第十四章主谓一致和虚拟语气
第14章主谓一致和虚拟语气
一、主谓一致
（一）并列主语时的主谓一致
（1）主语中包含有and时
①、两个单数名词用and 连接，表示两个不同的概念时，谓语动词用复数。如：
Tom and Jack were close friends.
汤姆和杰克是亲密是朋友。
Steam and ice are different forms of water.
蒸汽和冰是水的不同形式。
②、两个单数名词用and 连接，表示同一人且两个名词共用一个冠词，同一物或同一概念，或表示不可分的整体时，谓语动词仍用单数。如：
Trial and error is the source of our knowledge.
不断尝试是我们获得知识的源泉。
The singer and dancer is to attend our evening party.
那位歌舞演员将参加我们的晚会。
用and 连接的两个名词表示组合在一起的一个整体或成套的东西，若需要冠词，则只能在第一个名词前加a/an/the；作主语时，谓语动词用单数。但若两个名词都有冠词或限定词，则指独立的两样东西；作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。常作为一个整体概念来对待的组合有：
bread and butter 黄油面包
bread and cheese 涂奶酪的面包
a knife and fork 一副刀叉
a watch and chain 一只系有表带的手表
③、被every, each, many a ,no等限定的单个主语由and 连接时，谓语动词仍用单数。其中后一个限定词可省略。如：
Each boy and (each) girl has an apple.
每个男孩和女孩都有一个苹果。
Many a teacher and (many a) student has seen the film.
许多老师和学生看过这部电影。
④、一个单数名词被几个用and连接的并列形容词所修饰时，可以指一件事或几件事，这种名词作主语，要根据意义一致的原则决定谓语动词的数。如：Simple and plain living is a fine quality.
生活简朴是一种优良品质。
English and American literature are appealing to her.
英国文学和美国文学都对她有吸引力。
⑤、由and 连接的两个what 从句作主语时，要根据意义一致的原则决定谓语动词的数。如：
What he says and does do not agree.
他言行不一致。
What he says and does not concern me.
他的言行与我无关。
（2）由or, nor, either…Or, neither…nor, not only…but (also) 连接的并列主语，通常根据就近原则，谓语动词的单复数要跟与它邻近的主语的数一致。如：One or two friends are coming this evening.
今天晚上有一两个朋友要来。
A cigar or a cigarette is very enjoyable.
来一支雪茄或者香烟挺带劲的。
Neither I nor he is in favour of her marriage.
我和他都不赞成她的婚姻。
Either you or I am going to be in charge of this matter.
不是你就是我将负责这件事。
（3）单数名词+with, along with, together with, as well as, rather than, as much as, but, except 等所跟的名词作主语时，谓语仍用单数形式。如：
Tom as well as two of his friends was invited to the party.
汤姆以及他的两个朋友一起被邀请参加晚会了。
Dr. Smith, together with his wife, is to arrive on the evening flight.
斯密斯博士及其夫人将乘晚班飞机抵达。
Nobody but one teacher and three students was in the laboratory.
只有一个老师和三个学生在实验室里。
（4）主语有肯定、否定两部分构成时，谓语与肯定的一致。
Not you but I am to answer for it./I, not you, am to answer for it.
应该对此负责的是我而不是你。
（5）there be 句型中，遵循毗邻一致原则。
There is my wife and family to consider.
我要照顾我的妻子和家庭。
There is an apple, two oranges and some bananas on the plate.
盘子里有一个苹果，两个橘子和一些香蕉。
（二）某些名词作主语时的主谓一致
（1）有些名词以s 结尾，但有单数的含义，谓语动词用单数。如：
No news is good news.
没消息就是好消息。
There is a heating apparatus in the house.
房子里有暖气设备。
这类名词有:news, crisis, apparatus, classics等。
（2）以-ics结尾的科学名词，谓语一般要用单数形式。但如果这些名词表示“学科”以外的其他意义时，谓语动词用复数。如：
Physics is one of the most important courses.
物理学史最重要的课程之一。
His physics are weak.
他的物理很差。
Economics is boring but useful.
经济学很乏味，但很有用。
The economics of that country are becoming worse and worse.
那个国家的经济变得越来越糟。
（3）英语中有一些单数同形的名词，如：means, series, species, sheep, works, aircraft等作主语时，谓语动词用单数还是复数要根据他们所隐含的意义来确定。如：
Every means has been tired, but in vain.
每种方法都试过，但都失败了。
Such means are unsuitable.
这些方法不恰当。
A new steel-works is being planned.
一个新钢厂正在计划之中。
Two iron works have been established in that region.
在那个地方建立了两个铁厂。
（4）有些形式为单数，意义为复数的名词，如people, police, cattle,clergy 等作主语时，谓语动词总是用复数。如：
There were many people present at the meting.
许多人参加了这个会议。
The police are making enquiries about the murder.
警察正在调查那起谋杀案。
(5)集体名family,class,crew,group,public,audience,crowd,government,comm- Ittee等作主语时，动词的单复数要根据主语所指的意义而定。当集体名词作为一个整体看待时，谓语动词用单数，如果指其中各个成员时，谓语动词用复数。如：The class consists of twenty-five boys and twenty girls.
这个班由25个男生和20个女生组成。
The class are doing experiments.
全班学生正在做实验。
Our group is assigned to take the second bus.
我们这一组被指定乘二号车。
Our group are visiting the Museum next week.
我们组里的人下星期要去参观博物馆。
（6）由两部分构成的物体的名词，如trousers, pants, jeans, compasses, glasses, shorts等作主语时，谓语动词用复数。但如果这类名词前用了a pair of 来修饰，谓语动词的单数往往取决于pair的单复数形式。如：
These trousers need cleaning.
这些裤子需要清洗。
Your glasses are very nice.
你的眼镜很漂亮
This pair of trousers is mine.
这条裤子是我的。
Here are some new pairs of shoes.
这儿有几双新鞋。
（7）特殊名词的主谓一致。
1.“定冠词+形容词或分词”，表示某以类人时，动词用复数；若表示某一类抽象概念时，动词用单数。
The old are taken good care of here.
在这儿老年人被照料得很好。
The old gives place to the new.
新陈代谢。
The beautiful gives pleasure to all.
