护理专业英语
护理英语知识点总结
护理英语知识点总结本文将从护理专业常用英语词汇、护理交流中常见的句子和护理英语阅读与写作技巧这三个方面来总结护理英语知识点。
一、护理专业常用英语词汇在护理中，我们经常会用到一些专业英语词汇，下面将列举一些常用的护理英语词汇，并附上中文解释。
1. Patient care（病人护理）2. vital sign（生命体征）3. wound care（伤口护理）4. medication administration（药物管理）5. hygiene（卫生）6. nursing assessment（护理评估）7. pain management（疼痛管理）8. IV therapy（静脉输液）9. patient education（患者教育）10. discharge planning（出院计划）二、护理交流中常见的句子1. How are you feeling today?（你今天感觉怎么样？）2. What is your pain level on a scale from 1 to 10?（你的疼痛程度是多少？）3. Can you describe the symptoms you are experiencing?（你能描述一下你正在经历的症状吗？）4. It's time for your medication.（该是你服药的时间了。
）5. I will be back to check on you in a little while.（我会在一会儿回来看你。
）6. You need to get some rest to help with your recovery.（你需要休息一下以帮助康复。
）7. Let me know if you need anything.（如果你需要什么，告诉我。
）8. I'm going to take your blood pressure now.（我现在要给你测量血压。
Nursing English2 护理专业英语词汇2
Unit 22 Shock1. shock n. 休克2. cardiovascular adj. 心脏血管的3. intravascular adj . 血管内的4. anaphylaxis n. 过敏性反应5. disseminate v. 播散, 弥散6. coagulation n. 凝结、凝结物7. episode n. 发作, 偶发事件8. ischemic adj. 局部缺血的9. endothelial adj. 内皮的10. precipitate vt. 加速, 促使, 促成11. cerebral adj. 脑的, 大脑的12. gast rointestinal adj. 胃与肠的13. hypovolemic adj. 血容量减少的hypovolemia n. 血容量减少, 血容量过低14. spleen n. 脾15. trauma n. 外伤, 损伤16. cardiogenic adj. 心源性的, 心脏性的17. extracardiac adj. 心外的18. distributive adj. 分配的, 分布的, 分布性的19. venule n. 小静脉20. arteriole n. 细动脉21. clammy adj. 湿粘的, 湿冷的22. bluish adj. 带蓝色的, 带青色的23. profuse adj. 很多的, 大量的, 极其丰富的24. perfusion n. 灌注, 充满25. oximetry n. 血氧定量, 血氧定量法26. deterioration n. 恶化; 变坏; 退化恶化27. tachypnea n. 呼吸促迫, 呼吸急促28. asepsis n. 无菌, 防腐处理, 灭菌法29. cannula n. 套管Unit 25 Fever1. pyrexia adj. 热病的2. delirium n. (暂时的) 精神狂乱, 精神错乱, 精神极度兴奋3. convulsion n. 惊厥, 痉挛, 抽搐4. mechanism n. 机构, 机制5. lymphatic adj. 含淋巴的, 淋巴腺的6. ant ipyretic n. 退热药, 解热药7. Tylenol n. 羟苯基乙酰胺(一种醋氨酚牌子的商标)8. autoimmune adj. 自体免疫的9. hypothalamus n. 视丘下部10. pyrogen n. 热原(质)11. thermostat n. 自动调温器, 温度调节装置12. stroke n. 突然发作一次, 中风13. hyperthermia n. 过高热, 极高热14. anesthetic n. 麻醉剂, 麻药adj .麻醉的15. chill n. 寒意, 寒战, 寒心16. listlessness n. 倦怠, 冷漠, 情绪低落17. pallid adj. 苍白的, 暗淡的18. irritability n. 过敏性, 兴奋性, 易怒19. diaphoresis n. 发汗20. dehydration n. 脱水21. vaporization n. 汽化器, 喷雾器,蒸馏器Unit 28 Pneumonia1. annually adv. 一年一次, 每年2. outbreak n. (战争的) 爆发, (疾病的) 发作3. mycoplasma n. 支原体, 支原菌4. aspiration n. 吸气5. pneumococcus n. 肺炎球菌6. alcoholism n. 酒精中毒7. chattering 咔哒声8. nasal adj. 鼻子的; 鼻中的9. retraction n. 收回10. hospitalization n. 医院收容, 住院治疗11. defect n. 缺陷12. fungus ( pl . fungi ) n. 真菌13. organism n. 生物体, 有机体14. recur v. 复发recurrence n. 复发15. cyanosis n. 发绀, 青紫16. relapse n. 复发v i . 旧病复发17. sponge n. (外科用的) 棉球, 纱布Unit 29 Hypertension1. arterial adj. 动脉的2. asymptomatic adj. 无症状的3. insomnia n. 失眠, 失眠症4. myocardium n. 心肌(层)5. infarction n. [医] 梗塞形成, 梗死形成6. dissect v. 把……解剖(动、植物等)7. rupture v. 破裂, 裂开8. pharmacological adj. 药理学的9. sodium n. 钠10. cholesterol n. 胆固醇11. triglyceride n. 甘油三酸酯12. saturated adj. 渗透的, 饱和的,深颜色的13. verbalize v. 描述14. caffeine n. 咖啡因, 茶精(兴奋剂)15. nicotine n. 烟碱16. vasoconstriction n. 血管收缩17. sympathetic n. [解] 交感神经18. ambulate v. 走动19. intracranial adj. 头颅内的, 颅骨内的20. jar n. 震动, 刺耳声v . 震动, 摇动21. vasodilator adj. 血管扩张的n .血管扩张神经22. analgesic adj. 止痛的, 不痛的n .止痛剂23. obesity n. 肥胖, 肥大24. beverage n. 饮料Unit 30 Diabetes Mellitus1. diabetes mellitus n. 糖尿病2. metabolic adj. 代谢作用的, 新陈代谢的3. hyperglycemia n. 多糖症, 高血糖症4. pathogeny n. 病原5. adrenal adj. 肾上腺的n. 肾上腺6. pheochromocytoma n. 嗜铬细胞瘤;副神经节瘤7. pancreatic adj. 胰腺的8. pancreatitis n. 胰(腺) 炎9. polyuria n. 多尿症10. polydipsia n. 多饮症11. polyphagia n. 多食症12. complication n. 并发症13. ketoacidosis n. 酮酸中毒14. hyperosmolar a. 高渗性的15. neuropathy n. 神经病16. rotate v. (使) 旋转17. tablet n. 药片18. extremi ty n. (常用复数) 指(人的) 肢体(如手和足)19. synonymous adj. 同义的20. perspire vt. 出汗; 排汗21. corn n. (脚趾上的) 鸡眼, 钉胼22. callous adj. 硬结的, 起老茧的, 胼胝状的23. podiatrist n. 足病医生24. strenuous adj. 艰巨的Unit 31 Hepatitis1. hepatitis n. 肝炎2. condom n. 避孕套3. tattoo v. 刺花样n . 文身4. malaise n. 不舒服5. jaundice n. 黄疸vt . 使患黄疸6. stool n. 肠内排出的粪便7. interferon n. 干扰素alpha-interferon α-干扰素pegylated interferon 聚二醇化干扰素8. imminent adj. 即将来临的, 逼近的9. globulin n. 血球素, 球蛋白immune globulin 免疫球蛋白10. diaper n. 尿布Unit 32 Care of the Client with Surgery1. surgery n. 外科, 外科学; 手术室, 诊疗室2. surgeon n. 外科医生3. invasive adj. 侵略性的, 侵害的; 攻击的4. ambulatory adj. 