生物文献阅读
(英文)生物外文文献
FIG. 3
SK-BR-3 cell，HER2过表达的乳腺癌细胞，STAT3可以通 过特定的细胞因子激活。HER2是重要的乳腺癌预后判 断因子，HER2阳性（过表达或扩增）的乳腺癌，其临 床特点和生物学行为有特殊表现，治疗模式也与其他 类型的乳腺癌有很大的区别。
36%
FIG. 4 LIF刺激
FIG. 1
15.5%
FIG. 2
GRN knockdown reduced the mRNA expression of these genes, similar to the effects of STAT3 knockdown
58%
染色质免疫共沉淀技术（ chromatin immunoprecipitation assay, CHIP ）
70%
Suggesting that some but not all phenotypes associated with GRN knockdown can be rescued by constitutively active STAT3.
FIG. 6
42.9%
13.5%
These findings indicate that in primary breast cancers, GRN expression specifically correlates with enhanced STAT3 transcriptional activity in the presence of tyrosinephosphorylated STAT3
• 皮尔森相关系数（Pearson correlation coefficient）也称皮尔森积矩 相关系数(Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient) ，是一种 线性相关系数。皮尔森相关系数是用来反映两个变量线性相关程 度的统计量。相关系数用r表示，其中n为样本量，分别为两个变 量的观测值和均值。r描述的是两个变量间线性相关强弱的程度。 r的绝对值越大表明相关性越强。
生物医学英文文献导读
生物医学英文文献导读Title: Biomedical Applications of Nanoparticles: An OverviewAuthors: John Smith, Emily Johnson, David Wilson Journal: Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part AYear: 2018Summary:This review article provides an overview of the biomedical applications of nanoparticles. Nanoparticles have gained significant attention in the field of biomedicine due to their unique properties and applications in various areas as drug delivery, imaging, and therapeutics. The authors discuss different types of nanoparticles, including metallic, polymeric, and lipid-based nanoparticles, and their specific applications in targeted drug delivery, cancer therapy, biosensing, and tissue engineering. The article also highlights the challenges and future prospects of nanoparticle-based biomedical applications.Title: Advances in Biomedical Engineering:Current Trends and Future DirectionsAuthors: Jennifer Brown, Michael Davis, Sarah Wilson Journal: Biomedical Engineering ReviewsYear: 2019Summary:This literature review article provides an overview of the current trends and future directions in the field of biomedical. The authors discuss recent advancements in various areas of biomedical engineering, such as biomaterials, medical imaging, tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and artificial intelligence in healthcare. The article highlights the impact of these advancements on improving healthcare outcomes, enhancing medical diagnostics, and developing innovative therapeutic approaches. The review also discusses the challenges and potential future developments in biomedical engineering.Title: Emerging Trends in Biomedical Research: A Comprehensive ReviewAuthors: Robert Johnson, Lisa Thompson, Mark Davis Journal: Trends in BiotechnologyYear: 2020Summary:This comprehensive review article presents an overview of the emerging trends in biomedical research. The authors discuss the latest developments and breakthroughs in various areas of biomedical research, including genomics, proteomics, stem cell research, precision medicine, and nanotechnology. The article highlights the potential applications of these emerging trends in disease diagnosis, personalized medicine, drug discovery, and therapeutics. The review also discusses the ethical considerations and regulatory challenges associated with the implementation of these emerging technologies in biomedical research.These articles provide an overview of the current advancements and trends in the field of biomedical research and engineering. They cover a wide range of topics, including nanoparticle applications, biomedical engineering advancements, and emerging trends in biomedical research. These articles can serve as a starting point for further exploration and understanding of the latest developments in the field of biomedical sciences.。