美丽给所有人带来快乐。
2.单个的动名词、不定式短语或主语从句作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。
若用and 连接两个动名词、不定式短语或主语从句，表示两个不同的概念，则谓语动词就要用复数形式。
Riding on the elephants and rowing the boats were the children’s favourite games.
骑大象和划船是孩子们最喜欢的游戏。
Driving cars is easy.
开车很容易。
To get up early is hard for me.
早起对我来说很难。
That he is ill worries us a lot.
他病了，这使我们很担心。
（三）数量词作主语时的主谓一致
（1）表示时间、重量、距离、价格、体积等名词的复数作主语时，通常作整体看待，后接单数名词。如：
Twenty years is a long time in one’s life.
20年在人的一生中是很长的一段时间。
Forty miles was covered in a single night.
一夜走了40英里。
20000 dollars is not a small sum of money.
2万美元不是一笔小数目。
（2）分数和百分数修饰可数或不可数名词作主语时，谓语形式是单数还是复数取决于它们表示的意义。试比较：
About one third of the books are worth reading.
这些书中大约有三分之一值得一读。
A large percentage of the wheat crop was ruined by the flood.
大部分的麦类作物遭到洪水的毁坏。
Only 60 percent of the work was done yesterday.
昨天只干了60%的活。
About 20 percent of students are absent today.
今天大约有20%的学生缺席。
（3）由“king(from, type, sort, species, series, quantity) of”等修饰的主语，其谓语形式取决于这些词的单、复数而不是它们后面所跟的名词。如：
A new type of bus is now on show.
现在正展出一种新型的公共汽车。
All kinds of difficulties have to be overcome.
必须克服各种各样的困难。
Some new forms of art were discussed at the meeting.
会上讨论了一些新的艺术形式。
There are already 137 species of butterflies known.
已经知道有137种蝴蝶。
A substantial portion of the reports is missing.
那些报告里有相当一部分不见了。
There is only a small quantity of paper (books) left.
只剩下了少量的报纸（书）。
（4）数词短语的主谓一致
1. “a number of ”（许多）, “a variety of ”（各种各样的）和“a group of”（一群；一组）修饰名词作主语，谓语要求用复数形式。但是“the number of ”（数目）和“the variety of ”（种类）修饰名词作主语，谓语用单数形式。如：
A number of students are from the south.
不少学生来自南方。
The number of students from the north is small.
来自北方的学生人数很少。
There are a variety of toys on sale in that shop.
那个商店出售各种各样的玩具。
The variety of goods on sale in that shop is surprising.
那个商店出售的商品种类多得让人惊讶。
2.“a large amount of +不可数名词”作主语与单数动词连用。
“large amounts of +不可数名词”作主语与复数动词连用。
“a large quantities of +不可数名词”作主语与单数动词连用。
“a large quantities of +可数名词/不可数名词”作主语，谓语动词要用复数形式。
Large quantities of food were wasted.
大量的食物浪费掉了。
Vast amounts of money are being invested in the local market.
大量的资金投在当地的市场上。
Large quantities of water are needed for cooling purposes.
冷却需要用大量的水。
2.“the majority of +复数名词”作主语时，谓语用复数。
the majority单独做主语，谓语既可用单数，也可用复数形式。
The majority of boys like football.
大多数男孩喜欢足球。
The majority were/was in favour of the proposal.
大多数人同意这个提案。
（5）如果主语由“one and a half, many a, more than one +名词”构成，尽管从意义看是复数，但谓语动词用单数。如：
One and a half pear is left on the table.
桌上留了一个半梨。
Many a page in this book is missing.
这本书缺了许多页、
More than one student has failed the exam.
不止一个学生考试不及格。
（四）不定代词作主语时的主谓一致
（1）each或some, any, no, every构成的复合代词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。如：
Each child is treated in the same way.
每个小孩都受到同样对待。
Somebody is looking at you.
有人在看着你。
Nothing is to be done.
没有什么要干的事情。
（2）either和neither 作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数，但如果后跟“of+复数名词（或代词）”的介词短语时，谓语动词用单复数均可。如：Either is correct.
这两者任何一个都对。
Either of the children is/are eager to go.
两个孩子都很想去。
Although both clocks strike cheerfully, neither keeps good time.
尽管两只钟都走得很欢，时间很不准。
Neither of us wants/want to go boating this afternoon.
我们俩今天下午都不想去划船。
（3）none作主语时，谓语动词多半用复数，作单数看待时，谓语动词用单数。如：
None of these materials are conductors.
这些材料中没有一种是导体。
None is more qualified for the task than he.
作这件工作，没人比他更合适的了。
（4）在主语和谓语倒装的句子中，动词的数应和它后面的主语的数一致。
On the wall are some famous paintings.
墙上有一些著名的画。
There comes the bus.
汽车过来了。
Now comes your turn.
轮到你了。
（5）some, any, all, more, most等代词可以使单数，也可以是复数。它们作主语时，谓语动词要和它们所指的名词的数一致。如：
Some pens are on the desk.
桌上有一些笔。
Most of smith’s farmland is fertile.
史密斯先生的大部分农田是肥沃的。
Most of us are members of the committee.
我们大多数人是委员会的成员。
（五）从句中的主谓一致
（1）在用it作形式主语的句子中或在用it作主语的强调句型中，谓语动词总是用单数。如：
It was a great relief that everyone got back safely.
大家安全返回是很大的安慰。
It isn’t obvious which route would be best.
哪条路线是最好的还不明显。
It was he who taught us English last year.
去年是他教我们英语。
（2）由what引导的从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数。但如果表示复数意义，谓语动词用复数。另外，用其他名词性从句或非限定动词短语作主语时，
谓语动词通常用单数。如：
What he has said leaves much for us to think about.
他说的话发人深思。
What he left me are some old books.
他留给我的是一些旧书。
That i shall work with you is a great pleasure.
我能和你一起工作是极大的快乐。
Improving the production process is necessary.
改进生产过程是必要的。
（六）There be 句型的主谓一致
There be 句型的主谓一致遵循就近原则。如：
There be an apple, two oranges and some bananas.
那儿有一个苹果、两个橘子和一些香蕉。
（七）强调继续的主谓一致
在强调句型中，若强调的部分是主语，则that从句中的谓语依然与主语保持一致。
It is I who am to blame.
