功能对等理论视角下科技文本的翻译策略
功能对等理论视角下科技文本的翻译策略
作者：韩宇飞魏洳镝
来源：《北方文学》2018年第18期
摘要：科技翻译旨在准确忠实的表达信息。
本文以功能对等理论为指导，来分析翻译科技文本所采用的翻译技巧和策略，以促进提高译文的翻译质量。
关键词：功能对等理论；科技文本；翻译策略
一、功能对等理论
“对等”是翻译学上的一个关键性问题。
翻译界为此提出了多种理论，其中尤金·A·奈达提出的功能对等理论就是其中最具影响力的理论。
奈达提出了“动态对等”（dynamic equivalence）的翻译原则：目的语读者对译文信息的反应与源语读者对原文的反应之间保持动态上的一致。
奈达随后将其改为“功能对等”（functional equivalence），并指出功能对等也要形式对等，而不只是信息内容对等。
奈达认为，翻译就是要在译入语中以最自然的方式重现原文的信息，首先是重现意义，然后是风格。
但这并不是只顾内容而不顾形式，是在信息对等的前提下，尽量做到形式方面的对等，而当这两者无法兼具时，则优先考虑内容对等。
二、科技文本特征
科技文本有其自身的独特性。
在词汇方面，除去专有术语，主要还是普通的科技词汇和普通词汇。
大部分科技词汇都来自于普通词汇，或者是直接从外语借来，而且随着人们生活水平的提高，一部分科技词又逐渐融入人们的日常生活中，成为了普通词汇。
科技文本在造句方面的语言特点是：结构复杂的长句多，大量使用从句、非谓语动词和后置定语；多用省略、倒装、割裂句式。
而英语又是动态形语言，通过使用各种句型增加了句子信息容量，让句子结构紧凑并富于变化。
在修辞方面，科技文章讲求准确，很少带有感情色彩，很少使用比喻、夸张、排比等修辞手段。
（蒋太培，1985：24）
三、功能对等理论指导下的汉英翻译策略
由于英汉两种语言间存在很多差异，因此翻译科技文本时，为了达到“功能对等”，需要对译文进行调整，用增译等方法补充说明，消除歧义。
为了实现科技文本的严谨，也用了语态转化法，将主动化为了被动语态。
（一）增译法
指根据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式，在翻译时增添一些词、短句或句子，以便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义。
例如：
创新驱动发展战略大力实施，创新型国家建设成果丰硕，天宫、蛟龙、天眼、悟空、墨子、大飞机等重大科技成果相继问世。
Through devoting great energy to implementing the innovation-driven development strategy，we have seen much accomplished toward making China a country of innovators，with major advances made in science and technology，including the successful launch of Tiangong-2 space lab，the commissioning of the deep-sea manned submersible Jiaolong and of the five-hundred-meter aperture spherical telescope（FAST）Tianyan，the launch of the dark matter probe satellite Wukong and the quantum science satellite Mozi，and the test flight of the airliner C919.
這个句子比较长，整体结构较为清晰，但是后半部分具体的科技成就翻译到英文时如果直译，会造成歧义。
译文在此处用了增译法，天宫翻为the successful launch of Tiangong-2 space lab，蛟龙翻为the deep-sea manned submersible Jiaolong，天眼翻为the five-hundred-meter aperture spherical telescope（FAST）Tianyan等，在音译前面加了英文解释，这样翻译便于英文读者理解，使他们明白这些称呼是什么意思，达到功能对等功能，在两种语言中达到了对等，随后的悟空、墨子、大飞机也都用了这种方法，补充了背景知识，实现了对等。
（二）语态变动法
英语中的语态分为主动和被动两种，由于科技文体对句式陈述的客观性要求，以及被动语态的特点，科技文体中被动语态用的较多。
而汉语主动语态用的多，因此翻译时用了语态变动法，将主动转为被动。
例如：
有人强调说：科学的范畴主要可以分为两个主要领域：自然科学和社会科学。
It is stressed that the field of science maybe divided into two major areas：natural science and social science.
这句话在翻译时就是使用了被动句，并增加了形式主语。
这样让句子更加客观。
参考文献：
[1]蒋太培.科技英语翻译的理论与实践[M].北京：海洋出版社，1985.
[2]何王玲.功能对等视角下的科技文本汉译研究[D].天津理工大学，2016.
[3]谭福民，向红.从功能对等理论看法律英语术语的跨文化翻译[J].当代外语研究，2012（10）：52-55+77.
[4]赵丹丹.浅论奈达的功能对等理论[J].文学教育（中），2011（03）：54-55.
