%a8面活性剂改善污泥脱水性能的机理研究
生僻字注音版
Wu
huǒyányànyì 火 炎 焱燚
Wu
shuǐzhuǐmiǎomàn 水 沝 淼㵘
kuí 㙓
(bǎo)
qiónɡqiónɡjiélì hànɡxièyīqì 茕 茕 孑 立 沆 瀣 一气
jǔjǔdúxínɡ tíhúɡuàndǐnɡ 踽踽独 行 醍醐 灌 顶 miánmiánɡuādié fènɡwéiɡuīniè 绵 绵 瓜瓞 奉 为圭臬 lónɡxínɡdádá jījiǎoɡālá 龙 行 龘龘 犄 角 旮旯 pīnɡtínɡniǎonuó tìsìpānɡtuó 娉 婷 袅 娜 涕泗 滂 沱 náonáobùxiū bùlánɡbùyǒu 呶 呶不休 不 稂 不莠 áng 卬 duōjiē diéxiè màodié tāotiè 咄嗟 蹀躞 耄耋 饕餮 línɡyǔ yīngyù jìyú jǔyǔ 囹 圄 蘡 薁 觊觎 龃龉 yòu è wúxuān hù è bùquān 狖 轭鼯 轩 怙恶不 悛 qíléihuīhuī ā zājiéjué 其 靁 虺 虺 腌臢 孑 孓
我们中国的汉字 落笔成画留下五千年的历史 让世界都认识 我们中国的汉字 一撇一捺都是故事 现在全世界各地 到处有中国字 黄皮肤的人骄傲的把头抬起 我们中国的汉字
yìpínɡyìzèpǔxiěchénɡshī 一 平 一仄谱 写 成 诗
yōuměixuánlǜzìɡōnɡshānɡjiǎozhǐyǔ 优 美 旋 律自 宫 商 角 徵 羽
qiónɡqiónɡjiélì hànɡxièyīqì 茕 茕 孑 立 沆 瀣 一气
jǔjǔdúxínɡ tíhúɡuàndǐnɡ 踽踽独 行 醍醐 灌 顶 miánmiánɡuādié fènɡwéiɡuīniè 绵 绵 瓜瓞 奉 为圭臬
公共英语一级-57 (1)
鍏叡鑻辫涓€绾?57(鎬诲垎锛?3.00锛屽仛棰樻椂闂达細90鍒嗛挓)涓€銆亄{B}}绗竴閮ㄥ垎鍚姏鐞嗚В{{/B}}(鎬婚鏁帮細2锛屽垎鏁帮細10.00){{B}}绗竴鑺?鍥剧墖鍒ゆ柇{{/B}}鍦ㄦ湰鑺備腑锛屼綘灏嗗惉鍒?0涓彞瀛愶紝姣忓彞璇濋厤鏈塠A]銆乕B]銆乕C]涓夊箙鍥剧墖锛岃閫夋嫨涓庡彞瀛愬唴瀹圭浉绗﹀悎鐨勪竴骞呭浘鐗囷紝骞舵爣鍦ㄨ瘯鍗风殑鐩稿簲浣嶇疆銆傛瘡鍙ヨ瘽鍚庢湁15绉掗挓鐨勫仠椤匡紝浠ヤ究閫夋嫨鍥剧墖骞剁湅涓嬩竴缁勫浘鐗囥€傛瘡鍙ヨ瘽璇讳袱閬嶃€?BR> 涓嬮潰锛岃鍚繖浜涘彞瀛愩€?BR>{{B}}绗竴鑺?鍥剧墖鍒ゆ柇{{/B}}鍦ㄦ湰鑺備腑锛屼綘灏嗗惉鍒?0涓彞瀛愶紝姣忓彞璇濋厤鏈塠A]銆乕B]銆乕C]涓夊箙鍥剧墖锛岃閫夋嫨涓庡彞瀛愬唴瀹圭浉绗﹀悎鐨勪竴骞呭浘鐗囷紝骞舵爣鍦ㄨ瘯鍗风殑鐩稿簲浣嶇疆銆傛瘡鍙ヨ瘽鍚庢湁15绉掗挓鐨勫仠椤匡紝浠ヤ究閫夋嫨鍥剧墖骞剁湅涓嬩竴缁勫浘鐗囥€傛瘡鍙ヨ瘽璇讳袱閬嶃€?BR> 涓嬮潰锛岃鍚繖浜涘彞瀛愩€?BR>锛堝垎鏁帮細5.00锛?/div>(1).锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.B.C. 鈭?/span>瑙ｆ瀽锛歔鍚姏鍘熸枃] I visited America last year.(2).锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A. 鈭?/span>B.C.瑙ｆ瀽锛歔鍚姏鍘熸枃] The train is coming.(3).锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A. 鈭?/span>B.C.瑙ｆ瀽锛歔鍚姏鍘熸枃] Put on your coot. It is very cold outside.(4).锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A. 鈭?/span>B.C.瑙ｆ瀽锛歔鍚姏鍘熸枃] He is waiting for the No. 4 bus.(5).锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.B. 鈭?/span>C.瑙ｆ瀽锛歔鍚姏鍘熸枃] Lucy is drinking water.锛堝垎鏁帮細5.00锛?/div>(1).锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.B.C. 鈭?/span>瑙ｆ瀽锛歔鍚姏鍘熸枃] She always remembers to give food to her dog on time.(2).锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A. 鈭?/span>B.C.瑙ｆ瀽锛歔鍚姏鍘熸枃] The cat is on the box.(3).锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.B. 鈭?/span>C.瑙ｆ瀽锛歔鍚姏鍘熸枃] The shirt is on the next counter on your left.(4).锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A. 鈭?/span>B.C.瑙ｆ瀽锛歔鍚姏鍘熸枃] The pencil is on the book.(5).锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.B.C. 鈭?/span>瑙ｆ瀽锛歔鍚姏鍘熸枃] The nurse is examining his back.浜屻€亄{B}}绗簩鑺?瀵硅瘽鐞嗚В{{/B}}(鎬婚鏁帮細3锛屽垎鏁帮細15.00)鍦ㄦ湰鑺備腑锛屼綘灏嗗惉鍒?5涓璇濓紝姣忎釜瀵硅瘽鏈変竴涓棶棰樸€傝浠嶽A]銆乕B]銆乕C]涓変釜閫夐」涓€夊嚭绛旀锛屽苟鏍囧湪璇曞嵎鐨勭浉搴斾綅缃€傛瘡娈靛璇濆悗鏈?5绉掗挓鐨勫仠椤匡紝浠ヤ究鍥炵瓟闂鍜岄槄璇讳笅涓€闂鍙婂叾閫夐」銆傛瘡娈靛璇濊涓ら亶銆?BR> 涓嬮潰锛岃鍚繖浜涘璇濄€?BR>鍦ㄦ湰鑺備腑锛屼綘灏嗗惉鍒?5涓璇濓紝姣忎釜瀵硅瘽鏈変竴涓棶棰樸€傝浠嶽A]銆乕B]銆乕C]涓変釜閫夐」涓€夊嚭绛旀锛屽苟鏍囧湪璇曞嵎鐨勭浉搴斾綅缃€傛瘡娈靛璇濆悗鏈?5绉掗挓鐨勫仠椤匡紝浠ヤ究鍥炵瓟闂鍜岄槄璇讳笅涓€闂鍙婂叾閫夐」銆傛瘡娈靛璇濊涓ら亶銆?BR> 涓嬮潰锛岃鍚繖浜涘璇濄€?BR>锛堝垎鏁帮細5.00锛?/div>(1).Who is ill in hospital?锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]Mary.B.[B]Mary's mother.鈭?/span>C.[C]Mary's father.瑙ｆ瀽锛歔鍚姏鍘熸枃] M: Excuse me, can I speak to Mary? F: Sorry, she isn't in. She has gone to the hospital with her father because her mother is ill in the hospital.(2).What did the man NOT drink?锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]Coffee.B.[B]Beer.C.[C]Tea.鈭?/span>瑙ｆ瀽锛歔鍚姏鍘熸枃] F: Would you like something to drink? M: Coffee and beer, please. (3).What will happen? [A]The man will pick the woman up at 8 o'clock. [B]There will be a party at 8 o'clock. [C]There will be a meeting at 8 o'clock.锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.B. 鈭?/span>C.瑙ｆ瀽锛歔鍚姏鍘熸枃] F: Uh... When does the party start? M: Come any time after eight,all right?(4).Is the brown horse stronger than the white one?锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]No, it isn't.鈭?/span>B.[B]Yes, it is.C.[C]It's not clear.瑙ｆ瀽锛歔鍚姏鍘熸枃] M: I think the white horse is stronger than the brown one. F: Yes, I think se, too.(5).What did Goege do to the lady?锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]Borrowed her book.鈭?/span>B.[B]Bought her a book.C.[C]Lent her a book.瑙ｆ瀽锛歔鍚姏鍘熸枃] F: George, have you brought my book? M: Yes, here you are. Thank you.锛堝垎鏁帮細5.00锛?/div>(1).When are they going to meet?锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]At 6:40.B.[B]At 7:20.鈭?/span>C.[C]At 7:00.瑙ｆ瀽锛歔鍚姏鍘熸枃] M: Linda, shall I meet you at 7:00 at the park? F: Let's make it 20 minutes later.(2).How does the man usually come to school?锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]By bus.B.[B]On foot.C.[C]By bike.鈭?/span>瑙ｆ瀽锛歔鍚姏鍘熸枃] F: How do you usually come to school, by bus? M: No, I usually come to school by bike.(3).Why can't the man lend his bike?锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]No, I don't want it.B.[B]His hike is not here.鈭?/span>C.[C]I want to lend it to you.瑙ｆ瀽锛歔鍚姏鍘熸枃] F: Can I borrow your bike? M: Mine is at home, but I can borrow one for you.(4).What does the man mean?锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]He has a good idea.B.[B]He does not know what to do.鈭?/span>C.[C]He does not know what to say.瑙ｆ瀽锛歔鍚姏鍘熸枃] F: What shall we do now? M: Sony. I have no idea.