an astonishing sight.However, Qin Shi Huang could be very harsh too. He did not like criticism and had many scholars who disagreed with him brutally punished. He also enforced incredibly strict laws. Still, Qin Shi Huang made China into one cohesive empire which was a historic achievement.My next favorite figure is Zhang Qian, a brave explorer from the Han Dynasty around 100 BC. Zhang Qian was sent by the Han emperor to make contact with civilizations to the west. His journey took him over 10,000 miles across treacherous deserts and mountains for many years!Zhang Qian was actually captured for over a decade by an enemy tribe. But he never gave up and eventually escaped. He finally returned to China and told the emperor about the different kingdoms and trade opportunities to the west. Thanks to his efforts, the famous Silk Road trade routes were established between China and other parts of Asia, Africa and Europe.Zhang Qian's travels opened up China to the outside world and new ideas. What an adventurous and determined explorer he was! I wish I could have gone on one of his expeditions.Another hugely important person was Cai Lun who invented paper around 105 AD during the Han Dynasty. Before that, people in China wrote on expensive materials like silk, bamboo or animal bones. Cai Lun found that he could make a new writing surface from tree bark, rags, hemp and old fishing nets. His invention of paper was a game changer!Paper was cheap, lightweight and easy to produce compared to other writing surfaces. It allowed ideas and information tospread much more rapidly across China. Pretty soon, paper was being used for books, artwork, packaging and even personal hygiene! Cai Lun's brilliant invention spread far beyond China to the rest of the world too. Just imagine how difficult everything would be without paper products like notebooks, newspapers and cardboard boxes. Thank you Cai Lun!Those are some of the legendary figures that I really admire from ancient Chinese history. They were all innovators, thinkers, leaders and explorers who shaped China in remarkable ways. I'm proud of the rich history and culture of my country. I hope you enjoyed learning about these fascinating historical personalities as much as I enjoyed telling you about them! Let me know if you have any other questions.篇2Awesome Chinese Historical Figures You Should KnowHi friends! Today I'm going to tell you about some really cool people from ancient Chinese history. These guys were super important and did amazing things back in the day. Get ready to learn about heroes, philosophers, and even an empress!First up, we have the one and only Qin Shi Huang, the first emperor of China. He was the dude who united all the warringstates and created the mighty Qin Dynasty in 221 BC. Talk about a power move! Qin Shi Huang was obsessed with becoming immortal, so he ordered the building of this gigantic mausoleum with life-sized terracotta warriors guarding it. How wild is that? Thousands of these clay soldier statues were buried underground to protect him in the afterlife. I'd love to see that someday!Next, let's talk about Confucius, one of the most influential philosophers in Chinese history. He lived a long time ago, around 500 BC, but his teachings are still super important today. Confucius had all these wise sayings about how people should behave, respect their elders, value education, and be good citizens. His big thing was something called the "Analects," which was like a book of his quotes and life lessons. Pretty cool for an ancient dude, right?Have you guys heard of the Silk Road? It was this crazy long trade route that connected China to other parts of Asia, Africa, and Europe. Well, one famous traveler who explored the Silk Road was a monk named Xuanzang. In the year 629 AD, he went on an epic 17-year journey all the way to India to study Buddhism and bring back sacred texts. His adventures were solegendary that they inspired the classic novel "Journey to the West." I'd love to go on a huge adventure like that someday!Okay, get ready for a powerful lady - Wu Zetian, the only empress regnant in Chinese history. In 690 AD, she took control and ruled the whole empire as the monarch of the Zhou Dynasty. Wu Zetian was super smart and good at politics, but she also had to deal with a lot of people who didn't think a woman should be in charge. Despite all the haters, she stayed on the throne for over 15 years and made some important reforms. Girl power!Last but not least, we've got to talk about Zheng He, the famous Chinese explorer from the 15th century. This guy led not one, not two, but SEVEN incredible voyages across the Indian Ocean and all the way to the east coast of Africa! His giant fleet of ships, called "treasure ships," were bigger than anything Europeans had at the time. On his journeys, Zheng He traded silk, porcelain, and other goods while showing off China's power and wealth. What an amazing life he must have had!There you have it, friends - some of the coolest cats in Chinese history. From mighty emperors to wise philosophers to brave explorers, these legendary figures did so much awesome stuff that still impacts the world today. I hope you learnedsomething new and got inspired by their amazing stories. Let me know which one was your favorite!篇3My Name is Xiaoming and I'm Going to Tell You About Some Really Cool People from Chinese History!Hi friends! My name is Xiaoming and I'm 10 years old. I love learning about the amazing people who helped shape China into the awesome country it is today. Get ready, because I'm going to tell you all about some of the coolest historical figures ever!Let's start with Confucius. This dude was like the greatest teacher and philosopher in ancient China. He lived a reaaaally long time ago, around 500 BC. Confucius had so much wisdom about how people should behave and treat each other with kindness and respect. His teachings are called Confucianism and they've influenced China for over 2,000 years! Pretty impressive, right?Next up is Qin Shi Huang, the very first emperor of a united China. In 221 BC, he conquered a bunch of smaller kingdoms and created the Qin Dynasty. Qin Shi Huang was a powerful ruler who standardized weights, measures, currency and even the written language across China. He also started construction onthe famous Great Wall to protect against invaders. Oh and get this - he had an entire terracotta army of life-sized soldier statues buried with him to guard his tomb!Have you guys heard of the Silk Road? It was this massive trade network connecting China to other parts of Asia, Africa and Europe. A guy named Zhang Qian from the Han Dynasty gets credit for establishing relations with countries along the Silk Road around 100 BC. Thanks to the Silk Road, Chinese silk, porcelain, and other goods could be traded for products from far away lands. Pretty cool that people were doing international business way back then!Around 500 years after Zhang Qian, there was this insanely talented woman named Wu Zetian who actually ruled as emperor of China for a while. At the time, this was almost unheard of since women weren't supposed to have that kind of power. But Wu Zetian was determined and changed a bunch of laws to help strengthen her control. She promoted talented people based on merit rather than just their status or connections. You go girl!Okay, let's talk about this legendary figure named Zheng He. In the early 1400s, he led these mind-blowing voyages across the Indian Ocean all the way to the east coast of Africa. Zheng Hehad a massive fleet of ships that absolutely dwarfed anything the Europeans had at the time. On his expeditions, he helped strengthen China's trade and shared its culture and technology with other civilizations. What an explorer!The last person I'll tell you about is Lin Zexu, who lived in the 1800s. He was this high-ranking official who took a major stand against the opium trade that was being forced on China by British merchants. Lin Zexu confiscated and destroyed insane amounts of opium, which ultimately led to war between China and Britain. Even though China lost that first Opium War, Lin Zexu showed incredible courage in trying to stop the spread of this highly addictive drug.There you have it friends - some of the most famous and impactful figures from China's long, rich history! From great thinkers and builders to fearless leaders and explorers, these remarkable people shaped China into the diverse, culturally vibrant nation it is today. I hope learning about them was as fun for you as it is for me. Let me know if you want to hear about any other cool Chinese historical folks!篇4My Favorite Amazing People from Ancient ChinaHi friends! Today I want to tell you about some of the coolest people from way back in ancient Chinese history. These guys were around a really, really long time ago but they were super smart and did amazing things. Let me introduce you to a few of my favorites!Confucius (551-479 BC)One of the most famous ancient Chinese philosophers was a man named Confucius. He lived over 2,500 years ago! Can you believe people were that smart back then? Confucius taught a philosophy called Confucianism which was all about having good morals, being a kind person, and creating a peaceful society. His big ideas were about respect, tradition, education, and obedience.Confucius traveled around ancient China teaching his wise thoughts to rulers and regular people. He had many students who studied his teachings very carefully. After he died, his students wrote down all his sayings and ideas in books. Confucianism became one of the most influential philosophies in Chinese history and still has tons of followers today!Some of Confucius' famous quotes are:"Respect yourself and others will respect you.""They must often change who would be constant in happiness or wisdom.""I want you to be everything that's you, deep at the center of your being."Laozi (6th Century BC)Another incredibly brilliant ancient Chinese philosopher was Laozi. Not much is known about his actual life, but the ideas he taught were so powerful they became the basis for a new way of thinking called Taoism.Taoism teaches that there is a natural order in the universe called the Tao or "the Way." Living in harmony with the Tao and not going against the flow of nature is the secret to true happiness and wisdom. Some of the main ideas of Taoism are humility, simplicity, accepting life's challenges, and going with the flow instead of fighting against it.Laozi supposedly wrote down his wise teachings in a book called the Tao Te Ching, which is full of beautiful poetry and deep thoughts about life. Here are some of my favorite lines from it:"Nature