走动的, 流动的, 非固定的5. emergency n. 紧急情况, 突然事件, 非常时刻, 紧急事件6. jeopardize v. 危害7. cosmetic n. 化妆品adj . 化妆用的8. rupture v. 破裂, 裂开n . 破裂, 决裂, 割裂9. traumatic adj. 外伤的, 创伤的10. hernia n. [医] 疝气, 脱肠11. splint n. (外科用的) 夹板v . 用夹板来……12. anesthetist n. 麻醉师13. complication n. 并发症14. groggy adj. 酒醉的, 摇摇晃晃的15. anxiety n. 忧虑, 焦急16. healing n. 康复, 复原adj . 有治疗功用的17. disruption n. 破裂, 断裂Unit 33 Main Changes and Care ofWoman during Pregnancy1. metabolism n. 新陈代谢2. labor n. 分娩, 阵痛3. lactation n. 哺乳4. uterus n. 子宫5. accommodate v. 适应, 容纳6. hypertrophy n 肥大, 过度生长, 过度增大7. supple adj. 柔软的, 柔和8. amniotic adj. 羊膜的9. trimester n. 三个月; 一学期10. fetus n. 胎儿11. prenatal adj. 出生以前的12. specimen n. 范例, 标本, 样品,样本13. vaginal adj. 阴道的vagina n. 阴道14. recumbent adj. 靠着的, 斜躺着的15. ultrasound n. 超生波16. auscultation n. 听诊17. maternal adj. 母亲的, 似母亲的,母性的Unit 34 Main Changes and Care ofWoman during Postpartum1. postpartum adj. 产后的postpartum period 产褥期2. puerperium n. 产后(褥) 期3. placenta n. 胎盘4. involution n. 子宫复位5. fundus n. 基底, 底部; 子宫底6. bladder n. 膀胱7. umbilicus n. 脐; 中心8. consistency n. 性质, 强度9. atony n. (尤指收缩器官的) 张力缺乏, 迟缓10. lochia n. 恶露(分娩后的子宫阴道分泌物)11. foul adj. 污秽的, 邪恶的, 肮脏的, 恶臭的12. endometrial adj. 子宫内膜的13. replenish v. 充满, 补充14. neonate n. (尤指出生不满一个月的) 婴儿, 新生儿15. gender n. 性, 性别; 性交16. thrombophlebitis n. 血栓(性) 静脉炎17. catheterization n. 导管插入(术)Unit 36 Contraception1. contraception n. 避孕, 避孕法contraceptive adj. 避孕的contraceptive pill 口服避孕药2. fertilization n. 授精3. egg n. 卵细胞4. sperm n. 精液, 精子5. condom n. 避孕套6. penis n. 阴茎7. vagina n. [动] 鞘, [解] 阴道8. spermicide n. 杀精子剂9. cervix n. [解] 颈部, 子宫颈10. pessary ( pl . pessaries) n. 子宫套,阴道栓剂11. hormone n. 荷尔蒙, 激素12. oestrogen n. 雌激素13. progestogen n. 孕激素14. capsule n. 胶囊15. anesthetic n. 麻醉剂, 麻药adj . 麻醉的16. diaphragm n. 横膈膜, 子宫帽避孕套17. cream n. 乳脂状18. jelly n. 胶状物19. intercourse n. 性交20. fertility n. 受精能力, 生育力fertile adj . 有繁殖力的, 能生育的infertile adj. 不育的21. mucus n. 黏液, 胶22. sterilization n. 杀菌, 绝育23. vasectomy n. 输精管切除术24. testis ( pl . testes) n. 睾丸25. ejaculate vi. 射出, 射精n . 一次射出的精液26. semen n. 精液, 精子27. ligation n. 结扎tubal ligation 输卵管结扎术28. intrauterine adj. 子宫内的。
护理专业英语考试
护理多采用WHO对健康的定义：“健康不仅是没有疾病或虚弱，它是一种生理、心理、社会适应的完全良好状态。
”Nurses agree the definition from WHO, that is “health is a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.疾病是健康连续过程的中断，通过机体各部分、器官和系统的异常和紊乱表现出来Disease is an interruption in the continuous process of health, manifested by abnormalities or disturbance in the structure and function of body parts, organs or systems.健康促进是一个促使更好的控制和改善其健康状况的过程，其主要目的在于挖掘健康潜力，维持身体的平衡。
Positive health promotion is the process of enabling people to increase control over and improve their own health, aimed primarily at improving health potential and maintaining health balance. 护理程序是组织护理活动的一种方法，包括脑力和体力的活动The nursing process is a method for organizing nursing actions involving both intellectual and physical activities.护理程度具有系统性，要求护士具备解决问题、批判性思维、决策制定的能力，以及识别病人健康状况的基本的护理知识。
护理专业英语词汇
1 Unit 11 1. pulse 脉搏 2. respiration 呼吸 3. vital 生命延续所必需的，极重要的 vital signs 生命体征 4. intervention 干涉，干预 nursing intervention 护理措施 5. thermometer 温度计，体温计 6. disposable 一次性的；用后即可丢弃的 7. rectum 直肠 rectal 直肠的 8. axilla 胳肢窝，腋窝 axillary 腋窝的 9. scale 刻度，标度 10. Fahrenheit 华氏温度计的；华氏温度计 A Fahrenheit thermometer 华氏温计 11. Celsius 摄氏的 A Celsius thermometer 摄氏温度计 12. contraindicate 禁忌 13. bradycardia 心搏徐缓 14. tachycardia 心动过速 15. rhythm 韵律 16. radial 桡神经（的）；桡动脉（的） 17. carotid 颈动脉；颈动脉的 18. apical 上的，顶点的 apical pulse 心尖搏动 19. stethoscope 听诊器 20. inhale 吸入；吸气 21. exhale 把……呼出 22. expand 扩张 23. contract 收缩 24. even 平静的，均匀的 25. dyspnea 呼吸困难 26. apnea 无呼吸，呼吸暂停 27. hyperpnea 呼吸过度，喘息 28. multiply 乘，使相乘 29. systolic 心脏收缩的 30. diastolic 心脏舒张的31. hypertension 高血压 32. hypotension 血压过低 33. cuff 橡皮箍，袖带 34. sphygmomanometer 血压计，血压测量计 Unit 131. pathogen 病原体（物）2. enteric 肠的3. tuberculosis 肺结核4. diphtheria 白喉5. varicella 水痘6. herpes 疱疹7. zoster 带，带状疹子8. measles 麻疹，风疹，包虫病，痧子9. cerebrospinal 脑脊髓的10. meningitis 脑膜炎epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis 流行性脑脊髓膜炎11. fecal 排泄物的12. hepatitis 肝炎viral hepatitis 病毒性肝炎13. gastroenteritis 肠胃炎14. clostridium 梭状芽孢杆菌，梭菌clostridium difficile 艰难梭菌15. endocarditis [医]心内膜炎16. multiresistant （疾病等）抗多种抗菌素（或毒物）的17. droplet 小滴（飞沫）18. laryngeal 喉的；喉部19. decubitus （病人之）卧姿；褥疮20. malaria 疟疾21. syphilis 梅毒22. spill 溢出，溅出，溢出量23. contaminate 