国际贸易案例分析论文 英文版
国际经济与贸易英语论文
国 际 经 济 与 贸 易 论 文The contribution of foreign trade to China's economic growth analysis Summary: Although in recent years, China's exports continued strong growth,rapid expansion of trade surplus, rising position in international trade, import andexport commodity structure further optimize. But our economy still shows four uncoordinated: uncoordinated, uncoordinated merchandise trade and trade inservices, foreign trade of the eastern and western uncoordinated, uncoordinatedtrade and industrial s peed and efficiency. These uncoordinated has seriouslyaffected China's foreign trade growth in the quality and efficiency of foreign trade$ 2 trillion by 2020, by the number of goals, the traditional mode of growth isdifficult to achieve. This paper analyzes the status of China's trade from the start, to clarify the new situation adhere to quality realistic options strategies to improve the quality awareness of products and services, changes in competitive strategy of lowprices, and strive to build the core competitiveness of Chinese enterprises, China's manufacturing to China from the realization of create change.Keywords: international trade, our manufacturing, our creationFirst, the current development of China's foreign tradeChina's foreign trade has made remarkable achievements. China's current tradegrowth mode presents the following characteristics:（一）To expand the number of typeSince the reform and opening up, China's foreign trade developed rapidly, with anaverage annual growth over the same period the average annual growth rate in theworld of international t rade. Scale to promote the export of China's ranking inworld exports（二）the processing tradeAfter China's reform and opening up, the development of processing tradevery quickly, once reached more than 50 percent of China's total imports and exports, up 56.9 percent. In the 21st century, the processing trade has beengradually replaced by general trade, became the dominant position in China's foreign trade. And the concern is the rapid rise of China's processing trade and foreign direct investment behavior is closely related.（三）"three capital" enterprises have become the main exportSince the reform and opening up, China's foreign trade by guiding policy and industrial policy, foreign direct investment continues to grow. Foreigninvestment in China is mainly to fancy our huge market and low labor costs.Foreign-invested enterprises to adopt the great quantities of production,procurement of raw materials in foreign countries, domestic processing, production and export of products. Foreign exports accounted for more than 50% of the country's exports.（四） the export market structure is relatively simpleWith the development of economic globalization and regional economicintegration, China and neighboring countries and regions and regionaleconomic cooperation with other trade partners booming marketdiversification to achieve greater development. However, the proportion of the top ten trading partners of China's total imports and exports, total exports andtotal imports are still relatively l arge, top ten trading partners trade has accounted for more than 80% of China's total imports and exports, have declined until 2011 . The United States remained China's largest export market, Japan is still the largest source of imports.Second, the contribution of foreign trade to economic growth and the main problem of the existence of（一）Contribution of the Foreign Trade and Economic Growth1 imported factors of production can directly increase the supply of factors ofa country, for most countries, due to differences in resource endowments, the production can not completely have all the elements required for production, then the imports of production factors become a prerequisite for economic growth; for most developed countries, in the course of its economic take-off, without exception, have obtained through imports from less developed countries stable and cheap industrial raw materials, importing large quantities of these factors of production, on the one hand make up the lack of domestic supply of relevant elements, it also greatly increased the production of corporate profit margins, which is to maintain the level of domestic investment and thus promote economic growth played a significant role in promoting; for most developing countries, not only with the Like developed countries, the need to import some domestic scarce natural resources, and more importantly, developing countries generally lack the ability to produce modern machinery and equipment, advanced equipment imported by obtained from thedeveloped countries, its economic development played a crucial role.China's foreign trade in the process of rapid development, someenterprises lack of scientific management, the overall strength is weak; single means to participate in international competition; product non-pricecompetitiveness is not strong, the lack of its own brand and marketing network;low export levels, many products are still in the low end of the international division of the value chain links, the added value is not high. Extensive trade growth mode has not changed fundamentally, economic and social benefits tobe further improved.2 export development can be "driven" to increase domestic and foreign investmentFactor income of a country's export sector factor income is much higher than import-competing sectors. That is, the average profit margin of the export sector level higher than the average profit margin of import-competing sectors.Thus, it will have a substantial increase in domestic