该受责备的人是我。
It is those lovely students who have helped me out.
是那些可爱的学生们帮我摆脱困难。
It was ten years ago that I first met him.
是我第一次见他在十年前。
二、虚拟语气
虚拟语气表示说话人认为他所说的话是和事实相反的主观设想或愿望。
虚拟语气主要用在虚拟条件从句以及表示结果的主句中，表示根本不存在的情况或现实可能性很小的假设。
（一）条件从句中的虚拟语气
（1）虚拟语气的时态变化如下：
如：
If they had time ,they would study French, too. （与现实相反）
假如他们有时间，他们也会学法语。
If I had left a little earlier, I would have caught the train.（与过去事实相反）
我要是早点动身，就赶上火车了。
If you were to leave earlier, you would arrive at Hawaii tomorrow.（与将来事实相反）
你如果早点走，明天就到夏威夷了。
（2）错综时间虚拟条件句。
在虚拟条件句中，主句和从句所指的时间通常是一致的，但有时可能不一致，这种句子被称为错综时间条件句。这时，动词的形式需根据表示的时间来调整。如：
If he had taken my advice, he would be a scientist now.
如果接受了我的意见，他现在就是一位科学家了。
（从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反）
If I were rich, I would have bought a car last year.
如果我有钱，去年我就买车了。
（从句与现在事实相反，主句与过去事实相反）
（二）省略if的条件句中的虚拟语气
（1）在虚拟条件句中，如果条件状语从句中有should, had或were,可以省掉if,把should, had或were移到主语之前。如：
Should he come(=If should come),tell him to ring me up.
他要是来了，让他给我打个电话。
Were I to do the work (If I were to do the work),I should do it some other way.
要是我做这项工作，我就用另外的方法。
Had he recognized me (If he had recognized me),he would have some over.
如果他认出我，他早就过来了。
（2）有时假设的情况并不以条件从句表示出来，而是通过一个介词短语，上下文或其他方式表现出来。如：
Without water and air, there wouldn’t be living things in the world.(=If there were no ……)
没有空气，世上就没有生物。
Anyone in this position might have done the same.
任何人在他那个位置都会这么做。
（3）if only“要是……就好了！”和but for“要不是……”引导的虚拟语气。if only 结构中省去结果从句。如：
If only I could help you.
要是我能帮助你，那该多好！
If only the rain would stop!
要是雨停了该多好！
If it were not for …
but for相当于
If it had not been for…
But for your encouragement, I would have failed.
要不是你的鼓励，我就会失败。
（三）虚拟语气用在名词从句中
（1）动词wish后的虚拟语气。
在动词wish后的宾语从句中表示与现在或过去的事实相反，或表达对于将来的主观愿望。
1.表示与现在事实相反，从句中动词用过去式。如：
I wish he were here.
但愿他在这里。
I wish I knew his address.
我真希望知道他的地址。
2.表示与过去事实相反，从句中动词用had+过去分词。如：
We wish you had come to New Year’s Party.
我们希望你参加了我们的新年联欢会。
I wish I hadn’t lost the chance.
我要是没有失去这个机会就好了。
3.表示对于将来的主观愿望，从句中动词用would(might)+动词原形。如：
I wish you would be quiet.
我希望你安静一些。
I wish it would stop raining.
但愿雨停能停。
I wish he might go with us to the theater.
我希望他可以和我们一起去看戏。
（2）在某些动词中的虚拟语气。
在某些动词后的宾语从句中表示推测、建议、要求、命令等，从句中动词用should+动词原形,should也可省略。如：
I suggest that we (should) hold a meeting tonight.
我建议今晚开个会。
They asked that we (should) send a delegation to their country.
他们要求我们派一个代表团到他们国家去。
I think it advisable that he (should) be invited now.
我认为现在邀请他是明智的。
常见的这类动词有：ask, advice, beg, demand, desire, decide, determine, insist,
order, require, request, suggest, propose, command, urge等。
但是当insist表示“坚持认为；坚持说”时，从句中不用虚拟语气。suggest 表示“暗示；表明”时，从句中也不用想念你语气。如：
He insisted that I was wrong.
他坚持认为我错了。
Her happiness suggests she lives happily.
她的快乐暗示她生活幸福。
（3）在would rather, would sooner之后的虚拟语气。
在would rather, would sooner等后面的从句中动词要用虚拟语气，形式是动词过去式。如果动作已经发生，要用had+过去分词，此时would rather常用wish 代替。如：
I’d rather he hadn’t told me about it.
我宁愿他未曾告诉我这件事。
I would sooner he left on the earlier train.
我宁愿他乘前一班火车走了。
（4）在It is (+adj.)+time…句型中，从句谓语必须用过去时态，或should+动词原形，should不可省略，意为“该干什么的时候了”。如：
It is time we went (should go ) to bed.
该上床睡觉了。
It is high time people went to work.
到人们去上班的时候了。
（5）should+动词原形表示虚拟语气，且should又可省略的情况也常出现在表示惊奇、惶恐、怀疑、不满、主张、建议、必要等的主语从句中：it is+形容词（如：strange, necessary, important, natural, surprising, disappointing等）+that…。如：
It’s necessary that a college student (should) know a foreign language.
作为一名大学生，掌握一名外语是必要的。
It is desired that we (should) get everything ready tonight.
希望今晚一切准备妥当。
（四）虚拟语气用在状语从句中
（1）用在以as if (as though)…引导的方式状语从句中
as if (as though)引导的方式状语从句所表示的内容如果与事实情况相反或发生的可能性不大，则从句中需使用虚拟语气：1.表示与主句动作同时的动作或状态，用一般过去时（be用were）表示在主句动作之前发生的事情，用过去完成时。
She looked after him as if he were her own child.
她照顾她就好像他是自己的亲生孩子似的。
He looks as if he had just met a ghost.
他看起来就仿佛是刚见了鬼似的。
当as if后的从句表示真实情况时用陈述句。
It looks as if it is going to snow.
看起来好像要下雪。
（2）用在以lest, for fear that和in case所引导的目的状语从句中，这时谓语动词多用should+动词原形构成。如：
She closed the windows lest she should catch cold.