弄脏；污染24. hypochlorite 次氯酸盐sodium hypochlorite solution 次氯酸钠液，漂白粉25. incontinence 不能自制，无节制，[医]失禁26. contamination 玷污，污染，污染物27. airborne 空气传播的Unit 141. medication 药物，药物治疗，药物处理2. inhalation 吸入3. vaginal 阴道的4. rectal 直肠的5. intestine 肠6. tablet 药片，小块7. capsule 胶囊2 8. elixir 清药酒，精药酒，甘香酒剂 9. suspension 悬浮，悬浮液，悬胶（体） 10. syrup 糖浆，果汁 11. parenteral 肠胃外的，不经肠的，非肠道的；注射用药物 12. intradermal 皮内的，皮层内的 13. subcutaneous 皮下的，皮下用的 14. intramuscular 肌内的，肌肉的 15. oncology 肿瘤学 16. diabetes 糖尿病，多尿症 17. allergy 过敏，过敏性，敏感症，变态反应性 18. pharmacokinetics 药物（代谢）动力学 19. antibiotic 抗生的；抗生素 20. hormonal 荷尔蒙的，激素的 21. contraceptive 避孕的；避孕药，避孕品，避孕用具22. biotransformation 生物转化 23. metabolite 代谢物 24. integumentary 外皮的，皮的；由皮肤构成的 25. musculoskeletal 肌肉与骨骼的 26. prescribe 处（方），开（药）；指示，规定 prescription 处方，药方 27. adverse 不利的，有害的，相反的 Unit 15 1. dexterity 灵巧，机敏 2. irretrievable 不能挽回的，不能复原的 3. mandatory 命令的，强制的，托管的 4. syringe 注射器；注射 5. swab 棉签，药签 6. disinfectant 消毒剂 7. vaccination 接种疫苗，种痘；牛痘疤 8. epinephrine 肾上腺素 9. insulin 胰岛素10. erythropoietin （促）红细胞生成素 11. thigh 大腿，股 12. dorsogluteal 背外侧的 13. deltoid 三角形的；三角肌的 deltoid muscle 三角肌 14. quadriceps 四头肌 15. femoral 股的，股骨的 femoral quadriceps 股四头肌 16. coccyx 尾骨 17. iliac 髂骨的，回肠的18. spine 脊骨iliac spine 髂嵴19. acromion 肩峰20. precutaneous 经由皮肤的，经皮的21. venipuncture 静脉穿刺，静脉针灸22. peripheral 外周的，外围的23. dorsum 背（部）24. elbow 肘25. cannulation 管子，套管插入术26. dressing 敷料27. nodule 节结28. lesion 损害，身体上的伤害29. dart 飞奔，投掷；飞快的动作30. barrel 桶，筒，活塞筒Unit 161. neonate 婴儿，新生儿2. plasma 血浆，乳浆3. hemoglobin 血色素，血红蛋白4. thrombocytopenia 血小板减少（症）5. platelet 血小板，小盘，小板6. hemorrhage 出血7. antigen 抗原8. leukocyte 白细胞，白血球9. fibrinogen 纤维蛋白原10. globulin 血球素，球蛋白11. intravascular 血管内的12. pasteurize 用巴氏法灭菌13. hypoproteinemia 低蛋白血（症）14. cryoprecipitate 冷凝蛋白质15. hemophiliac 血友病的；血友病患者16. infant 婴儿，幼儿；婴儿的，幼稚的17. bacteria 细菌18. hemolysis 溶血Unit 171. incise 切割，切入2. contuse 打伤，挫伤，撞伤3. abrade 磨损，摩擦，折磨4. puncture 穿刺伤；刺破5. lacerate 撕裂，割碎6. contamination 玷污，污染，污染物7. alimentary 食物的，营养的alimentary canal 消化道38. genital 生殖的；生殖器（多用于指男性的外生殖器） 9. urinary 尿的，泌尿器的 10. gastrointestinal 胃与肠的 11. spillage 溢出，溢出量 12. purulent 脓的，含脓的 13. granulation 使成粒状，有粒的表面，粗糙 14. vasculature 脉管系统 15. malnourished 营养失调的，营养不良的 16. depilatory 脱毛的；脱毛药 17. hemorrhage 出血 18. ligature 绷带 19. dehiscence 裂开 20. evisceration 去内脏术，脏器膨出21. specimen 标本，样本，待试验物 22. nausea 反胃，恶心，作呕，晕船 23. parenteral 肠胃外的，不经肠的，非肠道的 24. serosanguineous 血清血液的 25. stitch 缝，缝合；一针，针脚，缝针 26. suture 缝合，缝合处，缝合用的线；缝合 Unit18 1. intubation 插管法 2. relaxant 肌肉松弛药；放松的，弛缓的 3. regurgitated 反流的 4. laryngoscope 喉镜 5. cuff 气囊 6. syringe 注射器 7. atlantooccipital 寰枕的8. epiglottis 会厌 9. cord 声带 10. turbinate 鼻甲 11. oesophageal 食管的，食道的 12. epigastrium 腹上部 13. bronchus 支气管 14. aortic 主动脉的，大动脉的 15. intracranial 颅内的 16. aneurysm 动脉瘤 17. analgesic 止痛剂，镇痛药 Unit191. suction 吸；抽吸；抽吸器；吸引术，吸痰2. secretion 分泌物3. cyanotic 发绀的，青紫的4. sterile 灭菌的；消毒的5. sputum 痰6. microorganism 微生物7. dominant 优势的；支配的8. contamination 污染；沾染9. nostril 鼻孔10. tracheostomy 气管造口术Unit201. cardiopulmonary 心肺的；与心肺有关的2. resuscitation 苏醒；复活；复苏；复苏术3. hemodynamic 血液动力学的，血液动力的4. spontaneous 任意的；自发的5. ventricular 室的，心室的，似心室的6. ventilation 通风；换气7. electrocardiogram 心电图(ECG)8. defibrillation 心脏除颤；除颤9. pharmacologic 药理学的10. jaw 颌；颚11. chin 颏12. sternum 胸骨Unit221. shock 休克2. cardiovascular 心脏血管的3. intravascular 血管内的4. anaphylaxis 过敏性反应5. disseminate 播散，弥散6. coagulation 凝结、凝结物7. episode 发作，偶发事件8. ischemic 局部缺血的9. endothelial 内皮的10. precipitate 加速，促使，促成 11. cerebral 脑的，大脑的12. gastrointestinal 胃与肠的13. hypovolemic 血容量减少的4 hypovolemia 血容量减少，血容量过低14. spleen 脾15. trauma 外伤，损伤16. cardiogenic 心源性的，心脏性的17. extracardiac 心外的18. distributive 分配的，分布的，分布性的19. venule 小静脉20. arteriole 细动脉21. clammy 湿粘的，湿冷的22. bluish 带蓝色的，带青色的23. profuse 很多的，大量的，极其丰富的24. perfusion 灌注，充满25. oximetry 血氧定量，血氧定量法26. deterioration 恶化；变坏；退化恶化27. tachypnea 呼吸促迫，呼吸急促28. asepsis 无菌，防腐处理，灭菌法29. cannula 套管。
护理专业英语答案完整版
护理专业英语答案标准化管理处编码[BBX968T-XBB8968-NNJ668-MM9N]Unit1Warm-up TasksTask 1: True or False Statements1. T2. T3. F4. F5. T6. F7. F Task 2: Sentence Completion1. primary care specialists2. choosing to become specialists3. alleviate those problems4. remain a team effort5. fewer and fewer new doctorsStudy & PracticeI. Reading Comprehension Questions1. B2. D3. B4. D5. A II. Words to Practice1. unique 6. sterile2. unitary 7. established3. adaptive 8. vary4. expands 9. distinct from5. prescribe 10. superviseIII. TranslationA. Translate the following sentences into Chinese.1.高级临床专科护士是接受了高等教育和培训的注册护士，大部分都有护理硕士或博士学位。