[5]张学津.浅议科技文本的汉译英[D].华中师范大学，2014.。
功能对等理论指导下的科技英语翻译策略初探
摘要：当今世界，随着经济全球化逐步深入，不同国家间的经济活动日益频繁。
其中，科学技术的交流占据着相当重要的位置。
因此，对于我国了解到国外最新的科技信息而言，科技英语翻译扮演着极其重要的角色。
本文主要从科技英语文本的词汇和句法这两大层面着手，先分析词汇和句法上的各自特点，然后结合实例阐述在奈达的“功能对等”理论指导下所采用的翻译策略。
关键词：功能对等 科技英语 翻译策略一、引言随着经济全球化的深入发展和中国的改革开放逐步踏入“深水区”，中国和国外的交流愈发频繁。
科技英语（EST，English for Science and Technology）是专门用途英语（ESP，English for Specific Purposes）中最重要的一个分支，不但量大，而且特点鲜明。
加强对科技英语的研究及其翻译策略的深入探讨，对我国的科技进步和经济发展具有非常重大的现实意义。
（一）“功能对等”的定义奈达认为，功能对等的对等具体表现在四个层面：词汇对等、句法对等、篇章对等、文体对等（郭建中，2004）。
“功能对等”要求译文在内容对等的同时，尽可能也要做到形式对等，但优先侧重内容对等。
如果无法做到同时兼顾这两个层面上的对等，就需要在译文中改变原文本的形式，舍弃形式对等，从而保证实现内容、意义上的对等。
（二）科技英语文本的特点（1）词汇特点。
通常出现在科技英语中的词汇可以被分为三大类：专业词汇、半专业词汇和非专业词汇。
专业词汇大多出现在正式的科学技术文档或专著中，占比较小，更多见的是半专业词汇和非专业词汇。
（2）句法特点。
总的来说，在科技英语文本中表现出的句法特征主要有四种，即长句多且结构复杂、被动语态使用多、一般时态的使用多、名词化结构和术语使用多。
二、功能对等理论指导下的科技英语文本翻译策略（1）词汇翻译策略。
词语是语篇的最小组成单位。
一般可以采用直译逐词翻译。
但因为中英文在表达习惯、文化背景上的区别，为了在词汇层面实现功能对等，有时候形式要让位于意义，可能需要采取变换词性、增词减词等方法来实现信息的精确传递。
功能对等理论指导下的科技英语英汉翻译实践报告
功能对等理论指导下的科技英语英汉翻译实践报告
功能对等理论指导下的科技英语英汉翻译实践报告随着世界科技的进一步发展,国内外的交流愈加频繁,科技英语的影响日渐加强。
近年来,水利水电领域的先进技术日新月异。
与此
同时,大量相关英文专著和科研资料层出不穷,使得国内科技人员有了更多的机会接触国外先进技术。
但是科技英语文体的特殊性对译者提出了相对较高的要求且目前对水利水电类原著翻译研究并不多,因此将这些先进的水利水电专著翻译成汉语就显得尤为必要。
本篇翻译实践报告的原文来自澳大利亚的巴里·刘易斯编写的英文原版图书——Small Datns:Planning,Conslruction and Maintenance(《小坝:规划、修建和维护》),本书一共有十章,作者致力于从小坝的设计、修建和维护三个层面来对水利水电行业的相关从业者们进行正确引
导。
本文作者选取原文第一至第二章进行翻译,运用功能对等理论分析了翻译过程中存在的问题,探讨了翻译方法,从而撰写了翻译报告,旨在为从事水利水电领域的翻译工作者提供一些参考。
本报告包括五个章节,即翻译任务描述、翻译过程描述、翻译理论概述、文本案例分析和翻译实践总结。
在功能对等理论的指导下,作者从词汇、句子、语篇三个层面对翻译过程中存在的问题和解决方法进行分析,引用大量的实例来具体讨论翻译技巧。
在词汇层面,作者多采用直译法、意译法、加注法和分译法来处理原文中专业词汇和半专业词汇的翻译难点,使译文尽可能在词汇层面实现与原文在形式和意义上的对等;在句子层面,作者通过分析语法和语义结构,分别采用顺译法、直译法、意译法和增补法来处理原文中被动语态、名词化结构和长难句的翻译上一页下一页。
功能对等理论指导下的生态类科技文本英汉翻译实践报告
大连理工大学专业学位硕士论文摘要随着全球经济飞速发展，城市化的速度也在逐渐提升，空气污染、气候变化等问题也成为了当今环境治理方面的两大重要挑战。
中国作为世界上最大的发展中国家，经济发展速度前所未有，而在建设社会主义现代化强国的过程中，生态环境建成为了社会主义现代化建设的重要内涵。
在此背景下，译者决定翻译《蓝绿解决方案》。
本书主要介绍了来自帝国理工学院的科研团队所研发的创新性城市环境治理解决方案，为城市治理提供新的思路。
该方案在许多国家和地区已经开展了试点工作，而在国内的应用仍是空白。
本次翻译实践的主要目的就是通过对本书的翻译，为我国相关领域人员提供更有价值的借鉴与参考，并为生态类科技英文文本的翻译提供一定的参考和启示。
译者通过对于原文本和同类科技文本进行分析，结合科技文本的文体特点和语法特点，在功能对等理论的指导下，分析了科技文本的翻译过程中存在的问题，通过对翻译技巧的探讨，撰写了本篇翻译实践报告。
本报告包括任务描述、翻译过程、案例分析和结论部分。
其中，案例分析部分为此报告的核心。
译者以奈达的功能对等理论作为指导，从词汇，句法，语篇三个层面探讨翻译过程中遇到的问题，并提出相应的解决办法。
在词汇层面，译者提出了增词、减词，以及对于术语和一般词汇进行的直译或通过语境进行翻译。
在句法层面，译者利用词性的转换和语态的转换，根据中英文表达习惯等差异，对于译文的形式进行适当的改变。
为了实现语篇的连贯和对等，译者采用了调序以及增词的方法。
最后，报告将总结在本次翻译实践中总结的翻译方法以及整个工作的总结以及局限性。
关键词：功能对等理论；科技文本翻译；英汉翻译A Report on E-C Translation of Ecological EST under the Guidance of Functional Equivalence TheoryA Report on E-C Translation of Ecological EST under the Guidance ofFunctional Equivalence TheoryAbstractWith the rapid development of the global economy, the speed of urbanization is gradually increasing, and problems such as air pollution and climate change have become two major challenges in environmental governance. As the largest developing country in the world, China has experienced an unprecedented economic increasing. The construction of the ecological environment has been a core of socialist modernization. Considering the background, the translator decides to translate Blue Green Solutions. This book mainly introduces innovative urban environmental governance solutions developed by the scientific research team of Imperial College to provide new ideas for urban governance. The program has already carried out pilot work in many countries and regions, but its application in China is still blank. The main purpose of this translation practice is to provide a more valuable reference for the relevant fields in China through the translation of this book and to provide reference and inspiration for the translation of ecological EST texts.The translator analyzes the source text and the parallel text combining with the stylistic and grammatical characteristics of the EST text, under the guidance of functional equivalence theory, solves the problems encountered in the translation process and finally writes this translation practice report.This report includes task introduction, translation process, case study and conclusion. The case study is the core of this report. The translator uses Nida’s functional equivalence theory as a guide to explore the problems encountered in the translation process from the three levels of lexical level, syntactic level, and discourse level, and proposes corresponding solutions. At the lexical level, the translator uses addition and omission, as well as literal translation of terms and contextual translation of common words. At syntactic level, the translator uses conversion to make appropriate changes to the form of the translation based on differences in Chinese and English expression habits. In order to achieve coherence and equivalence at discourse level, the translator adopts the method of rearrangement and addition. Finally, the report will have a conclusion of the translation methods in the translation practice and the summary and limitations of the entire work.Key Words：Functional Equivalence; EST Translation; E-C Translation目录摘要 (I)Abstract (II)Chapter 1 Introduction (1)1.1 Background of the Translation Project (1)1.2 Significance of the Translation Project (2)Chapter 2 Theoretical Basis (3)2.1 EST and EST Translation (3)2.1 Overview on Nida’s Translation Theory (3)2.2 Nida’s Functional equivalence (4)2.3 The Application of Functional