她把窗户关上，免得受凉。
He ran away for fear that he should be caught by the police.
他跑了，怕被警察抓住。
Take an umbrella with you in case it should rain.
带把伞吧，以防下雨。
（3）用在以in order that, so that或that所引导的目的状语从句中，这时谓语多用may或might加动词原形构成。如：
Come early in order that you may see him.
你们要早点来，以便和他见面。
The teacher spoke slowly in order that the student could (might) hear clearly.
老师讲得很慢，好让学生们停清楚。
（4）虚拟语气表祝福。
May you succeed! 祝你成功！
高考真题在线
( )1.Listening to loud music at concerts _____ caused hearing loss in some teenagers.
A. is
B. are
C. has
D. have （2010湖南卷）
( )2.Barbara is easy to recognize as she’s the only one of the women who ____ evening dress.
A. wear
B. wears
C. has worn
D. have worn （2010全国卷）
( )3.It is reported that many a new house ____ at present in the disater area.
A. are being built
B. were being built
C. was being built
D. is being built（2010陕西卷）
( )4.Such poets as Shakespeare ____ widely read ,of whose works, however, some ____ difficult to understand.
A. are, are
B. is, is
C. are, is
D. is, are （2010四川卷）
( )5.---The weather has been very hot and dry.
---Yes. If it had rained even a drop, things would be much better now! And my vegetable ____.
A. wouldn’t die
B. didn’t die
C. hadn’t died
D. wouldn’t have died（2010北京卷）
( )6.If he ____ my advice, he wouldn’t have lost his job.
A. followed
B. should follow
C. had followed
D. would follow （2010湖南卷）
( )7.George is going to talk about the geography of his country, but I’d rather he ____ more on its culture.
A. focus
B. focused
C. would focus
D. had focused （2010江苏卷）
( )8.If we ____ the other road, we might have arrived here in time for the meeting.
A. take
B. had taken
C. took
D. have taken （2010陕西卷）
( )9.Had I known about this computer program, a huge amount of time and energy ____.
A. would have been saved
B. had been saved
C. will be saved
D. was saved （2010浙江卷）
专项模拟演练
( )1.____ the weather ____ finer! Otherwise, we have to put off our picnic again.
A. If only; were
B. Wish; is
C. When; can be
D. As long as; is
( ) 2.It ____ be difficult to discover the truth about Iraq War if people refused to consider anything that might be true.
A. would
B. can
C. need
D. should
( ) 3.---Don’t you want to go to a karaoke bar with us?
---I wish I ____,but I have an appointment.
A. may
B. could
C. can
D. should
( ) 4.____ his teacher, Li Ming wouldn’t have passed the English exam so easily.
A. If it hadn’t been
B. Hadn’t it been
C. Had it not been for
D. Were it not for
( ) 5.____ every student aware of the importance of study, they would study efficiently.
A. Were
B. Should
C. May
D. Had
( ) 6.If I ____ long enough to have a job, I would choose to be a doctor,____ those AIDS patients.
A. had lived; helping
B. should live; help
C. were to live; helping
D. could live; help
( ) 7.Would not it be more enjoyable if football, soccer and tennis players stopped arguing the calls and just ____ the game.
A. to play
B. play
C. played
D. playing
( ) 8.Though the girl had been suffering from the blood disease, she acted as if nothing ____ to her while facing her friends and relations.
A. happened
B. would happen
C. was happened
D. had happened
( ) 9.Had it been at all possible I would have gone to visit him in the hospital, but I ____ fully occupied the whole of last week.
A. am
B. was
C. have been
D. had been
( ) 10.---Did you meet with the two famous space heroes?
---____ I had come here earlier!
A. If only
B. If not
C. But for
D. For fear
( ) 11.Whatt the remote areas need ____ education for children and what the children need at the moment ____ good textbooks.
A. is; are
B. are; is
C. was; were
D. were; was
( ) 12.As ____ announced in today’s paper, he is to visit China on Sunday.
A. being
B. is
C. to be
D. been
( ) 13.The number of people hurt in the traffic accident ____ to 95, the news agency reports.
A. has increased
B. have increased
C. has been increased
D. have been increased
( ) 14.The pilot as well as two of the passengers ____ miraculously ____ the plane crash.
A. have; survived
B. has; survived
C. have; been survived
D. has; been survived
( ) 15.According to my father, movies, such as the one you talked about yesterday ,____ not worth seeing.
A. are
B. do
C. is
D. does
( ) 16.I’m sorry I have made so many mistakes. I wish I ____.
A. didn’t
B. won’t
C. hadn’t
D. wouldn’t
( ) 17.____ fired, your health care and other benefits will not be immediately cut off.
A. Would you be
B. Should you be
C. Could you be
D. Might you be
( ) 18.Our teacher insisted that the homework ____ very difficult and that we ____ it carefully.
A. was; should finish
B. be; finish
C. was; finished
D. be; finished
( ) 19.---Four o’clock in the morning?
---What? Oh, no, don’t ring me up that early. I ____.
A. will sleep
B. will be sleeping
C. am sleeping
D. am going to sleep
( ) 20.---With white sands and a row of cafes overlooking the blue sea, the small town looks beautiful.
---Exactly! If only I ___ here nearby.
A. worked
B. had been working
C. have worked
D. am working
( )21.“It is high time that we ____ generation gap between young and old.”said British Queen ElizabthⅡw hen delivering her Christmas message yesterday.
A. have expected
B. are expected
C. expected
D. is expected
( ) 22.---Any information about you soon.
---No. If only I ____ those tough words to him.
A. didn’t say
B. hadn’t said
C. shouldn’t have said
D. couldn’t have said
( ) 23.What would have happened ____ as far as the river bank ?