(5).Where is Dick's uncle?锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]Maybe he is in the classroom.B.[B]Maybe he is in his office.C.[C]Maybe he is in a hospital.鈭?/span>瑙ｆ瀽锛歔鍚姏鍘熸枃] F: Where are you going, Dick? M: I'm going to see my uncle. He is badly ill.锛堝垎鏁帮細5.00锛?/div>(1).How soon will the sports meeting begin?锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]In two hours.B.[B]In eight hours.C.[C]In one hour.鈭?/span>瑙ｆ瀽锛歔鍚姏鍘熸枃] M: Is the sports meeting going to start at eight, Susan? F: Yes, Jack. It is already seven now.(2).Who will the man meet at nine o'clock?锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]Mr. Green.鈭?/span>B.[B]Mrs. Green.C.[C]His sister.瑙ｆ瀽锛歔鍚姏鍘熸枃] F: Can you come and see me at nine o'clock? M: I'm afraid not. I'll be meeting Mr. Green at that time.(3).Where are they talking?锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]On the first floor.鈭?/span>B.[B]On the second floor.C.[C]On the third floor.瑙ｆ瀽锛歔鍚姏鍘熸枃] M: Excuse me. Where's the manager's office, please? F: Er. Upstairs on the second floor, first door on the left.(4).Why hasn't their mother bought the tickets?锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]She has no time to buy them.鈭?/span>B.[B]The ticket is expensive.C.[C]She has no money.瑙ｆ瀽锛歔鍚姏鍘熸枃] M: Has mother bought the tickets for us yet? F: No, she hasn't. She was too busy.(5).What did the man drink?锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]Tea.鈭?/span>B.[B]Coffee.C.[C]Water.瑙ｆ瀽锛歔鍚姏鍘熸枃] F: What would you like, tea or coffee? M: Tea, please.涓夈€亄{B}}绗簩閮ㄥ垎鑻辫鐭ヨ瘑杩愮敤{{/B}}(鎬婚鏁帮細15锛屽垎鏁帮細15.00)1.Xiao Zhang ______ in that factory for five years.锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]is workingB.[B]worksC.[C]has worked鈭?/span>瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] for鍚庨潰鍔犳椂闂存鏄幇鍦ㄥ畬鎴愭椂鐨勬爣蹇楋紝甯哥敤鏉ュ紩瀵肩幇鍦ㄥ畬鎴愭椂銆?/div>2.The nurse looked after the patient carefully ______ he recovered quickly.锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]in caseB.[B]as soon asC.[C]so that鈭?/span>瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] 鏈彞鎰忎负锛氶偅涓姢澹緢璁ょ湡鍦扮収椤剧梾浜猴紝鍥犳浠栨仮澶嶅緱寰堝揩銆俰n case鐨勬剰鎬濇槸鈥滀互闃诧紝涓囦竴鈥濓紱as soon as鐨勬剰鎬濇槸鈥滀竴鈥﹀氨鈥︹€濓紱鏄剧劧杩欎袱椤逛笉绗﹀悎棰樻剰銆俿o that鍦ㄥ彞瀛愪腑锛屼笉鍔犻€楀彿鐨勬椂鍊欙紝寮曞鐨勬槸缁撴灉鐘惰浠庡彞锛涘姞閫楀彿鐨勬椂鍊欙紝寮曞鐨勬槸鐩殑鐘惰浠庡彞銆傛牴鎹彞鎰忥紝鍙煡鏈彞涓虹粨鏋滅姸璇粠鍙ャ€?/div>3.Is that your ______ ?锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]a bikeB.[B]bike鈭?/span>C.[C]bikes瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] 杩欐槸涓€鑸枒闂彞锛屽叾璋撹鏄痠s锛屾墍浠ュ叾瀹捐搴斾负鍗曟暟銆?/div>4.He drives much ______ than he did three years ago.锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]more carefully鈭?/span>B.[B]carefullyC.[C]more careful瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] 鍙ヤ腑鏈塼han锛屽彲鐭ユ鍙ヤ腑鎵€娑夊強鐨勬槸姣旇緝绾х殑鐭ヨ瘑锛岄鍏堝彲浠ユ帓闄锛涘悓鏃舵湰鍙ヤ腑鐨勮皳璇槸瀹炰箟鍔ㄨ瘝锛屽簲璇ョ敤鍓瘝鏉ヤ慨楗般€?/div>5.______ he is running!锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]What quicklyB.[B]How quickC.[C]How quickly鈭?/span>瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] 瀵逛簬鎰熷徆鍙ュ瀷鏉ヨ锛宧ow鍚庨潰鍔犲舰瀹硅瘝鎴栬€呭壇璇嶏紱what鍚庨潰鍔犲悕璇嶏紝鎺掗櫎A銆傚張鍥犱负run涓哄姩璇嶏紝淇グ鍔ㄨ瘝鐨勫簲璇ヤ负鍓瘝銆?/div> 6.One of my ______ came to see me on Sunday morning.锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]classmateB.[B]classmates鈭?/span>C.[C]the classmates瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] 鏈彞鎰忎负鈥滄垜鐨勪竴涓悓鐝悓瀛﹀湪鏄熸湡澶╃殑鏃╂櫒鏉ョ湅鎴戜簡鈥濄€傝繖閲岄潰鏈夊浐瀹氳瘝缁勨€渙ne+of+澶嶆暟鍚嶈瘝鈥濄€?/div>7.Many books and newspapers in the world are written ______ English language.锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]inB.[B]in the鈭?/span>C.[C]with瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] 鐢ㄢ€﹁瑷€鏃剁敤鈥渋n+璇█鈥濓紝鍙堝洜涓鸿繖鍙ヨ瘽鐗规寚鐨勬槸鑻辫銆?/div>8.鈥擧appy birthday to you!鈥?______ .锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]The same to youB.[B]Thank you very much鈭?/span>C.[C]OK瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] 瀵规柟绁濅綘鐢熸棩蹇箰锛屽簲璇ヨ〃绀烘劅璋€?/div>9.We decided not to climb the mountain because it was raining ______ .锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]hardlyB.[B]stronglyC.[C]heavily鈭?/span>瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] 鏈彞鎰忎负鈥滃洜涓洪洦涓嬪緱澶ぇ锛屾墍浠ユ垜浠笉鑳界埇灞变簡鈥濓紝褰㈠闆ㄤ笅寰楀ぇ锛屽父鐢╤eavily鏉ヤ慨楗般€?/div>10.I was listening to the music ______ there was a knock at the door.锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]when鈭?/span>B.[B]whileC.[C]because瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] 鏈彞鎰忎负鈥滃綋鏁查棬澹板搷璧风殑鏃跺€欙紝鎴戞鍦ㄥ惉闊充箰鈥濓紝鏄椂闂寸姸璇粠鍙ャ€倃hile鐨勭敤娉曟槸鈥滃綋鈥︽鍦ㄥ彂鐢熺殑鏃跺€欙紝鏌愪汉(鏌愮墿)鍦ㄥ仛浠€涔堚€濄€俠ecause寮曞鍘熷洜鐘惰浠庡彞锛屼笉绗﹂鎰忋€?/div>11.He gave orders that the prisoners ______ free.锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]are setB.[B]were setC.[C]be set鈭?/span>瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] 瀵逛簬澶嶅悎鍙ユ潵璇达紝濡傛灉涓诲彞涓惈鏈塷rder, suggest, advice绛夎瘝鏃讹紝浠庡彞甯哥敤铏氭嫙璇皵(should)+be(do)鐨勭粨鏋勶紝鍏朵腑should鍙互鐪佺暐銆?/div> 12.Two and a half months ______ too long, I think.锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]areB.[B]is鈭?/span>C.[C]will be瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] 褰揳nd杩炴帴涓や釜鏁拌瘝鐨勬椂鍊欙紝鍏惰皳璇伒寰氨杩戝師鍒欍€?/div> 13.There ______ many apples on the table.锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]are鈭?/span>B.[B]isC.[C]have瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] There+be鏄竴绉嶅緢鍏稿瀷鐨勫€掕缁撴瀯锛屾湰鍙ヤ腑鐪熸鐨勪富璇槸many apples锛屾墍浠ュ叾璋撹搴旇涓哄鏁般€?/div>14.Mrs. Jones ______ in this school since she came to the city.锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]workedB.[B]has worked鈭?/span>C.[C]works瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] since, for绛夎瘝鏄幇鍦ㄥ畬鎴愭椂鐨勬爣蹇椼€?/div>15.My brother asked me ______ shopping with him.锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]goB.[B]goingC.[C]to go鈭?/span>瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] 鏈彞鎰忎负鈥滄垜鍝ュ摜璁╂垜鍜屼粬涓€璧峰幓鍟嗗簵鈥濄€俛sk sb. to do sth.鏄浐瀹氳瘝缁勩€?/div>鍥涖€亄{B}}绗簩鑺?瀹屽瀷濉┖{{/B}}(鎬婚鏁帮細1锛屽垎鏁帮細10.00)闃呰涓嬮潰鐭枃锛屼粠鐭枃鍚庢墍缁欑殑[A]銆乕B]銆乕C]涓変釜閫夐」涓€夊嚭鑳藉～鍏ョ浉搴旂┖鐧藉鐨勬渶浣抽€夐」銆?BR>The American expression" burning your bridges' means acting in such a way which you de stroy any chance of turning back or changing your actions. It gets its name from war. An army that is forced back across a river may decide to burn the bridge{{U}} 41 {{/U}}crossing it. In this way, the army{{U}} 42 {{/U}}its enemy from using the bridge.{{U}} 43 {{/U}}, the army also destroys its own chance to{{U}} 44 {{/U}}back across the river. Most people who" burn their bridges today don't{{U}} 45 {{/U}}the army. But{{U}} 46 {{/U}}those armies, they move in a different direction with{{U}} 47 {{/U}}chance of turning back. There is one other{{U}} 48 {{/U}}that all bridge burners should not forget. It is a warning. "Don't cross yourbridges{{U}} 49 {{/U}}you come to them. "The meaning is clear: wait until the right time before you{{U}} 50 {{/U}}.锛堝垎鏁帮細10.00锛?/div>A.[A]beforeB.[B]after鈭?/span>C.[C]while瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] 鏈枃鏄burning your bridges杩欎釜璇嶈鐨勬晠浜嬨€傚畠鏉ユ簮浜庢垬浜夛紝涓€涓啗闃熻繃瀹屼竴搴фˉ鍚庯紝鐑ф帀浜嗚繖搴фˉ锛岃繖鏍峰彲浠ラ樆姝㈡晫浜虹敤杩欏骇妗ワ紝鎸′綇浠栦滑鐨勬潵璺紝鍚屾椂涔熸瘉鎺変簡鑷繁鍥炲幓鐨勮矾銆傜敤涓浗鐨勮瘽鏉ヨ锛屽嵆鈥滅疆姝诲湴鑰屽悗鐢熲€濄€?/div>A.[A]prevents鈭?/span>B.[B]avoidsC.[C]separates瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] prevent sb. from doing sth. 鏄浐瀹氳瘝缁勶紝鎰忔€濇槸鈥滈樆姝㈡煇浜哄仛鏌愪簨鈥濄€?/div>A.[A]InsteadB.[B]However鈭?/span>C.[C]Therefore瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] 鏈彞鎰忎负鈥滀粬浠樆鏂簡鏁屼汉鐨勬潵璺紝鐒惰€岃繖鏍峰仛涔熼樆鏂簡鑷繁鐨勯€€璺€濓紝寰堟槑鏄撅紝杩欓噷闇€瑕佸叿鏈夎浆鎶樻剰涔夌殑杩炶瘝銆?/div>A.[A]go鈭?/span>B.[B]returnC.[C]take瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] go back鏄€滃洖鍘烩€濈殑鎰忔€濓紱return, take涓嶈兘鍜宐ack杩炵敤銆?/div>A.[A]joinB.[B]belong to鈭?/span>C.[C]leave瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] 鏈彞鎰忎负鈥滀粖澶╅偅浜涘ぇ閮ㄥ垎鐨勨€樿嚧姝诲湴鑰屽悗鐢熲€欑殑浜哄苟涓嶅畬鍏ㄥ睘浜庡啗闃熲€濄€?/div>A.[A]unlikeB.[B]like鈭?/span>C.[C]similar瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] like, be similar to鐨勬剰鎬濇槸鈥滃儚鈥︼紝涓庘€︾浉浼尖€濄€?/div>A.[A]no鈭?/span>B.[B]anyC.[C]not瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] 鏈彞鎰忎负鈥滀絾鏄繕鍍忔垬浜夋椂鏈熶竴鏍凤紝閭ｄ簺鈥樼疆姝诲湴鑰屽悗鐢熲€欑殑浜轰粛鐒舵槸涓嶇粰鑷繁鐣欎换浣曞悗閫€鐨勬満浼氱殑鈥濄€?/div>A.[A]expression鈭?/span>B.[B]lessonC.[C]word瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] 鏈彞鎰忎负鈥滆繖閲岄潰杩樻湁鍙︿竴绉嶆€濇兂鍜屾剰涔夆€濄€?/div>A.[A]afterB.[B]until鈭?/span>C.[C]when瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] 鏈彞鎰忎负鈥滅洿鍒颁綘璧板悜瀹冧滑鐨勬椂鍊欙紝浣犳墠鑳介€氳繃妗モ€濄€?/div>A.[A]leave鈭?/span>B.[B]comeC.[C]go瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] 鏈彞鎰忎负鈥滃湪浣犵寮€涔嬪墠锛岃绛夊埌鏈€濂界殑鏈轰細鈥濄€?/div>浜斻€亄{B}}绗笁閮ㄥ垎闃呰鐞嗚В{{/B}}(鎬婚鏁帮細4锛屽垎鏁帮細20.00){{B}}绗竴鑺?璇嶈閰嶄紞{{/B}}浠庝笂鏍忔墍缁欓€夐」涓€夊嚭涓庝笅鏍忓悇椤规剰涔夌浉绗︾殑閫夐」銆?BR>[A]twice[B]winter[C]fish[D]sleep[E]cool[F]uncle[G]talk锛堝垎鏁帮細5.00锛?/div>(1).go to bed锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>濉┖椤?:__________________ 锛堟纭瓟妗堬細D锛?/div>瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] 鏍规嵁鍙ユ剰鈥滀笂搴婄潯瑙夆€濓紝鍗硈leep銆?/div>(2).say something with another person锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>濉┖椤?:__________________ 锛堟纭瓟妗堬細G锛?/div>瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] 鏍规嵁鍙ユ剰鈥滃悓鍙﹀涓€浜涗汉璇翠簺浠€涔堚€濓紝鍗硉alk銆?/div> (3).father's brother锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>濉┖椤?:__________________ 锛堟纭瓟妗堬細F锛?/div>瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] 鏍规嵁鍙ユ剰鈥滅埗浜茬殑寮熷紵鈥濓紝鍗硊ncle銆?/div>(4).two times锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>濉┖椤?:__________________ 锛堟纭瓟妗堬細A锛?/div>瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] 鏍规嵁鍙ユ剰鈥滀袱娆♀€濓紝鍗硉wice銆?/div>(5).the last season of a year锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>濉┖椤?:__________________ 锛堟纭瓟妗堬細B锛?/div>瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] 鏍规嵁鍙ユ剰鈥滀竴骞翠腑鐨勬渶鍚庝竴涓鑺傗€濓紝鍗硍inter銆?/div> {{B}}绗簩鑺?鐭枃鐞嗚В 1{{/B}}闃呰涓嬮潰鐭枃锛屼粠[A](Right)銆乕B](Wrong)銆乕C](Doesn't Say)涓変釜鍒ゆ柇涓€夋嫨涓€涓纭€夐」銆?BR>Children's stories such as" Little Red Riding Hood" and "The Three Little Pigs" have depicted wolves. as frightening animals. In reality, these animals are social, nurturing creatures. They often spend the better part of their day playing with and tending to their young.There are two recognized species of wolves: the gray wolf and the red wolf. The grey wolf, is the largest member of the wolf family.The grey wolf had one of the widest distributions of all mammals on the planet. It once roamed North America, Europe, and Asia, but years of persecution have reduced its numbers significantly, especially in Europe.In Alaska, the northwest territories, and the former Soviet Union, the grey wolf has a thriving population. In the Northwest United States, however, the grey wolf is almost extinct, with a population of perhaps 30. Farther south in the United States the grey has disappeared completely. In Mexico, researchers estimated that fewer than 10 greys survive.The grey wolf became extinct in England about 1486; it disappeared from Scotland in 1743 and from Ireland in 1770.