她们在不同的场所工作，包括医院、疗养院、企业、私人诊所、学校以及社区中心。
有些高级临床专科护士自己开业，但大部分都是与医生合作开业。
许多高级临床专科护士有开具处方的权利。
2.护理的初衷是保持人们健康以及为病人提供舒适、照顾和保障。
虽然护理的总体目标历经几个世纪基本未变，但科学的进步和社会需求的变化对护理实践产生了巨大的影响。
护理逐渐发展成一门现代职业。
B. Translate the following sentences into English.1. The doctor prescribed some antibiotics for a patient with pneumonia.2. In China, graduates from whatever nursing programs cannot enter into clinicalpractice until they get licensures.3. The demand for nurses has been increasing in European and American countriesin recent years.4. In the past, the major role and functions of nurses were to provide care andcomfort for the clients.5. With the development of science and technology as well as the improvement ofpeople’s living standards, nursing practice scopes will be expanding gradually.IV. Audio TasksTask 1: Short -answer Questions1. Cough and children’s ear infections.2. Rash and anaphylactic shock.3. Infants under the age of one.4. Stop prescribing them unnecessarily.5. They should not argue.Task 2: Spot Dictation1. maladies2. harm3. 1420004. allergic5. incidence6. majority7. reducing8. argueUnit2Warm-up TasksTask 1: True or False Statements1. F2. T3. F4. T5. F6. F7. T Task 2: Sentence Completion1. a lot of pressure2. the way nursing is practiced3. the knowledge level of the nurse4. get a lot of the basic training5. certified in their specialty areaStudy & PracticeI. Reading Comprehension Questions1. B2. D3. A4. A5. BII. Words to Practice1. retrievable 6. interventions2. referral to 7. delegate3. subjective 8. incorporated4. expected 9. validation5. priorities 10. implementationIII. TranslationA. Translate the following sentences into Chinese.1.人的基本需求按照重要程度分为五个层次：生理的需要、安全的需要、爱和归属的需要、被人尊重的需要和自我实现的需要。
护理专业英语.doc
Unit 1 Development of Nursing护理学的发展一、单选题 : Choose the best answer from A,B,C and D according to the text. 1. Which one of the following statements is right (A)A.Nursing before 19th century was developed slowlyB.Nursing before 19th century was developed rapidlyC.Nursing before 19th century was developed smoothlyD.Nursing before 19th century was developed with ease2. Which one of the following statements is right (B)A. Florence Nightingale was born in 1825B. Florence Nightingale was born in a wealthy familyC. Florence Nightingale was born in GermanyD. Florence Nightingale was not well-educated3. How did Nurses’ Day come into being(A)A.It came from the Birthday of Florence NightingaleB.It came from the Death date of Florence NightingaleC.It came from the date of outbreak of Crimean WarD.It could not be verified4. What is the theme of nursing(C)A. DiagnosisB.TreatmentC.CaringD.Physical examination二、多选题： Choose the correct answers from A,B,C,D,E and F accordingto the text.1.What major contributions have Florence Nightingale made fornursing (ABC)A.Establishing the professional nursingB.Writing numerous nursing documentsC.Establishing the First school of nursing in the worldD. Publishing the First nursing Journal in the worldE. Establishing the First Doctorial nursing program in the world2. Choose the following correct concepts that dominate and shape theprofessional nursing practice in modern nursing (A B E F)A. PersonB. EnvironmentC. EducationD. PracticeE. HealthF. Nursing3. What are the main goals of professional nursing (A C E F)A. Health promotionB. Health educationC. Health maintenanceD. Disease diagnosisE. Health restorationF. Care of the dying三、牢记下面的单词或表达法：health maintenance保持健康health restoration恢复健康care of the dying临终关怀四、简答题：1.Why is nursing called the oldest art and the youngest profession2.What are the four main concepts of professional nursing practiceUnit 2 Health and Illness健康与疾病一、单选题 : Choose the best answer from A,B,C and D according to the text.1. Which definition of health is the most widely accepted ( D ) .A.traditional definition of healthB. Nightingale’s definition of healthC. the definition of ANAD. the definition of WHO2. Which factor is not a social factor that influence health (B ).A. family relationshipB. lifestyleC. cultural backgroundD. health care system二、多选题：Choose the correct answers from A,B,C,D,E and F accordingto the text.1. According to WHO, Health involve__( A, C, E )_ well-being.A. physicalB. functionalC. mentalD. individualE. social2. People’s he alth is influenced by __________. ( A, B, C, D, E )A. physical factorsB. emotional factorsC. environmentalfactorsD. lifestyleE. social factors三、牢记下面的单词或表达法：illness生病disease疾病greenhouse effect温室效应You look pale. What happened你脸色苍白，发生什么事了Did you have something in your mind You look so concerned!