does not hurry, yet everything is accomplished.""He who knows others is wise; he who knows himself is enlightened.""Respond to anger with virtue.""Life is a series of natural and spontaneous changes. Don't resist them - that only creates sorrow."Sun Tzu (544-496 BC)Now for someone completely different...Sun Tzu was an epic military strategist and author of the famous book The Art of War. While Confucius and Laozi were teaching philosophies of peace and harmony, Sun Tzu was all about battle strategies, psychology, and how to win wars.The Art of War is an ancient Chinese military bible that is still studied today by generals, business leaders, athletes, and anyone who wants to learn tactics for overpowering the competition. Sun Tzu's big ideas were all about outwitting your enemies through careful planning, deception, adaptability, and turning their own strengths against them.Some of Sun Tzu's most legendary quotes are:"Appear weak when you are strong, and strong when you are weak.""The supreme art of war is to subdue the enemy without fighting.""If you know the enemy and know yourself, you need not fear the result of a hundred battles.""Victorious warriors win first and then go to war, while defeated warriors go to war first and then seek to win."Those are just a few of the many legendary figures from ancient China whose ideas and accomplishments still impact us today! There are so many more like the mighty emperor Qin Shi Huang who united China, the brilliant poet Li Bai, the explorer Zheng He who traveled across the oceans, and Zhang Heng who invented the first seismometer to detect earthquakes. China has an incredibly rich history filled with geniuses, innovators and great thinkers. Learning about them makes me feel really proud of my Chinese heritage!篇5Who Was Confucius?Hey there friends! Today I want to tell you about a really cool and important person from ancient China named Confucius. Helived a super long time ago, over 2,500 years back! Can you imagine how different the world must have been back then?Confucius was a famous philosopher and teacher. That means he spent a lot of time thinking about how people should behave and interact with each other. He came up with ideas about having good manners, being kind, studying hard, and respecting your elders. His teachings became known as the philosophy of Confucianism.Confucius traveled around ancient China sharing his ideas by speaking to rulers and teaching students. He believed that education was really important for people to become better versions of themselves. Confucius said wise things like "Respect yourself and others will respect you" and "The superior man is modest in his speech, but exceeds in his actions."Even though Confucius lived so long ago, his thoughts and sayings are still very influential today, especially in China and other East Asian countries. Many people try to follow his advice about being a good, moral person who works hard and treats others properly. Schools teach kids about his philosophy too!Next, let me tell you about another amazing person from China's past - the Empress Wu Zetian. She was born in the year624 and went on to become the only woman in all of Chinese history to officially rule as an emperor!Back in ancient times, women weren't allowed to have powerful roles in government or lead the country. But Wu Zetian was incredibly intelligent and ambitious. She was determined to gain control and made a series of smart political moves to eventually proclaim herself the emperor of the Zhou Dynasty in 690 AD.As the Chinese empress, Wu Zetian made lots of changes and helped strengthen the empire during her reign. She started new educational programs, improved agriculture methods to boost food production, and revised taxation policies. She also promoted Buddhism and ordered the construction of beautiful temples and statues.Wu Zetian was a trailblazer who defied traditions about women's roles. Even today, over 1,300 years later, she remains an inspirational figure who showed that women can be powerful leaders too if given the opportunity.The next famous person I'll tell you about is Zheng He, one of the greatest explorers and maritime navigators in Chinese history. He was born in 1371 and grew up to become a importanteunuch (castrated male servant) working for the Ming Dynasty emperor.In the early 1400s, Emperor Yongle gave Zheng He a huge job - command an enormous fleet of ships to sail across the seas and establish trade with foreign countries. At the time, Chinese ships were the biggest and most advanced in the world. Over his career, Zheng He led seven epic voyages journeying all across the Indian Ocean to places like Southeast Asia, India, Arabia, and East Africa.Zheng He's treasure ship fleets included dozens of massive "treasure ships" up to 500 feet long. That was way bigger than any European ships could build back in those days! His crews had thousands of skilled sailors, navigators, translators, scientists and even soldiers and warriors on board.Can you imagine sailing those huge wooden ships across vast oceans to find new trading partners and display China's power and wealth? On his voyages, Zheng He mapped new territories, collected valuable goods like spices and precious metals, and interacted with leaders of foreign lands. He was a real-life adventurer!Those are just three of the many fascinating men and women who shaped China's rich history over the centuries. Icould go on telling you about brilliant inventors, heroic warriors, legendary poets and more. But I'd probably run out of words before running out of amazing historical Chinese figures to discuss!I hope learning about a few of these real people from long ago gives you a small taste of China's incredible history and culture. Maybe it will inspire you to read more books or ask teachers to learn even more mind-blowing facts. Until next time, take care friends!篇6My Favorite Chinese Historical FiguresHi friends! My name is Xiaoming and I'm 10 years old. I really love learning about the rich history of my country, China. Today I want to tell you about some of the most famous and important historical figures from ancient China. Get ready to travel back in time!First up is Confucius, who lived from 551-479 BC. He was a brilliant philosopher and teacher whose ideas had a huge impact on Chinese culture. Confucius believed that people should live by virtues like kindness, respect for elders, honesty, and doing what is right. His teachings are called Confucianism. One of his mostfamous sayings is "Do not do to others what you do not want done to yourself." That's kind of like the Golden Rule!Confucius set up his own school and taught many students who went on to spread his ideas across China. Even though he lived a long, long time ago, Confucianism is still very influential in Chinese society today. There are temples honoring Confucius all over China.Another incredibly important philosopher was Laozi, who may have lived around the 6th century BC. Not much is known about his life for sure. According to legend, he was a record keeper who got so fed up with the problems of the world that he decided to wander off alone. A guard stopped him at the city gates and begged him to write down his wisdom first. That became the famous Tao Te Ching book, which teaches about "The Way" or the Tao.The core idea of Taoism is to live in harmony with nature by going with the flow, avoiding struggle, and finding inner peace. Taoists believe in something called "wu wei" or effortless action. This means living simply, spontaneously, and without trying too hard. I think that's a pretty chill philosophy! Tai chi, the slow martial art you may have seen people practicing in parks, has its roots in Taoism.Moving on to some legendary leaders and warriors - let me tell you about the First Emperor of China, Qin Shi Huangdi. He was the first ruler to unite the many smaller kingdoms into one huge empire in 221 BC. Qin was a tough guy who crushed all opposition to his rule. On the plus side, he standardized weights, measures, the writing system, and even the width of cart axles throughout his empire to make travel and trade easier.Qin Shi Huangdi is most famous for the incredible Terracotta Army he had built to protect him in the afterlife. It's a gigantic mausoleum guarded by over 8,000 life-size clay soldier statues, with each one having a unique facial sculpture. The Terracotta Warriors were one of the greatest archaeological finds of the 20th century and an amazing feat of artistry and craftsmanship. I'd love to see them in person someday!Another very famous military leader was Zhuge Liang, who lived in the 3rd century AD during the chaotic Three Kingdoms period. He was a brilliant strategist and skilled inventor. Zhuge Liang is celebrated for using creative tactics and tools like primitive bombs and transport wagons. Legend says he was so smart he could even predict the weather!My personal favorite is the heroic Hua Mulan, a young woman who lived sometime between the 3rd and 6th centuries.According to the folk tale, Mulan's elderly father was called into the army, so she disguised herself as a man and bravely took his place to go fight. She remained in the army for over 10 years without anyone realizing she was a woman! When she returned home victorious, she humbly went back to living as she had before. Mulan's courageous selflessness made her an inspirational symbol of female empowerment.The Mulan story was turned into a famous poem during the Northern Wei dynasty which you can still read today. It was also made into a really cool animated Disney movie in 1998. I loved watching Mulan fearlessly charge into battle riding her horse Khan. She showed that girls can be just as strong and heroic as any man. Mulan is one of my biggest role models for sure.Those are some of the most legendary figures from ancient Chinese history in my opinion. From wise philosophers to tough leaders and brave warriors, each made a lasting impact. Even thousands of years later, their stories, ideas and accomplishments still influence China today.Modern China also has many impressive individuals who helped transform the country over the past century like Sun Yat-sen, Deng Xiaoping, and pioneering aviator Feng Ru. But I'll save them for another essay because there's just too muchamazing history to fit into one! China's rich cultural heritage with all its myths, inventions and larger-than-life personalities never fails to fascinate me. I hope hearing a bit about it has fascinated you too!。
《跟我学汉语》Unit 1 Introduction
• 6. 不用谢！ Bú yòng xiè ！ • 7. 不客气！ Bú kèqì！ • 8. 对不起！ Duìbú qǐ ！ • 9. 没关系。 Méi guānxì.
Warm up
What informaiton does self-introduction include?