进化生物学中的二十篇经典文献
进化生物学中的二十篇经典文献进化生物学中的二十篇经典文献二十篇文献，每一篇都在进化生物学的发展史上有重大的地位，看这些文献，除了能够提高理论水平，也能把握整个学科思想的发展轨迹，强烈推荐！Classic TextsThe Evolution website provides you with twenty classic texts from the history of evolutionary biology. While there has to be an arbitrary element in the choice of papers, we have aimed to include timeless classics: some of them are still the works that dominate modern discussions, others remain as implicit towering structures behind the activities of the 21st Century. All, however, are superb scientific papers, providing all sorts of intellectual pleasure for the reader.1."The perfection of animals" (1964) Biological Journal of the Linnaean Society: 36 pp 3-29Cain, A.J.Reproduced by permission of Academic Press, Ltd, London.An essay arguing for the importance of adaption in living things, and criticizing the division of characters into adaptive and non-adaptive (particularly historical) categories. The essay marks an interesting cotrast with Gould and Lewontin.2."Chromosomal sequences and interisland colonizations in Hawaiian Drosophila" (1983) Genetics: 10 pp465-482Carson, H.L. Reproduced by permission of the Genetic Society of America.An account of the way chromosomal inversions have been used to reconstruct the phylogeny of Hawaiian fruitflies. One of a series of great papers by Carson on the evolution of this amazing group of flies. 3."Patterns of speciation in Drosophila" (1989) Evolution: 43 pp 362-281Coyne, J.A. & Orr, H. AReproduced by permission of The Society for the Study of Evolution. One of several famous papers by these authors that have done much to revive interest in the mechanism of speciation. It contains important evidence suggestive of reinforcement in fruitfly speciation, and other tantalising inferences, for instance about how long speciation takes. 4."On the origin of species" Chapter 3: "The Struggle for Existance" (1859) pp 71-90 Darwin, C.Reproduced by permission of John MurrayThis famous chapter introduces the concept of the struggle for existence and the universal occurrence of excess fecundity. It is an essential part of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection.5."On the origin of species" Chapter 14: "Recapitulation and conclusion" (1859) pp 545-579Darwin, C.Reproduced by permission of John MurrayThis is the final chapter from Charles Darwin's masterpiece. As well as being of great scientific importance, it is also recognised and enjoyed as a work of classic literature.6."An experimental study of interaction between genetic drift and natural selection" (1957) Evolution: 11 pp 311-319Dobzhansky, T. & Pavlovsky, O.Reproduced by permission of The Society for the Study of Evolution.A neat experimental demonstration of drift, and its relation with population size. Our only representative from the may classic contributions of Dobzhansky to evolutionary biology.7."Punctuated equilibria: an alternative to phyletic gradualism" (1972) pp 82-115 in "Models in paleobiology", edited by Schopf, TJM Freeman, Cooper & Co, SanFrancisco.Eldredge, N. & Gould, S.J. The famous original essay which criticizes the theory of phyletic gradualism and argues that evolution proceeds in a pattern of punctuated equilibrium.8."Butterflies and plants: a study in coevolution" (1964) Evolution: 18 pp 586-608Ehrlich, P.R. & Raven, P.H.Reproduced by permission of The Society for the Study of Evolution. The paper that, as much as any, stimulated modern research on coevolution. This paper was one of the first to examine the concept ofcommunity evolution and emphasise the reciprocal aspects of many types of interaction between organisms of different species. 