2019年7月16日托福大范围机经预测(小马过河版)
2019年7月16日托福听力机经预测(小马过河版)
2019年7月16日托福听力机经预测（小马过河版）1：教授说到长寿命的树能记录周遭环境的变化，一个男生提问说为什么有的树能活这么长?然后整堂课都在解释这个问题。
以一种叫B Pine的树为例，和California的一种树作对比，说明活得久不一定长得高。
之后又说这种树长在土壤不肥沃气候又不很宜人的地方，没有其它树能够存活，所以没人跟它抢营养。
它们之间又长得很分散，所以一定水准上能够防止fire。
它的木质比较dense and sticky, 所以能够防止虫子。
2：Paint turtle, 一种海龟能够在零度以下存活，小海龟孵化的时候天气很冷，只埋在地下10厘米，没有什么能够防寒，但是却能存活，主要是因为能在super cooling的情况下生成一种酶，防止产生一种有害物质使它frozen。
3：Watercolor painting：某画家，小时候玩过水彩画，长大后改画油画，画得很好很有前途，经常帮一些杂志什么的做事。
但是后来看了一次展览后深有触动，就开始画水彩画了。
以前收藏家们只偏爱油画，所以画家们就都画油画来养活自己，后来水彩画流行起来了，大家发现这个更轻松，并且更affordable。
4：人有一种记忆，比如把一支钢笔放在你的面前，然后拿东西遮住，你仍然知道里面是一支钢笔。
然后由人的memory引申到动物的memory, 举例monkey。
有人做了两个实验。
第一个实验：把banana放在蓝色或红色的杯子里，然后放下幕帘，过了一段时间打开幕帘，monkey总能认出哪个杯子中装着banana。
但人们无法分辨这是因为monkey的memory还是对食物的敏感性。
第二个实验：把生菜放进杯子中，结果monkey照样能记得哪个杯子是装着生菜的。
不过，这也不能说明subjects是怎么represent在monkey的脑子里的，monkey是否只记得有一样东西在杯子里，还是它脑海中有各种objects的图像?然后又做了第三个实验：把banana放进杯子里，乘monkey不注意的时候换成生菜，monkey认出了装东西的杯子，发现里面是生菜时很生气。
小马过河toefl解析-词汇记忆的诀窍
背单词捷径的第一条：背字典!不是什么字典都可以拿来背的，一定要找只包含自己想背的词的字典。
另外，最好有英文方式的解释和例句。
而且，一定要有音标!如果是为了考TOFEL或者GRE，注意要选美音音标的字典。
一般教材课文后面的词汇表都是为那些认认真真听课的好学生准备的，想走捷径就千万不要去背那些东西。
背字典的时候，按开头字母(Z,Y,X,Q,J,K,U)(V,W,N,O,L)(FG,IT,HM,BDE,R)(C,P,S,A)的顺序背，其中C,P,S,A每个都要分三部分背。
这样背有几个好处：(一)能增加成就感，提高兴趣。
至于为什么，您翻翻字典就明白了。
;)(二)便于清楚地知道那些单词已经背过，那些还没背。
背单词捷径的第二条：一定要每次都大量地背。
每天一百个是最低限。
其实背到后来您会发现这个要求并不高，一个月后，您可能自然而然地就背到三百或者五百。
这一百个要分成四组来背，上午三十,中午十个，下午三十，晚上三十。
第二天早晨复习以前没背下来的词。
背的时候，要一目十词(注意，是十个而不是更多或更少)，不要认认真真背，因为没有认认真真的时间。
一边看一边读每个词的读音，默读也成。
看完后回忆一遍，回忆不起来的再看。
这次背的目的在于留下个大概印象，下次看见能知道这个词，所以背到大部分都能回忆得起来就成了，把剩下的词单独抄出来。
首先说第一个问题，不用背单词，是绝对不可能的!当我们在各大网站和论坛进行浏览的时候，我们最为关注的帖子，就是15天搞定托福考试，抑或是一战轻松考到托福110分。
毫不夸张的说，其实这些帖子完全都是无用的帖子。
就像我们请教姚明怎么一下子就能摸到2米3，这时姚明会告诉你，首先要抬起手臂，然后大臂拖动小臂，最后用手触及2米3就好了。
其实背托福单词也是这样的，要想搞定托福考试，不要管何等牛人告诉你做做TPO就好了，但是一定记住，那是因为这些牛人早就背下了4记单词和托福单词，不信就拿这些单词书去考考他们。
如果他们也没背的话，就直接考考他们是否能把题做对。
2019年7月16日托福写作机经真题预测
2019年7月16日托福写作机经真题预测Integrated Writing三主要原因和青蛙的下降的解决方案Topic： three main reasons and the solutions to the decline of the frog Reading：1.The first method to the decline is that the farmers should forbid pesticide.2.The second method to the decline is let the frogs accept the treatment.3.The third method to the decline is that we should protect wetlands and lakes and forbid human activities.Listening：Disagree. Those three method s cannot solve this problem.1.Forbidding the pesticide is harmful for crops.2.The treatment must inject the frog one by one, it is too complicated and expensive.3.The decline of wetlands and lakes has nothing to do with human activities but climate warming.现在越来越多的人通过网络学习和取得文凭，但是很多雇主不愿意雇佣这样获得文凭(online degree)的人，原因有三：1. 在线教育的质量(quality)很难保证，因为学生们在学校里学的东西和网络上不一样。
课程不一样，质量当然不一样。
2. 在线教育的学生缺乏与人沟通的水平和技巧。
2019年7月16日托福考试综合写作小范围预测
2019年7月16日托福考试综合写作小范围预测综合写作Reading： Harappan(哈拉帕，一个古代群落)衰落的原因：1. 游牧部落的侵略，而且Harappan 的画和其他东西都表明Harappan 没有军队;2. 气候变化导致农业减产，没有充足的剩余食物供养更多的人口;3. 流行病大范围传播，并且喝的水污染了，传染扩大。
Listening：反对：1. 被侵略的城市仅仅Harappan 的很小一部分，Harappan 很大，少部分被侵略不会影响整个群落的衰落;2. 同时期其他两个群落，如埃及和美索不达米亚也遇到了气候变化，但是他们适合了环境，他们能够生产出充足的食物来维持人口。
3. 说Harappan 有充足的水源，而且Harappan 在过滤水方面很先进，所以大范围的污染是不可能的，而且传染病更不能大范围传播。
范文：The speaker contradicts the content in the reading paragraph, focusing on the three reasons for the demise ofthe Harappan people.Firstly, the statement in the reading paragraph says that evidence from their remaining paintings and other relics suggest they had no army and they couldn’t survive theintrus ion. While based on the speaker’s account, the cities invaded only comprise a small part of the whole community,which will exert a minor influence on the whole, if there is any.Secondly, from the reading content, one reason why Harappan disappeared is due to severe and dramatic climatic change, which leads to sharp decline of food supply, and then it is not surprising that the community lost their base for a living. Conversely, the speaker argues against this assertion by introducing another two communities- Egypt and Mesopotamia, both of which underwent the climatic change as well, and were capable of adjusting to the environment.Finally, the third reason the reading paragraph providesis the far-reaching epidemic, as well as contaminateddrinking water that poisoned the citizens. However, according to speaker, drinking water is sufficient and the Harappan made use of relatively advanced water-filtering facilities. Therefore, the community was not likely to suffer frominfected water, and the epidemic was not able to spread widely.。
小马过河解析为什么小toef留学要趁早
为什么说托福要趁早?小马过河托福专业的师资团队，为您的托福之路保驾护航！初中留学已经逐渐成为一种趋势。
“有不少华英学校的学生，暑假参加过修学团后，就决定出国留学了。
”小马过河托福培训机构汇总的数据表明办理留学的同学中，初中生和高中生几乎各占一半比例。
TOEFL Junior被称为“初中版托福”，主要作用是衡量在以英语为媒介的教学环境中，中学生在学术和社交方面掌握英语的水平。
小马过河小托福解析：US Grade –本土人比较-张三同学的英语能力在美国公立7年级中综合排到22%。
※通常，美国的Grade6，相当于我国的初中1年级。
小马过河小托福解析：Lexile读书能力指数张三同学的阅读能力相当于美国8年级学生的阅读教材能力。