• 2. Nǐ shìnǎ guó rén? 你是哪国人？(Where are you from?) Wǒ shìMěiguórén. 我是X国人。(I’m from XX.)
• • • • • •
男朋友 nánpéngyǒu : n. boy friend 女朋友 nǚpéngyǒu : n. girl friend A: 你有男朋友/女朋友吗？ B: 有/没有 A: Nǐ yǒu nánpéngyǒu /nǚpéngyǒu ma ？ B: yǒu /méi yǒu 。
• 5. 学生 xuéshēng n. student 学 xué v. to learn, study • 6. …...们 men plural suffix
• • • •
7.我 wǒ pron. I, me 8. 叫 jiào v. to call, to be called 9. 是 shì v. to be 你几岁？Ni ji sui? 你多大 ni duo da?
• 23. 朋友 péngyǒu n. friend • 24. 她 tā pron. she, her • 是男的还是女的？ Shi nande haishi nvde
• 25. 我们 wǒ men pron. we,us • 26. 同学 tóng xué n. classmate, schoolmate
• 10. 你们 nǐmen pron. you(pl.) • 11.你 nǐ pron. you(sing.) • 12. 的 de part. (indicating possession) e.g. 你们的老师
给外国朋友介绍中国科学家英语作文
给外国朋友介绍中国科学家英语作文Introduction to Chinese ScientistsChina, with its rich history and culture, has produced many great scientists who have made significant contributions to various fields of science. In this article, we will introduce some of the most prominent Chinese scientists to our international friends.1. Shen Kuo (1031-1095):Shen Kuo was a polymath of the Song Dynasty who made significant contributions to various fields including mathematics, astronomy, geology, and medicine. He is best known for his work in mathematics and astronomy, where he made groundbreaking discoveries in the fields of celestial observation and trigonometry.2. Zhang Heng (78-139):Zhang Heng was an eminent scientist of the Eastern Han Dynasty who is known for inventing the first seismoscope, a device used to detect earthquakes. He also made significant contributions to the fields of astronomy, mathematics, and cartography.3. Hua Luogeng (1910-1985):Hua Luogeng was a prominent mathematician of the 20th century who made significant contributions to number theory, algebra, and geometry. He was also instrumental in the development of modern mathematical education in China.4. Tu Youyou (1930-present):Tu Youyou is a Chinese pharmaceutical chemist who won the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for her work in discovering artemisinin, a drug used to treat malaria. Her research has saved millions of lives around the world.5. Zhang Jie (1963-present):Zhang Jie is a leading scientist in the field of gene editing and molecular biology. He is known for his work on CRISPR gene editing technology and has made significant contributions to the development of novel therapies for genetic diseases.These are just a few examples of the many talented and innovative scientists that China has produced. Their contributions have not only advanced the fields of science and technology but have also had a lasting impact on the global scientific community. As China continues to invest in researchand development, we can only expect to see more groundbreaking discoveries from Chinese scientists in the future.In conclusion, we hope this introduction to Chinese scientists has provided our international friends with a better understanding and appreciation of the remarkable achievements of Chinese scientists throughout history. Their work serves as a testament to the importance of scientific research and innovation in advancing human knowledge and improving the world we live in.。
向外国人介绍中国名人的英语作文
向外国人介绍中国名人的英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Introduction to Chinese CelebritiesChina is a country with a long history and rich culture, which has produced many famous personalities throughout the ages. In this article, I will introduce some of the most renowned Chinese celebrities to foreign readers.1. Confucius (551-479 BC)Confucius, also known as Kong Fuzi, was an influential philosopher and educator in ancient China. His teachings on ethics, morality, and social harmony have had a profound impact on Chinese culture for over two thousand years. Confucius is revered as one of the greatest thinkers in Chinese history and his philosophy still shapes the values and beliefs of Chinese society today.2. Emperor Qin Shi Huang (259-210 BC)Emperor Qin Shi Huang was the first emperor of China and the founder of the Qin Dynasty. He is best known for his role inthe unification of China and the construction of the Great Wall. Qin Shi Huang is also famous for overseeing the construction of the Terracotta Army, a massive collection of life-sized statues buried with him in his tomb.3. Mulan (5th century)Mulan is a legendary figure in Chinese history and folklore, known for her bravery and military skills. She disguised herself as a man and took her father's place in the army to defend her country from invaders. Mulan's story has been passed down through generations and has inspired numerous books, films, and adaptations.4. Laozi (6th century BC)Laozi, also known as Lao Tzu, was a philosopher and writer who is traditionally credited with writing the Tao Te Ching, a fundamental text of Taoism. His teachings on the nature of the universe, the importance of simplicity, and the concept of the Tao have had a lasting influence on Chinese philosophy and spirituality.5. Empress Wu Zetian (624-705)Empress Wu Zetian was the only female emperor in Chinese history and ruled during the Tang Dynasty. She was known forher political acumen, cultural patronage, and military conquests. Despite facing criticism and controversy, Wu Zetian was a powerful and influential figure who left a lasting legacy on Chinese history.6. Li Bai (701-762)Li Bai, also known as Li Po, was a renowned poet of the Tang Dynasty known for his lyrical and expressive verses. His poetry often celebrated nature, beauty, and the joys of life, and his work has been widely admired for its elegance and emotional depth. Li Bai is considered one of the greatest poets in Chinese literature.7. Lu Xun (1881-1936)Lu Xun was a prominent writer, thinker, and reformer in modern China known for his critical essays, short stories, and novels. He is often considered the father of modern Chinese literature and his works explored themes of social injustice, political corruption, and the struggle for change. Lu Xun's writings continue to be studied and celebrated for their insight and relevance.8. Deng Xiaoping (1904-1997)Deng Xiaoping was a key figure in the Chinese Communist Party and played a pivotal role in China's modernization andeconomic reforms. He introduced a series of policies that led to the opening up of China to the world and the transformation of its economy. Deng Xiaoping's legacy as a reformer and statesman continues to shape China's development and global influence.These are just a few examples of the many famous figures in Chinese history and culture who have made significant contributions to society. By learning about these celebrities, foreign readers can gain a deeper understanding of China's rich heritage and cultural heritage.篇2Introduction to Famous Chinese FiguresChina is a country with a long and rich history, and throughout the centuries, many influential and notable figures have emerged. From ancient philosophers to modern-day leaders, Chinese people have contributed greatly to the world in various fields, including politics, culture, and science. In this article, we will introduce some of the most famous Chinese figures to foreign readers.Confucius (551-479 BC)Confucius is one of the most well-known Chinese philosophers and educators. His teachings, known as Confucianism, have had a profound impact on Chinese society and culture for over two millennia. Confucius emphasized the importance of self-cultivation, family values, and social harmony. His philosophy has shaped the moral and ethical principles of Chinese civilization, influencing everything from government policies to daily social interactions.Emperor Qin Shi Huang (259-210 BC)Emperor Qin Shi Huang was the first emperor of China and the founder of the Qin Dynasty. He is best known for his role in unifying China and standardizing various aspects of Chinese society, including language, currency, and measurements. Qin Shi Huang is also famous for the construction of the Great Wall of China and the Terracotta Army, a collection of thousands of life-sized clay soldiers buried with him in his mausoleum.Mao Zedong (1893-1976)Mao Zedong was the founding father of the People's Republic of China and the leader of the Chinese Communist Party. He is considered one of the most important figures in modern Chinese history, leading the country through the tumultuous period of the Chinese Civil War and theestablishment of the Communist government in 1949. Mao's policies, such as the Cultural Revolution and the Great Leap Forward, had a lasting impact on Chinese society, both positive and negative.Deng Xiaoping (1904-1997)Deng Xiaoping succeeded Mao Zedong as the leader of China in 1978 and is credited with initiating the period of economic reform and opening up in China. Deng's policies, known as "Socialism with Chinese characteristics," led to rapid economic growth and development in China, transforming the country into a global economic power. Deng's pragmatic approach to governance and emphasis on economic modernization continue to shape China's political and economic landscape today.Jackie Chan (b. 1954)Jackie Chan is a world-renowned martial artist, actor, and filmmaker known for his acrobatic fighting style and comedic timing. He has starred in over 150 films, including classics such as "Police Story," "Rush Hour," and "Drunken Master." Jackie Chan is also a philanthropist and UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador, using his fame to promote charity and social causes around the world.Yao Ming (b. 1980)Yao Ming is a former professional basketball player and one of China's most famous athletes. At 7 feet 6 inches tall, Yao Ming played for the Houston Rockets in the NBA and became a global ambassador for basketball in China. He is credited with popularizing the sport in his home country and bridging the gap between Chinese and Western basketball culture.These are just a few of the many famous Chinese figures who have left their mark on history and continue to inspire people around the world. Whether in the realms of philosophy, politics, entertainment, or sports, Chinese figures have made significant contributions to humanity and deserve to be celebrated and remembered.