Equivalence (6)Chapter 3 Translation Process (7)3.1 Pre-Translation Preparation (7)3.2 Analysis of the Source Text (8)3.2.1 Lexical features (8)3.2.2 Syntactic Features (9)Chapter 4 Case Study (11)4.1 Translation at Lexical Level (11)4.1.1 Literal Translation (11)4.1.2 Contextual Translation (13)4.1.3 Amplification and Omission (14)4.2 Translation at Syntactic Level (15)4.2.1 Nominalizations to Verbs (15)4.2.1 Passive V oice to Active V oice (16)4.3 Translation at Discourse Level (17)Chapter 5 Conclusion (21)5.1 Findings in the Translation Process (21)5.2 Summary and Limitations (22)References (23)Appendix I Term Bank and Abbreviation (25)Appendix II Source Text and Target Text (29)Acknowledgments (88)大连理工大学学位论文版权使用授权书 (89)Chapter 1 Introduction1.1 Background of the Translation ProjectUrbanization is characteristic of the modern world. At present, economic and social development is in an important strategic transition period, and urbanization has been given an important historical mission. However, the impact of urbanization on the ecological environment cannot be ignored. How to improve the quality and benefits of urbanization development in accordance with the concept of green development is a challenge faced by China and all countries in the world. As an applied discipline, the translation should make its due contribution to people’s further understanding of the world. It is the mission of our translation students to translate valuable foreign books or materials into Chinese and introduce them to Chinese people to expand international cooperation and promote the better development of our economy.My translation project is a technological report entitled Blue Green Solutions, edited by Čedo Maksimovic and some other contributors. This technological report was fun ded by Climate-KIC, which is a Knowledge and Innovation Community supported by the European Institute of Innovation and Technology. Čedo Maksimovic, the major contributor to this guidebook, is from Imperial College London. His research fields include applied fluid mechanics in urban water systems: storm drainage, urban flooding water supply and interactions of urban water systems and infrastructure with the environment. In addition to lecturing on the MSc and UG courses, Prof. Maksimovic serves as a project coordinator of EPSRC, EU and UNESCO projects in the UK, and other projects in Europe and in other continents dealing with the above topics. This translation project comes from the BGS translation cooperation project that my supervisor discussed with the author at Imperial College.Blue Green Solutions is a guidebook that presents an innovative framework to systematically unlock the multiple benefits of city natural infrastructure [1]. Chapter 1 gives an introduction of Nature Based Solutions (NBS) and Blue Green Solutions (BGS) to prove that the NBS is a mono-function way, which has become increasingly unsuitable for cities nowadays. The Blue Green Dream (BGD) project created a framework for synergizing urban water and plant systems to provide effective, multifunctional Blue Green Solutions (BGS) to support urban adaptation to climatic change. Chapter 2 describes the development process of BGS, the limitations of traditional NBS in urban transitions and the innovative urban transition of BGS. It is pointed out that the BGS is not based on a single discipline to provide solutions for urban transition but is based on the coordination and communication of multiple discipline teams. Chapter 3 describes the design process when planning urban transition with BGS, and reduces the cost to the minimum by coordinating the participation degree of each stakeholder to realizeA Report on E-C Translation of Ecological EST under the Guidance of Functional Equivalence Theorythe maximization of the benefits of urban transition. Chapter 4 describes how to quantify the economic and ecological benefits of the blue-green solution. Chapter 5 is a case study of six pilot units.1.2 Significance of the Translation ProjectThis translation project is significant in the following two senses:Academic significance. BGS elaborated on the relationship between urban design and climate change from the perspective of urbanization. Each contributor is an expert in environmental engineering, civil engineering, energy and economics, and explains the whole process of BGS from pre-design to construction to benefit evaluation. After an in-depth study of climate change, they created new solutions that were different from traditional NBSs. Secondly, the study of climate change involves many factors, including science, energy, politics and economy. Therefore, it is not a simple matter to make it clear. This guidebook makes a detailed case study of the communities, campuses and other places that adopt the BGS to realize construction or renovation, then proves the correctness and innovation of the theory with practice. So this guidebook provides a good platform for the target language readers and related researchers.Realistic significance. The special feature of the BGS is that its target group can be a professional group, as well as developers, factory managers, governments, investors and other stakeholders. This paper presents the theoretical knowledge that BGS takes and the benefits that BGS brings. Translating this guidebook into Chinese is valuable for relevant experts and stakeholders to use for reference in designing urban construction or renovation. In addition, translating this paper into Chinese will provide a window for the public to understand the close relationship between urban development and climate change. As the biggest developing country in the world, China will contribute significantly to global environmental protection and economic development by running her own affairs well. Therefore, translating this book into Chinese can provide more reference programs for China in the construction of ecological civilization.