锛堝垎鏁帮細5.00锛?/div>(1).People knew the nature of wolf very well.锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]Right.B.[B]Wrong.鈭?/span>C.[C]Doesn't say.瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] 鏂囦腑绗竴娈靛彲浠ョ湅鍑猴紝浜虹被骞舵病鏈夊緢濂藉湴璁よ瘑鐙硷紝涓€鐩存妸瀹冨綋鍋氫竴绉嶅緢鍑剁嫚鐨勫姩鐗╋紝瀹為檯涓婂畠浠篃鍜屼汉绫讳竴鏍锋湁鐖卞績銆傚彲鐭ユ湰鍙ョ殑璇存硶鏄笉姝ｇ‘鐨勩€?/div>(2).Once grey wolf could be found in many parts of the earth.锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]Right.鈭?/span>B.[B]Wrong.C.[C]Doesn't say.瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] 浠庢湰鏂囩殑绗簩銆佺涓夋鍙互鐭ラ亾杩欑鐏拌壊鐨勭嫾鏄嫾绫讳腑鏁伴噺鏈€澶氱殑涓€绫伙紝瀹冨箍娉涘瓨鍦ㄤ簬鍖楃編銆佹娲插拰浜氭床绛夊湴锛屾墍浠ュ彞涓殑璇存硶鏄纭殑銆?/div>(3).We can find more and more grey wolf in Alaska.锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]Right.鈭?/span>B.[B]Wrong.C.[C]Doesn't say.瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] 浠庢枃涓鍥涙鐨勭涓€鍙ヨ瘽鍙煡姝ゅ彞璇濈殑璇存硶鏄纭殑銆?/div>(4).There are less grey wolf in Europe than in the United States.锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]Right.B.[B]Wrong.C.[C]Doesn't say.鈭?/span>瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] 杩欑瘒鏂囩珷骞舵病鏈夎鍦ㄦ娲插拰缇庢床鍝釜鍦版柟鐏扮嫾鏇村銆?/div>(5).Grey wolves take good care of the young.锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]Right.鈭?/span>B.[B]Wrong.C.[C]Doesn't say.瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] 浠庢枃涓涓€娈靛彲浠ョ煡閬擄紝鐙肩粡甯歌姳澶ч儴鍒嗙殑鏃堕棿鍜屽畠浠殑瀛╁瓙鍦ㄤ竴璧枫€?/div>{{B}}绗笁鑺?鐭枃鐞嗚В 2{{/B}}闃呰涓嬪垪鐭枃锛屼粠[A]銆乕B]銆乕C]涓変釜閫夐」涓€夋嫨鈥斾釜姝ｇ‘绛旀銆?BR> Betty is a fourth-year student. She is good at jumping. The school sports meeting will be held on May 4th and she entered(鎶ュ悕鐧昏)her name for the high jump and the long jump. But two days later she fell from a ladder and hurt her right foot. Her parents sent her to the nearest hospital. The first word she asked the doctor was, "Can I jump in seven days, doctor? I don't like to miss our school sports meeting. "Without a word, the doctor looked her over carefully and said, "Don't worry. It's not badly hurt, your foot will be much better by the end of April. On May 4th you are able to run and jump at sports. "锛堝垎鏁帮細5.00锛?/div>(1).Betty is ______ .锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]in Grade Four鈭?/span>B.[B]a four year studentC.[C]Grade Four瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] 鐢辨湰鏂囩殑绗竴鍙ヨ瘽鍙煡銆?/div>(2).She entered her name for the high jump and the long jump because she ______ .锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]does well in jumping鈭?/span>B.[B]likes sportsC.[C]runs fast瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] she is good at jumping.鐨勬剰鎬濇槸鈥滃ス闈炲父鎿呴暱浜庤烦楂樺拰璺宠繙鈥濄€俠e good at鍜宒o well in閮芥槸鈥滄搮闀库€︹€濈殑鎰忔€濄€?/div>(3).Her parents took her to the doctor because ______ . [A]their ladder was broken [B]the hospital was near their home [C]something was wrong with Betty's foot锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.B.C. 鈭?/span>瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] 鏂囦腑璇粹€滀袱澶╁悗锛屽ス浠庢瀛愪笂鎽斾笅锛屼激浜嗗ス鐨勫彸鑴氣€濄€?/div>(4).The doctor said that ______ . [A]her foot was badly hurt [B]the wound(浼?in her foot was not serious [C]She'd better stay in bed锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.B. 鈭?/span>C.瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] 鏂囦腑鏈夊彞璇滵on't worry. It's not badly hurt銆?/div>(5).Which is not true?锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>[A]Betty would get better soon.B.[B]She likes sports.C.[C]She won the first place.鈭?/span>瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] 鏂囦腑鍙槸璇村ス鐨勮吙鍙椾激锛屽苟娌℃湁鏄剧ず濂规槸鍚﹁耽寰椾簡姣旇禌銆?/div>One day Nasreddin bought a donkey(椹?in the market, but while he was taking it home, two thieves followed him. One of them took the rope from the donkey's neck and tied(鎹?it round his friend's neck. Then he went away with the donkey.When Nasreddin got home, he turned and saw the young man. He was very surprised. "Where is my donkey?" he said angrily."I'm very sorry, "said the thief. "Once I said some very bad things to my mother and she changed me into a donkey. Now because a good man has bought me, she changed me back to a man again. Thank you. " Nasreddin untied the man and said, "Go. And never say, bad things to your mother again. "The next day, Nasreddin saw the same donkey in the market again. The other thief was selling it.Nasreddin went to it and said into its ear, "Young man, some people will never learn. "锛堝垎鏁帮細5.00锛?/div>(1).Nasreddin was surprised because he ______ . [A]knew the young man was a thief [B]saw his donkey was gone [C]saw a young man behind him instead of his donkey锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.B.C. 