研究生课程——英美文化(重点)
选修课《英美文化》课程教学大纲
《英语国家概况》课程教学大纲
课程性质：选修
适用专业：非英语专业和英语专业
学时：32 学分：2
先修课程：大学英语基础英语
一、教学目的和任务：
《英美文化》是一门集英语国家背景知识和英语语言知识为一体的选修课，旨在向学生介绍所学语言国家的历史、社会和文化等背景知识，拓宽其知识面，帮助学生了解主要英美两国的历史、社会与文化概貌，使其从历史、文化和社会的角度更加深刻地理解和掌握所学语言知识和技能。
二、基本要求：
1、了解英美国家的社会与文化概况，如地理、历史、政治、经济、社会生活和文化传统等方面的基本知识；
2、培养学生跨文化交际能力；
3、培养学生的对文化差异的敏感性和容忍性；
4、为学生阅读英文报刊、英文原著打下基础。
三、教学内容：
第一讲国家历史—英国篇1第二讲国家历史—英国篇2
第三讲国家历史—美国篇1 第四讲国家历史—美国篇2
第五讲政治体制—英美篇第六讲经济体制—英美篇
第七讲文学艺术—英国篇第八讲文学艺术—美国篇
第九讲教育体制—英美篇第十讲社会习俗—英美篇
第十一讲流行文化—英美篇第十二讲宗教习俗—英美篇
第十三讲新闻媒体—英美篇1 第十四讲新闻媒体—英美篇2
第十五讲语言差异—美语、英语的差异第十六讲总结
四、学时分配：
五、主要参考书：
[1] 朱永涛《英语国家社会与文化入门》（上、下册）高等教育出版社2003
[2] 毛贵荣宗玉《问答美国》外文出版社2001.1
[3] 张奎武《英美概况》吉林科学技术出版社1998.2
教研室主任：
分院（系）领导：。
《英美文化概论》课程教学大纲
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讲授
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5.2英国和美国的工业概况
两国工业各自的特点
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5.3英国和美国的农业概括
两国农业各自的特点
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5.4英国和美国的经济贸易
两国经济贸易各自的特点；
结合中美贸易战，指出美方的霸权主义
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三、课程内容
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第1章
第1章英美两国的地形特点概述
本章重点难点：英国和美国的地形特点；美国地理位置对其经济发展的重要性；美国地理位置对其经济发展的重要性
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1.1
1.1英国和美国的地理位置
英国和美国的地理位置、地理方面重要特征
This is a selective course for the application and further improvement of college English. By introducing the geography, history, society, culture, politics and other aspects of the United States and the United Kingdom, it elaborates the formation and development process of the cultural traditions and core values of the United States and the United Kingdom. It is helpful for learners to understand the way of thinking, values and lifestyles of the UK and the US. This course could equip students with certain ability to comprehend the social and cultural phenomena in UK and the US. Besides, students' language skill and cultural sensitivity when interacting with the British and the Americans would also be enhanced.
英美文化知识点总结图
英美文化知识点总结图英美文化是指英国和美国两国的文化，由于历史和地理因素的影响，英美文化在很多方面有着共同的特点，但也有一些不同之处。
本文将从语言、食物、节日、音乐、体育和社会礼仪等方面对英美文化进行总结。
一、语言1. 英语英语是英美两国的官方语言，它们有着共同的语法和词汇，但在语音和部分词汇上有一些差别。
在英国，英语分为英格兰英语、苏格兰英语、威尔士英语和北爱尔兰英语等方言；而美国的英语则有着更多的地域性差异，比如东部和西部的口音、南部和北部的词汇用法等。
2. 俚语英美两国都有着丰富的俚语和口头禅，比如英国人说的“bloke”（家伙），美国人说的“cool”（酷），这些词汇的使用方式和含义在不同地区也会有一些不同。
3. 礼貌用语在英美两国，称呼方式和礼貌用语也有一些不同。
比如在英国，“sir”和“madam”被用于商务场合或对陌生人的称呼，而在美国，“sir”和“ma'am”更多地被用于尊敬长者。
二、食物1. 早餐英国人习惯吃牛奶、麦片、烤面包和熏肉等食物作为早餐，而美国人更喜欢在早餐时吃鸡蛋、培根、土豆和煎饼等。
2. 午餐英国人通常吃三明治、鱼和薯条、谢菲尔德派、烤土豆等作为午餐，而美国人更喜欢吃汉堡包、比萨、墨西哥卷饼和烤肉。
3. 晚餐在英国，晚餐通常由三道菜组成，包括开胃菜、主菜和甜点；而在美国，晚餐则更注重肉类和蔬菜的搭配，通常会有更多的甜点选择。
4. 茶文化英国人有着悠久的茶文化，他们通常会在下午喝茶，并且会搭配一些小点心；而美国人更喜欢喝咖啡，下午茶更多的是一种社交活动。
1. 圣诞节在英国和美国，圣诞节都是重要的节日，人们会装饰圣诞树、交换礼物、吃圣诞大餐等，但两国在庆祝方式上有些差别。
比如在英国，圣诞布置通常更加传统和典雅，而在美国，圣诞的装饰则更加繁华和华丽。
2. 独立日独立日是美国的国庆节，人们会进行烟花表演、游行、野餐和烧烤等庆祝活动。
而在英国，没有类似的国庆节，但人们会在特定的日期举行各种民俗活动和庆祝仪式。
英美文化课程教学大纲解读
英美文化课程教学大纲解读英美文化课程教学大纲解读在当今全球化的时代，学习英美文化已经成为越来越多人的需求。
为了满足这一需求，许多学校和机构开始开设英美文化课程。
本文将对英美文化课程教学大纲进行解读，探讨其内容和意义。
英美文化课程教学大纲是一个指导教师教学的重要文件。
它包含了教学目标、教学内容、教学方法和评估方式等方面的要求。
首先，教学目标是英美文化课程教学大纲的核心。
通过学习英美文化，学生可以更好地了解英美社会、历史、文学、艺术等方面的知识，提高他们的跨文化交际能力。
此外，英美文化课程还可以培养学生的批判思维和创造力，帮助他们更好地适应多元文化社会。
其次，教学内容是英美文化课程教学大纲的重要组成部分。
教学内容包括英美社会的组织结构、价值观念、传统习俗、文学作品、电影、音乐等方面的知识。
通过学习这些内容，学生可以了解英美社会的方方面面，从而更好地融入和理解英美文化。
此外，教学内容还应该注重与学生的实际生活和兴趣相结合，以激发学生的学习兴趣和积极性。
第三，教学方法是英美文化课程教学大纲中的重要一环。
教学方法应该灵活多样，既包括传统的讲授和讨论，也包括互动式的小组活动和实地考察等。
通过多种教学方法的运用，可以激发学生的学习兴趣，提高他们的学习效果。
此外，教学方法还应该注重培养学生的自主学习能力和团队合作精神，以适应未来社会的发展需求。
最后，评估方式是英美文化课程教学大纲中不可忽视的一部分。
评估方式应该既注重学生对知识的掌握程度，也注重学生的跨文化交际能力和批判思维能力的培养。
评估方式可以包括考试、论文、小组项目等多种形式，以全面评估学生的学习成果。
英美文化课程教学大纲的制定和执行对于提高学生的英美文化素养和跨文化交际能力具有重要意义。
首先，英美文化课程可以帮助学生更好地了解英美社会的历史、文化和价值观念，提高他们的跨文化交际能力，从而更好地适应全球化的时代。
其次，英美文化课程可以培养学生的批判思维和创造力，帮助他们更好地适应多元文化社会的需求。
科目英美文化学习总结
科目英美文化学习总结在英美文化学习的过程中，我深入了解了英国和美国的历史、社会、艺术和生活习俗等方面。
通过学习，我对英美文化有了更深入的了解，同时也发现了一些不同于我国的特点。
在此，我将总结我在科目英美文化学习中的收获和感悟。
第一部分：历史与社会英美历史深远而辉煌，世界上很多重大事件都与英美相关。
英国作为大英帝国的发源地，曾经统治过广大领土，并对全球产生了深远的影响。
美国则是世界上最年轻的超级大国，其独立战争和建国历程为世人所瞩目。
英美社会的特点也是我在学习中的重点之一。
英国素以其礼貌和绅士风度而闻名，这在很大程度上影响了整个社会的文化氛围。
美国则强调个人主义和自由精神，注重个体权利和多样性。
我从中学习到了不同社会制度和文化背景对人们世界观和行为方式的影响。
第二部分：艺术与文学英美文化以其独特的艺术和文学作品而闻名于世。
莎士比亚的作品是英国文艺复兴时期的代表，他的戏剧作品深入探索了人性和社会现象。
美国作家马克·吐温则以其幽默和讽刺风格成为美国文学的代表人物。
除了文学作品，英美的音乐、电影和绘画等艺术形式也给我留下了深刻的印象。
英国的摇滚乐队如披头士和皇后乐队是世界音乐史上的经典，而美国的好莱坞电影则以其制作精良和多元题材赢得了全球观众的喜爱。
第三部分：生活与习俗英国和美国的生活方式和习俗都有独特的特点。
在英国，下午茶是一种重要的社交活动，人们会在下午享受茶点和轻松的谈话。
美国人则以烧烤、比赛观赏和聚会为主的户外活动为主导。
此外，英国人对于足球的热爱和美国人对于篮球和橄榄球的热情也是两国文化的体现。
总结：通过对科目英美文化的学习，我对英国和美国的历史、社会、艺术和生活习俗等方面都有了更深入的了解。
英美文化的独特魅力吸引着我，也让我对自己的国家文化有了更多的思考和比较。
通过学习英美文化，我不仅开阔了眼界，还培养了对不同文化的尊重和包容心态。
在今后的学习和生活中，我将继续深入了解英美文化，并将其融入到自己的成长和发展中。
研究生课程——英美文化（重点）