篇3Introduction to Chinese CelebritiesChina, a country with a long history and rich culture, has produced numerous influential and talented individuals throughout the years. In this article, we will introduce some of the most renowned Chinese celebrities to foreign readers to provide a better understanding of China's cultural landscape.1. Confucius (551-479 BC)Confucius, also known as Kong Zi, was a philosopher and educator during the Spring and Autumn period of Chinese history. His teachings on morality, ethics, and social harmony have profoundly influenced Chinese society for centuries. Confucius' philosophy emphasized the importance of filial piety, respect for elders, and the cultivation of virtue. His sayings, known as Analects, have been passed down through generations and continue to be studied and practiced in China and beyond.2. Li Bai (701-762)Li Bai, also known as Li Po, was a celebrated poet of the Tang dynasty. Known for his romantic and lyrical verses, Li Bai's poetry reflects the beauty of nature, the joys of friendship, and the melancholy of life. His works are characterized by their vivid imagery, emotional depth, and musical flow. Li Bai's poems have been widely translated and admired both in China and around the world.3. MulanMulan is a legendary figure in Chinese folklore, who disguised herself as a man to take her father's place in the army. The story of Mulan has been passed down through oral traditions, folk songs, and literary works for centuries. Mulan's courage, loyalty, and filial piety have made her a beloved symbolof female heroism in Chinese culture. The legend of Mulan has inspired numerous adaptations in literature, art, and film, including Disney's animated feature film "Mulan."4. Bruce Lee (1940-1973)Bruce Lee, born in San Francisco and raised in Hong Kong, was a martial artist, actor, and cultural icon. Known for his charisma, athleticism, and martial arts skills, Bruce Lee revolutionized the film industry with his dynamic fighting style and philosophical approach to martial arts. Bruce Lee's legacy continues to inspire martial artists, filmmakers, and fans around the world. His films, such as "Enter the Dragon" and "Fist of Fury," remain classics of the martial arts genre.5. Yao Ming (born 1980)Yao Ming is a retired professional basketball player and philanthropist from China. Standing at 7 feet 6 inches tall, Yao Ming became a global ambassador for the NBA and one of China's most recognized athletes. Known for his dominant presence on the basketball court, Yao Ming played for the Houston Rockets in the NBA and represented China in international competitions. After retiring from basketball, Yao Ming has focused on philanthropic efforts, wildlife conservation, and promoting sports development in China.6. Fan Bingbing (born 1981)Fan Bingbing is a renowned actress, singer, and fashion icon in China. With a successful career in film, television, and music, Fan Bingbing has become one of the highest-paid and most influential celebrities in China. Known for her beauty, versatility, and acting talent, Fan Bingbing has received numerous accolades and awards for her performances. Beyond her acting career, Fan Bingbing is also a prominent figure in the fashion industry, serving as a muse for designers and brands worldwide.7. Jack Ma (born 1964)Jack Ma is a business magnate, entrepreneur, and philanthropist from China. As the co-founder and former executive chairman of Alibaba Group, Jack Ma built one of the world's largest e-commerce companies and revolutionized the digital economy in China. Known for his charismatic leadership, visionary insights, and perseverance, Jack Ma has become a symbol of China's entrepreneurial spirit and innovation. Jack Ma's success has made him one of the wealthiest individuals in China and a prominent figure in global business.ConclusionThese are just a few examples of the many talented and influential individuals from China who have made significant contributions to Chinese culture, society, and the world at large. By learning about these Chinese celebrities, foreign readers can gain a deeper appreciation for China's rich history, diverse talent, and vibrant cultural heritage. As China continues to grow and evolve on the world stage, these figures serve as ambassadors of Chinese excellence and creativity, inspiring people of all backgrounds to celebrate the beauty and diversity of Chinese culture.。
向外国友人介绍中国书法的英语作文
向外国友人介绍中国书法的英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Introduction to Chinese CalligraphyChinese calligraphy is a unique and traditional art form that has been practiced in China for centuries. It is not only a means of communication but also a form of artistic expression. Chinese calligraphy is considered one of the highest forms of Chinese art and is highly revered in Chinese culture.The history of Chinese calligraphy can be traced back to ancient China, where it was used as a form of written communication. Over time, calligraphy evolved into an art form, with emphasis placed on the beauty of the characters and the skill of the calligrapher. Chinese calligraphy is based on the principles of brushwork, composition, and ink and paper quality.One of the distinguishing features of Chinese calligraphy is the use of brush and ink. Calligraphers use a variety of brushes, made from different materials such as bamboo or wolf hair, to create different brush strokes. The ink used in Chinesecalligraphy is typically black or dark brown and is made from soot or charcoal.The composition of Chinese calligraphy is also important. Calligraphers pay careful attention to the balance and harmony of the characters on the page. The size, shape, and spacing of the characters all play a role in creating a visually pleasing composition.In addition to brushwork and composition, the quality of the ink and paper used in Chinese calligraphy is also important. High-quality paper and ink help to enhance the appearance of the characters and ensure that the calligraphy lasts for a long time.Chinese calligraphy is a highly respected art form in Chinese culture. It is seen as a reflection of the calligrapher's personality and emotions. Calligraphy is often used in Chinese paintings, poetry, and other forms of art to enhance the overall aesthetic appeal.Overall, Chinese calligraphy is a beautiful and traditional art form that has been practiced for centuries. It is highly regarded in Chinese culture and has influenced many other forms of art around the world. If you are interested in learning more aboutChinese calligraphy, I highly recommend exploring this fascinating art form further.篇2Introduction to Chinese CalligraphyChinese calligraphy, also known as "shufa" in Chinese, is a traditional art form that has been practiced for thousands of years in China. It is considered one of the highest forms of visual art, along with painting and poetry, in traditional Chinese culture. Chinese calligraphy is not just a means of communication, but also a way of expressing one's emotions, thoughts, and personality.History of Chinese CalligraphyChinese calligraphy has a long history that dates back to ancient China. The earliest known examples of Chinese calligraphy can be traced back to the Shang Dynasty (c.1600-1046 BC). During the Zhou Dynasty (1046-256 BC), calligraphy began to take shape and became more formalized.In the Han Dynasty (206 BC-220 AD), a standard script called "lishu" was developed, which became the basis of modern Chinese calligraphy. Over the centuries, various styles of calligraphy emerged, such as clerical script, cursive script, andseal script, each with its own unique characteristics and aesthetic appeal.Features of Chinese CalligraphyChinese calligraphy is characterized by its use of brush and ink on paper or silk. The four essential tools of Chinese calligraphy are the brush, ink, paper, and inkstone. The brush is made of animal hair, such as goat, wolf, or rabbit, and can vary in size and shape. The ink is made from soot that is mixed with water and comes in solid form. The paper used for Chinese calligraphy is usually rice paper or Xuan paper, which can absorb ink well and give the strokes a smooth and flowing look.Chinese calligraphy is based on strokes that are made with the brush in a flowing and rhythmic manner. The quality of a calligraphic work is judged by the balance, harmony, and rhythm of the strokes, as well as the artist's skill in controlling the brush and ink. Each stroke in Chinese calligraphy is imbued with meaning and symbolism, and the arrangement of strokes on the paper reflects the artist's personal style and artistic sensibility.Styles of Chinese CalligraphyThere are five main styles of Chinese calligraphy, known as "wubi" in Chinese. These styles are based on historical scripts andhave been passed down through the generations. The five styles are:1. Seal script (zhuanshu): This is the oldest style of Chinese calligraphy, dating back to the Shang Dynasty. Seal script is characterized by its geometric and angular shapes, which are similar to the characters found on ancient seals and bronze inscriptions.2. Clerical script (lishu): This is a more formal and standardized style of calligraphy that was developed during the Han Dynasty. Clerical script is characterized by its straight and even strokes, which are easy to read and understand.3. Regular script (kaishu): This is the most common style of Chinese calligraphy, which is the standard script used in modern China. Regular script is characterized by its balanced and symmetrical strokes, which are easy to write and read.4. Running script (xingshu): This style of calligraphy is more cursive and flowing than regular script, with strokes that are connected and fluid. Running script is often used for informal writing and personal correspondence.5. Cursive script (caoshu): This is the most artistic and expressive style of Chinese calligraphy, with strokes that arehighly abstract and stylized. Cursive script is often used for poetry and other creative writings.ConclusionChinese calligraphy is a rich and vibrant art form that reflects the beauty and complexity of traditional Chinese culture. It is a way of expressing oneself through the written word, as well as a means of appreciating the aesthetic beauty of the Chinese language. Through the careful study and practice of Chinese calligraphy, one can gain a deeper understanding of Chinese history, culture, and philosophy. I hope this introduction to Chinese calligraphy has sparked your interest in this ancient and revered art form. Thank you for listening.