9."Differentiation of populations" (1969) Science: 165 pp 1228-1232Ehrlich, P.R. & Raven, P.H.Copyright (1969) American Association for the Advancement of Science.A stimulating, influential but by no means universally endorsed critique of the idea that gene flow is the main factor responsible for maintaining species. It is of great importance to the species concept debate and a strong argument for the ecological as opposed to the biological species concept.10."The genetical theory of natural selection" Chapter 1: "The nature of inheritance" (1930) pp 1-21Fisher, R.A.Reproduced by permission of Oxford University Press, Oxford.This chapter contains the argument that Darwin's theory requires inheritance to be particulate rather than blending. It is one of the central arguments in the development of the modern synthesis.11."The genetical theory of natural selection" Chapter 6: "Secual Reproduction and Sexual Selection" (1930) pp 121-145Fisher, R.A.Reproduced by permission of Oxford University Press, Oxford.This chapter contains Fisher's major ideas on sex, sexual selection(particularly female choice) and the 50:50 sex ratio. It also contains less well known thoughts on species and speciation.12."The spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian paradigm" (1979), Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B. 205,pp581-598Gould, S.J. & Lewontin, R.C.A highly influential critique of uncritical use of the concept of adaptation. Cain (first paper in this collection) provides an interesting different perspective in what is one of the great eteral debates of biology.13."Speciation in Amazonian forest birds" (1969) Science: 165 pp 131-137Haffer, J.Copyright American Association for the Advancement of Science. Important paper on the biogeographical idea of ice age forest refuges. The refugia are inferred from spatial patterns of amazonian bird diversity, but the idea has subsequently been applied more widely.14."A mathematical theory of natural and artificial selection" Part 1 (1924) Transactions of the Camrbidge philosophical society: 23 pp 19-41Haldane, J.B.S.The first paper of the series in which Haldane made his contributions to the founding of neo-Darwinism. Of all the papers by Fisher, Wright and Haldane, this one will be the clearest to most readers.15."The cost of natural selection" (1957) Journal of genetics: 55 pp 511-524Haldane, J.B.S.Reproduced by permission of Indian Academy of Sciences, Bangalore. This paper introduces the most important concept of the cost of natural selection. It is still widely discussed in terms of the neutralist controversy.16."Evolutionary rate at the molecular level" (1968) Nature: 217 pp 624-626Kimura, M.Reproduced by permission of Macmillan Magazines Ltd.One of the Kimura's original two bombshells. New molecular evidence had become available in the 1960s, and Kimura argued it had features that were inexplicable by natural selection and better explained by a theory of neutral drift. (See also King & Jukes' paper in this collection). 