你在想什么看起来你好像有心事.四、简答题：1. What’s the difference between the illness and disease2. What are the factors that influence the healthUnit 3 Health Promotion健康促进一、单选题 : Choose the best answer from A,B,C and D according to the text.1.Which of the following is not included in the nursingstrategies of health promotion _________ ( D )A. supporting behavior changesB. teachingC. coordinatingD. giving injections2. During the planning process a nurse acts as _____. (B)A. an adviserB. a resource personC. a counselorD. aconsumer二、多选题：Choose the correct answers from A,B,C,D, and E according t othe text.1. Positive health promotion is aimed primarily at ____________. ( A,C)A. improving health potential;B. treating diseases;C. maintaining health balance;D. giving injections.三、牢记下面的单词或表达法：health promotion健康促进self-care自我护理potential problems潜在的健康问题四、简答题：1.What are the purposes of health promotion2.briefly state the role of nurses in health promotion.Unit 4 Nursing Process护理程序一、单选题 : Choose the best answer from A,B,C and D according to the text.1. W hich level of the Maslow’s hierarch y does self-esteem” belongto ___ ( C )A. the second levelB. the third levelC. the forth levelD. the fifth level2. The focus of nursing process is _______. ( B)A. doctor’s orderB. patient’s problemC. hospital’ s equipmentD. medical treatment二、多选题：Choose the correct answers from A,B,C,D, and E according t othe text.1.The physical examination skills required by the nurse innursing assessment include __________. ( A,C, D, E )A. inspectionB. interviewC. palpationD. percussionE. auscultation三、牢记下面的单词或表达法：nursing process护理程序nursing diagnosis护理诊断nursing assessment护理评估nursing plan护理计划nursing evaluation护理评价nursing intervention护理措施v1.0可编辑可修改This patient has many problems. What should I consider first这个病人有许多护理问题，我应当首先考虑哪个According to the Maslow ’s hierarchy, you should consider the firstlevel need such as breath, fluid and food needs.根据马斯洛的需要层次论，你应当先考虑第一层次的需要，比如呼吸、体液以及食物等需要 .四、简答题：1.How many steps is the nursing process divided What are they2.How many levels is Maslow ’s hierarchy of needs divided What are theyUnit 5 Communication in nursing护理沟通一、单选题 : Choose the best answer from A,B,C and D according to the text.1. ______ is an example of verbal communication. ( D)A. touchB. eye contactC. facial expressionsD. writingletters二、多选题：Choose the correct answers from A,B,C,D,E and F accordingto the text.1. Communication serves four major functions, they are _________. ( A, B, D, E)A. controlB. motivationC. listeningD. emotional expressionE. information.2.Nursing practice involves three kinds of communication. They are_______(B,C,D)A. two-way communicationB. social communicationC. structured communicationD. therapeutic communication.E. effective communicationv1.0可编辑可修改三、牢记下面的单词或表达法：verbal communication言语沟通nonverbal communication非言语沟通communication model沟通模式Anything wrong你怎么啦（你有什么不舒服吗）You look so sad. There must be something bothering you. Maybe I can help.你看起来很伤心，一定有什么烦心的事。
护理专业英语重点
护理常用英语会话一．Receiving the patient（接待病人）1. How do you do?/ Good morning!2.What can I do for you?/Can I help you？3I’ll bring you to your bedside, please follow me. This is your bed..我要领您到床边去.请跟我来.这是您的床位.4.The toilet is over there.5.We supply hot water. 我们供应热水6.Please wait a moment. I’ll let your doctor know. /I’ll inform your doctor.请等一会儿,我去通知医生.7.Mary is the nurse /doctor in charge of you.玛丽是您的负责护士/医生8.Please let us know if you need any help. 您需要帮助时，请告诉我们.9.Smoking is not allowed here.二、挂号registrationN: Do you want to see a doctor?P: Yes.N: Have you ever been here before?P: No, this is my first visit.N: Have you a registration card?P: Yes, I have.N: I'll make a file (record) for you.P: Thank you.N: Which department do you want to register with?P: I want to see a surgeon.N: I think you should see a dermatologist first. If necessary we'll transfer you to the physician.P: Oh, I see.N: This is your registration card. Please don't lose it and bring it wheneveryou come.P: Yes, I will. But can you tell me how to get to the Consulting Room?N: Go down this road until you come to the drugstore. Make a left turn and it'sjust there.护士：你要看病吗？患者：是的。