Lexile指数，由美国Metametrix公司开发，它作为测定学习者对英语文章解释、理解能力的尺度，是在世界范围内被广泛应用的读书评价指数。
在美国，每年有3000万以上的学生通过"Lexile指数"来衡量自己的阅读水平。
同时，美国21个州的公立学校也将"Lexile 指数"运用到期末评价(学校成绩单)中。
小马过河小托福解析：US Grade- ELL比较张三同学的英语能力在美国公立7年级ELL中综合排到9%。
?ELL(English Language Learner)百分比，指居住在美国的英语为非母语的初中生群体(欧洲、中东，亚洲的留学生/移民者等)的比较水平。
对于我国学生赴北美留学或移民的情况，可视为除学校正规课程以外，以ELL为对象的英语授课中的百分比。
小马过河小托福解析：美国中学生英语水平(Grade Levels in the United States)本调查由美国教育考试服务中心(ETS)开展，以就读于美国公立学校6、7、8三个年级的本土学生、非本土学生为调查对象，考察其英语能力与TOEFL Junior(以下称为初中托福)考生的对照。
2019年7月10日托福考试机经预测(小马过河版)
2019年7月10日托福考试机经预测（小马过河版） Task 4：anticipated emotion。
人们采取行动之前会对自己做了这个事情之后会有一个怎样的心情有一个估测，然后根据这个估测决定自己是不是要做那件事。
lecture 里，教授举例子说有一次去给妹妹买生日礼物，发现一件很想买的 jacket，但是买了 jacket 之后就只能给妹妹买很便宜的小礼物，于是他就想如果真的买了 jacket 的话他肯定会很愧疚，所以最后决定还是不买了Task 4Anticipated emotion： Before doing something, people will anticipate the kind of emotion they might have after doing it, and therefore decide whether they will do it or not based on the emotion.Example： The professor went to buy his sister a birthday present, but saw a jacket he really wanted. If he bought the jacket, he would have to buy a cheaper present for his sister. Then thought about how he would feel if he had bought the jacket and thought he would feel guilty, so he decided not to buy the jacket.Task 4MarketingReading material：广告最常用的诉求策略就是affiliation：a sense of being member of certain group.就是群体归属感。
【小马过河】托福阅读必考的6套加试题
点题班听写训练营全日制精英计划托福阅读必考的6套加试题目录一、托福阅读加试一:电报 (3)二、托福阅读加试二:鸟鸣【Birds Song】 (5)三、托福阅读经典加试一:达尔文进化论 (8)四、托福阅读经典加试二:苏美尔文明 (12)五、托福阅读经典加试三:威尼斯盐业 (26)六、托福阅读加试:蜜蜂（貌似很少考到） (28)七、TOEFL阅读补充加试 (31)小马过河国际教育因为专业所以超越想象点题班听写训练营全日制精英计划小马过河国际教育因为专业所以超越想象托福阅读加试汇总为帮助同学们更好的复习托福考试,小马过河为同学们搜集了最全的托福阅读加试.包括托福阅读经典加试:达尔文进化论,苏美尔文化,威尼斯盐业,以及最新托福阅读加试电报和小鸟唱歌等等.供同学们参考.一、托福阅读加试托福阅读加试::电报本文主要讲述了电报在美国起步阶段所遇到的障碍。
其原因主要是：第一，缺乏资金；第二，缺乏政府监管；第三，美国政府当时致力于电话的研究。
本文还讲述了电报尽管是一项创造性的发明，但是，它对人类的生活影响很小。
概述：科技进步，1840S的电报已经有了长足进步Telegraph 有很重大的意义：拉近了long distance communication。
1.遇到了什么样的obstacle？解析：A．fund 不够;B．缺少management；2.电报在美国的发展存在缺陷，原因是？解析：当时Telegraph在美国发展得不如在欧洲发展得好，因为还把精力放在telephone 的研究上。
3.电报在美国发展缓慢，该由谁负责？解析：在美国，telegraph system 掌控在私人企业手里（私有化private），很多私企行为都用电报来联系。
这些私企有些很垄断（monopoly）。
4.19世纪，美国电报的发展为什么发生了转折？解析：在19世纪，电报被纳入政府监管（under government regulation）。
2019年7月16日托福阅读考试机经预测
2019年7月16日托福阅读考试机经预测1.讲海龟靠甚么导航。
一开始说不可能是星星，因为海龟眼神不好。
也不可能是气味，因为在过程中有气味干扰但是海龟依然能找对方向。
接下来一个实验证明磁场也不可能。
但是有一个结论是海龟可能是用netbine几种方法，在靠近目的地是味道是有用的(这里有题)。
最后一种解释，是海龟体内的一种DNA，它能记录海龟被孵化出的地点(也就是他们去的地方”并且由母海龟遗传给小海龟。
最后说有一个例子能够证明：从前在加勒比海的一个地方有很多绿海龟，但是后来捕杀很严重海龟们就不去了;近几年虽然又保护起来了但是海龟们来得仍然很少。
2. 水草分布光线和温度是影响水草分布的主要因素光线对红藻褐藻和绿藻的垂直分布 (有提问到哪种颜色最接近水面)还有内外大陆棚的分布温度主要讲了在热带海域和高纬度地区的不同还说过在high tide and low tide 区域高的温度也能提升水藻死亡率(morality)3. 鸟类群居：先讲好处后面都是缺点(1)不在海滩边缘的黄色XX鸟群居能阻止捕食者通过筑巢混合空鸟巢、攻击捕食者、还有一个忘记了。
(2) 冷水洋流旁小岛有极大的鸟类聚集地鸟类集中孵化小鸟能获得充足食物开源跟着同类找到食物富集的地区。
(3) 群居也有坏处外界差环境影响食物来源造成寄生虫过度猖狂但是总体还是大范围群居比小范围要好。
4.森林生态环境的垂直分层现象跟TPO中的一篇Long Standing Ecosystem很像，相关词汇也有涉及。
文章中主要提到了 3种水准破坏：1、自然破坏，例如地震、火山等(对于soil的破坏，长时间才能恢复)2、 XX破坏，主要是不破坏soil所以能够在510年回复(数字仅供参考)3、第三种破坏好像是人为性破坏，在文章末尾。
2019年7月3日托福逆天版机经(小马过河)
2019年7月3日托福逆天版机经（小马过河）1、有学生写信给computer lab,学校出了新规定：限定每个学生每个月只能打印100 张。
理由1、学生们浪费纸张太多。
理由2、打印机经常卡纸。
女生反对此计划。
理由1、不是学生想浪费纸，而是有太多的材料要用，而且有时候不知道什么材料会用到，什么不会用到。
理由2、打印机经常卡纸是因为打印机太旧了。
如果换新的打印机，就不会老卡纸了。
问题：转述女生对公开信里的计划的态度和她持该态度的两个理由2、学校要减少一个art 什么的课的人数，理由是人太多造成教授的attentive 受到影响，另一个就是费用比较高。
一男一女两个同学讨论，男问女的看法，女同学说很不开心，这个课很重要，less attentive is better than do not have any class at all，对于花费高她说这个也不是个好理由，这课真的很重要，所以即使要掏钱学，很多人会pay for it. 复述女孩的态度3、学校policy 让所有大一新生明年统一搬到baxter dormitory，其他年级的搬到其他宿舍，原因是这样更有利于大一学生在一起，经历同样问题能够一起商量解决，更好度过大一。
注意托福机经口语中某男是支持的态度：1.结合他自己经历，当年他大一小屁孩一个碰到问题没人问很郁闷，现在他想小娃子聚到一起商量肯定好得多。
2 某女问他那你不得搬家到其他宿舍吗，他说不要紧我搬到个更新的宿舍地儿更大能够放下我的更多东西4、来自大学校报的通知说学校计划聘请一位知名导演director辅导学生搞spring musical，以前都是学生做导演。
好处1、这位导演要在学校的theatre 辅导学生排一部剧，学生能够学到很多。
好处2、这位知名导演能够吸引很多学生观众看剧。
学生议论】：女生反对此计划。
理由1、这位导演自己很忙，有别的剧要排，一周只能来学校一天，没时间pay attention 辅导那么多学生排剧。
小马过河托福听力场景分类(上)文本
McKie• • 2010 8 5VESTIBULUM LORMEW: So how do you like living in the renovated dorms?M: There aren’t much different than the old dorms, just some new pane and windows. The windows are nice so they shut off the noise really well. The street’s just outside, but I can barely hear the traffic.W: Um, they must be good windows, I bet they must have double panes and glass; they shut off a lot of noise that the single pane wouldn’t stop.M: Yeah, I wish I had something just the factor between me and my neighbor’s room. Sometimes he turns up the music so loud that I have trouble getting into sleep. Anyway I guess I’m better off than the people who’ll be moving into the new dorms. Did you see how thin the walls are that they putting up between those rooms?W: I haven’t seen them but I did read something about them in the campus newspaper. They are supposed to be better than the thick concrete wall you’ve got here.M: Better? How?W: Well, what