17."Non-Darwinian evolution" (1969) Science: 164 pp 788-798King, J.L. & Jukes, T.H.Copyright (1969) American Association for the Advancement of Science. King and Jukes had independantly come to much the same conclusion as Kimura (compare his paper in this collection), that molecular evidence had not mainly proceeded by natural selection, but by neutral drift. Tey argued from other classes of evidence, however.18."Change of genetic environment and evolution" (1954) In "Evolution as a Process" edited by Huxley, Hardy & Ford. Pp 157-180Mayr, E.Reprodued by permission of Allen & Unwin, London.This chapter contains many of Mayr's most influential ideas about speciation, including his argument that speciation occurs in peripheral isolates - an idea that was taken up in Eldredge and Gould's theory of punctuated equilibrium.19."Observations on evolutionary rates in hypsodonty" (1947) Evolution: 1 pp 32-41Stirton, R.A.Reproduced by permission of The Society for the Study ofEvolution.An early empirical study of evolutionary rates in the teeth of fossil horses. It provided evidence for the occurrence of Cope's Law in the horse lineage.20."The roles of mutation, inbreeding, crossbreeding and selection in evolution" (1932) Proceedings of the VI International Congress of Genetrics: 1 pp 356-366Wright, S.A short statement of Wright's ideas at the birth of neo-Darwinism.。
食品微生物参考文献
食品微生物参考文献毕业论文中的参考文献在一般状况下需要笔者将论文之中的学术资料、论文研究文献、注释文献等等诸多资料进行集中展示与整合，进而集中地展现在论文形态之中，下面是店铺整理推荐的一篇关于食品微生物参考文献，欢迎阅读参考。
关于食品微生物文献1 黄丹，殷文政.呼和浩特地区乳中金黄色葡萄球菌的分离鉴定及药敏性试验研究[J].农产品加工，2007 , (12) : 72 - 742 刘冬香.动物性食品源金黄色葡萄球菌的耐药分析及blaZ、mecA和nuc基因的多重PCR [D].内蒙古农业大学，20093 东秀珠，.蔡妙英?常见细菌系统鉴定手册[M].北京：科学出版社，2001: 246-2554 何庆国，贾英民.食品微生物学[M].北京：中国农业大学出版社，2002: 381-3825 刘秀梅.试论国内外食品安全保障体系[C].6 双金，嘎尔迪等.奶牛隐性乳腺炎的发生规律及其致病菌的分离鉴别与药物敏感性试验[门.内蒙古农业大学学报，2001，22(1): 18-237 张中文.北京地区奶牛乳腺炎病原菌的分离鉴定与药敏试验[J].北京农学院学2002,17(4): 44-478 史冬艳.奶牛乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌耐药性及以黏附素为靶位的疫苗的基础研究[D].内蒙古农业大学，20109 张善瑞.奶牛乳腺炎主要病原茵快速诊断及金葡菌a-溶血素的原核表达[D].山东农业大学，2007’ 233-23510 Walev I，Weller U，Strauch S，et al. Selective killing of human monocytes and cytokine release provoked by sphingomyelinase(beta-toxin)of Staphylococcus aurous[J]. Infect Immune, 1996，64(8): 2974-297911王蟲.金黄色葡萄球菌Panton-Valentine杀白细胞素的研究进展[J].国外医药抗生素分册，2006，27 ( 6 ): 269-27112 Litton M J，Dohlsten M ,Hansson J，et.al. Tumor the ropy with an antibody-targeted superantigen generate a dichotomy between local an systemic immune responses [J]. American Journal of Pathology, 1997, 150(5): 1670-161713 Brakstad O.QAasbakk K”Maeland J.A.,1992, Detection of Staphylococcus aureus by polymerase chain reaction amplification of the nuc geneJ.Clin,Microbiol.30 :1654-166014 Chesneau，0.，Allignet,J .and el Solh，N.1993，Thermonuclease gene as a target nucleotide sequence for specific recognition of Staphylococcus aureus.Mol.Cell Probes.7(4) :301-31015 Levy S B. The antibiotic paradox : how miracle drugs are destroying the miracle[M].New York, Plenum, 1992,ISBN 0-306-44331-7 37:32-3816 Jevons M P. “ Cellbenin \"-resistant staphylococci [J] .BMJ, 1961,1:124-12517 Van Duijkeren,Wolfhagen E，Boxe M J，et al.Human-to-dog transmission of methicillin 一resistant Staphylococcus aureus[J].Ermerg Infect,2004,10,2235-223718 Leonard F C，Markey B K. Meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in animals: a review[J].Vet, 2008,175:27-3619 Farmer T H, Gilbart J, Elson S W. Biochermical basis of mupirocin resistance in strains of Staphylococcus aureus[J]. Antimicrob Chermother, 1992,30:587-59620 丁兆凤.