篇3Introduction to Chinese CalligraphyChinese calligraphy, also known as "Shufa" in Chinese, is a traditional art form that has a long history dating back thousands of years. It is considered one of the highest forms of Chinese art and is highly revered in Chinese culture. Chinese calligraphy is not only a form of writing, but also a form of art that conveys the artist's emotions, thoughts, and spirit.Chinese calligraphy uses a brush, ink, and paper as its main tools. The brush is made of animal hair, usually from a goat, wolf, or rabbit, and the ink is made from grinding an ink stick against an ink stone and mixing it with water. Different brushes, inks, and papers can create different styles and effects in calligraphy.There are five main styles of Chinese calligraphy, each with its own unique characteristics and history. These styles are Seal Script (Zhuan Shu), Clerical Script (Li Shu), Standard Script (Kai Shu), Running Script (Xing Shu), and Cursive Script (Cao Shu). Each style has its own rules and conventions, but all styles focus on the beauty and harmony of the written characters.Chinese calligraphy is not only a form of art, but also a way of self-cultivation and meditation for many Chinese people. By practicing calligraphy, one can cultivate concentration, patience, and a peaceful mind. Calligraphy is also used in many traditional Chinese ceremonies and rituals, such as writing scrolls for auspicious events, creating seals for official documents, and inscribing poems on objects.In conclusion, Chinese calligraphy is a unique and ancient art form that embodies the beauty and culture of China. It is a form of writing that goes beyond mere words, but conveys the artist's emotions and spirit. To truly appreciate Chinese calligraphy, onemust understand its history, styles, and techniques. It is an art form that has stood the test of time and continues to be cherished by people all over the world.。
向外国友人介绍中国名著的英语作文
向外国友人介绍中国名著的英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Introducing China's Literary Treasures: A Journey Through Ancient MasterpiecesDear friend,As someone deeply immersed in Chinese culture, I feel an overwhelming sense of pride and excitement when sharing our nation's literary gems with you. These ancient masterpieces are not mere words on a page; they are windows into the rich tapestry of our history, philosophy, and way of life. Join me on a captivating journey as I unveil the brilliance of these timeless works.Let us begin our exploration with the immortal classic, "The Analects" by Confucius. This profound collection of teachings and dialogues has shaped the moral fabric of Chinese society for over two millennia. Confucius' wisdom transcends time, offering guidance on virtues such as filial piety, loyalty, and the pursuit of knowledge. His words resonate with a timeless clarity, inspiring generations of scholars and leaders alike.Next, we delve into the mesmerizing world of "The Art of War" by Sun Tzu. This ancient treatise on military strategy has become a revered text not only in the realm of warfare but also in the realms of business and personal growth. Sun Tzu's insights into leadership, tactics, and the art of outmaneuvering opponents have proven invaluable across countless disciplines. His teachings on adaptability, strategic thinking, and the importance of understanding one's strengths and weaknesses continue to captivate readers worldwide.No discussion of Chinese literature would be complete without mentioning the timeless masterpiece, "The Dream of the Red Chamber" by Cao Xueqin. This remarkable novel, often referred to as the "quintessential Chinese novel," is a sprawling saga that delves into the intricacies of feudal society, family dynamics, and the human condition. Through the lens of the noble Jia family, Cao Xueqin weaves a tapestry of love, tragedy, and profound philosophical musings, leaving an indelible mark on the hearts and minds of readers.Turning our attention to the realms of philosophy and spirituality, we encounter the profound wisdom of "Tao Te Ching" by Lao Tzu. This ancient text, revered by both Taoists and scholars, offers insights into the nature of existence, the pursuitof harmony, and the art of living in balance with the universe. Lao Tzu's poetic verses resonate with a timeless simplicity, inviting readers to embark on a journey of self-discovery and enlightenment.Continuing our exploration, we cannot overlook the enduring legacy of "The Peony Pavilion" by Tang Xianzu. This masterpiece of Chinese opera and drama is a true feast for the senses, blending poetry, music, and theater into a spellbinding tale of love, longing, and the transcendence of the human spirit. Tang Xianzu's poetic genius and command of language have captivated audiences for centuries, solidifying his place among the literary greats of China.As we navigate through these literary treasures, it becomes evident that they are not mere works of fiction or philosophical musings; they are living, breathing entities that have shaped the collective consciousness of generations. These masterpieces have woven themselves into the fabric of Chinese culture, influencing everything from art and architecture to social norms and worldviews.Yet, the true beauty of these classics lies not only in their historical significance but also in their ability to resonate with universal human experiences. Whether exploring themes of love,loss, ambition, or the pursuit of enlightenment, these works speak to the depths of the human condition, transcending cultural boundaries and inviting readers from all walks of life to embark on a transformative journey.My dear friend, I hope this glimpse into the literary wonders of China has ignited a spark of curiosity within you. These masterpieces are not mere relics of the past but living, breathing testaments to the enduring power of the written word. They are beacons that illuminate our shared human experience, guiding us through the labyrinth of life with wisdom, beauty, and profound insight.Embrace these treasures, for they hold the keys to unlocking a deeper understanding of not only Chinese culture but also the universal truths that bind us all. Let the words of these ancient sages and storytellers resonate within you, and may they inspire you to embark on your own journey of self-discovery and enlightenment.With deep reverence and admiration,[Your Name]篇2Sharing the Beauty of Chinese Classics with the WorldDear friend,As an international student studying abroad, I've had the wonderful opportunity to immerse myself in different cultures and perspectives. However, I've also realized the importance of preserving and sharing the rich heritage of my own culture – the ancient wisdom and literary treasures of China. Today, I'm excited to introduce you to some of the most renowned and influential Chinese literary classics that have stood the test of time.Let's begin our journey with "The Analects" by Confucius, a collection of philosophical teachings and sayings that have shaped Chinese thought and society for over two millennia. Confucius, the great sage and teacher, emphasized the importance of ethics, morality, and social harmony. His teachings on filial piety, loyalty, and the cultivation of virtues such as benevolence, righteousness, and propriety have left an indelible mark on Chinese culture. "The Analects" offers timeless wisdom on how to lead a virtuous life and become a better person.Next, we explore the captivating world of "The Art of War" by Sun Tzu, an ancient Chinese military treatise that has transcended its original battlefield context to become a quintessential guide for strategy and leadership. Sun Tzu'sprofound insights into conflict resolution, strategic planning, and the psychological aspects of warfare have influenced leaders across various domains, from business to politics. This classic text teaches us the importance of adaptability, foresight, and leveraging one's strengths and weaknesses to achieve victory.Moving on to the realm of literature, we encounter the timeless beauty of "The Dream of the Red Chamber" by Cao Xueqin. This masterpiece, often regarded as the pinnacle of Chinese fiction, is a profound exploration of love, family, and the impermanence of life. Through its intricate plot and richly drawn characters, the novel offers a vivid portrayal of 18th-century aristocratic life in Beijing, while delving into philosophical and Buddhist themes. "The Dream of the Red Chamber" is a literary treasure that has captivated readers for generations with its poetic language and deep emotional resonance.No discussion of Chinese classics would be complete without mentioning the enduring works of poets like Li Bai, Du Fu, and Wang Wei from the Tang Dynasty. Their poetic masterpieces, renowned for their vivid imagery, profound insights, and mastery of form, have inspired countless generations of writers and readers. Li Bai's "Thoughts on a Quiet Night" and Du Fu's "Traveling at Night" are just two examplesthat showcase the poets' ability to capture the essence of human emotions and the natural world with breathtaking eloquence.As we delve deeper into the literary ri篇3Sharing the Wonders of Chinese Classic LiteratureDear Miguel,I hope this letter finds you well! You mentioned in your last email that you were interested in learning more about Chinese culture and literature. As someone who grew up immersed in these rich traditions, I'm thrilled to share some insights into the incredible world of Chinese classics.Let me start by saying that Chinese literature has a history spanning thousands of years, with works that have profoundly influenced not just China but the entire world. These timeless masterpieces offer a window into the depths of human experience, exploring themes of love, war, philosophy, and the struggles of everyday life.One of the most renowned works is the "Romance of the Three Kingdoms," a historical novel that recounts the turbulent years towards the end of the Han Dynasty (220-280 AD). Thisepic tale weaves together the stories of powerful warlords vying for control, intricate political machinations, and legendary heroes whose exploits have become deeply ingrained in Chinese culture. The novel is a masterclass in characterization, with figures like the virtuous Liu Bei, the brilliant strategist Zhuge Liang, and the formidable Cao Cao becoming household names.Another classic that has captured the hearts of generations is the "Journey to the West," a fictionalized account of the famous Buddhist monk Xuanzang's pilgrimage to India in search of sacred scriptures. This novel is a true literary marvel, blending elements of fantasy, adventure, and religious allegory. The mischievous and lovable Monkey King, Sun Wukong, is a central character whose rebellious spirit and magical abilities have made him an iconic figure in Chinese folklore. The novel's themes of perseverance, spiritual growth, and the triumph of good over evil continue to resonate with readers today.If you're looking for a deeply moving love story, look no further than the tragic romance of "The Butterfly Lovers." This timeless tale follows the star-crossed lovers Liang Shanbo and Zhu Yingtai, who overcome societal barriers to pursue their education together, only to face heartbreaking obstacles in their quest for eternal love. The story is a poignant exploration of thesacrifices made for love and the enduring power of the human spirit.Of course, no discussion of Chinese literature would be complete without mentioning the influential philosophical works that have shaped the nation's intellectual and spiritual traditions. The "Analects of Confucius" present the teachings of the great philosopher Confucius, emphasizing virtues such as filial piety, righteousness, and the cultivation of moral character. The "Tao Te Ching,"。