they doing is separating each room with 2 thin layer of plasterboards and each one is nailed to a different frame. That way they vibrate independently.M: Oh, I see, so the sound from one room doesn’t just vibrate the wall and go directly into next room. There is a gap between 2 layers of wall.W: That’s right.M: Well, I’m still stuck with this neighbor and I am not sure what to do.W: You know heavy bear wall doesn’t help. You should hang something up like some fur rags or some decorated cross. That would act like a kind of a second wall and absorb some sound. I got some extras you can use, people hey.M: I’d appreciate it; anything to get a good night sleep.1 2 3W: Can I help you find something? Oh, hi, Rick!M: Oh, hi, Julie. When did you start working here? I thought you were waiting tables in Teresa’s café.W: Yeah, I quitted, because I had to work too many nights. I started here just a few days ago. It’s perfect! I work all afternoon shift. So my mornings are free for classes, and I can study at night. So what are you looking for?M: Well, I can’t seem to find the 8th book for English 626. I only found these seven. I’m probably looking right at itW: Um…English 626…English 626… Are you sure they are 8?M: Yeah, they are 8 titles on my syllabus. And look, the card on the shelf had eight listed. But I can only find seven of the books.W: You are right. Oh, here they are. They are on the wrong shelves over here by economics books.I’ll have to put these into the English books so they are not so hard to find.M: Thanks a lot. Can you point me the direction of the computer paper?W: Sure, it’s… 2 or 3 aisles over. Why don’t you follow me? It’s easier just to show you.1 2 3M: Janet! Nice to see you again. Ready to plan you schedule for next semester?W: Yeah, I’ve already looked at the list of classes. And I hope to take business law and intro tofinance this coming semester.M: That sounds good. And it is always best plans the courses in your major first and then fit out the requirements on the electives then.W: I like to take one other business course, but I am not sure which one?M: How are about an economics course?W: I took one this past semester and got a lot out of it.M: Oh, that’s right I remember you telling me about it. Well, let’s see what else you need? W: I need another English course and was thinking about taking a poetry class.M: Let me see, the prerequisite for all the poetry classes is the English composition.W: I took that my first semester.M: Well, modern American poetry fits in your scheduleW: With Doctor Turner?M: Um-huh…W: That’ll be great! I heard all about her from my roommate, the English major.M: This should up tobe a pretty good semester for you, what else do you need to take?W: I have to take one more math course but I have been putting it at all. I heard that calculus is really tough.M: It is! But you may want to take it and just take these four courses this semester.W: That’s not a bad idea! I just hope it doesn’t affect my grade point average!1 2 3W: Excuse me. Do you mind if I ask you a few questions?M: No I guess not.M: Great! This is for a student council report; we want to find out what students think the campus food service the results would tell us what kind of changes to push for.M: I think everyone has pretty strong opinions about that.W: Yeah, that’s one thing I found out already. Ok, first how often do you eat in the cafeteria? M: Almost everyday, I’ve got a meal contract.W: And do you usually eat here at Anderson hall.M: Yeah, I live next door.W: And you mention that you have a meal contract, is that right?M: Uh-huh! For breakfast and dinner, Monday to Saturday.W: What’s your general impression of the food here?M: Well, people complain a lot, but basically I think it’s ok. The vegetables are usually overcooked, but I mean they had to feed hundreds of people here. You are not going to get something freshly prepared just for you.W: What if I just put down generally satisfactory, would like more fresh vegetables, ok?M: Sure.W: So you think the other things like soup and dessert’s okay?M: Yeah, that’s about right.W: Is there anything you like to change about the cafeteria?M: Yes, the hours. Sometimes it’s a real rush for me to get back here before 6:30.1 2 34 5W: Excuse me! I need to a copy of Steven Hakim’s Brief History of Time. And I don’t know where to look for it?M: Did you check the status on the library’s computer?W: I tried but I couldn’t figure out what to do.M: Well I can call it up right here. You wanted Hakim’s book right? It looks like it will be out for another 6 weeks.W: Oh no, I really need it for paper that due in 2 weeks. Is there anything you can do?M: Sure, we can try to get it from another library, just fill out this form and it should be here in 3 or 5 days. But it will cost 2 dollars.W: What a relief! That’s a really help!