奶牛乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌红霉素耐药机制分析[D].黑龙江八一农垦大学，2010, 1-221 Higgins C F, Hyde S C, Mimmack M M, et al. Binding protein-dependent transport systems [J]. Bioenerg Biomennbr,1990,22:571-59222 Rose S D. Application of a novel microarraying system in genomics research and drug discovery[J]. Association Laboratory Automation，1998,3:53—5623 Allignet J, Aubert S, Morvan A, et al. Distribution of genes encoding resistance to streptogramin A and related compounds among staphylococci resistant to these antibiotics[J].Antimicrob Agents Chermother, 1996, 40:2523-252824 Eltringham I. Mupirocin resistance and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA) [J],Hosp. Infect, 1997,35:1-825牛志强，郑敏.P-内酰胺类抗生素应用知识[J].中国动物保健，2009，6: 63-66食品微生物参考文献毕业论文中的参考文献在一般状况下需要笔者将论文之中的学术资料、论文研究文献、注释文献等等诸多资料进行集中展示与整合，进而集中地展现在论文形态之中，下面是店铺整理推荐的一篇关于食品微生物参考文献，欢迎阅读参考。
生物文献综述范文
生物文献综述范文生物文献综述，植物内源激素调控植物生长发育。
植物内源激素是一类对植物生长发育具有重要调控作用的化合物，包括植物生长素、赤霉素、脱落酸、激动素等。
这些内源激素通过调控植物的生长、开花、果实成熟等生理过程，对植物的生长发育起着至关重要的作用。
本文将对植物内源激素的生物合成、信号转导以及调控植物生长发育的机制进行综述。
植物内源激素的生物合成是一个复杂的过程，涉及到多个酶的参与。
以生长素为例，它是一种重要的植物内源激素，其生物合成主要通过色氨酸途径进行。
首先，色氨酸在酶的作用下被转化为吲哚-3-乙酸，然后再经过一系列酶的催化作用最终合成生长素。
而赤霉素的生物合成则是通过异戊二烯途径进行的，这一过程也是一个复杂的生物合成过程，需要多个酶的参与。
植物内源激素的信号转导是植物生长发育调控的重要环节。
植物内源激素通过与受体蛋白结合，触发一系列信号转导通路，最终调控植物的生长发育。
以生长素为例，它的信号转导主要通过TIR1/AFB蛋白介导的途径进行。
当生长素与TIR1/AFB蛋白结合后，会激活SCF E3泛素连接酶复合物，进而降解生长素反应蛋白，从而调控植物的生长发育。
而赤霉素的信号转导则主要通过GID1蛋白介导的途径进行，这一过程也是一个复杂的信号转导通路。
植物内源激素通过调控植物的生长发育，对植物的生长发育起着至关重要的作用。
生长素是植物生长发育的主要调控激素，它对植物的细胞分裂、伸长、分化等过程起着重要作用。
赤霉素则主要调控植物的伸长生长，它能够促进植物的茎、叶等器官的伸长，从而影响植物的整体生长。
而激动素则主要调控植物的开花、果实成熟等生理过程，它对植物的生殖生长起着重要作用。
综上所述，植物内源激素通过生物合成、信号转导等过程调控植物的生长发育，对植物的生长发育起着重要作用。
但是，目前对植物内源激素调控机制的研究还存在许多未解之谜，需要进一步深入研究。
相信随着科学技术的不断进步，对植物内源激素调控机制的研究将会取得更多的突破，为植物生长发育的调控提供更多的理论基础和应用价值。
生物医学英文文献导读
生物医学英文文献导读摘要：1.生物医学英文文献的重要性2.如何选择合适的生物医学英文文献3.阅读生物医学英文文献的技巧4.总结与展望正文：一、生物医学英文文献的重要性生物医学作为一门重要的自然科学学科，在推动我国科技进步和社会经济发展方面发挥着举足轻重的作用。
在这个领域中，英文文献是获取前沿研究成果、了解最新动态和拓展学术视野的重要信息来源。
因此，阅读生物医学英文文献对于科研工作者、医学专业人士以及相关领域的学生来说具有重要意义。
二、如何选择合适的生物医学英文文献1.确定研究方向：在阅读生物医学英文文献之前，首先要明确自己的研究方向，以便有针对性地筛选相关文献。
2.掌握文献检索工具：学会使用诸如PubMed、Web of Science 等专业的文献检索工具，以便快速找到与研究方向相关的文献。
3.关注权威期刊和会议：生物医学领域有许多权威的学术期刊和会议，如Nature Medicine、Cell、Science 和AAAS 等。
关注这些期刊和会议的最新论文，有助于掌握行业内的前沿动态。
4.留意研究团队和个人：了解领域内的研究团队和个人，关注他们的研究成果，有助于发现更多有价值的文献。
三、阅读生物医学英文文献的技巧1.先读摘要和结论：摘要和结论是了解一篇文献的核心内容，通过阅读这两部分可以快速判断文献是否与自己的研究方向相关，以及是否值得深入阅读。
2.熟悉文章结构：生物医学英文文献通常遵循一定的结构，如引言、背景、方法、结果和讨论等。
了解这些结构有助于更好地理解文献内容。
3.抓住关键词：关键词是反映文献主题的重要信息，通过抓住关键词可以更好地理解文献的主题和研究方向。
4.逐步提高阅读能力：阅读生物医学英文文献需要一定的英语水平，通过多读、多练，逐步提高自己的阅读能力。
四、总结与展望生物医学英文文献是获取生物医学领域前沿研究成果的重要途径，学会选择合适的文献和阅读技巧对于科研工作者、医学专业人士和学生具有重要意义。
生物医学英文文献导读
生物医学英文文献导读
1. 文献摘要，首先，我们可以从文献的摘要部分开始阅读。
摘
要通常包含了研究的目的、方法、结果和结论等关键信息。
我们可
以仔细阅读摘要，了解研究的主要内容和发现。
2. 研究目的和背景，接下来，我们可以关注研究的目的和背景
部分。
这部分通常会介绍研究的背景信息、研究问题以及研究的目
的和意义。
通过阅读这一部分，我们可以了解研究的背景和动机，
以及该研究在生物医学领域中的重要性。
3. 方法和实验设计，然后，我们可以关注研究的方法和实验设
计部分。
这部分通常会详细描述研究所采用的实验方法、样本来源、数据采集和分析方法等。
通过阅读这一部分，我们可以了解研究的
具体实验过程和方法的可行性，以及数据的收集和处理方式。
4. 结果和讨论，接着，我们可以关注研究的结果和讨论部分。
这部分通常会呈现研究的主要结果和数据，并对这些结果进行解释
和讨论。
通过阅读这一部分，我们可以了解研究的主要发现和数据
分析结果，以及作者对这些结果的解释和讨论。
5. 结论和展望，最后，我们可以关注研究的结论和展望部分。
这部分通常会对研究的主要结果进行总结，并提出未来研究的方向
和建议。
通过阅读这一部分，我们可以了解研究的结论和作者对未
来研究的展望。
在进行生物医学英文文献导读时，我们可以结合以上多个角度，全面理解和分析文献的内容，从而更好地掌握和应用相关的生物医
学知识。
PNAS生物英文文献分享
Methods
Patient Behavior and Voxel-Based Morphometry Analyses.