鈭?/span>瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] Nasreddin鐪嬪埌鑷繁鍚庨潰鐨勯┐鍙樻垚浜嗕竴涓汉锛屾墍浠ユ劅鍒板緢鎯婂銆?/div>(2).Where was his donkey?锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]It had gone home.B.[B]It had been sold.C.[C]It had been stolen.鈭?/span>瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] 鏍规嵁绗竴娈电殑鎰忔€濆彲鐭ワ紝椹磋璐煎伔鍥炲浜嗐€?/div>(3).How did the young man treat his mother?锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]Badly.B.[B]With care.[C]We don't know.鈭?/span>瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] 杩欎釜骞磋交浜烘€庢牱瀵瑰緟浠栫殑姣嶄翰锛屾湰鏂囧苟娌℃湁娑夊強銆?/div>(4).In the last sentence, "some people" means ______ .锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]some personB.[B]the thief who was tied鈭?/span>C.[C]the other thief瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] 鏈彞鎰忎负鈥滃勾杞讳汉锛屼竴浜涗汉姘歌繙涓嶄細瀛︿範锛屼笉浼氬惛鍙栨暀璁€濄€傛槸Nasreddin鐩镐俊浜嗚醇鍓嶄竴澶╄鐨勮瘽锛屼互涓轰粬鍙堝彉鎴愪簡椹达紝鎵€浠ヨ浠栦笉鍚稿彇鏁欒銆?/div>(5).From this passage we can see that Nasreddin was ______ .锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]really a fool鈭?/span>B.[B]a farmerC.[C]kind and clever瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] 浠庡叏鏂囨潵鐪嬶紝涓讳汉鍏叾瀹炲苟涓嶈仾鏄庯紝浠栧苟涓嶇煡閬撻偅浜烘槸璐硷紝骞剁浉淇′簡浠栫殑璋庤█锛屾妸浠栨斁浜嗭紝鐢辨鍙煡浠栧緢锠€?/div>鍏€亄{B}}绗洓閮ㄥ垎鍐欎綔{{/B}}(鎬婚鏁帮細4锛屽垎鏁帮細13.00)16.Judy arrived in Boston and wrote to her parents at once. Judy wrote to her parents 1 she arrived in Boston.锛堝垎鏁帮細2.00锛?/div>濉┖椤?:__________________ 锛堟纭瓟妗堬細as soon as锛?/div>瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] 鏈彞鎰忎负鈥淛udy涓€鍒版尝澹】锛屽氨缁欏ス鐨勭埗姣嶄翰鍐欎俊鈥濓紝and寮曞鐨勬槸涓や釜鍚屾椂杩涜鐨勫姩浣溿€傚彲鐢╝s soon as鍙栦唬锛屽彧鏄痑s soon as寮曞鐨勬槸鏃堕棿鐘惰浠庡彞锛屽悗闈㈠簲璇ュ姞涓婁富璇€?/div>17.Listen to the teacher carefully and you will soon understand. 1 the teacher carefully, you will soon understand.锛堝垎鏁帮細2.00锛?/div>濉┖椤?:__________________ 锛堟纭瓟妗堬細If you listen to锛?/div>瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] 鏈彞鎰忎负鈥滆鐪熷惉鑰佸笀鐨勮锛屼綘寰堝揩灏变細鏄庣櫧鐨勨€濄€傚墠鍗婂彞鏄悗鍗婂彞鐨勬潯浠躲€傚彲鐢╥f杞崲鎴愭潯浠剁姸璇粠鍙ャ€?/div>18.We didn't go to Shanghai. We went to Hangzhou. We went to Hangzhou 1 . Shanghai,锛堝垎鏁帮細2.00锛?/div>濉┖椤?:__________________ 锛堟纭瓟妗堬細instead of锛?/div>瑙ｆ瀽锛歔瑙ｆ瀽] 鏈彞鎰忎负鈥滄垜浠病鏈夊幓涓婃捣锛屽幓浜嗘澀宸炩€濓紝in-stead of鐨勬剰鎬濇槸鈥滃彇浠ｏ紝浠ｆ浛鈥濄€?/div>19.浣犵殑鏈嬪弸Peter鏉ュ寳浜窡浣犱竴璧峰害鏆戝亣锛屼綇鍦ㄤ綘(Li Ming)瀹躲€?浠诲姟锛?璇蜂綘缁欎粬鐖舵瘝鍐欏皝鐭俊锛屽憡璇変粬浠細路Peter宸茬粡瀹夊叏鍒拌揪锛屼綘鍘绘満鍦烘帴浠栵紱路Peter鍠滄涓浗椋熷搧锛?路浣犱滑宸茬粡鍙傝浜嗗ぉ瀹夐棬鍜岄暱鍩庯紱路涓嬪懆鍘昏タ瀹夊弬瑙傦紝灏嗕細鐜╁緱寰堝揩娲伙紱路甯屾湜浠栦滑鏈夋満浼氭潵涓浗銆?Dear Mr. and Mrs.Smith, How are you? Yours, Li Ming锛堝垎鏁帮細7.00锛?/div>__________________________________________________________________________________________ 姝ｇ‘绛旀锛?)瑙ｆ瀽锛歔鑼冩枃] Dear Mr. and Mrs. Smith. How are you? I'm glad to tell you that Peter has already arrived safely. I met him at the airport and took him back home. Peter likes the Chinese food very much. We have been to Tian' anmen Square and the Great wall. We are going to Xi' an next week. We are sure we'll have a good time. I hope you Will have the chance to come to China锛? Yours, Li Ming。
2021年首都师范大学775心理学基础综合考试真题
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生僻字 注音+注释版
我们中国的汉字，落笔成画留下五千年的历史让世界都认识，我们中国的汉字，一撇一捺都是故事跪举火把虔诚像道光，四方田地落谷成仓，古人象形声意辨恶良茕茕(qióng)孑(jié)立，沆(hàng)瀣(xiè)一气，踽踽(jǔ)独行，醍(tī)醐(hú)灌顶绵绵瓜瓞(dié)，奉为圭(guī)臬(niè)，龙行龘龘(dá)，犄(jī)角旮(gā)旯(lá)娉(pīng)婷袅(niǎo)娜(nuó)，涕(tī)泗(sì)滂(pāng)沱(tuó)呶呶(náo)不休，不稂(làng)不莠(yǒu)，卬(áng)咄(duō)嗟(jiē)蹀(dié)躞(xiè)耄(mào)耋(dié)饕(tāo)餮(tiè)囹(líng)圄(yǔ)蘡(yīng)薁(yù)觊(jì)觎(yú)龃(jǔ)龉(yǔ)狖(yòu)轭(è)鼯(wú)轩，怙(hù)恶不悛(quān)其靁(léi)虺虺(huī)，腌(ā)臢(zā)孑(jié)孓(jué)陟(zhì)罚臧(zāng)否(pǐ)，针砭(bīan)时弊，鳞次栉(zhì) 比，一张一翕(xī)我们中国的汉字，落笔成画留下五千年的历史让世界都认识，我们中国的汉字，一撇一捺都是故事现在全世界各地，到处有中国字，黄皮肤的人骄傲的把头抬起我们中国的汉字，一平一仄(zè)谱写成诗茕茕(qióng)孑(jié)立，沆(hàng)瀣(xiè)一气，踽踽(jǔ)独行，醍(tī)醐(hú)灌顶绵绵瓜瓞(dié)，奉为圭(guī)臬(niè)，龙行龘龘(dá)，犄(jī)角旮(gā)旯(lá)娉(pīng)婷袅(niǎo)娜(nuó)，涕(tī)泗(sì)滂(pāng)沱(tuó)呶呶(náo)不休，不稂(làng)不莠(yǒu)，卬(áng)咄(duō)嗟(jiē)蹀(dié)躞(xiè)耄(mào)耋(dié)饕(tāo)餮(tiè)囹(líng)圄(yǔ)蘡(yīng)薁(yù)觊(jì)觎(yú)龃(jǔ)龉(yǔ)狖(yòu)轭(è)鼯(wú)轩，怙(hù)恶不悛(quān)其靁(léi)虺虺(huī)，腌(ā)臢(zā)孑(jié)孓(jué)陟(zhì)罚臧(zāng)否(pǐ)，针砭(bīan)时弊，鳞次栉(zhì) 比，一张一翕(xī)我们中国的汉字，落笔成画留下五千年的历史让世界都认识，我们中国的汉字，一撇一捺都是故事现在全世界各地，到处有中国字，黄皮肤的人骄傲的把头抬起我们中国的汉字，一平一仄(zè)谱写成诗优美旋律自宫商角徵(zhǐ)羽，众人皆说成之于语故成语茕茕孑立：孤身一人。
2017五年级下册语文第四单元重要词语汇总
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诗词藏经[二十四]·略说填词、韵律、技巧、真情、风格、形象文库
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拼音1
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临床执业助理医师-16-1 (1)