语言学教案
Chapter1Invitations to Linguistics Teaching aims:let the students have the general idea about language and linguistics.Teaching difficulties:design features of language;someimportant distinctions in linguistics Teaching proceduresnguage1.1Why study language?A tool for communicationAn integral part of our life and humanityIf we are not fully aware of the nature and mechanism of our language,we will be ignorant of what constitutes our essential humanity.1.2What is language?1.2.1different senses of languagewhat a person says(concrete act of speech)a person’s consistent way of speaking or writinga particular level of speaking or writing e.g.colloquiallanguagean abstract system1.2.2definitionsLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.What is communication?A process in which information is transmitted from a source(sender or speaker)to a goal(receiver or listener).A system----elements in it are arranged according to certainrules.They cannot be arranged at will.e.g.He the table cleaned.(×)bkli(×)Arbitrary----there is no intrinsic(logic)connection between alinguistic form and its meaning.Symbols----words are just the symbols associated with objects,actions,and ideas by convention.V ocal--------the primary medium for all languages is sound, no matter how well developed their writingsystems are.Writing systems came into being much later thanthe spoken forms.People with little or no literacy can also becompetent language users.Human----language is human-specific.Human beings have different kinds of brains andvocal capacity.“Language Acquisition Device”(LAD)1.3Design features of language语言的结构特征Design features refers to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.a.arbitrariness----the form of linguistic signs bear no naturalrelationship to their meaning.The link betweenthem is a matter of convention.E.g.“house”uchi(Japanese)Mansion(French)房子(Chinese)conventionality----It means that in any language there are certain sequences of sounds that have a conventionally accepted meaning.Those words are customarily used by all speakers with the same intended meaning and understood by all listeners in the same way.There are two different schools of belief concerning arbitrariness.Most people,especially structural linguists believe that language is arbitrary by nature.Other people,however,hold that language is iconic,that is,there is a direct relation or correspondence between sound and meaning,such as onomatopoeia.(cuckoo;crash)For the majority of animal signals,there does appear to bea clear connection between the conveyed message and thesignal used to convey it,And for them,the sets of signals used in communication is finite.b.duality----language is simultaneously organized at two levelsor layers,namely,the level of sounds and that ofmeaning.the higher level----words which are meaningfulthe lower or the basic level----sounds which are meaningless,but can be grouped and regrouped into words.Dog:woof(but not“w-oo-f”)This duality of levels is,in fact,one of the most economical features of human language,since with a limited set of distinct sounds we are capable of producing a very large number of sound combinations(e.g.words)which are distinct in meaning.The principle of economyc.Creativity----language is resourceful.It makes possible theconstruction and interpretation of new signals byits users.(novel utterances are continually beingcreated.)non-human signals,on the other hand,appears to have littleflexibility.e.g.an experiment of bee communication:The worker bee,normally able to communicate the location of a nectar source,will fail to do so if the location is really‘new’. In one experiment,a hive of bees was placed at the foot of a radio tower and a food source at the top.Ten bees were takento the top,shown the food source,and sent off to tell the rest of the hive about their find.The message was conveyed via a bee dance and the whole gang buzzed off to get the free food.They flow around in all directions,but couldn’t locate the food.The problem may be that bee communication regarding location has a fixed set of signals,all of which related to horizontal distance.The bee cannot create a‘new’message indicating vertical distance.d.Displacement----human languages enable their users tosymbolize objects,events and concepts which arenot present at the moment of communication. Bee communication:When a worker bee finds a source of nectar and returns to the hive,it can perform a complex dance routine to communicate to the other bees the location of this nectar.Depending on the typeof dance(round dance for nearby and tail-wagging dance,with variable tempo,for further away and how far),The other bees can work put where this newly discovered feast can be found.Bee communication has displacement in an extremely limited form. However,it must be the most recent food source.e.Cultural transmission----genetic transmissionYou acquire a language in a culture with other speakers and not from parental genes.The process whereby language is passed on from one generation to the next is described as cultural transmission.1.4functions of language2.linguistics2.1What is linguistics?Linguistics is a scientific study of language.It is a major branch of social science.Linguistics studies not just one language of any society,but the language of all human society,language in general.A scientific study is one which is based on the systematicinvestigation of data,conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure.observation------generalization-----hypothesis------testedby further observation------theory2.2Main branches(scope)of linguisticsphonetics语音学phonology音系学（音位学）morphology词法学syntax句法学semantics语义学pragmatics语用学ortant distinctions in linguistics2.3ImpImportanta.Descriptive vs.prescriptive“描写式”和“规定式”They represent two different types of linguistic study.If a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use,it is said to be descriptive;if the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for“correct and standard”behavior in using language,i.e.to tell people what they should say and what they should not say,it is said to be prescriptive.b.Synchronic vs.diachronic“共时”和“历时”The description of a language at some point of time in history is a synchronic study;the description of language as it changes through time is a diachronic study.A diachronic study is a historical study;it studies the historical development of language over a period of time.ngue&parole“语言”和“言语”The distinction was made by the Swiss linguist Saussure in the early20th century.Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community,and parole refers to the realization of language in actual use.What linguists should do is to abstract langue from parole,i.e.to discover the regularities governing the actual use oflanguage and make them the subjects of study of linguistics.petence and performance语言能力和语言运用The distinction is discussed by the American linguist N.Chomsky in the late1950’s.Competence----the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language.Performance----the actual realization of this knowledge inlinguistic communication.e.Traditional grammar and modern linguisticsModern linguistics started with the publication of F.de Saussure’’s book“Course in General Linguistics”in the Saussureearly20th century.So Saussure is often described as “father of modern linguistics”.The general approach traditionally formed to the study oflanguage before that is roughly referred to as“traditional grammar.”They differ in several basic ways:Firstly,linguistics is descriptive while traditional grammar is prescriptive.A linguist is interested in what is said,not in what he thinks ought to be said.He describes language in all its aspects,but does not prescribe rules of “correctness”.Secondly,modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary,not the written.Traditional grammarians,on the other hand,tend to emphasize,may be over-emphasize,the importance of the written word, partly because of its permanence.Then,modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar also in that it does not force languages into a Latin-based framework.To modern linguists,it is unthinkable to judge one language by standards of another. They are trying to set up a universal framework,but that would be based on the features shared by most of the languages used by mankind.HomeworkQuestions and Exercises1,4,6,12Self-study guideRead“A New Concise Course On Linguistics For Students Of English”Chapter1IntroductionChapter2Speech Sounds Teaching aims:let the students have the general idea aboutphonetics and phonology.Focal points:description of consonants and vowels;basicknowledge about phonologyTeaching difficulties:phoneme;allophone;minimal pair;complementary distributionTeaching procedureLanguage is a“system of vocal symbols”.Speech sounds had existed long before writing was invented,and even today,in some parts of the world,there are still languages that have no writing systems.Therefore,the study of speech sounds is a major part of linguistics.As we know,there are two branches in linguistics,which deal with speech sounds.They are phonetics(the study of sounds)and phonology(the study sound patterns).In this chapter,we will discuss these two branches.1.Phonetics1.1Speech production and perception3sub-branches of phonetics:Articulatory y phonetics----the study of the production of speech ArticulatorsoundsAcoustic phonetics----the study of the physical properties of thesounds produced in speechAuditory phonetics----the study of the perception of speechsounds1.2Speech organs(vocal organs)refers to the parts of the human body involved in theproduction of speech.The three cavities of the vocal tract:the pharynx(pharyngeal cavity),the mouth(oral cavity),and the nose(nasal cavity).The air-stream coming from the lungs is modified in various ways in these cavities,resulting in the production of various sounds.The pharyngeal cavityLarynx::a t the top of the trachea,the front of which is the Adam’s Larynxapple.This is the first place where sound modification might occur.cords)::Vocal cords are two membranes,the vocal folds(vocal cords)positions of which gives different sounds.