护理_专业常用英语词汇
护理专业常用英语词汇一、Commonly Used Nursing Terms(常用护理技术用语)Nursing processesAssessmentNursing diagnosisPlanningIntervention (implementation, management) EvaluationDaily care of the patientMorning (evening) care, AM (HS) care BedmakingOral hygiene (mouth care)Brushing the teethFlossing the teethDenture careBathingCleanliness and skin carPerineal careHair careShavingCare of nails and feetChanging hospital gownsMassageBedsore care 褥疮护理Measurement of vital signs 测量生命体征Taking oral (rectal, axillary) temperature Taking a radial pulseCounting respirationsMeasuring (taking) blood pressure CatheterizationCardiac catheterizationLaryngeal catheterization; intubation Retro-urethral catheterizationUrethral catheterization 护理过程估计护理诊断计划措施（实施、管理）评价对病人的日常护理晨（晚）间护理整理床铺口腔卫生刷牙清牙垢清洗假牙洗澡清洁与皮肤护理会阴部护理梳头刮脸指甲修剪和洗脚更换住院服装按摩褥疮护理测量生命体征测量口腔（直肠、腋下）温度测量桡动脉脉搏计呼吸次数测量血压导管插入术心导管插入术喉插管术逆行导尿管插入术尿道导管插入术.. ..Clean techniques (medical asepsis) AsepsisIntegral asepsisDisinfectionConcomitant (concurrent) Disinfection Steam DisinfectionTerminal DisinfectionDisinfection by ultraviolet light SterilizationChemical SterilizationIntermittent Sterilization DecompressionCardiac decompressionCerebral decompressionOrbital decompressionDecompression of pericardiumGastro-intestinal decompression Decompression of rectum Decompression of spinal cordDialysisPeritoneal dialysisHemodialysisDrainageAspiration (suction) drainageClosed drainageNegative pressure drainageOpen drainagePostural drainageVaginal drainageVesicocelomic drainageEnemaBarium enemaBlind enemaContrast enemaGlycerin enemaHigh (low) enemaMagnesium sulfate enema 消毒灭菌（医学无菌）无菌（法）完全无菌消毒随时消毒，即时消毒蒸气消毒终末消毒紫外线消毒灭菌，消毒化学灭菌法间歇灭菌法减压（术）心脏减压术脑减压术眼眶减压术心包减压术胃肠减压术直肠减压术脊髓减压术透析腹膜透析血液透析引流、导液吸引导液（引流）关闭引流法负压吸引法开放引流法体位引流法阴道引流法膀胱腹腔引流灌肠钡灌肠肛管排气法对比灌肠甘油灌肠高（低）位灌肠硫酸镁灌肠.. ..Retention (non-retention) enema Soapsuds enemaTurpentine enemaFeedingForced (forcible) feedingIntubation (tube) feedingVassal feedingRectal feedingHeat and cold applicationsApplying hot compressesApplying hot soaksAssisting the patient to take a sitz bath Applying hot water bottlesApplying cold compressesGiving a cold (an alcohol) sponge bath InfusionGlucose infusionGlucose-saline infusionSaline infusionInjectionEndermic (intracutaneous) injection Hypertonic saline injectionHypodermic injectionIntramuscular injectionIntrapleural injectionIntraocular injectionIntrauterine injectionNasal injectionPeritoneal injectionRectal injectionSubconjunctival injectionUrethral injectionVaginal injectionIrrigationVaginal irrigationBladder irrigationContinuous irrigation 保留（无保留）灌肠肥皂水灌肠松节油灌肠饲，喂养强制喂养管饲法鼻饲法直肠营养法冷、热敷热敷湿热敷帮病人坐浴用热水瓶冷敷冷水（酒精）擦浴输入，注入葡萄糖液输注葡萄糖-盐水输注盐水输注注射皮注射高渗盐水注射皮下注射肌肉注射胸膜腔注射眼球注射子宫注射鼻注射腹膜腔注射直肠注射结膜下注射尿道注射阴道注射冲洗阴道冲洗膀胱冲洗连续冲洗法.. ..Mediate irrigationIsolationStrict isolationContact isolationRespiratory isolationDrainage (secretion) precautions Enteric precautionsBlood (body fluid) precautions Protective isolationLavageGastric lavageIntestinal lavagePeritoneal lavagePleural lavageMedicationEndermic medicationEpidermic medication Hypodermatic medicationIonic medicationNasal medicationOral medicationRectal medicationSublingual medication Transduodenal medicationVaginal medicationSuctioningUpper airway suctioning Nasogastric suctioningWound suctioninTransfusionArterial transfusionBlood transfusionDirect (immediate) transfusion Drip transfusionIndirect transfusionPlasma transfusionVenous transfusion 间接冲洗法隔离、分离严密隔离接触隔离呼吸道隔离引流预防措施肠道预防措施血液（体液）预防措施保护性隔离灌洗，洗出法洗胃洗肠腹膜腔灌洗胸膜腔灌洗药疗，投药，给药皮投药法皮上投药法皮下投药法离子透药疗法鼻投药法口服法直肠投药法舌下投药法十二指肠投药法阴道投药法吸气，引液上呼吸道抽吸鼻胃抽吸伤口吸引输血，输液动脉输血输血直接输血滴注输血（液）间接输血输血清静脉输血，静脉输液.. ..Diet nursingAbsolute diet (fasting)Balanced dietBland dietConvalescent dietDiabetic dietEucaloric dietFat-free dietSalt-free dietFever dietFull dietHalf dietHigh caloric dietHigh-carbohydrate dietHigh-protein (protein-rich) dietInvalid dietLight dietLiquid dietHigh fat dietLow fat dietLow caloric dietLow-protein dietLow-residue dietNourishing dietObesity dietPrenatal dietRegimens dietSmooth (soft) dietEmergency care (first aid) Cardiopulmonary resuscitationMouth-to mouth (mouth-to-nose) resuscitation Emergency care used to control hemorrhage Emergency care given to help a patient who is vomitingEmergency care for a patient during a seizure Hospice carePostmortem care 饮食护理禁食均衡饮食清淡饮食恢复期饮食糖尿病饮食适当热量饮食无脂饮食无盐饮食热病饮食全食，普通饮食半食高热量饮食高糖饮食高蛋白饮食病弱者饮食易消化饮食流质饮食高脂饮食低脂饮食低热量饮食低蛋白饮食低渣饮食滋补饮食肥胖饮食孕期饮食规定食谱细（软）饮食急救护理心肺复术口对口（口对鼻）复术止血措施呕吐患者急救癫痫发作急救临终护理死亡后护理.. ..