大连理工大学专业学位硕士论文Chapter 2 Theoretical Basis2.0 EST and EST TranslationIn the first chapter, the content of the source text is about the new research in the area of environmental engineering, which is typical English for Science and Technology (EST). Many related studies on the translation of EST texts have shown that the style of EST is characterized by standard language, objective statement, strong logic, a large amount of information and a high degree of specialization. Compared with literary translation, scientific translation requires a translation that is accurate and expressive in content, well-structured and well-defined [2,3]. Therefore, when translating EST texts, the translator must analyze the characteristics and language features of the source text.In the translation process, the translator believes that the ultimate purpose of EST translation is using simple, accurate language to express the same concepts and information as the original to promote scientific and technological knowledge. Therefore, in addition to considering the basic concepts of the translation such as “literal translation” and “parallel translation,” it should also pay attention to the equivalence in the function of the target text and the source text to make sure that the reader or audience may have the same response of the source language receptor [4]. Therefore, from the perspective of the requirements of EST translation and the reader’s response, EST translation coincides with Nida's functional equivalence theory.2.1 Overview on Nida’s Translation TheoryNida’s basic translation ideas can be summarized in the following three points. ①Translation is a communicative activity between languages. ②The goal of translation is to transfer the meanings. ③In order to transfer meanings, the form of the source texts can be adjusted [4]. Nida regards translation as a cross-language, cross-cultural communicative activity, which is in line with the purpose of the EST translation, that is, to convey the latest research in related disciplines, and to provide new research methods for the domestic academic circles. For the second point, Nida’s explanation is: To make the source text reader and target text readers communicate with each other, the meaning of the source texts must be clearly transferred. This is also the most basic requirement for translation of the source text. Since the habit of Chinese and English expressions are not the same, in order to achieve translation, the forms of language expressions must be changed. EST has its own textual characteristics, and we must correctly grasp these characteristics in translation, and reproduce the information of the source language with the closest and natural equivalents[5]. This is the core point of functional equivalence theory.A Report on E-C Translation of Ecological EST under the Guidance of Functional Equivalence TheoryIn addition to functional equivalence theory, Nida believes that the translation process can be divided into following four stages, namely analysis, transfer, restructuring and test [5]. ①Analysis is mainly to determine the meaning of the original text. The meaning here refers to the meaning of words, phrases, grammar, syntax and discourse structure. That is, the translators must grasp both the meaning of the content and the characteristics of the form. ②Transfer is to transfer the information analyzed from the source language to the target language. ③Restructuring is to reorganize the words, syntax and discourse features to achieve maximum comprehension of the target receptor. ④Test. To expose the deficiency of translation based on testing the reader’s response. Transfer, restructuring and test is a process that needs to be repeated in the translation process in order to do the best translation. Therefore, in the translation process, the characteristics of the original text should be analyzed first. After having a complete grasp of the content and linguistic characteristics of the original text, it should be translated sentence by sentence.2.2 Nida’s Functional equivalenceThe core of Nida’s “f unctional equivalence” theory is to make the translated text arouse the same effect on target readers as close as possible as the source text on its readers [6]. Dynamic equivalence (or functional equivalence) is an approach to translation in which the original language is translated “thought for thought” rather than “word for word” as in form equivalence. For Nida, in translation, the meaning is first, and form is second, namely the priority of functional equivalence over formal equivalence. The “function” of a language refers to the verbal role that a