涓村簥鎵т笟鍔╃悊鍖诲笀-16-1(鎬诲垎锛?0.00锛屽仛棰樻椂闂达細90鍒嗛挓)涓€銆?b>A1鍨嬮(鎬婚鏁帮細50锛屽垎鏁帮細50.00)1.涓嬪垪鍝」搴旀€€鐤戞湁缁炵獎鎬ц偁姊楅樆•A锛庡叏韬儏鍐垫槑鏄?/li>•B锛庡墽鐑堟寔缁吂缁炵棝锛岄樀鍙戞€у姞鍓?/li>•C锛庡憰琛€鎬ф恫鎴栬吂绌挎娊寰楄鎬ф恫•D锛庝笉瀵圭О鑵硅儉•E锛庝互涓婇兘鏄?/li>锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.B.C.D.E. 鈭?/span>瑙ｆ瀽锛欰銆丅銆丆銆丏鍧囧彲浠ユ槸缁炵獎鎬ц偁姊楅樆鐨勪复搴婅〃鐜帮紝灏や互鍓х儓鎸佺画鑵圭粸鐥涢樀鍙戞€у姞鍓у拰鍛曡鎬ф恫鎴栬吂绌挎娊鍑鸿鎬ф恫锛屾洿鍙‘瀹氫负缁炵獎鎬ц偁姊楅樆銆?/div>2.涓嬪垪鍝」鏄笉绋冲畾楠ㄦ姌•A锛庤缂濋鎶?/li>•B锛庨潚鏋濋鎶?/li>•C锛庢í楠ㄦ姌•D锛庢枩楠ㄦ姌•E锛庡祵鎻掗鎶?/li>锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.B.C.D. 鈭?/span>E.瑙ｆ瀽锛氶鎶樼涓嶆槗绉讳綅鎴栧浣嶅悗涓嶆槗鍐嶇Щ浣嶇殑灞炵ǔ瀹氶鎶橈紝鍙嶄箣灞炰笉绋冲畾楠ㄦ姌銆傚閫夐」A銆丅銆丆銆丒鍧囧睘绋冲畾楠ㄦ姌銆傚彧鏈夋枩楠ㄦ姌澶嶄綅鍚庯紝鏄撳啀绉讳綅锛屽睘涓嶇ǔ瀹氶鎶樸€?/div>3.棰呴珮鍘嬩笁鑱斿緛鍖呮嫭•A锛庡ご鐥涖€佸憰鍚愩€佹娊鎼?/li>•B锛庡ご鐥涖€佸憰鍚愩€佽鍘嬪楂?/li>•C锛庡ご鐥涖€佸瑙嗐€佹剰璇嗛殰纰?/li>•D锛庡ご鐥涖€佸憰鍚愩€佹伓蹇?/li>•E锛庡ご鐥涖€佸憰鍚愩€佽涔冲ご姘磋偪锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.B.C.D.E. 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鈭?/span>B.C.D.E.瑙ｆ瀽锛氶樋鎵樺搧鍖栫殑鎸囧緛鍖呮嫭鐬冲瓟鎵╁ぇ銆佸彛骞层€侀潰绾€佸績鐜囧姞蹇拰鍙岃偤婀垮暟闊冲噺灏戞垨娑堝け绛夛紝鎵€浠ヤ笉鍖呮嫭鐬冲瓟缂╁皬銆?/div>8.涓嬪垪鍝」涓嶆槸绫婚婀垮叧鑺傜値娲诲姩鏈熻〃鐜?ul>• A锛庢櫒鍍?/li>• B锛庢穻宸寸粨鑲垮ぇ銆佽劸鑲垮ぇ• C锛庤娌夊蹇?/li>• D锛庣毊涓嬬粨鑺?/li>• E锛庢褰㈣偪鑳€锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.B.C.D.E. 鈭?/span>瑙ｆ瀽锛氱被椋庢箍鍏宠妭鐐庢椂鐨勫叧鑺傛褰㈣偪鑳€锛屽彧琛ㄧず鐤剧梾鐨勫彂灞曟紨鍙樿繃绋嬶紝涓嶆槸鐤剧梾娲诲姩鏈熺殑琛ㄧ幇锛岃€屽叾浣欏洓椤瑰彧瑕佸瓨鍦紝灏辫〃绀哄湪娲诲姩鏈熴€?/div>9.婧惰鎬ц緭琛€鍙嶅簲鍙戠敓鐨勫師鍥犳槸•A锛庤緭鍏ヨ秴杩囦繚瀛樻湡鐨勫簱瀛樿•B锛庝緵銆佸彈鑰呬箣闂村厤鐤€т笉閰嶅悎•C锛庤緭鍏ユ薄鏌撹•D锛庨噰銆佽緭琛€鍣ㄦ涓嶆竻娲?/li>•E锛庡彈琛€鑰呰娴嗗唴鍚櫧缁嗚優鎶椾綋锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.B. 鈭?/span>C.D.E.瑙ｆ瀽锛氭憾琛€鎬ц緭琛€鍙嶅簲鏄敱浜庤緭琛€鐨勪緵銆佸彈鑰呬箣闂村厤鐤€т笉閰嶅悎鎵€鑷淬€?/div>10.椋熺鐧屾棭鏈熺棁鐘舵槸•A锛庡捊涓嬪洶闅?/li>•B锛庢秷鐦︺€佽传琛€•C锛庡０闊冲樁鍝?/li>•D锛庤繘椋熷仠婊炴劅•E锛庢寔缁兏鑳岀棝锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.B.C.D. 鈭?/span>E.瑙ｆ瀽锛氶绠＄檶鍦ㄦ垜鍥借緝甯歌锛屽瑙佷簬40宀佷互涓婄敺鎬с€傝繘椋熷仠婊炴劅鏄棭鏈熺壒鏈夌殑鐥囩姸銆傚捊涓嬪洶闅捐〃鏄庡凡鏈夋槑鏄炬闃伙紝鎸佺画鎬ц儗鐥涜鏄庨绠＄檶宸蹭镜鍙婇绠″缁勭粐锛屽０闊冲樁鍝戞槸鐧岀疮鍙婂枆杩旂缁忔墍鑷达紝鍧囧睘鏅氭湡鐥囩姸銆傛秷鐦︺€佽传琛€涔熶笉鍦ㄦ棭鏈熷嚭鐜般€?/div>11.閾剧悆鑿屾劅鏌撳悗鎬ユ€ц偩鐐庯紝鏈€鍚庢秷澶辩殑鐥囩姸鏄?ul>• A锛庢按鑲?/li>• B锛庨珮琛€鍘?/li>• C锛庡皯灏?/li>• D锛庤灏?/li>• E锛庢爱璐ㄨ鐥?/li>锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.B.C.D. 鈭?/span>E.瑙ｆ瀽锛氭憾琛€鎬ч摼鐞冭弻鎰熸煋鍚庢€ユ€ц偩鐐庡吀鍨嬭〃鐜版湁锛氣憼姘磋偪锛涒憽琛€灏匡紱鈶㈤珮琛€鍘嬨€傛按鑲裤€佸皯灏夸负鏈€甯歌銆傛按鑲?锝?鏃ユ尝鍙婂叏韬紝闈炲彲鍑规€ф按鑲裤€備竴鑸竴鍛ㄥ悗灏块噺澧炲锛屾按鑲块殢涔嬫秷澶便€傝鍘嬶細绾?/3鐥呬緥琛€鍘嬭交鑷充腑搴﹀楂橈紝绾?锝?鍛ㄥ翱閲忓澶氬悗琛€鍘嬮檷鑷虫甯搞€傝灏匡細绾?/3锝?/2鐥呬汉鏈夎倝鐪艰灏匡紝鏁板ぉ鎴栨暟鍛ㄨ倝鐪艰灏挎秷澶便€傞暅涓嬭灏垮彲鎸佺画鏃堕棿闀匡紝澶氭暟3锝?涓湀娑堝け銆傛晠鏈€鍚庢秷澶辩殑鐥囩姸鏄灏裤€?/div>12.灏戝翱鐨勫畾涔夋槸鎸?4灏忔椂灏块噺灏戜簬•A锛?00ml•B锛?00ml•C锛?00ml•D锛?00ml•E锛?00ml锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.B. 鈭?/span>C.D.E.瑙ｆ瀽锛氭棰樹负璁板繂棰橈紝灏戝翱鐨勫畾涔夋槸鎸?4灏忔椂灏块噺灏戜簬400ml銆?/div>13.鐧檸鎸佺画鐘舵€佹槸鎸?ul>• A锛庡皬鍙戜綔鎸佺画24灏忔椂浠ヤ笂• B锛庡ぇ鍙戜綔鎸佺画24灏忔椂浠ヤ笂• C锛庡ぇ鍙戜綔鎺ヨ繛鍙戠敓锛岄棿姝囨湡浠嶅浜庢槒杩风姸鎬?/li>• D锛庣櫕鐧庡ぇ鍙戜綔鑽墿鎺у埗涓嶈壇鑰?/li>• E锛庣煭鏈熷唴灏忓彂浣滄帴杩炲彂鐢?/li>锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.B.C. 鈭?/span>D.E.瑙ｆ瀽锛氳繖鏄竴閬撳熀鏈蹇甸锛岀櫕鐧庢寔缁姸鎬佹槸鎸囧ぇ鍙戜綔鎺ヨ繛鍙戠敓鎴栦竴娆″彂浣滄寔缁崐灏忔椂浠ヤ笂锛屽彂浣滈棿姝囩梾浜轰粛澶勪簬鏄忚糠鐘舵€佽€呫€?/div> 14.妗￠杩滅楠ㄦ姌鍚庡嚭鐜伴摱鍙夋牱鐣稿舰鏄洜涓?ul>• A锛庤繙渚ч鎶樻鍚戞帉渚хЩ浣?/li>• B锛庤繙渚ч鎶樻鍚戣儗渚хЩ浣?/li>• C锛庤繙渚ч鎶樻鍚戝昂渚хЩ浣?/li>• D锛庤繙渚ч鎶樻鍚戞渚хЩ浣?/li>• E锛庝互涓婂潎涓嶆纭?/li>锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.B. 鈭?/span>C.D.E.瑙ｆ瀽锛氭楠ㄨ繙绔鎶樺悗锛屼粠渚т綅鐪嬶紝鍑虹幇閾跺弶鏍风暩褰紝鏄洜涓鸿繙渚ч鎶樻鍚戣儗渚хЩ浣嶆墍鑷淬€?/div>15.寮曡捣杈撳翱绠℃闃绘渶甯歌鐨勭梾鍥犱负•A锛庣値鐥?/li>•B锛庤偪鐦?/li>•C锛庣粨鏍?/li>•D锛庣粨鐭?/li>•E锛庡厛澶╂€ц偩杈撳翱绠¤繛鎺ラ儴鐙獎锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.B.C.D. 鈭?/span>E.瑙ｆ瀽锛氫笂杩板悇椤瑰潎鏄緭灏跨姊楅樆鐨勫師鍥狅紝鑵硅啘鍚庣氦缁村寲浜﹀彲寮曡捣锛屼絾鏈€甯歌鐨勬槸缁撶煶銆?/div>16.涓嶅睘鐢蹭孩浣撳緛鐨勬槸•A锛庣敳鐘惰吅鑲垮ぇ•B锛庤剦鍘嬪姞澶?/li>•C锛庤叡鍙嶅皠浜㈣繘•D锛庝綋閲嶅噺杞?/li>•E锛庨敟浣撴潫寰侀槼鎬?/li>锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.B.C.D.E. 鈭?/span>瑙ｆ瀽锛氱敳浜㈢梾浜轰笉浼氬嚭鐜伴敟浣撴潫寰侀槼鎬э紝鍥犺€屽畠涓嶅睘鐢蹭孩鐨勪綋寰侊紝鑰屽叾浠栧洓椤归兘鏄敳浜㈢殑浣撳緛銆?/div>17.楂樿鍘嬬梾鏅氭湡灏块噺鍑忓皯鐨勪富瑕佸師鍥犳槸•A锛庤偩灏忕悆姣涚粏琛€绠¤鍘嬮檷浣?/li>•B锛庤偩灏忓泭鍐呭帇鍔涘鍔?/li>•C锛庤娴嗚兌浣撴笚閫忓帇鍗囬珮•D锛庤偩灏忕瀵规按閲嶅惛鏀跺噺灏?/li>•E锛庢姉鍒╁翱婵€绱犲垎娉屽鍔?/li>锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A. 鈭?/span>B.C.D.E.瑙ｆ瀽锛氶珮琛€鍘嬬梾鏅氭湡锛屽叆鐞冨皬鍔ㄨ剦鍙ｅ緞鐢变簬纭寲鑰岀缉灏忥紝鑲惧皬鐞冩瘺缁嗚绠″帇鍙槑鏄鹃檷浣庯紝浣胯偩灏忕悆婊よ繃鐜囧噺灏戣€屽鑷村皯灏裤€?/div>18.鍦ㄤ笅鍒楅鍐呯柧鐥呬腑锛屽摢绉嶇柧鐥呰捣鐥呮渶鎬?ul>• A锛庤剳鍑鸿• B锛庤剳琛€鏍撳舰鎴?/li>• C锛庤剳鏍撳• D锛庤洓缃戣啘涓嬭厰鍑鸿• E锛庨鍐呰偪鐦?/li>锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.B.C. 鈭?/span>D.E.瑙ｆ瀽锛氳剳鏍撳鏄敱浜庣獊鐒朵骇鐢熺殑鏍撳瓙寮曡捣鐨勶紝鍥犺€岃捣鐥呮渶鎬ワ紝鑴戝嚭琛€鍜岃洓缃戣啘涓嬭厰鍑鸿鍏舵锛岃剳琛€鏍撳舰鎴愯緝鎱紝棰呭唴鑲跨槫鏈€鎱€?/div>19.鍐嶇敓闅滅鎬ц传琛€鐨勫彂鐥呮満鍒朵笉鍖呮嫭•A锛庨€犺骞茬粏鑳炵己涔?/li>•B锛庨楂撳井寰幆闅滅•C锛庨楂撳熀璐ㄨ鐮村潖•D锛庨€犺鍘熸枡缂轰箯•E锛庡厤鐤紓甯?/li>锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.B.C.D. 鈭?/span>E.瑙ｆ瀽锛氬啀鐢熼殰纰嶆€ц传琛€鏄敱鍚勭鍘熷洜寮曡捣閫犺骞茬粏鑳炴暟閲忓噺灏戝拰(鎴?鍔熻兘寮傚父瀵艰嚧鐨勭柧鐥咃紝鍥犳鍏跺彂鐥呮満鍒朵笉鍖呮嫭閫犺鍘熸枡缂轰箯锛岀浉鍙嶇敱浜庨€犺涓嶈冻甯稿彲瀵艰嚧閫犺鍘熸枡杩囧墿锛岃€屽叾浣欏洓椤瑰潎涓哄啀鐢熼殰纰嶆€ц传琛€鐨勫彂鐥呮満鍒躲€?/div>20.涔崇檶鏈€甯稿彂鐢熺殑閮ㄤ綅鏄钩鎴跨殑•A锛庡唴涓婅薄闄?/li>•B锛庡唴涓嬭薄闄?/li>•C锛庡涓婅薄闄?/li>•D锛庡涓嬭薄闄?/li>•E锛庝钩鏅曞懆鍥?/li>锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.B.C. 鈭?/span>D.E.瑙ｆ瀽锛氫钩鐧屾渶甯稿彂鐢熺殑閮ㄤ綅鏄钩鎴跨殑澶栦笂璞￠檺锛岀害鍗?0%銆?/div>21.涓婂翱璺粨鐭宠灏跨殑鐗圭偣鏄?ul>• A锛庡垵濮嬭灏?/li>• B锛庣粓鏈灏?/li>• C锛庢椿鍔ㄥ悗琛€灏?/li>• D锛庢棤鐥涙€ц灏?/li>• E锛庡叏绋嬭灏?/li>锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.B.C. 鈭?/span>D.E.瑙ｆ瀽锛氫笂灏胯矾缁撶煶鏄寚鑲惧拰杈撳翱绠＄粨鐭炽€傜粨鐭崇Щ鍔ㄦ椂鎹熶激绮樿啘閫犳垚鍑鸿鑰屽紩璧疯灏匡紝鏁呭父鍦ㄦ椿鍔ㄥ悗鍑虹幇銆傚垵濮嬭灏垮鍦ㄥ翱閬撴垨鑶€鑳遍閮ㄧ梾鍙樻椂鍑虹幇銆傜粓鏈灏挎彁绀虹梾鍙樺湪鍚庡翱閬撹唨鑳遍鎴栬唨鑳变笁瑙掑尯銆傛棤鐥涙€ц灏垮瑙佷簬鑲跨槫鎮ｈ€呫€傚叏绋嬭灏挎彁绀虹梾鍙樺湪鑶€鑳卞強鍏朵互涓婇儴浣嶃€?/div>22.寮€鏀炬€ф皵鑳哥殑鎬ユ晳鎺柦棣栧厛鏄?ul>• A锛庡惛姘э紝绾犳浼戝厠• B锛庣粰浜堝懠鍚稿叴濂嬪墏• C锛庡皝闂兏澹佷激鍙?/li>• D锛庤兏鑵旈棴寮忓紩娴?/li>• E锛庣珛鍗虫墜鏈?/li>锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.B.C. 鈭?/span>D.E.瑙ｆ瀽锛氬紑鏀炬€ф皵鑳告槸鎸囪兏澹佹湁浼ゅ彛锛岃兏鑶滆厰涓庡鐣岀浉閫氾紝璐熷帇娑堝け锛屼激渚ц偤瀹屽叏钀庣缉锛岀旱闅旇鎺ㄥ悜鍋ヤ晶锛屽仴渚ц偤涔熸墿寮犱笉鍏紝涓ラ噸褰卞搷鍛煎惛鍔熻兘銆傝€屼笖鍛煎惛鏃朵袱渚ц兏鑶滆厰鍘嬪姏涓嶅钩琛¤€屽彂鐢熺旱闅旀憜(鎵?鍔紝瀵艰嚧鑵旈潤鑴夊洖娴佸彈闃伙紝寮曡捣寰幆鍔熻兘闅滅銆傚彟澶栧懠姘旀椂鍋ヤ晶鑲虹殑姘斾綋閮ㄥ垎鎺掑叆浼や晶鑲猴紝鍚告皵鏃跺仴渚ц偤鍙堝惛鍏ラ儴鍒嗘潵鑷激渚ц偤鐨勫惈姘ч噺浣庣殑姘斾綋锛屼娇鍚哀閲忎綆鐨勬皵浣撳湪涓や晶鑲洪噸澶嶄氦鎹紝閫犳垚涓ラ噸缂烘哀銆傝繘鍏ヨ兏鑶滆厰鐨勫喎绌烘皵鍒烘縺鑲洪棬澶勭殑绁炵粡涔熷彲鍙戠敓鑳歌啘鑲轰紤鍏嬨€傛€讳箣鐥呮儏鍗遍噸銆傚叾鎬ユ晳鎺柦棣栧厛搴旇绔嬪嵆鐢ㄦ棤鑿屾暦鏂?濡傚嚒澹灄绾卞竷鍔犳鍨瓑)灏侀棴鑳搁儴浼ゅ彛锛屾湁鏁堜笌鍚︿互涓嶅啀鍚埌绌烘皵杩涘嚭浼ゅ彛鐨勫搷澹颁负鏍囧織锛屽彉寮€鏀炬€ф皵鑳镐负闂悎鎬ф皵鑳搞€?/div>23.灏挎€ユ槸鎸?ul>• A锛庡叆鐫″悗涓嶈嚜涓绘帓灏?/li>• B锛庢帓灏挎椂涓嶅彈鑷富鎺у埗• C锛庡翱娑叉淮娌?/li>• D锛庢帓灏挎椂鏈夎揩涓嶅強寰呮劅• E锛庢帓灏挎椂灏块亾鐥?/li>锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.B.C.D. 鈭?/span>E.瑙ｆ瀽锛氬翱鎬ユ槸鎸囨帓灏挎椂鏈夎揩涓嶅強寰呮劅锛屽父涓庡翱棰戝悓鏃跺瓨鍦ㄣ€傛帓灏挎椂灏块亾鐥涗负灏跨棝锛屾湁鏃惰唨鑳变篃鐥涖€備复搴婁笂灏嗗翱棰戙€佸翱鎬ャ€佸翱鐥涘悎绉颁负鑶€鑳卞埡婵€寰併€傚叆鐫″悗涓嶈嚜涓绘帓灏夸负閬楀翱銆傛帓灏挎椂涓嶅彈鑷富鎺у埗鏄翱澶辩銆傚翱娑叉淮娌ユ槸鎺掑翱鍥伴毦鐨勪竴绉嶈〃鐜帮紝鑶€鑳变互涓嬪翱璺闃诲紩璧枫€?/div> 24.