●When the vocal cords are apart,the air can pass through easily and the sound produced is said to be voiceless.e.g.[p,s,t]●When they are close together,the airstreams causes them tovibrate and produces voiced sounds.e.g.[b,z,d]●When they are totally closed,no air can pass between them,then produce the glottal stop[?]The oral cavityThe oral cavity provides the greatest source of modification. Tongue::the most flexibleTongueUvula,the teeth and the lipsHard palate,soft palate(velum)ridge::the rough,bony ridge immediately behind the Alveolar ridgeupper teethVarious obstructions created within the oral cavity lead to the production of various sounder[p][b];[s][z];[k][g]The nasal cavityThe nasal cavity is connected to the oral cavity at the back of the mouth.The soft part of the roof of the mouth,the velum(soft palate)can be draw back to close the passage so that the air can only go through the mouth and produce vowels and mostconsonants.The passage can also be left open to allow air to exit through the nose and produce nasal consonants[m][n][g]1.3phonetic transcription标音法a method of writing down speech sounds in a systematic and consistent way.1.3.1I PA(International phonetic Alphabet)IPA:the abbreviation of International Phonetic Alphabet,which is devised by the International Phonetic Association in1888on the basis of the phonetic alphabet proposed at the time.It is a standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription.The Danish grammarian Jespersen first proposed the idea in1886. The first version of IPA was published in August1888.The latest version was devised in1993and corrected in1996. The basic principle:using a separate letter selected from major European languages for each distinctive sound and the same symbol should be used for that sound in any language in which it appears.1.3.2Two ways to transcribe speech soundsBroad transcription:transcription with letter-symbols only.This is the transcription normally used in dictionaries and teaching textbooks.Narrow transcription:transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics.This is the transcription required and used by the phoneticians in their study of speech sounds.Diacritics:A set of symbols added to the letter-symbols to show that it has a sound value different from that of the same letter without the mark.1.4English speech sounds1.4.1C lassificationConsonants:sounds produced by constricting and obstructing the vocal tract at some place.V owels:sounds produced with no obstruction.pure vowels(monophthong)—vowels where the qualityremains constant throughout the articulation.vowel glides----vowels where there is an audible change ofqualitySemi-vowels(semi-consonants):the sounds produced with little obstruction.(also called glides or transition sounds)e.g.yet wet hotDescriptionC onsonants(P39-44)Three p arameters to identify a consonant:①place of articulation:place in the mouth where obstruction occurs②manners of articulation:ways in which articulation can be accomplished③state of vocal cords:voiced VS.voicelessV owels(P45-52)the quality of vowels depend on position of tongue and the shape of lips.Four criteria(parameters)of vowel description:①the height of tongue raising:high,middle,low②the position of highest part of the tongue:front,central,back③the shape of the lips(the degree of lip-rounding):rounded, unrounded④the length or tenseness of the vowel:tense x or long vs. short2.Phonology2.1phonology and phoneticsPhonetics and phonology are the two disciplines dealing with speech sounds.While both are related to the study of sounds,theydiffer in their approach and focus.Phonetic studies how speech sounds are made,transmitted and received.Phonology,on the other hand,is essentially the description of the systems and patterns of speech sounds.It aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.Phonology is concerned with the abstract and mental aspect of the sounds in language rather than with the actual physical articulation of speech sounds.Phonological knowledge permits a speaker to produce sounds which form meaningful utterance,to recognize a foreign accent, to make up new words.2.2phonemes,phones and allophonesphone:the speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones.It’s a phonetic unit or segment.(in the mouth)Conventionally,phones are placed within square brackets “[][]””(phonetic transcription)Phones do not necessarily distinguish ually phones of different phonemes distinguish meaning.phoneme:A sound which is capable of distinguishing one word or one shape of a word from another in a given language is a phoneme.It’s a basic unit in phonological analysis.It is not any particular sound,but an abstract segment.In actual speech,a phoneme is realized phonetically as a certain phone.(the sound type in the mind)The phoneme is the smallest meaning-distinguishing unit.P honemes are placed in slashes“//”(phonemic transcription)e.g.Neither the sound[p]in pit or the sound[b]in bit is aphoneme.They are phones;they are the phonetic realization of the phoneme/p/and/b/.a llophone:when we have a set of phones,all of which areversions of one phoneme,we refer to them as the allophones of that phoneme.One phoneme may have several allophones,but the choice of an allophone is rule-governed.2.3Minimal pairs and c omplementary distribution Phonetically similar sounds might be related in two ways.If they are two distinctive phoneme,they might form a contrast;e.g. /p/and/b/in[pit]and[bit];If they are allophones of the same phoneme,then they don’t distinguish meaning,but complement each other in distribution,i.e.they occur in different phonetic context.Strictly speaking,every sound is different from every other sounds.But in phonology some of the difference may be ignored A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substituting one sound for another result in a change of meaning.2.3.1Minimal pairs(最小对立体)When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment,which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two sound combinations are said to form a minimal pair. When two words such as pat and bat are identical in form except for a contrast in one phoneme,occurring in the same position,the two words are described as a minimal pair.Minimal pairs are established on the basis of sound and not spelling.Three requirements for a minimal pair:same number of segmentone phonetic difference in the same placedifferent meaninge.g.a minimal pair:lit-lip;phone-tone;pill-billa minimal set:beat,bit,bet,boot,but,biteThe minimal pair test helps establish which sounds contrast in a language.2.3.2Complementary distributionNot all speech sounds occur in the same environment,when the two sounds never occur in the same environment they are said to be in complementary distribution.Not all phones in complementary distribution are considered to be allophones of the same phoneme.They must be phonetically similar and in complementary distribution.2.3.3Free variationA phone may sometimes has free variants.If two sounds occurring in the same environment do not contrast, that is,the substitution of one for the other does not produce a different word form,but merely a different pronunciation of the same word,then the two sounds are in free variation.2.4Distinctive featuresThe features that a phoneme possesses,making it different from other phonemes,are its distinctive features.Distinctive features are language-specific.e.g.“ba”(爸)“pa”(怕)In Chinese,these two sounds are distinguished by aspiration, while in English they are distinguished by“voicing”2.5suprasegmental features超音段特征The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segmentsHomeworkQuestions and Exercises1,2，3,4Self-study guideRead“Modern Linguistics”by He Zhao-xiongChapter2PhonologyChapter3LexiconTeaching aims:let the students have a brief knowledge about morphemes and the basic word-formation methodsFocal points:definition and classification of morphemes;major word-formation methodsTeaching procedureLexicon：In its most general sense,lexicon is synonymous with vocabulary.In its technical sense,it deals with theanalysis and creation of words.1.Word1.1What is wordA unit of expression that has universal intuitive recognition by native-speakers,whether it is expressed in spoken or written form.word””1.2Three senses of“worda.a physical definable unit:a cluster of sound segments orletters between two pause or blankb.the common factor underlying a set of formsc.a grammatical unite.g.It is kind of you,Miss Hou.Every word plays a grammatical part in the sentence.1.3Classification of worda.V ariable vs.invariable wordsb.Grammatical words vs.lexical wordsc.Closed-class words vs.open-class words2.The formation of word2.1MorphologyDefinition：Morphology is a branch of linguistics,which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by whichwords are formed.The two fields(p88)Inflectional morphology:the study of inflectionsDerivational morphology:the study of word-formation2.2Morpheme:the minimal unit of meaning2.2.1DefinitionMorpheme is the smallest meaning-bearing unit.2.2.2Types of morphemesmorpheme free:free rootbound bound root rootaffix inflectionalderivational prefixsuffixFree morphemes:morphemes which may constitute words by themselvesBound morphemes:morphemes which can not be used by themselves,but must be combined with other morphemes to form wordsInflectional morpheme:a kind of bound morphemes which manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number,tense,degree and case.E.g.workers,children;walking,walked;biggest;John’s Derivational morpheme:a kind of bound morphemes,added to existing forms to create new words.There are three kinds according to position:prefix,suffix and infix.prefix:change meaning dis-;un-;mis-suffix:change part of speech-ly;-ness;-tioninfix:some languages also have infixes,affix morphemes that are inserted into root or stem morphemes to divide theminto two parts.tatawa“a person who will laugh”tumatawa“a person who is laughing”ngitad“dark”ngumitad“to be dark”In this language,the infix–um-is inserted after the first consonant of a noun or adjective.