二、Commonly Used Nursing Equipment (常用护理器械)Absorbent cotton Adhesive plaster BandageBath towelCotton wool balls WipesDressingElastic bandage GauzeMaskMattressRubber sheetSwabAlcohol burner Breast pumpCuret(te)DropperEnema canEnema syringe Finger stall Forceps Hemostatic forceps Obstetric forceps FunnelGastric tubeGlass measure cup Hypodermic syringe NeedleAmpoule (ampute) Ice bagIncubatorKidney basin Measuring tape 脱脂棉胶布绷带浴巾棉球棉球敷料弹力绷带纱布口罩垫子橡皮单拭子，药签酒精灯吸奶器刮器，刮匙滴管灌肠筒灌肠注射器指套钳子止血钳产钳漏斗胃管玻璃量杯皮下注射器针头安瓿冰袋保温箱弯盘带尺.. ..Medicine cupMurphy’s drip bulbPercussion hammerRectal tubeRubber air ringRubber glovesSand bagScalpelScissorsSpecimen container SphygmomanometerStethoscopeSuckerRibbon gutTest tubeThermometerThree-channel tubeSpatula (padded tongue blade) TourniquetTrayUltraviolet lampVessel clampVialBedside commodeBedside railsBedpanDisposable collecting bag Emesis basinPatient packUrinalBinderSlingSlintScrotal supportCane (walking stick)CrutchStretcher 药杯墨菲氏滴管叩诊锤肛管橡皮气圈橡皮手套沙袋手术刀剪刀取样器皿血压计听诊器吸管肠线试管体温计三腔管压舌板止血带托盘紫外线灯止血钳，血管夹药瓶床边洗脸台，便桶床栏床上便盆一次性集尿袋盂盆医院为病人提供的个人用具男用尿壶，贮尿器腹带，绷带悬带夹板阴囊托手杖拐杖担架.. ..WalkerWheelchairIsolation unit, set-up Cannula(e)Perfusion cannulaWash-out cannulaCatheterCardiac catheterIndwelling catheterDouble current catheter Flexible catheterFemale catheterProstatic catheterTracheal catheterDialyserDialyzatorDrainage-tubeEnematorIntubatorIrrigatorOxygen tankRubber-topped hemostat SpeculumAnal speculumAural speculumEye speculumNasal speculumSpeculum orisRectal speculumUrethral speculumVaginal speculumSuctionSputum suction apparatu Mechanical suctionVentilator (respirator) Automatic ventilatorPositive pressure ventilator 助行器轮椅消毒室，消毒病房套管、插管灌注套管冲洗套管导管心导管留置导尿管双腔导管软导管女导尿管前列腺导尿管气管吸引导管透析膜透析器引流管灌肠器插关器、喉管插入器冲洗器氧气筒带橡皮头的止血器窥器，口器肛门开器，扩肛器耳窥器，耳镜开睑器鼻窥器，鼻镜口器直肠窥器，直肠开器尿道窥器阴道窥器吸吮器吸痰器机械吸吮器呼吸机，呼吸器自动呼吸机正压呼吸机.. ..Negative pressure ventilator Cabinet respiratorAutoclave sterilizer (disinfector) BronchoscopeCystoscopeDefibrillatorElectrocardiograph ElectroencephalographGastroscopeHyperbaric oxygen chamber PacemakerSpirometer 负压呼吸机箱式呼吸器高压蒸汽灭菌器支气管镜膀胱镜除颤器心电图机脑电图机胃镜高压氧仓起搏器肺活量计三、Organization and Members of A Healht Care Facility (医院部门及主要职务术语)Hospital superintendent / director/ administrator Medical directorDepartment headAttending physician/ doctor in chargeResident doctorPhysician‘s assistantInternDirector of nursingNursing education directorNursing supervisorHead nurseRegistered nurse(RN)Licensed practical nurse(LRN)Nursing assistantOrderlyGeneral office of the hospitalOut-patient departmentOut-patientIn-patient departmentOut-patientEmergency department (unit) 医院院长医务主任科主任主治医师住院医师医生助理，医士实习医生护理部主任护理教育处长总护士长护士长注册护士持照护士，护士助理护士，护理员护理员，卫生员，男助理护士院部办公室门诊部门诊病人住院部住院病人急诊部.. ..Nursing departmentRegistration/ registrar’s officeMedical records divisionAdmission officeDepartment of internal medicineInternist , physicianDepartment of general medicineGeneral practitionerDepartment of cardiologyCardiologist ,heat specialistDepartment of respiratory medicineDepartment of digestive medicine(G. I. department ) GastrologistDepartment of proctologyProctologistDepartment of hepatologyHepatologistDepartment of nephrologyNephrologistDepartment of hemotologyHemotologistDepartment of endocrinologyEndocrinologistDepartment of neurologyNeurologistDepartment of psychiatryPsychiatristDepartment of geriatricsGeriatricianDepartment of (general) surgerySurgeonDepartment of neuro-surgeryDepartment of thoracic/ chest surgery Department of cardiovascular surgery Department of esthetic surgeryDepartment of abdominal surgeryDepartment of orthopedics 护理部挂号室病案室住院处科科医生大科全科医生心科心脏专家呼吸科消化科胃病专家（医生）肛肠科肛肠科专家（医生）肝病科肝病专家（医生）肾科肾科专家（医生）血液科血液科专家（医生）分泌科分泌专家（医生）神经科神经科专家（医生）神经病科神经病专家（医生）老年病科老年病专家（医生）普通外科外科医生神经外科胸外科心血管外科美容外科腹外科矫形外科、骨科.. ..OrthopedistDepartment of plastic surgeryDepartment of anesthesiologyAnesthetistDepartment of obstetrics and gynecology Obstetrician/ accoucheur(F.)GynecologistMidwife/accoucheuse(F.)Department