研究生课程——英美文化（重点）●Introduction to the United Kingdom1、全称The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland2、组成England, Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland3、The Union Flag：The Union Jack，is a combination (union) of the flags of St George, St Andrew and St Patrick.4、Bordered by four seas：to the south by the English Channelto the east by the North Seato the west by the Irish Sea andthe Atlantic Ocean5、The Prime Meridian本初子午线、Greenwich6、England---London、Scotland---Edinburgh、Wales---Cardiff、Northern Ireland---Belfast●Education1、The purpose of education：to provide children with literacy and the other basic skills they will need to become active members of societyto socialize children2、divided into six terms: 9-10、10-12、1-2、2-3、4-5、6-73、The main school holidays are:＊Christmas- 2 weeks＊Easter - 2 weeks＊Summer - 6 weeksThere are also one-week holidays:＊end of October＊mid February＊end of May4、state schools:private schools:public schools=independent schools5、age 16: GCSE exams (General Certificate of Secondary Education)中学毕业证书①quit school and find a job②prepare to sit exams for university entrance :A-levels (General Certificate of Education-Advanced)高级水平测试结业证书③co ncentrate on vocational training:GNVQs (General National V ocational Qualifications)国家专业资格证书6、O-level(Ordinary-level)7、Oxford and Cambridge--Oxbridge (the oldest)8、In Scotland:St. Andrew (1411) Glasgow (1450) Aberdeen (1494) Edinburgh (1538)9、Bachelor(学士)10、departments:chief (professor),Professors, Readers/Senior Lecturers, Lecturers●British Media1、TV、radio、Newspaper2、Quality paper、Tabloids3、The Observer 《观察家报》the world's oldest national newspaper4、The Times 《泰晤士报》the UK's oldest daily newspaper5、The Guardian《卫报》 a national daily newspaper which is radical 激进的in politics and interested in society and social problems. quite soft on crime and quite feminist and shows great concern for green politics. one of the quality press6、The Daily Telegraph 《每日电讯报》quality press tough sentences for criminals, be unsympathetic to single mothers,favour free enterprise over social programmes7、The News of the World 《世界新闻报》tabloid the UK's biggest-selling Sunday newspaper8、The Financial Times 《金融时报》also printed in other countries of the world.9、BBC—The British Broadcasting Corporation（funded by licence fees)ITC—The Independent Television Commission(独立电视委员会）(funded by advertising) The Radio Authority10、Britain’s Got Talent（英国达人）●U.K. Politics1、The Monarchy (君主政体)2、The UK---parliamentary democracy &constitutional monarchy(议会民主制和君主立宪制)3、Magna Carta （大宪章）4、The British Parliament：One of the jobs Parliament does is to check that the Government is running the country properly.5、The Great Council(大议会)6、summoned “by name”(the House of Lords上议院)representatives of communities (the House of Commons下议院)7、The Bill of Rights of 1689 (权利法案)8、The makeup of the Parliament①the Queen (symbolic)①Lords Spiritual②the House of Lords ①hereditary peers②Lords Temporal ②life pe ers③Law Lords③the House of Commons (下议院）The Commons is the most important place for discussingpolicies and making laws.9、The main functions of Parliament are:to pass lawsto provide, by voting for taxation, the means of carrying on the work of governmentto scrutinise government policy and administration, including proposals for expenditureto debate the major issues of the day10、The Cabinet(内阁)11、Labor Party (the newest, the end of 19th century)---a socialist party:The Conservative Party (spent most time in power)The Liberal Democrats (the 3rd biggest) a party of the “middle”●British People1、Quiet, reserved people、A show of modesty谦虚、A sense of humour、Privacy and space、sportsmanship2、Aristocracy贵族、The upper class、The middle class、The working class、The under class●British Economy1、sixth-largest in the world2、third-largest in Europe measured by nominal GDPandsecond-largest measured by PPP3、GDP(gross domestic product) and purchasing power parity (PPP)4、CN、EU、G7、G8、G20、IMF、WB、WTO、UN5、first country in the world to industrialise.6、Three main areas: primary industry 、secondary industry、tertiary第三的/service industry7、Britain’s Economic System:A unique mixed economy( a mix of market economy and command economy characteristics混合市场经济和计划经济的特点) Markets and governmentState enterprises●America Introduction1、Name: the United States of America, the United States, the U.S., the USA, America, the StatesPopulation: over 311 million people in mid-2011Capital: Washington D.C. (District of Columbia 哥伦比亚特区) Area: 9.83 million square kilometersThe most famous river: The Mississippi River (密西西比)The largest lakes: The Great Lakes(大湖区)The mountains: The Rocky Mountains(落基山脉)50 states:48 contiguous (毗连的) states, 2 non- contiguous ones (Alaska & Hawaii)2、The Stars and Stripes(星条旗) National floral emblem (国花)：rose3、The Bald Eagle - An American Emblem National Motto: In God We Trust●Education in the United States1、Goal of Education:T o teach children how to learn and to help them reach their maximum potential.2、About 90% American students attend public schools.10% attend private schools3、American Values: Democracy(No admission exams)、Equality(Equality of opportunity)4、The success of US college application depends on:Their high school recordsRecommendations from their high school teachersThe impression they make during interviews at the universityTheir scores on the Scholastic Aptitude Tests (SATs) (学习能力测试)●Government and Politics In the United States1、The Articles of Confederation(联邦条款)2、The three branches：Congress---the legislative branch which makes law 立法The President---represents the executive branch and enforces the laws 行政The Supreme Court/ the judicial(司法的) branch---explains the law 司法3、Congress made up of two houses: the Senate and the House of Representatives.4、The two-Party System：The Democratic Party and the Republican Party.5、The Constitution limits the powers of each branch, “System of Checks and Balances”.