(fikas-“strong”fumikas--“to be strong”)2.2.33morpheme and phoneme(p93-95)3.1allomorph2.2.3.1A morpheme is a linguistic abstraction;it is a concept.It needs to be represented in certain phonological and orthographic forms. Those forms are called morphs.In morphemic transcription,morphemes in the abstract notion are put between braces likeAllomorph:A morpheme may have alternate shapes or phonetic forms.The variant forms of the same morpheme are called its allomorphs.2.4Lexical change2.4.1Lexical change properMajor ways to create new words:Compounding:a process of combining two or more words intoone lexical unit.blackboard godfather baby-sit cross-cultural Derivation:the process by which new words are formed by the addition of affixes to the roots or words.e.g.finalize widen hospitalize clockwise(顺时针) Blending:a process of forming a new word by combining parts of other words.smog(smoke+fog);brunch smaze(smog+haze);telecast(television+broadcast);motel(motor+hotel) Abbreviation::a shortened form of a word or phrase which Abbreviationrepresents the complete form.(television)Dr(doctor)hr(hour)ft(foot or feet)clipping:a kind of abbreviation of longer words or phrasese.g.telephone---phone memorandum---memoelectronic mail---e-mail high fidelity---hi-fi Acronym:a word created by combining the initial letters of a number of words.e.g.UNESCO APEC Sars CD laser radar(radio detecting and ranging)Initialism:VOA BBC WTOBack-formation:a process by which new words are formed by taking away the suffix of an existing word.televise(from television)donate(from donation)enthuse(from enthusiasm)Borrowing:the taking over of words from other languages Coinage:the invention of a new word2.4.2Phonological changeChanges in sounds lead to changes in form(1)vowel sound change:Great Vowel Shift in history(2)sound loss(3)sound addition(4)metathesis2.4.3Morpho-syntactical change2.4.4Semantic changeThe change of meaning of a wordBroadeningNarrowingMeaning shift:a process in which a word loses its former meaning and acquires a new,sometimes relatedmeaning.Class shift(conversion):Elevation and degradationHomeworkQuestions and Exercises1,2,3,5,13Self-study guideFurther readingAdams,V.1973.An Introduction to Modern English Word-Formation.Dai Wei-dong,2002A New Concise Course On Linguistics For Students Of English Chapter3MorphologyChapter4SyntaxTeaching aims:enable the students to understand and describe the internal structures of sentencesFocal points:different treatment of sentence structure by different linguistic schoolsTeaching difficulties:IC analysis,deep structure,surface structure,tree diagramTeaching procedureSyntax is the study of how words combine to form sentences and the rules which govern the formation of sentences.Since sentence is usually regarded as the largest grammatical unit of a language,syntax has long been the center of grammatical study.In this chapter,we introduce some of the representative approaches to syntax.1.The traditional approachThe traditional approach is based on the earlier grammars of Latin or Greek(the traditional grammar is a grammar of prescription).1.1Sentences and categoriesThe traditional view of a sentence:“a series of words in connected speech or writing,forming the grammatically completeexpression of a single thought”.?an apple?John was late,because he overslept.Lexical categories:part of speech.e.g.:n,v,adj,det.etc.Syntactic categories:usually refers to a word or a phrase that performs a particular grammatical function.e.g.subject,predicate,object etc.Grammatical category:a class or group of items which fulfil the same or similar functions in a language.e.g.Number,gender,case:for nouns,pronouns.Tense,aspect,voice:for verbs1.2Concord and governmentConcord:agreement.The requirement that the forms of two or more words in a syntactic relationship should agree with each other in terms of some categories.a book,this book,some books,three booksHe speaks English.They speak EnglishGovernment:is a type of control over the form of some words by other words in certain syntactic constructions.It is a relationship in which a word of a certain class determines the form of others in terms of certain category.She gave him a book;She gave a book to him.1.3One method used in traditional grammar to describesentence structure is parsing.2.The structural approachThe origin:the Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure,“father/founder of modern linguistics”The beginning of the20th century,Course in GeneralLinguistics.The structural approach:regards linguistic units as interrelated with each other in a structure or system. Structuralism or structural linguistics is a term used in linguistics referring to any approach to the analysis oflanguage that pays explicit attention to the way in whichlinguistic features can be described in terms of structuresand systems.2.1Syntagmatic and paradigmatic relationschildgirlThe boy is smiling.farmerold manSyntagmatic relation(structure,horizontal,chain)组合关系a relation between one item and others in a sequence(thesequential arrangement of words in a language.)There are syntactic and semantic conditions the words in a syntagmatic relation must meet.choice)) Paradigmatic relation(system,associative,vertical,choice聚合关系relation holding between elements replaceable with each other at a particular place in a structure.聚合关系和组合关系一起共同确立一个语言单位在语言系统中的特征。
欢迎来到中国课程英语作文
欢迎来到中国课程英语作文Welcome to the Chinese CurriculumChina, a land of rich history, vibrant culture, and boundless opportunities, has long captivated the global imagination. As the world's most populous country and a rising economic powerhouse, China has become a hub of innovation, technological advancement, and educational excellence. In recent years, the Chinese curriculum has gained significant attention, attracting students from all corners of the globe who seek to immerse themselves in the country's unique educational system and unlock the doors to a future filled with endless possibilities.Stepping into the realm of the Chinese curriculum is akin to embarking on a transformative journey, one that promises to broaden your horizons and challenge your preconceptions. From the moment you set foot in a Chinese classroom, you will be immersed in a dynamic and engaging learning environment that seamlessly blends traditional Chinese values with cutting-edge pedagogical approaches.At the heart of the Chinese curriculum lies a deep respect for thecountry's ancient heritage and a steadfast commitment to cultivating well-rounded individuals. The curriculum places a strong emphasis on the mastery of the Chinese language, recognizing it as the foundation upon which a deeper understanding of Chinese culture and society can be built. Through intensive language instruction, you will not only develop proficiency in speaking, reading, and writing Mandarin Chinese, but also gain insights into the nuances and complexities of this captivating language.Beyond the language component, the Chinese curriculum offers a diverse array of academic disciplines that cater to a wide range of interests and aspirations. From the sciences and engineering to the humanities and the arts, the curriculum is designed to nurture intellectual curiosity, critical thinking, and problem-solving skills. You will have the opportunity to delve into subjects such as traditional Chinese medicine, classical literature, cutting-edge technology, and sustainable development, all while gaining a deeper appreciation for the country's rich cultural heritage.One of the hallmarks of the Chinese curriculum is its emphasis on hands-on learning and practical application. Rather than relying solely on theoretical knowledge, the curriculum encourages students to engage in real-world projects, internships, and collaborative learning experiences. This approach not only enhances your understanding of the subject matter but also equips you with theessential skills and competencies that are highly valued in the global job market.Moreover, the Chinese curriculum fosters a strong sense of community and cultural exchange. As a student in this program, you will have the opportunity to interact with peers from diverse backgrounds, both local and international, and engage in cross-cultural dialogues that broaden your perspectives and challenge your assumptions. Through extracurricular activities, field trips, and cultural immersion experiences, you will have the chance to explore the vibrant cities, breathtaking landscapes, and enduring traditions that make China such a captivating destination.Undoubtedly, the decision to embark on the Chinese curriculum is a bold and transformative one. It requires a willingness to step out of your comfort zone, embrace new challenges, and immerse yourself in a culture that may initially seem vastly different from your own. However, it is precisely this sense of adventure and intellectual curiosity that makes the Chinese curriculum such a rewarding and life-changing experience.As you navigate the path of the Chinese curriculum, you will not only acquire a deep understanding of China and its multifaceted society but also develop a global mindset that will serve you well in the increasingly interconnected world. The knowledge, skills, and culturalinsights you gain will open doors to a myriad of opportunities, from prestigious academic programs to lucrative career prospects in a wide range of industries.In conclusion, the Chinese curriculum is a transformative educational experience that invites you to explore the rich tapestry of Chinese culture, language, and society. By embracing this opportunity, you will embark on a journey of personal and intellectual growth that will not only enrich your life but also position you as a global citizen, ready to make a meaningful impact on the world stage. So, take the leap, and welcome to the captivating world of the Chinese curriculum.。
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制动系统: 轿车及卡车实验台架
单端 & 双端实验台架 机械模拟和电模拟 残余惯量 环境模拟 高频噪声实验台架 模拟惯量 急减速、急停 低速 转动模拟 局部 制动实验台架 全悬 & 轮载 径向轮胎载荷 被动 道路轮 底盘 滚动实验台架 局部四分之一角 轮胎接触面驱动 车辆驱动模拟
Link工程公司
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Link 工程公司介绍. Link 工程公司产品 Link 测试服务
2003-10-16
2
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Link 工程公司介绍 Link Engineering & Products Link Testing Services