language can play in its use. Different languages must be different in grammar or expression habits, but they can have the same or similar functions to each other. So that the key to translation is the target text can produce the corresponding effect of the source text in the cultural background of the source language in the cultural background of the target language. Nida emphasizes that the key to translation is “equivalence,” “in formation,” “meaning,” and “style” [7].As mentioned earlier, “translation is a communicative activity,” the purpose of translation is to seek the “equivalence” of the source language and target language. The information conveyed by translation is not only superficial textual information but also deep cultural and social information. Nida expounds dynamic equivalence from four aspects: lexical equivalence, syntactic equivalence, textual equivalence and stylistic equivalence [8].(1) Lexical equivalence: The meaning of a word is decided by its use in the language. Find the corresponding meaning in the target language.(2) Syntactic equivalence: Translators must not only know whether the target language has such a structure, but also understand how often this structure is used.大连理工大学专业学位硕士论文(3) Discourse equivalence: In the discourse analysis, we can not only analyze the language itself but also how the language conveys the meaning and function in a specific context.(4) Stylistic equivalence: Translation works of different styles have their own unique language characteristics. Only when mastering both the source and target language characteristics and being proficient in using both languages, can translators create a translation work that truly reflects the source language style.Under the framework of functional equivalence theory, EST translation should follow the following principles [9]:(1) Faithfulness to the original author: in translation, we should pay special attention to the unity of the target text and the original text, and follow the principle of “faithfulness to the original author.” On the basis of this principle, the translator should give full play to the role of the original text, requiring the translator not only to understand the thinking mode of the source text but also to fully understand the communicative function of the source text to the source text.(2) Serving the target language receptors: take full account of the r eader’s understanding of the translation and use the most “natural” form of language translation. This “naturalness,” on the condition that the target language recipient’s understanding needs are satisfied, includes two meanings: the translation should be authentic, and the translation should be read in a natural way, so as to avoid translationese.(3) Fully considering the function of information: in the EST translation, the translator should fully consider the cultural background of the target language, and based on this background, fully consider the information function. If the target readers have strong professional knowledge of related fields, maximally retain the original style and words of science and technology in the text, English professional term will not affect their reading and understanding, the target language reader can completely rely on their professional skills to understand English paragraph means of science and technology. If the target language reader has the weak professional knowledge, the translator should strive to achieve the equivalence from words to sentences as far as possible so as not to affect the target language readers to further understand the meaning and improve their reading experiences.In translation practices, Nida believes that the most important equivalence is the semantic equivalence. For EST translation, the author believes that the translator must first grasp the style of EST, that is, the stylistic characteristics of EST must be clarified in the pre-translation preparation. Secondly, translators should adhere to the principle of lexical equivalence and semantic equivalence in translation, so that the content of the source texts has the same effect as the source texts.A Report on E-C Translation of Ecological EST under the Guidance of Functional Equivalence Theory2.3 The Application of Functional EquivalenceAs mentioned above, the core of functional equivalence is that the receptors’ response to the target text is the same as the original response to the source text. Given this, Nida defines translation as “reproducing the source messages in the target language from meanings to stylistic features with the closest natural equivalents[10]”. Guided by functional equivalence theory, the translator of this report tries to seek equivalence as far as possible from perspectives of lexicon, syntax and discourse.First of all, by applying the “functional equivalence theory,” the translator first takes the reader’s response to the text as the most important factor in translation practice from the perspective of the discourse. “Lexical equivalence” emphasizes the equivalence of meaning and part-of-speech in EST translation as well as the equivalence of communication functions by adding and deleting words; “syntactic equivalence” requires translators to get rid of constraints of forms and express the meaning of the source texts