●Traditional American Values and Beliefs1、Traditional American Values ：Individual freedom——Self-relianceEquality of opportunity——CompetitionMaterial wealth——Hard work2、The phrase “going from rags to riches”became a slogan for the “American Dream.”3、American dream：Land of OpportunityRags to Riches—Anyone can become rich, famous, powerful.Jobs and education available to all who want them.Meritocracy (rewards)=skill + effort.Through hard work, courage and determination one can achieve prosperity. Americans can live better than their parents did.4、The big / ambitious dreams：Democracy(民主), liberty(自由), equality(平等), Pursuit of Happiness(追求幸福)5、Freedoms of speechthe pressreligionguaranteeing a fair criminal trial●American Economy1、GNP (Gross National Product).2、The reasons for the success of American agriculture(1) Vastness of the nation and the generosity of nature(2) Advanced agricultural science and technology, highly developed machinery, effective fertilizersand chemicals(3) Well-organized and large-scale agribusiness(4) The readiness of many farmers to adopt new technology like computers(5) The government’s emphasis on the development of agriculture3、the first factory in the U.S.: 1793, Samuel Slater, Rhode Island, a cotton cloth factory●Social Problems1、Racial Problems、Poverty、Drug Abuse、Crime、The Abuse of Power by Government and Corporation2、The United States was founded on the principle of human equality3、Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to stop discrimination in all public places.●American Family1、a family is those people who live with others to whomthey are related by blood, marriage, or adoption.2、usually between 18 and 21 years children are encouraged, but not forced, to “leave the nest”●Holiday1、Legal HolidaysNew Year's Day 1.1Martin Luther King’s Day 1.15Presidents’Day 2月的第三个星期一Memorial Day 5.30Independence Day 7.4Labor Day 9月的第一个星期一Columbus Day 10.12Thanksgiving Day The fourth Thursday in NovemberVeterans DayChristmas DayValentine’s Day Feb.14thEaster the first Sunday that occurs after the first full moon.Mother’s Day: On the second Sunday of MayFather’s Day: On the third Sunday in JuneHalloween: Oct. 31st.。
英美文化复习重点
英美文化复习重点第一章古代西方哲学的发展一、Greek RationalismThe word “philosophy” is Greek for “love of wisdom” and has come to mean a systematic search for answers to life’s great questions.P11 Socrates (470—399 B.C.)名言⑴“One thing only I know, and that is that I know nothing”P3⑵“he who know what good is, will do good.”P42 Plato (428—347 B.C.)名言⑴ The earlier natural philosophers asked “what allows our changing world to be based on something that is unchanging?”(不是Plato说的)Plato now asked, “what is eternally true”, “eternally beautiful”and “eternally good”? 真善美 P4⑵ If Plato’s motto was “mind over matter”then Aristotle’s motto was “matter over mind.”如果柏拉图的座右铭是“精神高于物质”，那么亚里士多德的格言是“财富高于物质” P53 Aristotle (385—323 B.C.)二、The Middle Ages(ca 476 A.D.—ca 1400A.D.)三、The Renaissance(ca 1400--1700)1 Rene Descartes (1596--1650) 笛卡尔 P8⑴He did not believe that man knew nothing. This belief led him to ask another important question, “what is the relatio nship between the body (matter) and the mind (spirit)?” according to Descartes, the human body is a perfect machine, followingnatural laws. But man also has a mind which interacts or operates independently from the body. 人体是一个完美的机器，遵循自然规律。
英美文化教程
英美文化教程复习资料一、知识点：英国部分1、英国组成，国旗，国歌：The United Kingdom of Great Britian and Northern Ireland is a union made up of four constituent countries: England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland.The Union Jack is the national flag and God Save the King/Queen is used as the national anthem.2、英国语言经历点阶段：he history of the English language has generally been divided into Old English, spoken by theancient Germans lasting from 450 to 1150; Middle English from 1151 to 1500; and Modern English beginning from 1501.3、抵抗丹麦的皇帝：Alfred the Great, King of Wessex大宪章：The Great CharterThe Great Charter is a most important document in England history. It has been called “the corner stone” of English history. The Great Charter provides that the king should permit merchants to move about freely and should observe the privileges of the various towns, which were growing in number and size.4、宪章运动In 1837 the London Workingman’s Association worked out the famous document, The People’s CharterThe People’s Charter constituted six points:（人民宪章）(1)Votes for all males.(2)Annual election of Parliament (instead of general election every seven years).(3)Payment of Members of Parliament (so that poor men could afford to take part in political activities).(4)Secret voting (so that to avoid bribery and intimidation).(5)Abolition of property qualifications for Parliament Members (so that workers could seek to be elected).