璇婃柇鎬ユ€ч槕灏剧値鏃讹紝涓嬪垪鍝」鏈€鏈夎瘖鏂剰涔?ul>• A锛庤吂鑲岀揣寮?/li>• B锛庣粨鑲犱孩姘旇瘯楠岄槼鎬?/li>• C锛庤叞澶ц倢璇曢獙闃虫€?/li>• D锛庨棴瀛旇倢璇曢獙闃虫€?/li>• E锛庡彸涓嬭吂鍥哄畾鍘嬬棝鐐?/li>锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.B.C.D.E. 鈭?/span>瑙ｆ瀽锛氬彸涓嬭吂鏈夊浐瀹氬帇鐥涚偣瀵规€ユ€ч槕灏剧値鏈€鏈夎瘖鏂剰涔夛紝鍏朵粬浣撳緛鍙兘杈呭姪璇婃柇銆?/div>25.SLE鐗瑰緛鎬ц〃鐜版槸•A锛庣梾姣掓劅鏌?/li>•B锛庡彂鐑?/li>•C锛庣毊鑲ょ矘鑶滄崯瀹?/li>•D锛庣传澶栫嚎鐓у皠鍚庡姞閲?/li>•E锛庡叧鑺傜柤鐥?/li>锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.B.C. 鈭?/span>D.E.瑙ｆ瀽锛氱毊鑲ょ矘鑶滄崯瀹虫槸SLE鐨勭壒寰佹€ф崯瀹筹紝鍏稿瀷鐨勭毊鎹熶綅浜庨蓟姊佸強涓ら閮紝鍛堣澏褰㈢孩鏂戯紝鍏朵粬鐨崯澶氬憟瀵圭О鎬э紝鍙憟鐩樼姸绾㈡枒绛夛紝娲诲姩鏈熸偅鑰呭彲鏈夊彛鑵旂矘鑶滄簝鐤°€傝€屽叾浣欏洓绉嶈〃鐜板潎鏃犵壒寮傛€э紝鍙浜嶴LE锛屼篃鍙浜庡叾浠栫柧鐥呫€?/div>26.鎬ユ€уけ琛€锛屾偅鑰呭嚭鐜拌鍘嬮檷鑷?0/ 60mmHg锛岃剦鐜?30娆?鍒嗭紝鍒欎及璁″嚭琛€閲忚揪•A锛?00锝?00ml•B锛?00锝?500ml•C锛?500锝?000ml•D锛?000锝?500ml•E锛?500ml浠ヤ笂锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.B. 鈭?/span>C.D.E.瑙ｆ瀽锛氶€氬父鍦ㄨ繀閫熷け琛€瓒呰繃鍏ㄨ韩鎬昏閲忕殑20%鏃讹紝鍗冲嚭鐜颁紤鍏嬨€傛鐥呬汉宸插嚭鐜颁腑搴︿紤鍏嬶紝浼拌鍑鸿閲忚揪800锝?500ml銆?/div>27.鑴婃缁撴牳澶氬彂鐢熶簬•A锛庢浣?/li>•B锛庢鏉?/li>•C锛庡叧鑺傜獊•D锛庢í绐?/li>•E锛庢绐?/li>锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A. 鈭?/span>B.C.D.E.瑙ｆ瀽锛氶鍏宠妭缁撴牳濂藉彂浜庤礋閲嶅銆佹椿鍔ㄥ銆佹槗鍒涗激鐨勯儴浣嶃€傛浣撹礋閲嶅锛屽畠鐨勬粙鍏诲姩鑴変负缁堟湯鍔ㄨ剦锛岀粨鏍歌弻鏄撳仠鐣欍€傛晠鑴婃缁撴牳濂藉彂浜庢浣撱€?/div>28.閫犳垚鏈悗灏挎酱鐣欑殑鍘熷洜涓紝涓嶆纭殑鏄?ul>• A锛庤叞楹诲悗鎺掑翱涓灑鍙楁姂鍒?/li>• B锛庢湳鍚庝笉涔犳儻鍦ㄥ簥涓婂ぇ銆佸皬渚?/li>• C锛庣泦鑵旇創鑲垮埡婵€鑶€鑳辩缁忎笡• D锛庝細闃撮儴鎵嬫湳鍚庣柤鐥?/li>• E锛庢湳鍓嶅父瑙勫簲鐢ㄩ樋鎵樺搧锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.B.C.D.E. 鈭?/span>瑙ｆ瀽锛欰銆丅銆丆銆丏鍧囧彲寮曡捣鏈悗灏挎酱鐣欍€傛湳鍓嶅簲鐢ㄩ樋鎵樺搧鏄负浜嗗噺灏戝懠鍚搁亾绮樻恫鍜屽彛鑵斿斁娑茬殑鍒嗘硨锛屼笌鏈悗灏挎酱鐣欐棤鍏炽€?/div>29.鍖哄埆鎬ユ€т笌鎱㈡€х櫧琛€鐥呯殑涓昏渚濇嵁鏄?ul>• A锛庣梾绋嬮暱鐭?/li>• B锛庨楂撳辜绋氱粏鑳炵殑鎴愮啛绋嬪害• C锛庢湁鏃犺倽銆佽劸娣嬪反缁撹偪澶?/li>• D锛庤鐗囦腑鍘熷缁嗚優姣斾緥• E锛庤鐧界粏鑳炲鍔犵▼搴?/li>锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.B. 鈭?/span>C.D.E.瑙ｆ瀽锛氭€ユ€х櫧琛€鐥呯殑楠ㄩ珦涓師濮嬬粏鑳炰竴鑸湪30%浠ヤ笂锛岃€屾參鎬х櫧琛€鐥呬竴鑸湪 10%浠ュ唴锛屾瘮杈冩垚鐔熺殑鐧界粏鑳炲崰澶у鏁帮紝鎵€浠ラ楂撳辜绋氱粏鑳炵殑鎴愮啛绋嬪害鏄尯鍒€ユ€т笌鎱㈡€х櫧琛€鐥呯殑涓昏渚濇嵁銆傝€屽叾浠栧洓椤硅櫧浜﹀彲鏈夊尯鍒紝浣嗛兘涓嶆槸涓昏鐨勩€?/div>30.骞诲惉甯歌浜?ul>• A锛庣缁忚“寮?/li>• B锛庣檾鐥?/li>• C锛庡己杩棁• D锛庣簿绁炲垎瑁傜棁• E锛庡弽搴旀€х簿绁炵梾锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.B.C.D. 鈭?/span>E.瑙ｆ瀽锛氬够鍚槸鏈€甯歌鐨勪竴绉嶅够瑙夛紝甯歌浜庣簿绁炲垎瑁傜棁鐥呬汉锛岃€屽叾浠栧洓绉嶇柧鐥呭垯寰堝皯鍙戠敓銆?/div>31.鑵硅啘鐐庢渶涓昏鐨勪綋寰佹槸•A锛庤吂鑳€•B锛庤吂寮忓懠鍚稿噺寮辨垨娑堝け•C锛庡帇鐥涖€佸弽璺崇棝鍜岃倢绱у紶•D锛庢湁绉诲姛鎬ф祳闊?/li>•E锛庤偁楦ｉ煶鍑忓急鎴栨秷澶?/li>锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.B.C. 鈭?/span>D.E.瑙ｆ瀽锛氳吂鑶滅値鏈€涓昏鐨勪綋寰佹槸鑵硅啘鐐庡紩璧风殑鑵硅啘鍒烘縺寰侊紝鍗宠吂閮ㄥ帇鐥涖€佸弽璺崇棝鍜岃倢绱у紶銆?/div>32.璇婃柇娣卞鑴撹偪涓昏渚濇嵁鏄?ul>• A锛庡瘨鎴樸€侀珮鐑?/li>• B锛庡眬閮ㄨ偪鑳€• C锛庢槑鏄惧帇鐥?/li>• D锛庣┛鍒烘娊鍑鸿創娑?/li>• E锛庡眬閮ㄦ湁娉㈠姩鎰?/li>锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.B.C.D. 鈭?/span>E.瑙ｆ瀽锛氬瘨鎴樸€侀珮鐑€佽偪鑳€銆佹槑鏄惧帇鐥涚瓑閮芥槸鎬ユ€х値鐥囧父瑙佺殑鐥囩姸锛屽眬閮ㄦ湁娉㈠姩鎰熻〃绀烘湁娴呰〃鑴撹偪锛岃€屾繁閮ㄨ創鑲挎尝鍔ㄦ劅涓嶆槗鏌ュ嚭锛屽敮鏈変粠娣卞绌垮埡鎶藉嚭鑴撴恫锛屾柟鍙綔鍑鸿瘖鏂€?/div>33.鐗瑰彂鎬ц灏忔澘鍑忓皯鎬х传鐧滄€ユ€у瀷鐨勪复搴婅〃鐜颁笉鍖呮嫭•A锛庣梾鍓?锝?鍛ㄦ湁鐥呮瘨鎰熸煋鍙?/li>•B锛庣毊鑲ゃ€佺矘鑶滃嚭琛€骞挎硾鑰屼弗閲?/li>•C锛庤剰鍣ㄥ嚭琛€鍚庢灉涓ラ噸•D锛?0%锝?5%杞负鎱㈡€?/li>•E锛庣梾绋嬭縼寤躲€佸弽澶嶅彂浣?/li>锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.B.C.D.E. 鈭?/span>瑙ｆ瀽锛氱壒鍙戞€ц灏忔澘鍑忓皯鎬х传鐧滄€ユ€у瀷鐥呬緥涓紝缁忔不鐤?鍛ㄨ嚦2涓湀鍐呭鏁伴€愭笎缂撹В鎴栫棅鎰堬紝鐥呯▼涓€鑸笉鍛堢幇杩佸欢鍜屽弽澶嶅彂浣溿€傝€屽叾浠栧洓椤归兘鏄鐨勩€?/div>34.鍘熷彂鎬ц倽鐧屾渶甯歌鐨勪富瑕佷綋寰佹槸•A锛庨粍鐤?/li>•B锛庤吂鑳€•C锛庤倽鍖虹柤鐥?/li>•D锛庤倽涓嶈鍒欒偪澶?/li>•E锛庣Щ鍔ㄦ€ф祳闊?/li>锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.B.C.D. 鈭?/span>E.瑙ｆ瀽锛氬師鍙戞€ц倽鐧屾渶甯歌鐨勪綋寰佹槸鑲濅笉瑙勫垯鑲垮ぇ锛屾櫄鏈熸柟鍑虹幇榛勭柛銆佽吂姘村拰鑵硅儉銆?/div>35.鐩磋偁鐧屾牴娌绘€ф墜鏈兘鍚︿繚鐣欒倹闂ㄥ彇鍐充簬•A锛庣檶鐦ょ殑澶у皬•B锛庣檶鐦や镜鐘寖鍥?/li>•C锛庣檶鐦ゆ湁鏃犺浆绉?/li>•D锛庣檶鐦よ窛鑲涢棬璺濈•E锛庝箼鐘剁粨鑲犵殑闀跨煭锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.B.C.D. 鈭?/span>E.瑙ｆ瀽锛氱洿鑲犵檶鏍规不鏈兘鍚︿繚鐣欒倹闂ㄥ彇鍐充簬鐧岀槫璺濊倹闂ㄧ殑璺濈锛岀檶鐦や笅缂樿窛鑲涢棬5cm浠ュ唴鑰呬笉鑳戒繚鐣欒倹闂ㄣ€?/div>36.鎬ユ€ц剨楂撶値鐨勫父瑙佸苟鍙戠棁涓嶅寘鎷?ul>• A锛庤ぅ鐤?/li>• B锛庡潬绉€ц偤鐐?/li>• C锛庢硨灏跨郴鎰熸煋• D锛庡簾鐢ㄦ€ц倢鑲夎悗缂?/li>• E锛庤偁閬撴劅鏌?/li>锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.B.C.D.E. 鈭?/span>瑙ｆ瀽锛氭€ユ€ц剨楂撶値鐨勫父瑙佸苟鍙戠棁鍖呮嫭瑜ョ柈銆佸潬绉€ц偤鐐庛€佹硨灏跨郴鎰熸煋鍜屽簾鐢ㄦ€ц倢鑲夎悗缂╃瓑锛屽洜鑰岄涓墠鍥涢」鍧囨槸鎬ユ€ц剨楂撶値鐨勫父瑙佸苟鍙戠棁锛岃€岃偁閬撴劅鏌撲笉甯歌銆?/div>37.澶у鏁拌偩灏忕悆鐤剧梾鏄?ul>• A锛庨潪鍏嶇柅闈炵値鐥囨€х柧鐥?/li>• B锛庢劅鏌撴€х値鐥囩柧鐥?/li>• C锛庝笌缁嗚優鍏嶇柅鏃犲叧鐨勭柧鐥?/li>• D锛庝笌浣撴恫鍏嶇柅鏃犲叧鐨勭柧鐥?/li>• E锛庡厤鐤粙瀵兼€х値鐥囩柧鐥?/li>锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.B.C.D.E. 鈭?/span>瑙ｆ瀽锛氬鏁板師鍙戙€佺户鍙戣偩灏忕悆鐤剧梾閮芥槸鍏嶇柅浠嬪鎬х値鐥囩柧鐥咃紝鐢卞厤鐤紩璧风値鐥囧鑷磋偩灏忕悆鎹熷銆?/div>38.鑳冩簝鐤′笌婧冪枴鍨嬭儍鐧孹绾跨墖涓婃渶涓昏鐨勫尯鍒槸•A锛庤儍澹佽蒋纭▼搴?/li>•B锛庣矘鑶滅毐瑗炰腑鏂?/li>•C锛庡懆鍥存湁鏃犵粨鑺傜姸•D锛庢簝鐤℃槸鍚︿綅浜庤儍杞粨涔嬪唴•E锛庢簝鐤＄洿寰勬槸鍚﹀ぇ浜?.5cm锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.B.C.D. 鈭?/span>E.瑙ｆ瀽锛氭棰樺悇椤瑰潎涓鸿壇銆佹伓鎬ц儍婧冪枴鐨勯壌鍒偣锛屼絾鎭舵€ф簝鐤′綅浜庤儍鑵旇疆寤撲箣鍐呮洿涓洪噸瑕併€?/div>39.璇婃柇绯栧翱鐥呯殑涓昏渚濇嵁鏄?ul>• A锛庝笁澶氫竴灏戠棁鐘?/li>• B锛庡翱绯栭槼鎬?/li>• C锛庤绯栧崌楂?/li>• D锛庤憽钀勭硸鑰愰噺璇曢獙• E锛庤娴嗚儼宀涚礌姘村钩涓嬮檷锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.B.C. 鈭?/span>D.E.瑙ｆ瀽锛氭牴鎹硸灏跨梾璇婃柇鏍囧噯锛岃绯栧崌楂樻槸涓昏璇婃柇渚濇嵁銆?/div>40.鎬濈淮濂旈€?ul>• A锛庢槸韬佺媯鐥囩殑甯歌琛ㄧ幇• B锛庢槸绁炵粡琛板急鐨勫父瑙佽〃鐜?/li>• C锛庢槸绮剧鍒嗚鐥囩殑甯歌琛ㄧ幇• D锛庢槸鑴戝櫒璐ㄦ€х柧鐥呯殑甯歌琛ㄧ幇• E锛庢槸鐧旂棁鐨勫父瑙佽〃鐜?/li>锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A. 鈭?/span>B.C.D.E.瑙ｆ瀽锛氭€濈淮濂旈€镐负涓€绉嶅叴濂嬫€ф€濈淮鑱旀兂闅滅锛屽瑙佷簬韬佺媯鐥囷紝鏄簛鐙傜棁鐨勫父瑙佽〃鐜帮紝鑰屼笉鏄叾浠栧洓绉嶇柧鐥呯殑甯歌琛ㄧ幇銆?/div>41.璐鎸夌梾鍥犲拰鍙戠梾鏈哄埗鍒嗙被涓?ul>• A锛庣孩缁嗚優鐢熸垚鍑忓皯銆佺孩缁嗚優鐮村潖杩囧銆佸け琛€• B锛庨€犺鐗╄川缂轰箯銆侀€犺鍔熻兘闅滅• C锛庣孩缁嗚優鐢熸垚鍑忓皯銆佺孩缁嗚優鐮村潖杩囧• D锛庣孩缁嗚優鍐呭湪缂洪櫡銆佺孩缁嗚優鐮村潖杩囧• E锛庣孩缁嗚優鍐嶇敓闅滅銆佺孩缁嗚優婧惰鐮村潖锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A. 鈭?/span>B.C.D.E.瑙ｆ瀽锛氳传琛€鎸夌梾鍥犲拰鍙戠梾鏈哄埗鍒嗙被涓虹孩缁嗚優鐢熸垚鍑忓皯銆佺孩缁嗚優鐮村潖杩囧銆佸け琛€锛岃€屽叾浠栧悇椤瑰唴瀹瑰潎涓嶅叏闈€?/div>42.鑲遍骞查鎶樻渶鏄撳紩璧?ul>• A锛庡昂绁炵粡鎹熶激• B锛庢绁炵粡鎹熶激• C锛庤厠绁炵粡鎹熶激• D锛庤倢鐨缁忔崯浼?/li>• E锛庢涓缁忔崯浼?/li>锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.B. 鈭?/span>C.D.E.瑙ｆ瀽锛氳偙楠ㄥ共鍚庢柟鏈夋绁炵粡娌燂紝妗＄缁忚蛋琛屽叾涓紝鏁呰偙楠ㄥ共楠ㄦ姌鏈€鏄撳紩璧锋鍐茬粡鎹熶激銆?/div>43.鏃╂湡濡婂鏈€甯歌鐨勪复搴婅〃鐜版槸•A锛庝钩鎴垮澶?/li>•B锛庡翱棰?/li>•C锛庡瓙瀹澶?/li>•D锛庡仠缁?/li>•E锛庨绻佸憰鍚?/li>锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.B.C.D. 鈭?/span>E.瑙ｆ瀽锛氬濞犳棭鏈熶細鍑虹幇鎭跺績銆佸憰鍚愮瓑鏃╁瓡鍙嶅簲锛屼钩鎴胯儉鐥涘澶с€佸翱棰戠瓑鐥囩姸锛屼絾鍋滅粡鏄濞犳渶鏃╀笌鏈€閲嶈鐨勭棁鐘躲€?/div>44.鍏充簬鍗曠函鎬х敳鐘惰吅鑲匡紝姝ｇ‘鐨勬槸•A锛庣敳鐘惰吅鑲垮ぇ浣嗗姛鑳戒綆涓?/li>•B锛庣敳鐘惰吅澶у皬銆佸姛鑳芥甯?/li>•C锛庣敳鐘惰吅鑲垮ぇ浣嗗姛鑳芥甯?/li>•D锛嶵SH鍒嗘硨鍑忓皯鑷寸敳鐘惰吅浠ｅ伩鎬ц偪澶?/li>•E锛庤偪澶х殑鐢茬姸鑵洪渶鎵嬫湳娌荤枟。