A. Bob had walked farther
B. if Bob should walk farther
C. had Bob walked farther
D. if Bob walked farther ( ) 24.____ you ,I would take an umbrella with me.
A. Had I been
B.I were
C. Were I
D. If I had been
虚拟语气中的含蓄条件句常见用法总结
虚拟语气中的含蓄条件句常见用法 先看一道高考题： ____ more attention，the trees could have grown better． A．Given B．To give C．Giving D．Having given （答案是A） 句中"．．．the trees could have grown better"是一个表达虚拟语气的句子。题中要求选择的是如何表达假设条件的形式。如果我们把这个句子用另一种形式"If they had been given more attentio n ，the trees could have grown better．"来表示，就不难理解了。很多情况下，在表示假设的虚拟语气中，有时假设的条件并不以条件从句的形式表达，而是通过上下文或句中内在的逻辑关系，或用其它形式表达出来，我们称之为"含蓄条件句"。 含蓄条件句主要通过名词、连接词、不定式、分词、动名词短语、介词短语及分句来暗示。这些表达形式在句中实际起着虚拟条件从句的作用。现分述如下： 一、介词短语 常用来表示虚拟条件的介词有with，without，in，under，but for等等，它们表示的虚拟条件都可以被if从句替换。 （1）without，with without表示否定的条件，意为if．．．not；with与without意义相反，表示肯定的条件。如：Without air，there would be no living things．（without air ＝if there were no air）没有空气，便没有生物。 With her help（＝If I had her help），I would do the experiment well．假如有她帮助，我就可以把这个实验做好。 （2）under Under the leadership of a less experienced person，the experiment would have failed．（u nder．．．＝If there had been the leadership of a less experienced person）假设在一个缺少经验的人领导下进行实验，实验准会失败。 （3）in I would have lost my head in that position．（in that position ＝if I had been in that po sition）我处在那种情况下，是会丧失理智的。 （4）but for
情态动词与虚拟语气
情态动词与虚拟语气 【语法要点】 情态动词 所谓情态动词是指它含有一定的含义，可以表达某种感情和说话的语气，但是它不可以单独使用 作谓语动词。学习情态动词主要学习英语国家的语言习惯和表达法，特别是在口语中不要过分追求原理，更不要不根据说话场合而进行推理，编造出一些语法结构正确的中文式英语。 一、情态动词的类型 1.只作情态动词的有：must、can、could、may、might、ought to 2.既可作情态动词又可作实义动词的有：need、dare 3.既可作情态动词又可作助动词的有：shall、should、will、would 二、情态动词的特征 1.表示说话人的情感态度，不能单独作谓语，与行为动词或连系动词一起作谓语。 2.情态动词没有人称和数的变化，后接动词原形。 3.具有助动词的特征：可用来构成否定句、疑问句或简短答语。 三、情态动词的用法 1.表示能力 （1）表示现在的能力，用can 或be able to。表示一般的能力时多用can，表示“经过努力成功 的做成某事”用be able to。 （2）表示过去的能力，用could或was/were be able to。区别同上。 （3）表示将来的能力，用will be able to。 2.表示推测、可能性 （1）can 用在肯定句中表示客观的可能性，而不表示具体事情实际发生的可能性。 例如：Accidents can happy on such rainy days. （2）表示具体事情实际发生的可能性的情态动词，其表示可能性的层次如下表： 情态动词肯定式否定式疑问式 must 必定、必然、一定 will 很可能、大概不会、不该会,,吗？ would 可能性较will 小不会、不该（较won’t 弱）会,,吗？（较will 弱） should 应该会、理应（表示合乎理想的情况或结果） ought to 与should 同义 can 一定不会、不可能（否定推测）有可能吗？ could 可疑的可能不可能（与can’t 同义）有可能吗？（较can 弱）may 或许、可能、说不定可能不 might 或许、可能（较may 弱）可能不（较may not 弱） 注意→（1）may，must 常用于肯定句，一般不用于否定句和疑问句。 （2）can 常用于否定句，疑问句和感叹句中，表示疑惑、惊讶或不相信等意思。could 既可用于肯定句，又可用于否定句、疑问句中。
2020年高考英语新题型写作技巧八 强调倒装虚拟语气句型和丰富细节的手段
2020年高考英语写作新题型备考技巧 专题（八）强调倒装虚拟句型+丰富文章细节的手段 特殊句型是英语书面表达中的高级句式，其中强调句和倒装句是较为常见的特殊句型。而虚拟语气也是高中较难掌握的句型之一。它们的准确使用能够彰显考生的英语水平，提高写作档次。 一．重点突出的强调句型 （一）强调句的基本句式结构为：It is/was + 被强调部分+ that/who + 句子其他成分。它可以强调除谓语动词外的其它任何成分，如主语、宾语、状语等。在续写和概写中灵活运用强调句不仅能突出重点、增强表达，更能彰显考生的英语运用能力。 It is just the so-called inconvenience that displays the richness, delicacy and great fascination of Chinese culture with a history of thousands of years. (2019年浙江高考书面表达) 在写作中运用强调句型可以采取以下步骤： 1.在一个写好的句子中找出需要强调的成分，如主语、宾语、状语等； 2.根据句子的时态确定is或was； 3.然后把要强调的成分套进句式里，It is/was + 被强调部分+ that/who + 句子其他成分。 例：We created a harmonious atmosphere with sincerity and faithfulness. 如果我们要强调状语，即with sincerity and faithfulness，在确定好时态was后，把需要强调的部分放在it was后，that后放除强调外的剩余成分便得到： It was with sincerity and faithfulness that we created a harmonious atmosphere. （二）强调句常用句式 1. It is/was + 被强调的部分+ that/who + 句子其它成分 It is on the playground this Friday afternoon that a volleyball game will be held. (2019全国一卷书面 表达) It was because of their help that a disaster was avoided. (2017年浙江高考书面表达) 2. Is/was it + 被强调的部分+ that/who + 句子其它成分 Was it in the park that the children saw the strange green objects? 3.特殊疑问词+ is/was it + 被强调的部分+ 句子其它成分 When was it that you made up your mind to work as a volunteer teacher? 4.It is/was not until that + 句子其它成分
高三年级英语语法-虚拟语气全总结
虚拟语气在非真实条件句中 ①错综时间条件句: 当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，被称为错综时间条件句，动词的形式要根据它表示的时间作出相应的调整。如： If you had followed my advice just now, you would be better now. If you had studied hard before, you would be a college student now. ②if省略句 在条件句中可以省略if, 把were, had, should提到句首，变成倒装句式。否定句时not留在原来位置不变。如： If I were at school again, I would study harder. →Were I at school again, I would study harder. 如果我还有上学的机会，我会更加努力学习。 If you had come earlier, you would catch the bus. →Had you come earlier, you would catch the bus. 如果你来得早点，你就能赶上公共汽车。 If it should rain tomorrow, we would not go climbing. →Should it rain tomorrow, we would not go climbing. 如果明天下雨的话，我们就不能登山去了。 ③用介词代替条件状语从句 常用的介词有with, without, but for。如： What would you do with a million dollars? (=if you had a million dollars)