**********************************************************M: Good morning. Is this where we should come to add or drop a course?W: Yes, it is. Just write the name of the course you want to drop on this little form.M: Great! Now where do I write the Astronomy course that I want to add?W: Sorry it’s too late to add a course. You could only add courses two weeks since this semester. And Friday was the last day.M: But I’m senior. And if I dropped the class without adding in one, I wouldn’t have enough credits to graduate.W: So, what you have to do then is to get the professor’s approval and have him sign the special add form. Then bring it back to me, and I put it through.M: Okay. Thanks. I hope I’ll be able to find them.**********************************************************M: Hi, Lanyard, we missed you in psychology class yesterday.W: I have a terrible cough. So I stayed at home. Do you take notes?M: Well, no one can ever recite for my handwriting. Tina was there, too. And you are more likely to be able to read her notes.W: Do you know where she is today?M: I know she has class in the morning. But she always eats lunch in the cafeteria around noon.W: Good! I’ll try to catch her then.M: So you are going to be writing for the school newspaper?W: Yes, I’m excited about it. I’m thinking about journalism as a career.M: Well! Congratulations! How do they decide whom to hire?W: I have to send the writing sample. I used one of the essays I’ve written for the literature class, then the editor assigned me a topic to write a short article about it.M: What did you write about?W: Actually, it was a lot of fun. I wrote about the students’ play that has been performed this month.M: Oh, I saw that play. The director is a friend of mine. It really called in a stir around here. W: Yeah, I know. That’s what I wrote about --people’s reaction to it. It’s really interesting. M: Have you finished the article? Can I read it?W: Sure. I just made a couple of copies. So you can have one.M: Thanks. I wish I were a better writer. Working for the paper sounds like fun.W: Well, they’re looking to add one or two more photographers to the staff.M: You’re kidding! May be I’ll go over and apply.W: If you want, I’ll walk over with you to the newspaper office and introduce you to the photographic editor and some of the other photographers.M: That will be terrific! But can we go tomorrow? I have to go to math class now. And if we go tomorrow, then I’ll have time tonight to put together a portfolio of photographs to show them.W: Sure. And maybe you should call them and set up a time to meeting them tomorrow. M: Good idea. I’ll do that before I go to class.W: All right. See you tomorrow.1 23 4 5W: Hey, Kevin, I haven’t seen you since the beginning of the semester, how is it going? M: Well, I am a little overwhelmed. It’s strange. I always want to go to a big university like this but now I am here. I am not so sure. I mean the courses are interesting enough, but… W: What’s bothering you then?M: Well after going to a small high school and knowing everybody it’s a pretty shagged to be in huge lecture hall with hundreds of students. And not one professor even knows my name. W: I know you mean. I’ve so pretty lost myself last year but I know about something that might help. It’s called the mentor group.M: The what?W: The mentor group. It’s like a support group. I joined it last year when I was a first year student.M: So what is it?W: It’s basically professors and small group of students getting together informally to discuss all kinds of subjects. You have the chance to meet professors and other students.M: Hem, sounds worthwhile, but doesn’t it take up a lot of studying timeW: Not really, you can study all the time you know and this is like a little break.M: I guess you could meet professor whose course you might take later!W: Exactly, that’s what happened to me! I am taking the psychology course with Professor Green. I didn’t know how interesting psychology was, till I got to talk to him in the mentor group.M: You talk to him in the mentor group! Is it too late to join?W: I don’t think so; if I were you I go over to the dean’s office and sign up.M: I was going to the library to return a book but I can do it later I guess.1 2 3 xx4W: Here we are at registration again; I can’t believe how much tuition has gone up.M: I know. It’s ridiculous. You know my cousin Anne pays nothing to go her school in Kentucky.W: Nothing! Maybe I should transfer there.M: You can’t, only students from certain part of Kentucky can go. It’s only for students from the Appalachian Mountains area.W: So with no tuition how do they run the school?M: Well, they get a lot of donations.W: And that