(6)Equal electoral districts (so that the large population of the workers could enjoy a corresponding share of thevotes).The People’s Charter was formally adopted at a meeting of workers held on August 8, 1838, on Newhall Hill.In 1840, the Chartist Movement witnessed the second upsruge.In 1848, the Chartist Movement expericenced the third and last upsruge.5、英国两院制上议院、下议院(议会)The parliament(议会) is bicameral (两院制), with an upper house, the non-elected House of Lords, and a lower house, the elected House of Commons.The House of Lords includes two different types of members: the Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temproal.The House of Lords today is more a place of discussion and debate than one of substantial power. It main functions include debating the issues of the day and improving certain non-tax bills inadequately considered by the Commons before they are passed into low. In some rare cases, it may delay the passage of bills approved by the Commons, but only for up to a year.The House of Commons is a democratically elected chamber with elections to it, held at least every 5 years. The two Houses meet in separate chambers in the Palace of Westminster, in the City of Westminster in London. House of Commons is the lower house of the Parliament of the UK. The Commons is a democratically elected body, consisting of 646 members. The leader of the party with the majority of seats becomes the Prime Minister, head of the government. He or she then chooses an inner cabinet of key ministers and appoints junior ministers in various ministers.Power:1.Legislative(立法权)：The House of Commons has the supreme authority of the legislation, their motion can directly get Royal Assent.2.finace power(财政权)：only the house of commons has the right to propose the motion on tax or supply(只有下议院才有权力提出税收及供应的权力)3.Suprvise the government (监督政府)：as the head of the government, if the prime minister wants to continue in office, he/she must be admitted by the House of Commons. It has the right to impeach(弹劾) the prime minister or the government. Functions: Members of Parliament are involved in considering can drafting new laws.MPs can use their position to ask government ministers questions about current issues.To supervise, or oversee finance.6、两大政党The Conservative Party: 1 relatively rich and privileged;2 maintenance of the existing institutions as itspolicy;3last word in deciding policy by its leader;4 conference for the leader’guidance but a device for making the party’s policyThe Labor Party: 1 relatively poor and underprivileged; 2 strong in the heavily-populated industrial areas and particularly associated with the working class; 3 nationwide organization, few resources and heavily depends on the trade unions; 4 conference for making the party policy(1)The Conservative Party supports free enterprise and privatization of state-owned enterprises. It is against too muchgovernment intervention, especially nationalization, which not only takes control away from the owners and builders of industry, but also leads to inefficiency. The Conservative Party favors reducing the influence of trade unions and minimizing expenditures on social welfare. It policies are characterized by pragmatism and a belief in individualism. (2)The Labor Party believes in an egalitarian(平等主义的) economy, transferring wealth from the rich to the poor by meansof taxing the most affluent members of society and providing support for the poor in society. They deem the government responsible for the provision of range of public services, such as social welfare, education and public transport. The Labor government that came to power in 1945 had a major effect on British society. It set up the National Health Service to provide high quality, free health care for all, “from cradle to grave”, providing a range of welfare payments, and most controversially, it “nationalized”a wide range of industries, making a mixed economy of both private-and state-owned enterprises. The Labor Party became known as a party of high taxation.7.The Open University （开放大学）a degree-granting institution that provides courses of study for adults of all ages through television, radio, produced books, audio/video cassettes, correspondence courses and local study programmes.8. 19世纪末英国经济绝对—相对衰退Absolute Decline and Relative Decline9英国教育：四大私立中学，大学四大私立中学：Eton Harrow Rugby Winchester大学：Ancient Universities founded before the 19th centuryLondon Universities founded in the 19th and early 20th centuriesRed Brick Universities founded in the 19th and early 20th centuriesPlate Glass Universities founded in the 1960sThe Open Universities founded in 1968 (重点)P137New Universities created in or after 1992古老的大学：The university of Oxford(历史更久)；The university of Cambridge10 “British history has been a history of invasions”.British history has been a history of invasions. Before the 1st century AD Britain was made up of tribal kingdoms of Celtic people. They brought the central European culture to Britain. Then in 43AD, Roman Empire invaded Britain and controlled it f or slave society but also disseminated their Catholicism.However, in the 5th century, the Roman Empire rapidly waned in power and Britain was conquered