investment, "cause" part of the domestic export sector inflows factor in domestic factor mobilitymechanism is relatively smooth conditions, a large number of elements of theinflow means export sector. In addition to the increase driven by domesticinvestment outside the rapid development of the export sector will a ttractsome foreign investors to enter. As an important component of the foreigndemand for capital formation, which directly affects the formation of capital, which is directly related to the speed of economic growth. Coupled with the operation of foreign capital into the domestic counterpart funds, so active inthe entire national chain and become an incentive for economic growth.3 can be driven by the expansion of exports to increase domestic employmentForeign trade impact on a country's domestic employment levels, especiallyas our country such a large developing country with rich labor resources, the significance is undoubtedly a far-reaching and significant. American economist Anne. Kruger has made a study of this system. Professor Kruger that the choice of open trade strategy will also help job growth in developing countries. 30 years of reform and opening up, China's foreign trade to GDP growth rate higher than therate of rapid development, while the export commodity structure has also undergone major changes, from the export of primary products to manufacturedgoods into the main productive labor time intensive products industry has developed rapidly. Exports increased requirements to increase production, increase production and thus increasing employment needs. Professor Kruger believes compatible with different trading strategies trade policies will directly affect technology choice for all i ndustries, thus affecting the industrial c apital / labor ratio.4 Foreign trade can promote the formation of economies of scaleTraditional international t rade theory usually assumes constant returns to scale, that foreign trade does not exist economies of scale. In practice, however, the reality is assumed that the development of international trade is not consistent. U.S. economist Paul Krugman · R · believes that countries are increasingly similar, more imperfect market competition today, instead of the economies of scale factorendowments differences have become the main reason for the promotion of trade development. We know that many industry only reach a certain size in order to reduce costs, relying solely on the size of a small domestic market often can not be achieved. And one country to vigorously promote exports, expand the international market, the domestic industry can be formed that economies of scale to create the conditions.（二） At present the problems of China's foreign trade1. A low price competition caused by the gradual increase in anti-dumpinginvestigationAccording to China's Ministry of Commerce statistics, in June 2011, China's state-sponsored by other anti-dumping investigations has reached more than 600 since. In 2010 alone, China's anti-dumping investigation of 51 cases, involving 1.79 billion U.S. dollars, h as for 13 consecutive years as the world's anti-dumping investigations than any other country. Anti-dumping is for dumping purposes, theso-called dumping refers to the export price of a product at a price lower than the normal value of the market into another country. Dumping appeared, some countries are considered to be unfair trade practices and to be resisted by the legislative anti-dumping measures to protect the domestic industry. According to "Anti-Dumping Agreement," the implementation of anti-dumping measures musthave three basic elements: dumping, the causal link between the damage, dumpingand injury.Because our products generally have a clear price advantage, making international competitors and trading partners to take defensive or offensive trademeasures against Chinese products, and anti-dumping measures is most likely tobe used. Also according to "Anti-Dumping Agreement" provides for products fromnon-market economy countries, the normal price in determining the dumping, the importing countries generally use the price "alternative country" as the base price. Many trading partner of our products, as a non-market economy country, in determining the margin of dumping of the product is often deviated from WTOrules, select the price of other "alternative country" as determined in accordance with the normal price of the product. As the "alternative country" system flexibility so as to abuse of the importing country, "cut right amount ofand irrationality,freedom" in determining the dumping country when looking for an alternative toopen the door.2.Economies of scale and social imbalanceCurrently, there are 172 kinds of commodity production in the world, "China's manufacturing" has been in many countries around the world, penetrated intoevery corner of life, many countries consumers irresistible products. The scale of China's manufacturing expanded rapidly in the rapid increase in the share of world manufacturing the same time, there is a lot of regret: product exports nearly 30% share in total exports, the common feature of these products is the lowvalue-added, the price is very low , net of costs, the profit is very low, some products even price gains of only a few cents. U.S. exports equivalent to a Boeing airliner of 200 000 -30 million color TV sets exports.China's economic development is still stuck on to consume natural resources atthe expense of environmental quality development model. Rely on putting in a lotof natural resources and social resources in many areas