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蛋白质含 糖类含 粒街 一２搜 量／（ｍｇ 量／（ｍｇ
表２沉降污泥上清液的浊度
Ｔａｂ．２ Ｔｕｒｂｉｄｉｔｙ ｏｆ ８ｌｕｄｓｏ ｓｕｐｅｒｎａｔａｎｔ Ｏ ０．５ ｌ ２ ５ １０
１５
污泥絮体粒径及其上清液中的ＥＰＳ含量
Ｓｉｚｅ
Ｔａｂ．１
ｏｆ蛐ｆｌｏｅ
粒秽
斗ｍ
ａｎｄ ＥＰＳ ｃｏｎｔｅｎｔ ｉｎ
ｓｕｐｅｍａｔａｎｔ ＣＳＧ
蛋白质含 糖类含
一１投 量／（ｍｇ 量／（ｍｇ 量／％ ・Ｌ。１） ・Ｌ。）
ｃｏｎｔｅｎｔ
ｉｎ ｒｅｍａｉｎｉｎｇ ｓｌｕｄｇｅ ｃａｋｅ ａｆｔｅｒ ｆｉｌｔｒａｔｉｏｎ ｉｓ ｄｅｃｒｅａｓｅｄ ｔｏ ７４％ｂｙ ｔｈｅ ＣＳＧ－２，ｂｕｔ ｔｈｅ ｖｅｌｏｃｉｔｉｅｓ ｏｆ
ａｒｅ
ｆｉｌｔｒａｔｉｏｎ ａｎｄ ｓｅｔｔｌｅｍｅｎｔ
ｓｌｏｗｅｒ
ａｒｅ
ｃｏｒｒｅｓｐｏｎｄｉｎｇｌｙ．Ｔｈｅ
２４
ｓ
停止过滤，取下滤纸称其质量，并在１０５ ｏＣ下干燥 ｈ再称其质量，计算滤饼含水率，计算公式如下：
滤饼含水率＝婆逞垡曩蓁舞铲×
１００％
１材料与方法
１．１
试验材料 活性污泥样品取自上海闵行污水处理厂一期曝
１．２．４污泥毛细吸水时间（ＣＳＴ）的测定 采用２００型便携式ＣＳＴ测试分析仪，将５ ｍＬ调 理过的活性污泥倒人直径为１８ ｍｍ的不锈钢圆柱 中，通过Ｗｈａｔｍａｎ １７。滤纸产生的毛细吸水压力从 污泥中吸收水分，以滤液润湿半径自１ ｃｍ至３ 所需时间为ＣＳＴ值。 １．２．５污泥上清液中ＥＰＳ含量的测定 蛋白质含量：在２８０ ｎｍ波长下，以牛血清白蛋 白为标准，采用紫外分光光度法测定并绘制标准曲 线，并在相同条件下测定离心后污泥上清液中蛋白 质的含量Ｍ Ｊ。 糖类含量：在５９５ ｎｍ波长下，以葡萄糖为标准， 采用紫外分光光度法测定并绘制标准曲线，并在相 同条件下测定离心后污泥上清液中糖类的含量Ｈ Ｊ。
２结果与讨论
２．１
对活性污泥过滤性能的影响 由于ＣＳＴ测试设备简单，重复性好，故通常被
２．１．１对ＣＳＴ的影响 作为评价污泥脱水性能的指标之一。从本质上说，
型台式高速冷冻离心机（德国Ｓｉｇｍａ公司），２００型
便携式ＣＳＴ测试分析仪，ＪＹｗ一２００Ｂ自动张力仪，
万方数据
・６０・
第２３期
蒋波，等：阳离子表面活性剂改善污泥脱水性能的机理研究
ｍＬ的活性污泥样
品，随后依次加入约为干污泥质量０．５％、１％、２％、 ５％、１０％、１５％的阳离子表面活性剂（以下文中简 略表示为百分比投量），并与空白活性污泥样品对 比。将加入活性剂的污泥在２７０ ｒ／ｍｉｎ下搅拌１ ｍｉｎ，然后改变转速为３５ ｒ／ｒａｉｎ再搅拌９ ｍｉｎ，使表面 活性剂和活性污泥充分混合。 １．２．２沉降试验 将５００ ｍＬ调理过的活性污泥倒入５００ ｍＬ量筒 中，每隔５ ｍｉｎ记录一次沉降的污泥体积。 １．２．３真空过滤脱水试验 将１００ ｍＬ调理过的活性污泥倒入真空过滤脱 水装置的布氏漏斗中，在０．０６ ＭＰａ真空度下过滤并 计时，记录滤液体积到达８５ ｍＬ时所消耗的时间，记 为民％。当布氏漏斗不再有滤液滤出时，再过３０
第２２卷
ＣＳＴ反映了污泥中自由水的过滤性能，ＣＳＴ越大则 表明污泥的过滤性能越差‘５｜。不同投量的两种阳 离子表面活性剂对ＣＳＴ的影响见图１。
清液中的ＥＰＳ含量不断增加，而污泥絮体的颗粒粒 径却不断减小，可以推断这是由于污泥表面ＥＰＳ含 量的不断减少，致使活性污泥不易絮凝。而对于 ＣＳＧ一１，在其投量＞５％后污泥絮体的颗粒粒径呈 增大趋势。结合图１分析其原因是ＣＳＧ一１依靠静 电引力和范德华力首先被吸附在污泥表面，当其投 量超过一定范围时，吸附在污泥表面的ＣＳＧ一１利 用自身分子的长疏水链发挥再絮凝作用，使污泥絮 体颗粒粒径变大，并增强了过滤性能。 ２．１．２对过滤速率的影响 两种阳离子表面活性剂ＣＳＧ一１和ＣＳＧ一２对
Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ：Ｔｈｅ ｅｆｆｅｃｔｓ ｏｆ ｔｗｏ ｃａｔｉｏｎｉｃ
ｏｎ
ｔｈｅ ｄｅｗａｔｅｒａｂｉｌｉｔｉｅｓ ｏｆ ａｃｔｉｖａｔｅｄ ｓｌｕｄｇｅ ｗｅｒｅ ｄｉｓｃｕｓｓｅｄ．Ｔｈｅ ｍｅｃｈａｎｉｓｍ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ ｔｗｏ ｃａｔｉｏｎｉｃ ｓｕｒｆａｃｔａｎｔｓ
ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ａｃｔｉｖａｔｅｄ ｓｌｕｄｇｅ ｓｙｓｔｅｍ ｗａｓ ｅｌｕｃｉｄａｔｅｄ．Ｅｘｐｅｒｉｍｅｎｔａｌ ｒｅｓｕｌｔｓ ｉｎｄｉｃａｔｅ ｔｈａｔ ｔｈｅ ｗａｔｅｒ ｃｏｎｔｅｎｔ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ｒｅｍａｉｎｉｎｇ ｓｌｕｄｇｅ ｃａｋｅ ａｆｔｅｒ ｆｉｌｔｒａｔｉｏｎ ｉｓ ｄｅｃｒｅａｓｅｄ ｔｏ ７８％ｂｙ ａｄｄｉｎｇ １ ０％ｏｆ ＣＳＧ－１，ｔｈｉｓ ａｄｄｉｔｉｏｎ ｒｅｓｕｌｔｓ ｉｎ ｅｆｆｅｃｔｉｖｅ ｓｌｕｄｇｅ ｓｅｄｉｍｅｎｔａｔｉｏｎ，ｔｈｅ ＣＳＴ ｉｓ ａｌｓｏ ｒｅｄｕｃｅｄ ｔｏ ６２ Ｓ．Ｃｏｍｐａｒｅｄ ｗｉｔｈ ｔｈｅ ＣＳＧ－１，ｔｈｅ ｗａｔｅｒ
图１表面活性剂投■对ＣＳＴ的影响
Ｆｉｇ．１ Ｅｆｆｅｃｔ ｏｆ ｓｕｒｆａｃｔａｎｔ ｄｏｓａｇｅ
ｏｎ
污泥过滤速率的影响见图２。
ＣＳＴ
从图１可以看出ｊ两种活性剂的投量≤２％时， 污泥的ＣＳＴ呈增大趋势；但随着活性剂投量的增 加，阳离子表面活性剂ＣＳＧ一１可使活性污泥的 ＣＳＴ明显减少，当投量达１０％时ＣＳＴ趋于平缓；而 ＣＳＧ一２使污泥的ＣＳＴ继续呈增大趋势，当投量达 １５％时ＣＳＴ趋于平缓，约为９１ Ｓ。这表明ＣＳＧ一１ 可改善污泥的过滤性能，且其投量为１０％时ＣＳＴ可 降至约６２
ｃｈａｎｇｅｓ
ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃｓ ｏｆ ｓｌｕｄｇｅ ｆｌｏｃｓ，ｐｒｉｍａｒｉｌｙ ｃｈａｎｇｅｓ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ＥＰＳ ｄｉｓｔｒｉ－
ｂｕｔｉｏｎ，ｉｍｐｒｏｖｅｍｅｎｔｓ Ｋｅｙ ｗｏｒｄｓ：
Ｓｉｚｅ
ｏｎｄｅｗａｔｅｒａｂｉｌｉｔｅｓ ｏｆ ｓｌｕｄｇｅ ａｎｄ
ｃｈａｎｇｅｓ
ａｄｓｏｒｂｅｄ
ｏｎ
ｄｅｗａｔｅｒａｂｉｌｉｔｉｅｓ ｏｆ ｓｌｕｄｇｅ ｂｙ ＣＳＧ－１ ａｎｄ ＣＳＧ－２
ｓｈｏｗ ｔｈａｔ ｃａｔｉｏｎｉｃ ｓｕｒｆａｃｔａｎｔｓ
ｔｈｅ ｓｌｕｄｇｅ ｓｕｒｆａｃｅ ｂｙ ｅｌｅｃｔｒｏｓｔａｔｉｃ ｆｏｒｃｅｓ ａｎｄ Ｖａｎ ｄｅｒ
Ｗａａｌ’Ｓ
ｆｏｒｃｅｓ，ｃａｕｓｉｎｇ
径 活性污泥；
阳离子表面活性剂； 文献标识码：Ｃ
脱水性能；
吸附；
胞外聚合物；
絮体颗粒粒
中图分类号：Ｘ７０３．１ Ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈ
文章编号：１０００—４６０２（２００６）２３—００５９—０５
ｏｎ
Ｍｅｃｈａｎｉｓｍ ｏｆ Ｃａｔｉｏｎｉｃ Ｓｕｒｆａｃｔａｎｔｓ
ｏｆ Ａｃｔｉｖａｔｅｄ Ｓｌｕｄｇｅ
ＪＩＡＮＧ Ｂｏ，
ｃｍ
气池，静沉２ ｈ后污泥含水率为９９．５％，ＴＳ＝３．３１
ｇ／Ｌ，ＭＬＳＳ＝２．８５ ｇ，／Ｌ，ｐＨ＝６．８５。为了保证污泥样
品的均一性，所有污泥测试试验均在４８ ｈ内完成。 阳离子表面活性剂：上海交通大学环境学院自 主合成的两种具有不同疏水链长度的双季铵盐表面 活性剂ＣＳＧ一１（长疏水链）和ＣＳＧ一２（短疏水链）， 电荷密度较高。 主要试剂：牛血清白蛋白（德国Ｓｉｇｍａ公司），葡 萄糖（国药集团化学试剂有限公司），去离子水。 主要仪器：ｕＶ一２１０２ＰＣＳ紫外／可见分光光度 计（Ｕｎｉｃｏ仪器有限公司），ＰＨＳ一３Ｃ精密ｐＨ计（上 海雷磁仪器厂），ＤＨＧ一９２０３型电热恒温鼓风干烘 箱（上海精宏实验设备有限公司），ＣＩＳ一１００粒径分 布仪（荷兰Ａｎｋｅｒｓｍｉｄ公司），ＺＲ４—６混凝试验搅拌 机（深圳市中润水工业技术发展有限公司），３—１８Ｋ
ＦＵ
ｏｎ
Ｄｅｗａｔｅｒａｂｉｌｉｔｙ
Ｊｉａ－ｊｕｎ，
ＣＡＩ
Ｗｅｉ－ｍｉｎ
（Ｓｃｈｏｏｌ
ｏｆ Ｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌ Ｓｃｉｅｎｃｅ ａｎｄ Ｅｎｇｉｎｅｅｒｉｎｇ，Ｓｈａｎｇｈａｉ Ｊｉａｏｔｏｎｇ Ｕｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ，Ｓｈａｎｇｈａｉ ２００２４０，Ｃｈｉｎａ）
ｓｕｒｆａｃｔａｎｔｓ（ＣＳＧ．１ ａｎｄ ＣＳＧ．２）ｗｉｔｈ ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔ ｈｙｄｒｏｃａｒｂｏｎｓ
ｉｎ ｔｈｅ ｆｌｏｅ ｓｉｚｅ．
ａｃｔｉｖａｔｅｄ ｓｌｕｄｇｅ；
ｃａｔｉｏｎｉｃ ｓｕｒｆａｃｔａｎｔｓ；ｄｅｗａｔｅｒａｂｉｌｉｔｙ；
ａｄｓｏｒｐｔｉｏｎ；
ＥＰＳ；
ｆｌｏｃ
采用活性污泥法处理废水时，会产生大量含水 率很高（通常大于９９．５％）的剩余污泥，其中污泥絮 体是水中悬浮固体经不同方式胶结凝聚而成的，具
有结构松散、形状不规则、高度非均匀、比表面积与 孔隙率极高等特点，该絮体还具有分形结构，外观上 具有类似绒毛的分支与网状结构…。由于污泥组
万方数据
・５９・
第２３期
中国给水排水 ２１００Ｐ型便携式浊度仪。 １．２试验及测试方法 １．２．１污泥的调理 在６个烧杯中各加入１
０００
第２２卷
分复杂，变异性大，水分含量高，故增加了处理上的 困难。目前，污泥脱水已成为污泥处理及处置流程 中一个非常重要的环节，通过减少污泥体积来节省 后续运输、填埋、焚烧等处理成本具有重大意义。 污泥的前处理在污泥脱水过程中起着关键作 用，通过污泥前处理，可以有效改善污泥自身特性， 提高后续工艺的脱水效率。污泥前处理方法主要 有：物理法（冷冻融化处理、加热处理、超声波处理 等）、化学法（改变酸碱度、添加有机高分子絮凝剂、 臭氧曝气等）、生物法（好氧消化或厌氧消化）口］，其 中化学法因其低成本、低能耗、操作简单等优点而成 为现阶段应用最普遍的污泥前处理方法。 表面活性剂作为一种两亲物质，很早就被用于 矿物污泥、煤炭污泥等富含细微颗粒污泥的脱水过 程中，具有良好的效果。Ｈｕａｎｇ Ｃ．等人指出，在投加 聚合物之前添加表面活性剂对明矾污泥进行调理可 降低污泥比阻，减少污泥的结合水量，提高过滤速 率，从而改善脱水效果旧Ｊ。 笔者将上海交通大学环境学院自主合成的两种 具有不同长度疏水链的阳离子表面活性剂作为污泥 调理剂，比较它们对活性污泥脱水性能的影响，并探 讨了其在活性污泥体系中的作用机理。