pays for everything?M: Well, they also get some money from the government and besides that all the students are required to work at the college. That’s why the college doesn’t need to hire a lot ofoutside-workers.W: Oh yeah, that will help cut the school expenses, so what kind of job do they do?M: My cousin helps to clean the dorms. I think her roommate washes dishes in the cafeteria. Things like that.W: That sounds great! Come to think of it. I heard of something in Georgia called hope scholarship.M: Hope scholarship? What’s that?W: I think they used state lottery money to give free tuition. But not everyone from Georgia qualifies. You need at least B average in high school.M: I should apply for that. I had really good grades in high school.W: No, you had to be from Georgia.M: Just my luck.1 2 xx3W: What’s the matter? I’ve never seen you look so tense?M: Oh, I am just frustrated. That’s all. I have been working on this lab report for my biology class for hours and the results keep coming out wrong.W: Did you use the right procedures?M: Yeah, that’s not the problem…it’s just the…well, it’s just, you know every time I do the statistics I get the different results. Did you ever take biology?W: No, I fill my science requirement with physics, I really don’t care for biology especially dissection. I must pass it down in high school. We had to cut open that.M: Ok, I get the picture, I am bit squish myself but biology requires the least math, which isn’t my best subject. I really don’t see why we even have to take science classes if we are not major in it. I am never going to use this in the real life.W: Well that’s not the point really, a college graduate suppose to be well-rounded it. You knowwith broad education. You can only specialize in grad school.M: Sure, if I ever get there. It just seems I run one biology lab report could stand in the wave of brilliant career in sociology.W: You don’t be silly; you will manage somehow. See how come you don’t have the result for one of your XXX to write down.M: Whoops! I must forgot to add it in. No wonder my figures were messed up!1 2 3 xx 4 5W: Hi, Mark, how is it going?M: Well, not so great.W: What's wrong?M: I’ve got a big problem with the poetry course that’s required for my major.W: Is it all sold up?M: No, no, there's plenty room, but there's prerequisite. I’ve got to take an introduction to poetry before I can take the special course in poets of the 1960's, and the introductory course is only offered in the evenings.W: You don't like evening classes?M: No, that's not the point. I work in the cafeteria every evening; I need the money to pay my tuition.W: Can you ask someone that work to switch hours with you? Maybe you could just switch a couple of evening since the course probably only needs two times a week?M: I wish I could, my boss just did me a favor by putting me on evenings. And he'll hit the ceiling if I ask to change again.W: Wait a minute, I have an idea, have you checked the course over at the community college? They might offer intro-to-poetry course during the day!M: Hey, that's a great idea! I am free this afternoon, I think I'll go over and check it out.W: Yeah, their courses are actually cheaper and you can transfer the credits over here!M: Thank for the advice, Linda. I'll let you know what happens.W: Sure, Mark, good luck! Oh, while you there, could you find out when the pool is open? M: No problem.1 2 3 45M: I'm really glad we got Cindy to be in our study group.W: That's for sure, his background in art should be a big help getting ready for this art history final.M: Now, what we'll have to do is to figure out where we’re going to meet.W: Why don't we just meet in the library?M: The six people in the group will probably make too much noise. How about my dorm room? W: There is not enough space, where would we all sit?M: Oh, I know, the snack bar in the student center! It is not too crowd in the evening, and we can push some tables together.W: That'll work! I'll let everyone know to be there at 7:00 tonight.M: Excuse me. I am looking for the textbook for a course called Psychology of Personality,but Ican't find it anywhere.W: Is that the book for Dr. Peterson's course?M: That's right, Psychology 3601.W: Yes, yes, I was afraid of that. It seems we didn't order enough books for that class. You are the 7th person today who’s come in looking for one.M: But classes begin on Monday.W: I wouldn't worry, Dr. Peterson was aware of the problem, and we got another shipment of books coming in before the end of the month.M: Can I reserve the copy?W: No problem. Just give me your name and phone number, we'll call you when the books arrive.M: I’ve got another parking ticket. I don't understand why?W: What color sticker do you have?M: It's gold; it's