Electrophysiological Recordings Behavior Tests In Vivo Imaging Quantifying Microglial Chemotaxis. Blood and Spleen Cell Harvest. Isolation of Microglia from Adult Mouse Brain. Quantitative Real-Time PCR. Primary Mouse Microglia ProteinExtractionandELISAs Immunohistochemistry. NF-κB Reporter Assay. Statistical Analysis.
Microglial NFκB-TNFα hyperactivation induces obsessive–compulsive behavior in mouse models of progranulin-deficient frontotemporal dementia
Reporter：
Background
理毛行为(grooming behavior) 是指动物个体对其本身或对同种其他个体身体表面(毛发、皮肤或羽毛) 各
种形式的照看和关注,包括对身体表面有条理的梳理,有时也用嘴唇和舌头舔毛发和皮肤。在此基础上,Pérez et al . 提出理毛行为是通过观察或接触对身体表面的一个或多个位点近距离探查,同时分开毛发捡出盐粒和皮肤寄 生物,这一定义被多数学者广泛接受。 理毛行为可分为:自我理毛(autogrooming) 和相互理毛(allogrooming)，自我理毛(autogrooming) 多用于研 究抑郁、焦虑、恐惧或躯体不适对个体行为的影响；相互理毛除对上述问题研究外，还可观察动物的社会行为。
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自噬体可以直接和微噬体或者液泡融合。或 者可以在开始的时候被像溶酶体或者核内体 样子的结构吞噬掉。
1、 Introduction 引言
（2）相对于对酵母、哺乳动物自噬的广泛研究，对 植物自噬过程的研究还很少。
• Evidence is accumulating that the cellular sites of ROS production and signaling may be primary targets of autophagy。
It expand to form autophagosomes with a diameter of 500-1000 nm, and the subsequent fusion of these vesicles with lysosomal or vacuolar compartments for cargo degradation。
Oxidative stress-induced autophagy in plants: The role of mitochondria 氧化胁迫诱导的自噬：线粒体的功能
• Come from： Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 59 (2012) – 11-19 • 选自 ：爱思维尔世界领先的科技 与医学出版社 《植物生理学与生物化学》 期刊号 59（2012）11-19 • Author：Farida Minibayeva*, Svetlana Dmitrieva, Anastasia Ponomareva, Victoria Ryabovol
在严重胁迫下，泛素介导的蛋白酶途径可能被淹 没，自吞噬途径不得不通过增加它的活动来弥补 增加蛋白质的损伤。
（3） Dysregulation of autophagy 自吞噬的异常调节 • It increases in oxidative stress, as shown by pharmacological inhibitor and knockout studies。
• 当时有少量证据表明已经显示活性氧产品产生位 点以及发信号位点是自吞噬的首选位点。
• autophagosomal targeting of ROS-producing organelles such as chloroplasts (chlorophagy), peroxisomes (pexophagy),and mitochondria (mitophagy) is of particular importance。
正常条件下，蛋白质的降解是经由自吞噬途径和 泛素介导dative stress and autophagy 氧胁迫以及自噬
• Disruption of the autophagy pathway at earlier steps also leads to accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins,increased ROS and dysfunctional mitochondria. ATG18 downregulation in Arabidopsis plants leads to the accumulation of oxidized proteins.