by the Angles and the Saxons. In order to defend the Saxons, a great leader—King Arthur appeared. He created the "round table" to satisfy all the kni ghts' requirement of having equal precedence. Thus it gradually formed the monarchy in Britain as a more democratic system. Whether Arthur's a real person in the history or not, Anglo-Saxons did succeed in invading Britain and they were the forefathers of the English.In the 8th century, the Vikings from Denmark controlled the northern and eastern England. An Anglo-Saxon hero, king Alf red the Great fought against the Vikings with the truly English. And that's why there's a certain cultural difference between nort herners and southerners in England. Later, the Normans from northern France, under the leading of William of Normandy, kille d the king and William became the First of England. They imported a ruling class that French-speaking Norman aristocracy rule d Saxon and English-speaking population. In this condition, there weren't a lot of rebellions among the English people. That dir ectly formed an English unique character: a richly unconventional interior life hidden by an external conformity. Even today, w e can still find this personality from the British people through their lifestyles.In fact, such invasion is a peaceful history of joining together the various parts of the British Isles and the power graduall y transferred from the monarch to the parliament. So the constitutional monarchy has been established in Britain.11.English Language (s三个阶段)：old English period—middle English period---modern English period二、英国选择、填空、简答题1、The British Isles are situated in the northwest of the Europe.2、The highland zone is an area of high hills and mountains in the north and east of Britain.3、The Pennine Chain is sometimes called the backbone of England.4、The Severn River is the longest river in Britain.5、Lough Neagh in Northern Ireland is the largest lake in the UK.6、The British Isles are cut off from the continent by the English Channel.7、On the north and the east, the Isles face the North Sea and on the west they face the Atlantic Ocean.8、The highland zone is cooler than the lowland zone, and receives more rainfall and less sunlight.9、The Highlands act as a divide and determine whether rivers flow west to the Irish Sea or east to the North Sea.10、The seven Conurbations in Britain contain one third of the population of the country.11、The English people are descendants of Anglo-Saxons.12、Middle English took shape about a century after the Norman Conquest.13、London dialect was once disseminated throughout the country NOT because London was a D center.A. commercialB. politicalC. printingD. linguistic14、Scotland has had a separate legal system.15、The English people are the descendants of Anglo-Saxons , while the Scots, Welsh and Irish are the descendants of the Celts.16、Generally speaking, the British Parliament operates on a two-party system.17、In Britain, the parliament general election is held every five years.18、The policies of the Conservative Party are characterized by pragmatism and a belief in individual.19、The Labor Party affected the British society greatly in that it set up the National Health Service.20、Other countries have “citizens”. But in Britain people are legally described as subject.21、Elizabeth II succeeded to the throne in 1952.22、Which of the followings in not RIGHT to describe the Prime Minister? DA The head of CabinetB The head of civil serviceC The leader of the Party in powerD The head of the country23、The third largest political party in Britain is the Liberal Party.24、The British economy achieved global dominance by 1880s.25、Which of the following statements is NOT true about the UK economy? CA. Britain remains one of the Group of Seven largest industrial economies.B. Britain has experienced a relative economic decline in 1945.C. There has been a period of steady decreasing of living standards.D. Some smaller economies have overtaken the UK in terms of output per capital.26、Which of the following livestock has the biggest number in the UK? DA. Beef cattleB. Dairy cattleC. ChichenD. Sheep27、Which of the following used to be the last independent car company in the UK? CA. FordB. PeugeotC. RoverD.BMW28、In the aerospace industry, which two countries are ahead of Britain? The US and Russia29、Which of the following is NOT a company in the energy sector? BA. ShellB. ICIC. PTZD. British Gas30、”The Jewel in the Crown” of the British Empire India, which provided raw material and a big market for British goods, gained independence in 1947.31、Since 1945, the UK economy has experienced relative decline rather than absolute decline.32、In recent years, Britain is second only to the US as a destination for international direct investment.33、The UK economy can be divided into three main sectors: primary industries, secondary industries and tertiary industries.34、Englishman Frank Whittle developed the world’s first jet engine in 1937.35、What kind of secondary schools now receives the largest number of students? Comprehensive schools36、Which is incorrect to describe the