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倒装句练习 1. So fast_______ that it is difficult for us to imagine its speed. A. light travel B. does light travel C. travels light D. has light travelled 2.That scientist isn’t too happy with the project, and______________. A. so are her supervisors B. either are her supervisors C. neither are her supervisors D. so her supervisors are 3.______ the door than somebody started knocking on it. A. I had closed no sooner B. I had no sooner closed C. No sooner have I closed D. No sooner I closed 4.Is this beautiful? Yes, it is. ________. A. Rarely before have I seen this B. Rarely I have seen this before
C. Rarely have I seen before this D. Rarely have I seen this before 5._____but he also proved himself a good athlete. A. He showed himself not only a good student B. Not only did he show himself a good student C. He showed not only himself a good student D. Not only he showed himself a good student 6.Nowhere else along the coast____ such shallow water so far from land. A. is there B. there is C. it is D. is 7._____did we try to persuade her to give up her plan. A. In failure B. With no result C. In vain D. With no end 8.______I couldn’t lift the box. A. As I might try
2018年高考英语真题分类汇编 专题06 情态动词和虚拟语气 含答案
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情态动词与虚拟语气
一．情态动词 1.---Could I borrow your dictionary? ----Yes,of course you_____. A.might B. will C. can D. should 2.---Shall we go skating or stay at home? ----Which _____do yourself? A.do you rather B.would you rather C.will you rather D.should you rather 3.It’s nearly seven o’clock.Jack ___be here at any moment. A. must B need C should D can 4.A computer __think for itself ,it must be told what to do. A. can’t B couldn’t C may not D might 5. Johnny,you ___play with the knife.You ___hurt yourself. A.won’t ;can’t B. mustn’t; may C. shouldn’t; must D. can’t; shouldn’t 6.—Shall I tell John about it? -----No,you _____.I’ve told him already. A. needn’t B.wouldn’t C. mustn’t D. shouldn’t 7.---Don’t forget to come to my birthday party tomorrow. ----______. A.I don’t B.I won’t C.I can’t D.I haven’t 8.He ____you more help,even though he was busy. A.might have given B.might give C.may have given D.may give 9.----There were already five people in the car but they managed to take me as well. ---It ___a comfortbable journey. A.can’t be B.shouldn’t be C.mustn’t have been D.couldn’t have been 10.I told Sally how to get there ,but perhaps I ___for her. A.had to write it out B.must to have written it out C.should have written it out D.ought to write it out 11.---When can I come for photos?I need them tomorrow afternoon. ---They ___be ready by 12:00. A.can B. should C might D need 12.---I stayed at a hotel while in New York. ----Oh,did you?You ____with Barbara. A.could have stayed B.could stay C.would stay D.must have stayed 13.-----Alice, you feed the bird today.____? -----But I fed it yesterday. A.do you B.will you C.didn’t you D.don’t you 14.The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone ____get out. A.had to B.would C.was able to D.could
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语法 一、虚拟语气 Ⅰ.suggest；require； order； recommand； insist sb.suggest that …（should）do His suggestion is that… What do you think of his suggestion that 注：suggest,insist表明、暗示 He insisted that he hadn’t made a mistake. Ⅱ.wish 1)对现在的虚拟，用一般现在时 How I wish I were you ! 2)对过去虚拟，用过去完成时 How I wish I had followed your advice. 3)对将来虚拟 could+v.原形 How I wish /If only I could fly in the sky Ⅲ.It is (high)time that…should (should 不可省) It is necessary that… I would rather that… Ⅳ.隐含虚拟 But ;but for ;without ;otherwise without后一般+n. Eg:I could have come to school on time,(but I got up late).=I got up late otherwise. Ⅴ.虚拟条件句 If it didn’t rain tomorrow If it shouldn’t(只能用should) rain tomorrow. If it weren’t to rain tomorrow Were it not to rain tomorrow…/Should it not to… Were I you,… 从句都往过去推一个时态 Ⅵ.时间错纵 If she hadn’t stayed up all night studying,She would feel energetic now .
情态动词虚拟语气练习及答案