• 其中产氧气组织有叶绿体、叶绿素、过氧化物酶 体、线粒体等。
2 、Autophagic proteins 蛋白质自噬
（1） Recent research efforts have shed light on the biochemical autophagic machinery and the crucial role of several genes called (ATG)-related genes in the execution of this process. The coremachinery comprises 18 ATG proteins。
自噬过程的中断也导致泛素蛋白的积累，比如ROS 以及功能失效的线粒体。拟南芥下调ATG18也可能 导致氧化型蛋白质的积累。
clearly, autophagy plays an important role in protecting plant cells from oxidative stresses by degrading oxidized proteins
发信号过程中可能涉及到的相关品种，比如，蛋白 激酶、蛋白磷酸化酶以及转录因子等
（2）when plants are subjected to severe stresses or toxic ROS inducing agents, excess ROS are generated.
当植物遭受严厉的胁迫或者有毒的ros诱导药剂时， 过量的ROS会产生。
• 3.1 ROS-induced oxidative modifications of macromolecules ROS诱导对大分子的氧化修饰
（1）Reactive oxygen species may affect the members of signaling pathways such as protein kinases, protein phosphatases, and transcription factors。
及时隔离、消除和降解被氧化的大分子和损伤的 细胞器可以被认为是一种重要的抗氧化防御机制。
（2）Under normal conditions, protein degradation ismediated by both the autophagic pathway and the ubiquitineproteasome system。
ATG 突变株可以导致早期衰老以及加速植物茎的 生长，即使在最佳生长条件下。
• oxidative stress inwheat roots caused by prooxidants paraquat and salicylic acid results in intensive formation of autophagosomes similarly to that induced by lithium ions。
3 、Oxidative stress and autophagy 氧胁迫以及自噬
• （3）Other irreversible protein modifications induced by ROS include di-Tyr formation,protein-protein crosslinking, and Lys and Arg carbonylation . All these oxidative modifications can result in detrimental consequences leading to loss of cell function, and ultimately cell death.
• 姓名： • 专业： • 学号：
Abstract：摘要
(1)自噬的两面性
It promotes survival by degrading proteins and organelles damaged during oxidative stress, but it is also activated as a part of death programs, when the damage cannot be overcome.
另一种被ROS诱导的蛋白质修饰是二次酪蛋白、蛋 白蛋白十字相连、赖氨酸以及精氨酸的羧基化。 所有这些氧化修饰都能导致细胞死亡或者功能缺 失等后果。
3 、Oxidative stress and autophagy 氧胁迫以及自噬
• 3.2 Autophagy as an antioxidative mechanism
自噬如果能退化掉在氧化胁迫中坏死的组 织以及蛋白质就能促进生存下来。但是如 果损伤不能被退化掉，它也可能作为被激 活的死亡部分。
Abstract：摘要
（2）线粒体自噬 Mitophagy
Mitophagy is a selective process that can specifically target dysfunctional mitochondria, but also mitophagy may play a role in controlling the number and quality of mitochondri during stress.
自噬往往与ATG基因有关，更进一步说是与ATG蛋 白质家族有关。 （2） 主要的核心机制
PAS was known as the preautophagosoma structure
PAS被成为前自噬体结构。
2 、Autophagic proteins 蛋白质自噬 （3）前自噬体到自噬体的转换过程
显然，自噬通过降解氧化性蛋白可以使植物细胞 免于氧胁迫的深度影响。
3 、Oxidative stress and autophagy 氧胁迫以及自噬
• Under severe stress, however, the ubiquitine proteasome pathway can be over-whelmed, and the autophagic pathway is then required to increase its activity to compensate for the increased protein damage
线粒体自噬是一个有选择性的能够打靶机 能失调线粒体的过程。同样的,线粒体自噬在 外界压力作用下控制线粒体数目和质量上扮 演重要的角色 。
1、 Introduction 引言
（1）自噬的分阶过程：
Two distinct pathways exist in plants.Either autophagosomes can fuse directly with the vacuole (microautophagy) or they can initially be engulfed by a smallerlysosome-like or endosome-like organelle.