of pediatricsPediatricianDepartment of neonatologyNeonatologistDepartment of ophthalmology OphthalmologistOculistOpticianDepartment of stomatologyStomatologistDepartment of dentistryDental departmentDentistDepartment of orthodonticsOrthodontistDepartment of otorhinolaryngology/ENT(ear,nose,throat) department Otorhinolaryngologist）OtolaryngologistENT specialistAurist/ otologistRhinologistLaryngologistDepartment of dermatologyDermatologistDepartment of traditional Chinese medicine TCM physician/ doctorDepartment of acupunctureAcupuncturist 骨科医生整形外科麻醉科麻醉师妇产科产科医生妇科专家（医生）助产士小儿科儿科医生新生儿科新生儿科专家（医生）眼科眼科专家（医生）眼科医生验光师口腔科口腔科专家（医生）牙科牙科牙医师正牙科正牙专家（医生）耳鼻喉科耳鼻喉科耳鼻喉科专家（医生）耳鼻喉科专家（医生）耳鼻喉科专家（医生）耳科医生鼻科医生喉科医生皮肤科皮肤科专家（医生）中医科中医大夫针灸科针灸师.. ..Department of massage MassagistDepartment of pathology PathologistDepartment of radiology RadiologistX-ray technologistX-ray technicianDepartment of physical therapy Department of radioisotope Department of dietetics Dietitian/ dieticianDiet technicianCookChefPharmacyDispensaryPharmacistPharmaceutist(Br.)Druggist(Am.)DispenserClinical laboratoryLaboratory technicianAssayerPulmonary function labNursing station/deskIntensive Care Unit(ICU)Blood bankMortuaryWaiting roomConsulting roomBronchoscop roomE.C.G. roomE.E.G. roomGastro-endoscopic room Disinfection roomDressing room 按摩科按摩师病理科病理学家放射科放射科专家X光技师X光技术员体疗科放射性同位素科营养科营养师营养技术人员炊事员厨师药房药房制剂师制剂师药剂师药剂士临床化验室化验室技术员化验师肺功能检查室护理站监护室血库太平间接待室、会客室、候诊室咨询室支气管镜室心电图室脑电图室胃镜室消毒室换药室.. ..Injection room Therapeutic room Operating room Recovery room Medical ward Surgical ward Maternity ward Isolation ward General ward Observation ward Optical ward Children’s ward Male ward Private ward 注射室治疗间手术室康复室科病房外科病房产科病房隔离病房普通病房观察病房眼科病房儿童病房男病房特等病房.. ..。
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1.我要取一滴指血做血糖测定, 需要刺一下手指.
I’m afraid I have to prick your finger and take a drop of blood for blood sugar level.
2.现在我要从您的胳膊抽血.
I’ll take some blood from your arm now.
3.半夜之后不要吃喝任何东西，明天早上抽血. Don’t take any thing by mouth after midnight until the blood is drawn tomorrow morning
4.请留一份尿/便/痰的标本/请收集您的中段尿.
Please bring a specimen of your urine/stool/sputum./ please collect your mid～stream specimen of urine.
5.请做一下您的血和尿试验.
Please have your blood and urine tests done.
6.今天您要做一个胸部/头部CT.
You are going to have a CT～scan of your chest/head today.
7.Translate the 1st para of the article on page173.
据《儿科学》一月份的最新报道，婴儿刚一出生，免疫系统就能应对多项挑战，包括多次接种疫苗。
这篇报道的作者是鲍尔安欧非特和他的同事。
鲍尔是一名传染病医学博士，也是费城儿童医院疫苗教育中心的主任。
这篇文章回顾了当前有关疫苗对免疫系统的影响和婴幼儿安全应对多次同步免疫接种能力的研究。
8.Para3
欧非特博士说：“婴幼儿自身的免疫系统有足够的能力安全有效地应对疫苗接种带来的挑战。
我们的文章可以让家长们放心，因为疫苗不仅一点不会减弱幼儿自身的免疫系统，还能增强幼儿对重病和可能出现的严重感染的抵抗力。
9.欧非特博士说：“免疫接种对预防疾病和死亡特别安全、非常有效，是父母保护孩子最重要的方式之一。
我们的文章可以向父母们保证，给他们的孩子做免疫接种，是给孩子最大程度的提供严重感染性免疫疾病的保护，是帮组孩子建立更强壮的免疫系统，让他们人生最健康地开始。
10.1bronchial 2asthma 3emphysema 4Embolism 5Pneumnia 6fracture 7obesity 8Intermittent 9hyperglycemia 10diuresis 11hematoma 12Infection 13hyperkalemia 14bladder 15abdominal 16Tophi
11.1Amputation pain DBCCA 2Pressure ulcer DBCCD
A avocation：hobby 嗜好analgwsics止疼药acetaminophen蜡苯酚 adrenal肾上腺的acidosis酸中毒
B butterflies in the stomach忐忑不安cerebral cortex 大脑皮层clinician临床医生contort扭曲cognitive-behavioral intervention知识行为干预coxib高选择性环氧酶抑制剂chronic-acute recurrent 反复发作
C cervical lymph nodes颈部淋巴结coronary heart disease冠心病concentration浓度cerebral cortex 大脑皮层clinician临床医生contort扭曲cognitive-behavioral intervention知识行为干预coxib高选择性环氧酶抑制剂chronic-acute recurrent 反复发作
D dorsal horn背角diveegent分歧dosage剂量bed-making病号服
E exacerbating恶化excretion分泌
F flushing潮红
G ganglia神经中枢graduated exercises渐进性运动glucagon-catecholamine儿茶酚胺glucose tolerance 血糖耐受
H healthcare professional医务人员hypnosis催眠hormone-endocrine gland内分泌腺
I intrinsic：belonging to内在的incremental增加的inhibitor抑制剂insulin 胰岛素insulin-isl小岛
L light-headedness头晕目眩langerhans-pancreas胰脏
M metabolism-organic process有机过程medulla髓质
N neuropathic神经疼痛
O onest不稳定off-and-on pain \intermittent pain 间断性疼痛oral-glucose-tolerance-test-prediabeise 前驱糖尿病
P pap smear乳头溢液图片检查pound警觉peptic ulcer胃溃疡persisentpain 持续疼痛polyuria多尿的
pancrea胰腺pancreas-elongated延长的predisposition-pathogen病原体pathogenesis发病机制
S spinal cord脊髓synapse突出significant adverse effect 显著的负作用short-acting短效的spinal cord 脊髓 suffering难受 stretched exocrine gland外分泌腺 sulfonylures磺脲类
T thyroid fland甲状腺thalamus神经床
V vasoactive peptide血管活性肽ververtebrate脊椎动物
W wound-dranage伤口引流wince畏缩。