@ 情态动词和虚拟语气 1. Jack descried his father, who ________a brave boy many years ago, as a strong-wiled man A. would be B. would have been C. must be D. must have been ） 2. —Good morning. I've got an appointment with Miss Smith in the Personnel Department. —Ah, good morning. You _______ be Mrs. Peters. A. might B. must C. would D. can recommend parents _______ their children under 12 to ride bicycles to school for safety. ~ A. not allow B. do not allow C. mustn’t allow D. couldn’t allow 4. You_______ buy a gift, but you can if you want to. A. must B. mustn't C. have to D. don't have to 5. —I haven’t got the reference book yet, but I’ll have a test on the subject next month. —Don’t worry. You________ have it by Friday. A. could B. shall C. must D. may w_w w. k#s 6. I have told you the truth I keep repeating it A. Must B. Can C. May D. Will ~ 7. Doctors say that exercise is important for health, but it _______ be regular exercise. A. can B. will C. must D. may 8. Just be patient. You ________ expect the world to change so soon. A. can’t B. needn’t C. may not D. will not 9. I’m afraid Mr. Harding ________ see you now. He’s busy. A. can’t B. mustn’t C. shouldn’t D. needn’t 10. I _______ have watched that movie—it’ll give me horrible dreams. A. shouldn’t B. needn’t C. couldn’t D. mustn’t < 11. –May I take this book out of the reading room –No, you . You read it in here. A. mightn’t B. won’t C. needn’t D. mustn’t 12. —Sorry, Professor Smith. I didn't finish the assignment yesterday. — Oh, you _________ have done it as yesterday was the deadline. A. must B. mustn't C. should D. shouldn't 13. — _______ I take the book out —I'm afraid not. *
虚拟语气练习题(含答案)
虚拟语气练习题精选 虚拟语气的重点是： 1．一些常见的虚拟语气的句型或结构。 2．虚拟语气的特殊形式，即用来表示要求、建议、命令、提议、意愿等的主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟形式。 3．主从句表示不同的时间概念、事实或假设情况，从而交错成为复合虚拟语气。 4．含蓄条件句中的虚拟语气的表示愿望的虚拟形式。 上述四个要点往往在完形填空或者阅读理解里面存在，尤其是每年完形填空都至少有一道直接考这方面的知识的题目，而在阅读理解里，我们掌握上述四个重点对于我们理解文章的大意和作者态度很有帮助，了解哪些观点是作者假设的、虚拟的，哪些是真实的，这样对于我们回答关于作者态度观点题很有帮助。 下面我们将主要从上述四个方面来重点论述在考试中应该注意的问题。 一、虚拟语气的常见类型和句型 （1）由wish引起的表示愿望的虚拟语气 A．用wish表示对现在的愿望时，它所引起的宾语从句中谓语动词形式为：过去式（be动词用were）。 B．用wish表示对将来的愿望时，它所引起的宾语从句中谓语动词形式为：would, could, might+ 动词原形。 C．wish用于对过去的事实表示一种不可能实现的愿望时，宾语从句中的谓语动词形式为：had+动词过去分词或could, would + have +动词过去分词。 The picture exhibition bored me to death; I wish I had not gone to it. ---“I let Joe borrow our radio for the afternoon.” ---“That’s all right, but I wish he would buy one of his own.” I wish that he weren’t so lazy. (2)had hoped引起的宾语从句中备用语动词形式为would+动词原形，表示一种过去未实现的愿望或令人失望的事。 His father had hoped that his son would go to business with him, but his son became an artist later. (3)would (had) rather, would as soon, would sooner和would prefer所引起的从句中要求用过去
虚拟语气与倒装句
语法系列复习专题十-----虚拟语气、倒装句型 虚拟语气 虚拟语气是通过特殊的谓语动词形式来表达的愿望、假设、怀疑、猜测或建议等语气，它不表示客观存在。 一、虚拟语气在单句中的用法 常用来表示祝愿、采用固定的倒装句式。例如： Long live the People s Republic of China!中华人民共和国万岁！ be happy! 快乐！ have a good time! 玩得愉快！ May you 祝你 succeed! 成功！ make progress! 进步！ 二、虚拟语气在复合句中的用法： 1．在非真实性条件句和主句中的用法 条件从句主句 一般过去时（be多用于were）would/should/could/might＋动词原形 如果我是你，我会接受邀请的。 If I had time,I would go there. 如果我有空，我就去那儿。 条件从句主句 过去完成时would/should/could/might＋have done 如果你早点来，你就不会错过那辆公共汽车了。 If he had seen you yesterday,he would have returned your book. 如果他昨天见到了你，他就会还你的书的。 条件从句主句 一般过去时（be多用were） would/should/could/might＋动词原形 should do,were to do put off.万一明天下雨，运动会就推迟。（事实上明天下雨的可能性不大。） If you dropped/should drop/were to drop the glass,it would break. 万一杯子掉下来会打碎的。 4）i f的省略 如果条件句中有were,had,should 等助动词，可将if省略，而把were,had或should 置于句首,来表达以if引导的条件句的相同意思。 例如：Should it rain/were it to rain tomorrow,the sports meet would be put off./Had he seen you yesterday,he would have returned your book. 5)条件句或主句的省略 当有上下文或上下句中的语言环境暗示的时候，表示虚拟语气的从句或主句往往可以省略，以避免重复。 例如：——Why didn t you attend the party yesterday? ——I would/should have,but I was too busy then. I was surprised that you didn t like this job.You could have done it better.（后面省略了if you had liked it.） 6)混合时间条件句和主句 条件句和主句的动作发生的时间有先后之差，应按各自动作时间搭配好相应的结构形式。 例如：If the teacher hadn t been ill yesterday,who could give us a lecture now?/If you had
2018年专四真题虚拟语气和情态动词 章振邦语法书页数标注
Subjunctive mood (P122, p. 129. P 143 动词过去完成体P181-190, 395)条件句 14. “I wondered if I could have a word with you.” The past tense in the sentence refers to a __B___. (p128) 2017 A. past event for exact time reference B. present event for tentativeness C. present event for uncertainty D. past event for politeness V. in specific contexts, the simple past can also denote the present or the future time. There are two uses. One is known as the attitudinal past (属于“表态性过去时” (attitudinal past), 即表示说话人当前的试探性态度, 而非过去时间, 多用于表示意愿或心理状态的动词) , that is , the past tense is associated with the present time in independent clauses expressing a question, request or suggestion. Its effect is to make the question/request/suggestion less direct, implying a polite, somewhat tentative attitude试探性态度，婉转语气on the part of the speaker. A: Did you want me? B.Yes, I wondered if you could give me some help . Want, wonder, think, hope
情态动词和虚拟语气
要点一情态动词的基本用法 ,could 【温馨提示】 can有时也用于肯定句,表示理论上的可能性或一时的情况。常译为“有时会”。 ,might 【温馨提示】 may表示请求许可时,其否定回答一般用mustn’t。may not意为“可能不”,而can’t意为“不可能”。 ,would 【温馨提示】 would表示过去的习惯时仅指动作,而且不与现在作对比;used to表示过去的习惯动作或状态,而且与现在作对比,说明现在这种动作或状态已经不存在。