independent schools? CA. They are public schools. C. They are fee-free schools.B. They emphasize the importance of character training. D. Many of them are boarding schools.37、Open University communicates with its students mainly by radio, television programs, local study programmes.38、The University of Buckingham is a privately funded university in Britain.39、If a student wants to go to university in Britain, he will take the exam called General Certificate of Education-Advanced.40、Easter commemorates the Crucifixion and Resurrection of Jesus Christ41、On which day is Halloween celebrated? October 3142、Where are the international tennis championships held? Wimbledon43、Which one in the following is famous for its literary and dramatic criticism? DA. The EconomistB. The SpectatorC.TribuneD. Punch44、Which one of the following is NOT particularly British Christmas tradition? CA.Enjoying the Pantomime C.Eating chocolate eggs.B.The Queen broadcasting her Christmas message D.Shopping on the Boxing Day.45、Margaret Thatcher was the United Kingdom’s first woman Prime Minister.46、Margaret Thatcher’s nickname is the Iron Lady三、知识点：美国部分1、美国简介The United States shares land borders with Canada and Mexico and a water border with Russia.It national day is on 4th of July (Independence Day).Washington, D.C. is the capital of the United States of America.George Washington is the first president.Flag: Stars and Stripes, Old Glory, and the Star-Spangled Banner.The bald eagle was chosen on June 20, 1782 as the emblem.National anthem is the Star - Spangled Banner.The Great Lakes: Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, Lake Erie, and Lake Ontario.2、二战与美国America in WWII: 1 From Isolation to Intervention(隔离-干预)2 Battle Against Germany (Normandy Landing诺曼底登陆1944)3 Battle Against Japan(The Pearl Harbor incident 珍珠港事件导火线---- T he Battle of Midway 中途岛战役1942<the turning point of the war>)America After WWII:1Truman and Cold War（The Truman Doctrine 杜鲁门主义）2The Eisenhower Doctrine （艾森豪威尔主义）3The Bay of Pigs Invasion and the Cuban Missile Crisis（猪湾事件和古巴导弹危机）3、美国政治：Three Branches of the American Government(三权分立)The federal government has three branches: the legislative, executive, and judicial. Through a system of separation of powers and the system of "checks and balances," each of these branches has some authority to act on its own, some authority to regulate the other two branches, and has some of its own authority, in turn, regulated by the other branches. The policies of the federal government have a broad impact on both the domestic and foreign affairs of the United States. In addition, the powers of the federal government as a whole are limited by the Constitution.The legislative branch consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives, collectively known as the Congress. There are 100 senators; each state has two. Each state has a different number of representatives, with the number determined by the state's population. At present, there are 435 members of the House. The legislative branch, as a whole, is charged with passing the nation's laws and allocating funds for the running of the federal government and providing assistance to the 50 U.S. states.The executive branch The chief executive of the United States is the President, who, together with the vice president, is elected to a four-year term. A crucial function of the executive branch is to ensure that laws are carried out and enforced to facilitate such day-to-day responsibilities of the federal government as collecting taxes, safeguarding the homeland and representing the United States' political and economic interests around the world.The judicial branch is headed by the Supreme Court, which is the only court specifically created by the Constitution. Thejudicial branch consists of the United States Supreme Court and lower federal courts. Its primary function is to hear cases that challenge legislation or require interpretation of that legislation. The U.S. Supreme Court has nine Justices, who are chosen by the President, confirmed by the Senate, and have a lifetime appointment.4、美国宗教特征: Distinctive Characteristics1.freedom and toleration2.pluralism and diversity3.prospects5、美国教育：The Ivy League（常春藤联）:Harvard UniversityYale University University of Pennsylvania Princeton University Columbia University Brown University Cornell University Dartmouth College四．