clearly and completely. The functional equivalence theory also takes into account the logical relationships between words and between sentences to flexibly change the part of speech. For scientific and technological styles, it is particularly necessary to pay attention to the structures such as passive voice, attributives, adverbials, etc. Based on the first two types of equivalence, translators are required to proceed from the whole passage, reasonably arrange sentence groups, and pay attention to the logical relationship between sentences. “Stylistic equivalence” is the top priority of all equivalence strategies. The writing style of a scientific article should not be similar to literary styles, such as a novel.Secondly, the four steps of translation emphasized in Nida’s theory also play a guiding role in translation practice. The analysis section allows the translator to determine the style and the linguistic features of the source texts before translating. The text analysis before translation facilitates the translator to achieve stylistic equivalence in translation, which is of great significance to the realization of functional equivalence in the EST translation. Transfer and restructuring require translators to flexibly apply various translation strategies in lexical and syntactic translation according to the four translation principles of equivalence and functional equivalence mentioned above, to achieve functional equivalence in translation. In the process of proofreading, the quality of the translated text should be determined according to the standards proposed by the functional equivalence theory, in addition to determining whether the translation achieves four equivalence.The functional equivalence theory points out a way for translators to EST translation, which has great guiding significance for translators’ translation practice.大连理工大学专业学位硕士论文Chapter 3 Translation Process3.1 Pre-Translation PreparationTranslation preparation is necessary for the translation project. For EST translation, according to the functional equivalence theory, the translation should achieve stylistic equivalence with the original text, which requires the translator to have a holistic grasp of the stylistic features of the original text. In this translation practice, the source text has many terms, and consistency of the terms is one of the important criteria to measure the quality of translation and is also one of the important tasks of proofreading. So, it is necessary to have preparation before translation. With careful preparation, the translation work will be effectively completed, and high-quality translation will be delivered in a timely manner. Therefore, after receiving this translation project, the author of this report first makes the following translation preparations.For the terminological consistency, the translator chooses to use computer-aided translation software (hereinafter referred to as CAT). The advantage of CAT is that the same content will not be translated twice, which saves the workload of terminological consistency. In this translation project, the translator uses SDL Trados Studio 2019. Its advantages are shown in the following aspects: translation memory (TM), matching, and termbase (MultiTerm). The memory function and matching function of Trados complement each other. The memory function refers to the automatic storage of the translation and the sorting, establishment and continuous updating of the memory base in the process of translation by Trados, and the matching function refers to the analysis of the source text and the target text with the help of Trados to accurately identify the corresponding sentences and paragraphs, and automatically pop up the matching sentence paragraph when similar sentence paragraphs appear in the following paragraphs. With the help of the memory and matching function of Trados, the source text can be better understood according to the existing translation, qualified translation can be produced, and the consistency of the same type of text can be maintained. MultiTerm can standardize all the professional terms. The translator only needs to establish one or more standard term lists containing the source language and the target language. By opening the corresponding term list in Trados, the system will automatically identify which terms have been defined in the text and give the standard translation, which effectively keeps the terminological consistency and accuracy [11].Because there are a large number of technical terms in “Blue Green Solutions,” the author of this report prepares some dictionaries. In addition to dictionaries, the author prepares relevant translation books, such as A Course in English-Chinese Translation, which is written by Zhang Peiji, Functional Translation Theory and ESP Translation Study written by Wang Miao. In addition, The translator has a preparation of parallel texts. In the EST translation, understandingis the premise. Only when the meaning is understood correctly can a concise and correct translation be produced. English of science and technology covers a wide range of disciplines, and it is difficult for translators to be familiar with or master all the professional terms in various fields. In the process of EST translation, the elaboration