,should,ought to ,have to 【温馨提示】 (1)在回答must的问句时,否定回答通常用needn’t或don’t have to。(2) mustn’t表示“禁止;不许”;而don’t have to表示“不必”。(3) must只有一种形式,而have to有人称、时态的变化。 的用法 的用法
【温馨提示】 (1)dare用作情态动词有dare,dared两种形式。 (2)dare用作实义动词,后接不定式,不定式符号to可省去,但dare以动词-ing形式出现时,不定式符号to不能省略。 要点二“情态动词+have done ”的用法 have done表示对过去已发生的事情进行肯定的推断,只用于肯定句中,意为“一定,必定”,其否定形式为:can’t/cannot have done。 It must have rained last night,for the road was quite wet. 昨晚肯定下雨了,因为路面十分潮湿。 I saw Mr Wang just can’t have gone abroad. 刚刚我还看见王先生了,他不可能已经出国了。 have done意为“本来可以……,本来能够……”,表示虚拟语气。 You could have made greater progress,but you didn’t try your best. 你本来可以取得更大的进步,但是你没有努力。 might have done表示对过去已发生的事情进行推断,意为“可能/或许已经……”。其否定形式为: may/might not have done意为“可能没有做……”。 It’s no use going to his may not have gone may have gone somewhere else. 去他家没用。他可能没有回家,可能已经去了别的地方。 ought to have done表示本应该做某事,却没有做,含有责备或后悔之意。其否定形式为should not/ought not to
虚拟语气和倒装句讲解
一、主句和从句 主句是句子的主干，是句子表达的主要意思，从句的意义从属于主句。 如：麻雀虽小，五脏俱全。这句话要说明的主要意思是麻雀五脏俱全，后一句是句子的主句，前面是从句。 二：关于虚拟语气 第一节：宾语从句(Subordinate Clasue)中的虚拟语气 一、在动词wish后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气 在动词wish后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气，常省去宾语从句的引导词that。 一）、对现在情况的虚拟（与现在的事实相反）： 从句用过去式或过去进行式(时间上是同时的)。其句子结构为：宾语从句的谓语be和were(was)，实义动词用过去式。例： 1. I wish (that可省略,下同)I knew the answer to the question.(wish, 动词过去式knew)我希望知道这个答案。(事实上是不知道) 2. I wish it were spring in my hometown all the year around.(wish, were)但愿我的家乡四季如春。(事实上不可能) 3. I wish I were a bird.(wish, were)但愿我是只小鸟。(事实上不可能) 4. When she was at the party,she wished she were at home.(wished,过去虚拟动词were)(事实上并不在家) 5. Now that he is in China, he wishes he understood Chinese.(wishes,过去虚拟动词understood) 现在他在中国，他希望能懂得中文。(事实上并不懂) 6. When we begin the trip, they will wish they were with us.(will wish,过去虚拟动词were)(事实上并不和我们在一起) 二）、对过去情况的虚拟（和过去的事实相反）： 用wish表示对过去事情的遗憾。其句子结构为：宾语从句的谓语用过去完成时，或would, could, might+现在完成时。例： 1. I wish (that可省略，下同)I hadn't wasted so much time. 我后悔不该浪费这么多时间。(事实上已浪费了) 2. He wishes he hadn't lost the chance. 他真希望没有失去机会。(其实已失去) 3. We wished he had spoken to us. (wished，had + spoken)(事实上他并没同我们讲) 4. I wish you had called earlier. (wish, had + called)(事实上已迟了) 5. They will wish they had listened to us sooner. (will wish,had + listened)(事实上并不如此) 例题分析：I wish I ______ longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class. A. could have slept B. slept C. might have slept D. have slept 动词wish后面接从句，表达不可能实现或与事实相反的情况时，谓语动词要用虚拟语气，即用过去式（表示现在发生的动作）或过去完成式（表示过去发生的动作）。本题后半句谓语动词have用的是过去时had
情态动词和虚拟语气
谓语动词(情态动词、虚拟语气) 要点一情态动词的基本用法 【温馨提示】can有时也用于肯定句,表示理论上的可能性或一时的情况。常译为“有时会”。 2.may,might 【温馨提示】may表示请求许可时,其否定回答一般用mustn’t。may not意为“可能不”,而can’t意为“不可能”。 【温馨提示】would表示过去的习惯时仅指动作,而且不与现在作对比;used to表示过去的习惯动作或状态,而且与现在作对比,说明现在这种动作或状态已经不存在。 4.shall,should,ought to
5.must,have to 【温馨提示】 (1)在回答must 的问句时,否定回答通常用 needn ’t 或don ’t have to 。(2) mustn ’t 表示“禁止;不许”;而don ’t have to 表示“不必”。(3) must 只有一种形式,而have to 有人称、时态的变化。 7.dare 的用法 【温馨提示】 (1)dare 用作情态动词有dare,dared 两种形式。 (2)dare 用作实义动词,后接不定式,不定式符号to 可省去,但dare 以动词-ing 形式出现时,不定式符号to 不能省略。 要点二 “情态动词+have done ”的用法 1.must have done 表示对过去已发生的事情进行肯定的推断,只用于肯定句中,意为“一定,必定”,其否定形式为:can ’t/cannot have done 。 It must have rained last night,for the road was quite wet. 昨晚肯定下雨了,因为路面十分潮湿。 I saw Mr Wang just now.He can ’t have gone abroad. 刚刚我还看见王先生了,他不可能已经出国了。 2.could have done 意为“本来可以……,本来能够……”,表示虚拟语气。 You could have made greater progress,but you didn ’t try your best. 你本来可以取得更大的进步,但是你没有努力。 3.may/might have done 表示对过去已发生的事情进行推断,意为“可能/或许已经……”。其否定形式为: may/might not have done 意为“可能没有做……”。 It ’s no use going to his house.He may not have gone home.He may have gone somewhere else. 去他家没用。 他可能没有回家,可能已经去了别的地方。 4.should/ought to have done 表示本应该做某事,却没有做,含有责备或后悔之意。其否定形式为should not/ought not to have done 表示“本不该做某事却做了”。
高中英语语法-虚拟语气全总结
虚拟语气在非真实条件句中
①错综时间条件句: 当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，被称为错综时间条件句，动词的形式要根据它表示的时间作出相应的调整。如： If you had followed my advice just now, you would be better now. If you had studied hard before, you would be a college student now. ②if省略句 在条件句中可以省略if, 把were, had, should提到句首，变成倒装句式。如：If I were at school again, I would study harder. →Were I at school again, I would study harder. 如果我还有上学的机会，我会更加努力学习。 If you had come earlier, you would catch the bus. →Had you come earlier, you would catch the bus. 如果你来得早点，你就能赶上公共汽车。 If it should rain tomorrow, we would not go climbing. →Should it rain tomorrow, we would not go climbing. 如果明天下雨的话，我们就不能登山去了。 ③用介词代替条件状语从句 常用的介词有with, without, but for。如： What would you do with a million dollars? (=if you had a million dollars) 如果你有100万元，你会做什么？ We couldn?t have finished the work ahead of time without your help. (=if we