for this lot!W: Well, where did you park?M: Over there, next to that green truck.W: You are right in front of the loading dock; that's where they unload the kitchen supplies. M: So what?W: You are lucky you only got a ticket. Normally, security tows any cars that park there.Listen to a conversation between an advisor and a student.W: Come on in, Paul, and have a seat. How can I help you?M: Well, I need to choose my major, and I guess I am not sure what I want to do for a career. W:O h!M: My problem is that I love philosophy, but my dad doesn't want me to get a degree in the humanities. He said that I'll be better off financially with a career in something like business. W: Yes, people in the humanities often do make lower salaries.M: Yeah, and I don't want to be poor, so I’m doomed.W: Hem...I guess you know that a lot of famous philosophers work in other fields, too. In fact, some of them did ground-breaking work.M: Like Aristotle?W: Um, this is just one example. There were doctors, lawyers, historians, mathematicians. Lock for example, he was trained to medicine.M: Yeah, but you are talking about geniuses. I get to grades, but I'm not a genius.W: My point is, you could work in a higher paid field and pursue philosophy on the side. It's not too late for you to declare a double major.M: But what other fields what I choose?W: I can help you with that, there's a special test you can take to determine your talents. You can take it now and it only takes an hour, then we can match your talents to a variety of job descriptions and go for there.M: Ok, that sounds like a good plan!M: Ms. Preska, I am Tim Louis.W: Nice to meet you, Tim. The work study office called to let me know you will come in. You are interested in job here this coming semester.M: Yes, I was hoping the library might be able to use me.W: We always need some help from work study students. Can you tell me a little about yourself?M: Let’s see, I am a sophomore. I live off campus and I major in business.W: Fine, what about work experience?M: I have been the lifeguard for 3 summers at city pool. Here on campus I work last year in the cafeteria. This semester I am at the computer center 3 evenings a week but I prefer the afternoon job.W: We have the opening for someone to share books 4 afternoons a week, a total of 16 hours. Will that suit you?M: Perfectly, my courses in next semester all meet in the morning.W: The job is yours then. Please read through this information before your begin, your first day of work will be 2 weeks from today.M: Thank you very much, I’ll see you then.M: So where are you going to be this summer?W: I’ve got a part time job at the gallery in New York. And I will be taking a joining class at night.M: That's great. You can learn a lot working in an art gallery, and there's no place like New York for an inspiring artist. I lived there myself when I was first at the college.W: I know how lucky I am to have this job but to tell you the truth; I have my heart set on going out west this summer.M: Out west? You mean California.W: No, the southwest, the desert and everythingM: Why the desert?W: Well, you know, Georgia O'Keeffe is my favorite artist, and she did such good work out there.M: That' true. But O'Keeffe didn't start out in the southwest, you know. She lived in New York for years, and she did some very impressive painting there.W: I guess you mean the skyscraper series. It's funny I never really thought about where she paint them before.M: It was in New York and she got a lot out of living there. She didn't always enjoy it. But later on she said that being around so many artists that help her to develop her own artistic vision.W: That's a new way of looking at the city. Now I can only find affordable place to live.Listen to part of the conversation between two college studentsM: Could we stop for a few minutes before we go over chapter five? I'm gonna need extra emerge to get through that one.W: Why? The first four chapters went really fast.M: I know, but the professor said the test would go up to chapter five. And that's the one I understand least. My notes from that day are a mess, circles made of broken lines, the word "GESTALT" in big letters, complete confusion.W: Ok, well, let's start with the broken lines. There suppose to be an illustration of the principle of closure. The idea is that your brain doesn't take in information exactly the same way as your eyes see it. I mean it's not like your eyes are camera and your brain just see the photographs it takes. The point is that your brain perceives more than your eyes actually see. Imaging individual broken lines and the shape of the circle, your brain perceives them to be a circle, even though the shape isn't complete. Your brain fills in the empty spaces because