美国题目1.The United States has altogether fifty states.2.Alaska is the largest state in land area and Rhode Island the smallest.3.Before their conversion to farmland, the Great Plains were noted for their extensive grasslands.4.The longest river in America is Missouri River.ke Superior has the largest surface area of any freshwater lake in the world.6.The climate of the United States, as a whole, can be classified as temperate.7.The Great Plains and Midwest, due to the contrasting air masses, sees frequent severe thunderstorms andtornado outbreaks during spring and summer.8.One natural disaster that frequents the country are hurricanes, which can hit anywhere along the Gulf Coastor the Atlantic Coast as well as Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean.9.The American Northwest sees the highest concentration of active volcanoes in the United States, inWashington, Oregon and northern California along the Cascade Mountains.10.America has plenty of fertile soil. Farmlands in the United States make up about 12% of the arable lands inthe world, and they are among the richest and most productive ones.11.The United States shares land borders with Canada and Mexico, and a water border with Russia.12.The United States secured its independence from Great Britain in 1783.13.The United States ranks as the fourth largest country in the world after Russia, Canada, and China.14.The five Great Lakes are located in the north-central portion of the country, four of them forming part ofthe border with Canada.15.Of the 13 British colonies only Connecticut and Rlode Island.16.The First Continental Congress was attended by the representatives from all the colonies EXCEPT DA. DelawareB.PennsylvaniaC.MassachusettsD.Georgia17.The victory of Saratoga was the turning point of the War of Inpendence.18.When the Second War of Inpendence broke out in 1812, the US President was James Madison.19.The Mexican territories annexed by US and as a result of the Mexican War include the following statesEXCEPT AA.OregonB.TexasC. CaliforniaD.Arizona20.Which of the following is NOT the measure taken by Lincoln’s Administration in 1862 to change the situationand win the Civil War? DA.The passage of the Homestead Act.B.The issuing of the Emancipation Proclamation.C.The allowance of Negroes to join the Union Army.D.The ordering of the Union Army to take over Richmond.21.The US imperialism was marked by all the following EXCEPT CA.highly developed industryB.high concentration of capitalC.free business competitionD.overseas territorial expansion22.When the First World War began, President Wilson immediately called upon the American people to observestrict neutrality.23.The Post-WWII program of economic assistance to Western Europe was known as Marshall Plan.24.Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. advocated the philosophy of nonviolence.。
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●Introduction to the United Kingdom1、全称The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland2、组成England, Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland3、The Union Flag：The Union Jack，is a combination (union) of the flags of St George, St Andrew and St Patrick.4、Bordered by four seas：to the south by the English Channelto the east by the North Seato the west by the Irish Sea andthe Atlantic Ocean5、The Prime Meridian本初子午线、Greenwich6、England---London、Scotland---Edinburgh、Wales---Cardiff、Northern Ireland---Belfast●Education1、The purpose of education：to provide children with literacy and the other basic skills they will need to become active members of societyto socialize children2、divided into six terms: 9-10、10-12、1-2、2-3、4-5、6-73、The main school holidays are:＊Christmas- 2 weeks＊Easter - 2 weeks＊Summer - 6 weeksThere are also one-week holidays:＊end of October＊mid February＊end of May4、state schools:private schools:public schools=independent schools5、age 16: GCSE exams (General Certificate of Secondary Education)中学毕业证书①quit school and find a job②prepare to sit exams for university entrance :A-levels (General Certificate of Education-Advanced)高级水平测试结业证书③concentrate on vocational training:GNVQs (General National V ocational Qualifications)国家专业资格证书6、O-level(Ordinary-level)7、Oxford and Cambridge--Oxbridge (the oldest)8、In Scotland:St. Andrew (1411) Glasgow (1450) Aberdeen (1494) Edinburgh (1538)9、Bachelor(学士)10、departments:chief (professor),Professors, Readers/Senior Lecturers, Lecturers●British Media1、TV、radio、Newspaper2、Quality paper、Tabloids3、The Observer 《观察家报》the world's oldest national newspaper4、The Times 《泰晤士报》the UK's oldest daily newspaper5、The Guardian《卫报》 a national daily newspaper which is radical 激进的in politics and interested in society and social problems. quite soft on crime and quite feminist and shows greatconcern for green politics. one of the quality press6、The Daily Telegraph 《每日电讯报》quality press tough sentences for criminals, be unsympathetic to single mothers, favour free enterprise over social programmes7、The News of the World 《世界新闻报》tabloid the UK's biggest-selling Sunday newspaper8、The Financial Times 《金融时报》also printed in other countries of the world.9、BBC—The British Broadcasting Corporation（funded by licence fees)ITC—The Independent Television Commission(独立电视委员会）(funded by advertising) The Radio Authority10、Britain’s Got Talent（英国达人）●U.K. Politics1、The Monarchy (君主政体)2、The UK---parliamentary democracy &constitutional monarchy(议会民主制和君主立宪制)3、Magna Carta （大宪章）4、The British Parliament：One of the jobs Parliament does is to check that the Government is running the country properly.5、The Great Council(大议会)6、summoned “by name”(the House of Lords上议院)representatives of communities (the House of Commons下议院)7、The Bill of Rights of 1689 (权利法案)8、The makeup of the Parliament①the Queen (symbolic)①Lords Spiritual②the House of Lords ①hereditary peers②Lords Temporal ②life peers③Law Lords③the House of Commons (下议院）The Commons is the most important place for discussing policies and making laws.9、The main functions of Parliament are:to pass lawsto provide, by voting for taxation, the means of carrying on the work of governmentto scrutinise government policy and administration, including proposals for expenditureto debate the major issues of the day10、The Cabinet(内阁)11、Labor Party (the newest, the end of 19th century)---a socialist party:The Conservative Party (spent most time in power)The Liberal Democrats (the 3rd biggest) a party of the “middle”●British People1、Quiet, reserved people、A show of modesty谦虚、A sense of humour、Privacy and space、sportsmanship2、Aristocracy贵族、The upper class、The middle class、The working class、The under class●British Economy1、sixth-largest in the world2、third-largest in Europe measured by nominal GDPandsecond-largest measured by PPP3、GDP(gross domestic product) and purchasing power parity (PPP)4、CN、EU、G7、G8、G20、IMF、WB、WTO、UN5、first country in the world to industrialise.6、Three main areas: primary industry 、secondary industry、tertiary第三的/service industry7、Britain’s Economic System:A unique mixed economy( a mix of market economy and command economy characteristics混合市场经济和计划经济的特点)Markets and governmentState enterprises●America Introduction1、Name: the United States of America, the United States, the U.S., the USA, America, the StatesPopulation: over 311 million people in mid-2011Capital: Washington D.C. (District of Columbia 哥伦比亚特区)Area: 9.83 million square kilometersThe most famous river: The Mississippi River (密西西比)The largest lakes: The Great Lakes(大湖区)The mountains: The Rocky Mountains(落基山脉)50 states:48 contiguous (毗连的) states, 2 non- contiguous ones (Alaska & Hawaii)2、The Stars and Stripes(星条旗) National floral emblem (国花)：rose3、The Bald Eagle - An American Emblem National Motto: In God We Trust●Education in the United States1、Goal of Education:To teach children how to learn and to help them reach their maximum potential.2、About 90% American students attend public schools.10% attend private schools3、American Values: Democracy(No admission exams)、Equality(Equality of opportunity)4、The success of US college application depends on:Their high school recordsRecommendations from their high school teachersThe impression they make during interviews at the universityTheir scores on the Scholastic Aptitude Tests (SATs) (学习能力测试)●Government and Politics In the United States1、The Articles of Confederation(联邦条款)2、The three branches：Congress---the legislative branch which makes law 立法The President---represents the executive branch and enforces the laws 行政The Supreme Court/ the judicial(司法的) branch---explains the law 司法3、Congress made up of two houses: the Senate and the House of Representatives.4、The two-Party System：The Democratic Party and the Republican Party.5、The Constitution limits the powers of each branch, “System of Checks and Balances”.●Traditional American Values and Beliefs1、Traditional American Values ：Individual freedom——Self-relianceEquality of opportunity——CompetitionMaterial wealth——Hard work2、The phrase “going from rags to riches”became a slogan for the “American Dream.”3、American dream：Land of OpportunityRags to Riches—Anyone can become rich, famous, powerful.Jobs and education available to all who want them.Meritocracy (rewards)=skill + effort.Through hard work, courage and determination one can achieve prosperity. Americans can live better than their parents did.4、The big / ambitious dreams：Democracy(民主), liberty(自由), equality(平等), Pursuit of Happiness(追求幸福)5、Freedoms of speechthe pressreligionguaranteeing a fair criminal trial●American Economy1、GNP (Gross National Product).2、The reasons for the success of American agriculture(1) Vastness of the nation and the generosity of nature(2) Advanced agricultural science and technology, highly developed machinery, effective fertilizersand chemicals(3) Well-organized and large-scale agribusiness(4) The readiness of many farmers to adopt new technology like computers(5) The government’s emphasis on the development of agriculture3、the first factory in the U.S.: 1793, Samuel Slater, Rhode Island, a cotton cloth factory●Social Problems1、Racial Problems、Poverty、Drug Abuse、Crime、The Abuse of Power by Government and Corporation2、The United States was founded on the principle of human equality3、Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to stop discrimination in all public places.●American Family1、a family is those people who live with others to whom they are related by blood, marriage, or adoption.2、usually between 18 and 21 years children are encouraged, but not forced, to “leave the nest”●Holiday1、Legal HolidaysNew Year's Day 1.1Martin Luther King’s Day 1.15Presidents’Day 2月的第三个星期一Memorial Day 5.30Independence Day 7.4Labor Day 9月的第一个星期一Columbus Day 10.12Thanksgiving Day The fourth Thursday in NovemberVeterans DayChristmas DayValentine’s Day Feb.14thEaster the first Sunday that occurs after the first full moon.Mother’s Day: On the second Sunday of MayFather’s Day: On the third Sunday in JuneHalloween: Oct. 31st.。