and determination of terms require time and effort, and mistranslations often occur due to a lack of professional knowledge and contextual knowledge. By introducing parallel text, the translator can get a general understanding of the common terms and expressions in this field, and turn the terms in the text into his own vocabulary reserve, so as to effectively and accurately solve the problem of term translation[12], so as to ensure accurate and appropriate semantic equivalence during the translation. In addition, Nida’s theory of stylistic equivalence requires that the target text should fulfill the same function of the source text, so as to satisfy the way of expression of the target text. By using parallel text, in addition to the accurate expression of vocabulary, it also contributes to the overall smoothness of the target text and the functional equivalence of the original text. In addition, parallel text can also effectively help translators expand their knowledge, improve their ability to identify various professional terms, and find subtle differences among different meanings with a rigorous attitude, so as to select appropriate translation strategies and convey the original meaning to readers accurately and smoothly. Therefore, the translator prepares relevant parallel texts.3.2 Analysis of the Source TextDifferent from the literary text, the EST text has its own characteristics and features. In order to describe the objective world accurately, the style of science and technology texts should be concise in the form, coherent in the semantic expression, and objective in the use of language.3.2.1 Lexical featuresThe lexical features of the source text include three main points:Terminology. The purpose of science and technology text is to deliver technical information or science facts. To achieve this point, the terminology is widely used in science and technology text to ensure the accuracy of the content. Blue Green Solutions is a technical report which gives a new method in urbanization and city reconstruction, in which numerous terminologies are used to demonstrate the theories proposed in the report. As the following table 1 shows, some terms are demonstrated. The rest of the terms and abbreviations refer to Appendix I.Tab. 3.1 Technical WordsST TTPhotovoltaics 光伏Topography 地形、地貌Adiabatic Cooling 隔热冷却Evapotranspiration 蒸散Semi-technical word. The semi-technical words in the science and technology texts are basically derived from common English vocabulary, which referenced in a professional, scientific and technological field. Most of this type of word polysemy, which has both non-technical and technical meanings [13].Example 1. This means that interventions such as tree pits and green roofs are better equipped to manage, for example, extreme rainfall events.Example 2. A key advantage is that being vegetation based, their construction and operation has a low carbon and materials footprint.In example 1., “green roofs” is not literally referred to as a roof with green color. It is a concept of “planting on rooftops, balconies, walls, the top of underground garages, overpasses, and other special spaces of buildings and structures that are not connected to the ground, nature, and soil [14].”In example 2., “footprints” refers to “The area of a biologically productive area that is needed to maintain the survival of a person, region, or country, or that can accommodate waste emitted by humans [15].”Abbreviation. Abbreviations are easy to write, identify and remember. In science and technology English, there are a large number of vocabulary abbreviations and abbreviations.Example 3. The Blue Green Dream (BGD) project built upon and expanded the SUDS and WSUD Historical development of Blue Green Solutions (BG-S) via SUDS and WSUD concept to produce a systematic, quantitative framework for utilizing the full range of ecosystem services that NBS provide, yielding Blue Green Solutions.3.2.2 Syntactic FeaturesThe syntactic features in the source text include the following two main points:Passive voice. According to statistics, one-third of the verbs in science and technology texts are used in passive forms. The science and technology texts focus on narrative and reasoning. The reader pays attention to the author’s point of view or the content of the invention, not the author himself. To emphasize and highlight the author’s point of view and inventions, more passive voices are used in EST texts than general English texts [16].Example 4. All interactions are therefore systematically mapped, modelled and quantified to enable the design team to make a decision using quantified performance indicators.。
功能对等理论指导下科普文本的翻译
2、语法对等：学术英语通常具有特定的语法结构和表达方式。在翻译过程 中，译者应尽量保持源语的语法结构，以确保目标语读者能够理解和欣赏源语的 独特之处。
3、语用对等：在学术英语翻译中，语用对等强调的是翻译中上下文和语境 的考虑。译者需要理解源语中的文化背景和语境，并在目标语中寻找相应的表达 方式，以确保目标语读者能够理解和接受。
最后，在功能对等理论指导下的广告翻译策略，还需要语言问题。目标语言 要符合语法规范，避免出现语言漏洞或逻辑缺陷；目标语言要与原广告的语言特 点、文化内涵、受众需求相符合。此外，目标语言要有利于推动广告效果的转化， 增强受众的阅读兴趣和度。例如，可以使用简单易懂的语言来吸引消费者的注意 力，同时也可以使用具有感染力的词汇和修辞手法来增强广告的吸引力。
Translation:
The Andromeda Galaxy is the closest spiral galaxy to our own, with a distance of only 2.5 million light-years. Its name comes from the fact that it appears as a blurry blob to the naked eye, resembling an island in the sky. In fact, the Andromeda Galaxy is so large that it can be seen with the naked eye as a blurry blob in the c