what it sees is familiar to a complete pattern.M: Oh, I get it. Our brains’ close is based in the circle --- closure, so is closure the same thing as GESTALT?W: Well, closure is part of GESTALT. It's one of the five principles that try to explain how the brain organizes the information it perceives.M: Hem, do you think that the other four principles would be on the test?W: Probably seems they are all in chapter five. We'd better go over all of them.M: Yeah, I'm sure you are right. But let's go and get something to eat before we do the rest, ok? Otherwise, I don't think my brain will be able to perceive anything.W: Sure, let's go.VESTIBULUM LORMEThe origin of farming of prehistoric timesW: I read the prehistoric people had settled in villages in start farming when they could no longer survive just by hunting and gathering. The idea was that they pushed out of the best land as the population grew, most likely they had noticed that some seeds sprout when they drop them, so when the people had to move to less productive area, they settled in permanent villages there and started planting seeds to keep from starving.M: That was the thinking until two years ago when archaeologists found evidence that goes against that theory. The new idea is that farming developed in the richest land areas and the people who started it weren’t been threaten by starvation. Apparently successful hunters and gatherers are living in villages long before they started cultivating crops, this villages just wanted to have more stable foods supply.W: What? You mean that people settled in the villages where they were still hunting and gathering wild food to eat? How did the archaeologists come to that conclusion?M: Well, one way was a new more accurate method that dating a small piece or something like grain of corn or wheat, you know earlier archeologists couldn’t date something that small so they have to date say the charcoal around it to get the estimated age.W: So with the new technique to determine the age of the tiny sample, they found out the grain was older than they had thought?M: No, just the opposite. They found out it was much younger, so that meant the mastication of grain probably occurred long after people had begun to live in the villages.1 2 3 45how to determine the date of settlementNow let we discuss the proper way to dig for the assign in an archaeological site, let's turn on our attention to the kinds of objects we might excavate there and what they could tell us about colonial life here on the east coast of North America. One thing we hope to learn when we study the buttons or the broken dishes or other artifacts that got from the site is just how long ago people were living there. So one of the most useful finds obviously would be a coin. But even a object doesn't have a year stamp right on it can still have the archaeologists to determine just when the site was being used. For instance one object from 1600 and 1700 you likely find is the clay pipe. Smoking was common then but not cigarettes. Tobacco was generally smoked in long thin pipes---clay pipes manufactured in England. These imported clay pipes were so cheap that even the poor could afford to use them and then just threw them away. That's why they were so common throughout the colonies and why we find so many broken and discard pipes in archaeological digs. But the style of the clay pipe, the shape of the bowl, the link of skin, the diameter of the hole all involved over the years. So we can assign seriously precise date to a pipe just by looking at it and comparing it to the similar pipe we already know the age of. And that information will tell us how long ago settlers were living in that site and can help us date the other artifacts found there. Let me pause here and ask you now what you think some of the other common objects might be and what we might be able to learn from them.1 2 coin 3 4 5native peopleBefore we continue you should understand an important concept. That is the notion of a culture area. A culture area is not a colony of artist but the geographic area inhabited by different people with similar cultures. A culture area is relatively consistent in term of land features. For instance, the land is completely mountains or flats and the climate. There are similarities in the kind of plants and animals and settlers. I take what I call a bottom-up approach to study of the culture. That does not mean that I go to those sites or people are digging for artifact but rather it means that I think of culture as something it grows out of the daily needs of people’s life, like finding food or protecting themselves against weather. The routines and social order the people create in order to deal with these things form the culture. So Inuit peoples