参考内容
在翻译领域，尤其是诗歌翻译中，功能对等理论(Functional Equivalence) 具有极高的指导价值。这一理论强调，翻译的目标不仅仅是词汇或句法的对应， 而更应是功能的对应。在诗歌翻译中，这意味着不仅要传达原文的表面含义，还 需传达出原文的情感、意象、风格等更深层次的内容。
功能对等与科技英语名词化的翻译
功能对等与科技英语名词化的翻译功能对等（Functional Equivalence）是一种翻译实践，认为翻译者应该尽可能准确而且准确地表达原始意义，将被翻译作品中的英语语句与目标语言中的语句功能对等。
简而言之，它是一种将英语句子名词化的“翻译”，即用现有语言和文字去模仿原文句子所表达的意思。
最典型的功能对等翻译是把英语句子转换为其他语言或翻译为多种语言。
例如，将“The cat is hungry.” 这句英语句子转换为其他语言，例如中文可以是“猫饿了”，西班牙语可以是“El gato está hambriento.”。
功能对等的目的是实现句子之间的语法上的关联性，与英语中的句子一样，多种语言的句子也要具有联系性，句子的内容应当准确地反映原句的意思，它也蕴涵了对文本中的所有语法要素的完整性和准确性，这样才能表达原句所要表达的最终意思。
功能对等有许多优点，首先它可以有效控制文本的长短，使翻译句子和原句一致；其次，它可以保证翻译精确，最大程度地保留原句语义；第三，它也确保翻译文本保持原文的一致性和准确性，具有较强的可读性；第四，它提高了翻译的可靠性和可复制性，因为每一句的翻译都能够保持比较准确。
而科技英语名词化的翻译，则是把专业术语或行话转换成不同语言中的专业术语或同义词，也就是把英语科技术语作为一种译入语的替换物。
科技英语名词化的翻译大多使用科技术语，这样原句的意思和准确性可以得到维护。
它的好处在于，它有助于传达技术知识，使读者以正确的方式理解技术概念；并且，它能有效地解决语言的文化冲突，确保翻译的正确性。
综上所述，功能对等与科技英语名词化的翻译是对英语语句保留原句语义的一种有效方法，是一种实现准确性，通顺性以及可复制性的“翻译”。
因此，在翻译英语论文时，应当加以利用，最大程度地保持原句内容的意义和准确性，从而最大程度地传达想要表达的意义。
功能目的论视角下的科技文本翻译策略
功能目的论视角下的科技文本翻译策略作者：张雪杨东英来源：《卷宗》2020年第13期摘要：在全球科技大发展的背景下，科技文本的地位越来重要、作用越来越突出。
目的论作为功能派的核心理论，在指导科技文本翻译方面具有重要意义。
本文根据科技英语文本特点，探究功能目的论视角下的科技文本翻译策略。
关键词：功能目的论;科技文本;特点;翻译策略1 功能目的论与科技翻译德国的翻译理论家弗米尔和赖斯提出了“功能目的论”的概念。
目的论由以下三个重要原则构成：目的原则、连贯原则和忠实原则，其中所有翻译活动遵循的首要原则就是目的原则，因为翻译目的决定着翻译行为，而翻译行为则取决于翻译目的。
（刘军平，2009：378）。
连贯原则认为译文文本应符合译入语国家读者的文化背景和社会环境，强调译文在译入语环境中的可读性和可接受性。
忠实原则强调原文和译文之间的文本内的一致性，即原文所传递出的信息与译文读者所接收到的信息应该是一致的，忠实程度由读者的接收程度来决定（郑宇婷，2015：3）。
科技文本翻译是为了将科技知识进行语言转换，从而实现读者的学习目的。
因此，在目的论的指导之下，译者要确保科技文本翻译的忠实准确和规范专业，帮助读者实现学习目的，促进双方交流学习。
2 科技文本特点2.1 词汇特点科技英语词汇包括纯科技词汇或称专业技术词汇、通用科技词汇和半科技词汇。
纯科技词汇在科技英语中出现频率不高，仅限于固定专业领域使用，严谨规范，词义精确单一，在国际上通用，如diode（二极管），transistor（晶体管），semiconductor（半导体）等。
通用科技词汇与纯科技词汇区别在于使用范围更广，用到不同的专业技术领域都是专业术语，如frequency（频率），既可指声波或电磁波振动的频率，也指无线电信号每秒电波频率。
半科技词汇是在科技英语中使用的普通词汇，词义繁多，搭配灵活，偏向于书面语，大词和长词使用频率也高于普通英语。
如service基本词义是“服务”，在科技领域转义为“运转、操作、供应”等;表达“充足的”在普通英语中使用“enough”，科技英语中则采用“sufficient”表达。
功能对等理论视角下的语言文化翻译策略研究
功能对等理论视角下的语言文化翻译策略研究功能对等理论是翻译学中的重要理论之一，它提供了一种实用的翻译方法。
在该理论视角下，语言文化翻译策略的研究变得更为深入和系统。
本文将从功能对等理论视角出发，探讨语言文化翻译策略的研究。
一、功能对等理论的概述功能对等理论最早由美国著名翻译学家尼达姆（Eugene A. Nida）提出，他将翻译视为一种由原语言（SL）到目标语言（TL）的信息传递。
在这个过程中，译者需要有意识地实现源语言的功能等效于目标语言的功能。
尼达姆认为，功能是语言最基本的特性，每种语言都有其特定的功能。
因此，功能对等的实现是翻译的基本要求。
功能对等理论提供了一种实用的翻译方法，译者可以在保证信息传递的基础上，实现原文与译文的功能对等，从而实现翻译的目的。
语言文化翻译策略是指译者在翻译过程中，根据翻译任务的不同，选择不同的翻译策略。
根据功能对等理论的观点，语言文化翻译策略应该实现功能等效，即使得目标语言的功能等同于源语言的功能。
因此，在选择翻译策略时，需要综合考虑文本类型、语言风格、读者背景等因素。
1、直译策略直译是一种字面翻译，直接将原文中的词语、结构等翻译成目标语言中的对应词语、结构等。
直译的策略适用于一些比较规范化、流程化的文本，如技术操作手册、公共指导等。
直译在实现语言文化对等的同时，也能够保证信息传递的准确性。
意译是对原文中的意思进行转换，进行补充、删减、概括等操作。
意译的目的是为了适应目标语言的特点和读者的背景，使得译文更容易被理解和接受。
意译的适用范围比较广泛，特别适用于文学、新闻等类型的文本。
意译强调信息传递的同时，也强调语境的重要性，译者需要根据语境进行合理的处理。
借译是指将源语文化中的一些特定词语、表示方式等直接引入目标语文化中，以达到翻译目的。
借译的策略适用于一些特定的文本类型，如宗教、哲学、历史等。
借译可以在保留源语言文化特色的同时，也可以丰富目标语言的文化内涵。
4、调整策略调整是指在翻译过程中，针对原文中的某些结构、语气等进行适当调整，以适应目标语文化和读者背景。
功能对等理论视角下科幻小说的翻译策略研究
爆肚、二锅头是中国地摊食品特色文化的重要组成部分， 也体现出大史是草根出身，这就使人物形象更加生动。这类 小吃词汇对于英语读者来说简直是天方夜谭，如果随意改写， 将失去原有的意义，因此译者对此进行批注，详细解释了地 摊食品的概念及组成。
（一）保留原文应有的特色 功能对等理论本身的作用在于对源语文化内涵的再现， 达到消除两种文化差异性的目的。因此，关于科幻小说的翻译， 翻译者应保留原本的特色，致力于创造与原文语义内涵、文 化特色一致的翻译作品。翻译者以功能对等理论为翻译视角， 能有效提升科幻小说文本翻译的准确性与整体性。由于在科 幻小说翻译的过程中，需要对两种语言进行转换，再加上两 种语言分别代表着不同的文化内涵，翻译者在翻译的过程中， 无法呈现与原文本内涵完全相同的翻译作品，但是应遵循保 留原文应有特色这一原则，最大限度地再现源语文化。 （二）遵循再现原文原则 在语义翻译过程中，如果意义与文化不能兼顾，那么翻 译者应适当舍弃形式方面的对等，通过转变译文原文的形式， 来达到语义与文化再现的目的。例如，英语俗语“white as snow”，如果按照普通的翻译，则是“白得像雪”，但是考 虑到热带地区常年无雪，在当地的文化背景中，人们并不能 理解雪的纯白与洁净这些概念。但是通过借助功能对等理论 进行翻译，改变翻译词汇的形式来消除文化的差异性，从不 同文化背景出发，在翻译过程中对比喻对象进行变化，如“白 如云彩”“白如鹭毛”等 [2]。 二、功能对等理论下译者应具备基本素质 中国科幻小说《三体》和《北京折叠》连获两届国际雨果奖， 虽然离不开原作的精彩内容，但从译著的角度来讲，译者自 身的素质直接决定了作品的质量。以下针对译者的双语能力、
基于功能对等论下的科技英语翻译策略
基于功能对等论下的科技英语翻译策略中国石油大学(华东)文学院刘帆【内容摘要】随着经济的发展和科技的进步,科技英语越来越受到人们的关注。
基于“功能对等论”下的科技英语翻译,注重文章的逻辑思维和对等性,符合译入语的文化内涵。
因此,“功能对等论”下的科技英语翻译对于英语翻译工作者具有很重要的意义。
【关键词】功能对等科技英语翻译科技英语(Engl i s h f or s ci ence and T echnol ogy,简称EST)从20世纪70年代开始逐渐演进发展为一种科技文体,科技工作者们广泛的应用其问题。
据统计,国外知名杂志上很多科技文章,就包含着专业英语词汇,并且数量还不少。
在科技英语的翻译上,柰达“功能对等论”被广泛的应用,对于翻译工作者产生了很大的影响,具有一定的指导意义。
一、功能对等理论最早提出功能对等理论的是柰达,研究功能对等理论有助于我们更好的研究英语翻译。
功能对等理论包括两个方面的含义:一个方面是动态的对等;另一方面是形式的对等。
对于形式对等的理解是,在翻译时候,要保持句子结构的一致,不同成分的一致;而对于动态对等的理解是,不管是句子的翻译还是词语的翻译,在翻译的前后,语气、语义或者所表达信息都应该一致。
二、科技英语语言特征1.科技英语词汇特征科技英语不同于大众英语,有其特殊性。
虽然他涉及的种类很多,专业性也很广,但是不像通用英语会有一次多意的现象出现。
科技英语有个重要的特征就是非技术词汇的出现。
非技术词汇一般会被赋予一些特殊的含义,被赋予这些含义之后,他的词义就被定义了,不能延伸也不能扩展。
例如:英语中pupi l这个词,有很多种含义,既可以表示瞳孔也可以表示学生;m ous e这个词可以表示鼠标也可以表示老鼠等等,像这类型的词还有很多。
非技术词汇是说明在不同的领域不同的情况之下有着不同的含义,翻译的时候,专业的翻译人员要根据其在整篇文章特征和词语所在的位置,根据其特点反复的推敲琢磨这类型的词语在文章当中的含义,确保翻译的准确性。
“功能对等”理论在科技英语名词化汉译中的应用
教育与培训“功能对等”理论在科技英语名词化汉译中的应用鲍海春(吉林大学珠海学院，广东珠海519041)摘要：通过一篇具体科技文本的翻译实践，探讨“功能对等”理论在科技英语名词化汉译中的应用，分别例证分析了直译、词类转换、增添与省略和小句化四种名词化结构汉译的方法a关键词：功能对等；名词化结构；翻译策略中图分类号：G4 文献标识码：A doi：10. 19311/j,cnki. 1672-3198. 2016. 16. 0931科技英语的名词化特征作为传播科学技术知识的书面媒介，科技英语文本具有客观、严谨、简洁等正式语体的特征0名词化结 构因其客观、正式、准确的特点在科技英语中被频繁应 用（刘蓉，2015:122)。
名词化结构往往起到承载信息的作用，准确顺畅地将名词化结构译为目标语言才能真正达到科技翻译的目的。
名词化是指从其他某个词类形成名词的过程，或 指从一个底层小句得出一个名词短语的派生过程（克 里斯特尔，2000: 240)。
由此可见，将名词化结构译为目标语时不应拘泥于名词这一单|语言形式，而是该 把英文中名词化结构的派生过程考虑在内，灵活地运 用目标语进行转换增删，从而以多种结构呈现原文的意图。
2奈达的“功能对等”理论奈达的“功能对等”理论恰恰体现了翻译过程中的 灵活性，奈达认为，翻译是用最恰自、自然和对等的语 言从语意到文体再现源语的信息（郭建中，20G0:65 )6“语意”即内容，“文体”则表现为语言形式d根据奈达 的理论，在动态对等翻译中，译者着眼于原文的意义和精神，而不拘泥于原文的语言结构，即不拘泥于形式对语言教学考核模式应采平时考核和期末考核两种，设 该科目考查总分为100分，平时考核分占50%，其中，考勤、小程序测验分、案例设计分别占10%、15K、2S M，案例设计主要包含工程应用能力的考核；期末考 核分占50%，卷面笔试和机试分别占25%，机试主要 用于考查学生设计能力和工程应用能力。