lived in what’s now Alaska, people whose surrounding are cold and not fit for agriculture and who depend on fishing. You can image how their routines differ from Anasazi people who lived in warm desert region. So if that’s clear to everyone, we can continue. So moving on. Anthropologists feel that in what is now United States and Canada there are 9 culture areas. We will examine all of them in the next few weeks but for now let’s start with our own area.1 talk23 4W: Can you give me an idea about what I missed in sociology class on Tuesday?M: Oh, it was really interesting. First you under over material on how infants normally shift to become more interested in people than objects, you know, at first babies just like to look at things, only later do they start to interact with people, and then we talked about play as part as socialization of children.W: Play? You mean like games or make believe?M: Yeah. All different kinds of play, apparently it is important for children to experiment the different roles like pretending their parent instead of a child, also through the play they learned to adapt to the norms as the rules of their social groups.W: Which of the readings did the professor refer to?M: A lot of them come from Erik Eriksson’s work on psychological development, he said that for children, play isn’t just important replication the way as adults, when children play, they can deal with problems and they can learn then they can even like fear and frustration, if children aren’t successful in play, they may even have the emotional problems later in life. W: Is the class talking about any other research?M: Yeah, we talked about research on animals behavior and how young animals play, too. The professor said there is evident that play is biologically base, this means that animal actually had instincts that lead them to play to explore and learn about the environment.W: So it’s play that let animals and human get exposed to different experiences.M: Exactly. And it actually shot them all kinds of skills, thinking skills, as well as physical skills that they need to survive.W: I have to go now, but let’s talk about this more before the next class.1 how234 why5sociology courseM: I really like my sociology class. It’s a seminar on methods in sociology.W: That doesn’t sound terribly exciting.M: I thought so too at first. But we being reading different research studies we find outabout the conclusions, their finding and we also discuss the details of that how they do the study. Some of the reading has been fascinating.W: For an example?M: Well, we just read the study that was done in an elementary school. A school where a lot of students were failing. When the researchers went into the school, they thought they would find out how teachers low expectations contributed to students doing so poor in school.W: I think I’ve heard of that. Then when students don’t perform well in school it’s calledself-fulfilling something.M: Right self-fulfilling prophecy. But in this school, there was one first grade teacher they call her Ms. A who had very positive affect on student. The researchers talk to the students after they become adults and examine the students’ school records. Students who had been in Ms. A‘s class were much more like to do well in the school and they were more likely to be successful as adults than students who had been in the other first grade classes in that school. W: What was the teacher’s secret? Did the researchers ever find out?M: She just didn’t give up on anyone no matter how long it took to reach him. She also communicated to the students how important education is. The adults in the study all mention this when they were interviewed some 20 years later。
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2019年7月16日托福大范围机经预测（小马过河版）
1、教授布置了 a special assignment, 是让学生们去 museum 看ancient Egyptian sculpture, 然后写paper。
【好处】(1)make more sense than the textbook;(2)教授能够拿到团体票的折扣,半价。
女生的觉得这主意好, 原因(1)这样做,能够给学生提供/个近距
离亲眼鉴赏课本里讲到的雕塑。
有助于协助学生加深印象。
(2)博物馆
门票正好有discount，而且不用学生出钱，这个女生本来就打算去，
就是因为门票太贵，所以没去成。
2、文章：学校要来一个节电比赛,看谁用电少,赢者奖励皮萨派
对。
对话：女的说这很好啊,应该节电的。
还说应该贴小纸条“随手
关灯”在开关旁边。
男的说：不是每个人都感兴趣。
女的说：就算他
们对节电比赛没有兴趣,也对皮萨派对有兴趣,这样为了赢,他们就会节
电了。
3、学生要等候个星期在新学期开始地时候才能move到新的apartment。
男生是支持的观点。
一是因为这样能够确保充足的房间并且合理
实行安排。
二是因为每次新学期一开学,很多人因为要和朋友搬的近一
点之类的原因,刚开学那一阵子总是很吵。
这样有助于维持环境稳定等等。
4、【学校通知】：信里建议把 math building 的一层改成cafeteria。
Convert large empty room in Maths building into small cafeteria. Student can eat between classes 2) install recharge outlets in new cafeteria so student can recharge
their laptops.
【学生意见】：女的赞成,说好啊,现在吃饭的地方在student center,离building好远,上课间隙来来回回很赶,要是能在一层吃东
西会朋友该多好,然后又说数学系的楼太旧了,cafeteria能够
recharge laptop这样很方便,而且还能够在那干点别的事。
(students always use laptops during classes - allows students to recharge。