has made the world'smarket share, but also caused a rather severe environmental problems. Environmental pollution and ecological destruction is increasingly becoming theimpact of global economic and social development issues, and to become the focusof people's attention.Third, adhere to the "quality win" strategyImprove the quality of trade growth quality and efficiency of export goods is a signof the national spirit, not only related to the efficiency o f enterprises, b ut alsorelated to the international image of our products. To better implement the "quality win" strategy, companies must the consumer's point of view, the product selectivityin durability, aesthetics, functionality, reliability, service, compliance, reputation and other aspects of comprehensive improve product and service quality, and increasethe added value of export products, and further optimize the export structure, tocreate its own brand of high-value and enhance the international competitivenessof export enterprises.（一）increase the export of non-price competitivenessProvided to meet the needs or desires of the target consumer products is the key to successful operation. Products are anything to offer to the market tomeet the needs and desires in the market include physical goods, services,experiences, events, people, places, property, organization, information andideas. Non-marketing guru Philip. Kotler believes Products include coreproduct, expected product, additional p roducts and potential interests, basicproducts five levels, e ach level adds more customer value, customer value hierarchy constituted. From the essence of today's product competitiveness isnot what companies in factory production, but other than that they increasethe plant in the form of other values, such as packaging, services, advertising, customer advice, financing, delivery arrangements and people seriously. Consumers generally from the factor characteristics and quality of products, product mix and quality of service, product prices and other judges he contacted products.1.Grasp customer price psychology, clever set commodity pricesAs the product information asymmetry, as well as non-professional consumers to buy, consumers in the purchase of goods, especially in the less familiar items to buy their own, always consciously or unconsciously, with the price and quality of goods intrinsic value linked to the price of goods as an important yardstick to measure the quality of the merits and value of size. They tend to believe that commodity prices are high, it means that the product is good quality, g reat value; low commodity prices, t hen the difference in the quality of goods, small value. Enterprises in the correct pricing strategy, t heprice must be in-depth study of the psychological impact on consumers, their prices grasp the psychological characteristics and can not take the low-price strategy.2 manufacturing customer perceived valueConventional wisdom is that as long as the price of the product is lower than competitors can seize more market . Reflect changes in the market price is the most sensitive factor for competitive products on the market position and market share has a direct impact . However, this effect is only limited in the industrial economy era , when corporate mission is to manufacture productsand sell products , but in the knowledge economy era , the task has become a manufacturing enterprise value and transfer value to the enterprise market competition into energy consumer competitive price competition rather thanthe value created by the product . The key goal of marketing is to correctly determine the customer's needs and desires , and more effective than competitors better target customers transferred the desired product or service , these products or services to meet consumer needs or solve the problems theyface tool. If the competition between enterprises blindly stuck in price competition stage , it will not only damage the interests of enterprises , and consumers are not necessarily derive a higher value because of price competition is necessarily accompanied by low-quality products and servicesand may also undermine the corporate image. With differentiated products ,high value-added services , such as core technical capabilities to compete , the benefits accruing to compete more generous than the low bleed . Companiescan earn huge profits , but also to compete for market share is more than the low significance. With the success of the enterprise should be a strength , corporate profits s hould be derived from the value of the market, but neveragainst opponents should be the purpose of business .Combined with the status quo of China's specific n ational conditionsand development of enterprises, the paper argues that treat green, technical barriers and trade friction from abroad, to calmly. On the one hand shouldchange their concepts, trade friction is clearly in the process of rapid economic development, a normal phenomenon, it i s difficult to avoid, and objectivelyrational measure friction, the impact of barriers to trade and the economy. On the other hand should take this as an opportunity to improve the capability of independent innovation, enhance scientific and technological content ofproducts. In addition, from the perspective of consumer psychology, low price competition for corporate branding strategy with hazards, Chinese enterprises should make full sense of urgency and mission, and strive to improve the value of the products, attention to technology investment, enhance productdevelopment and management, led export products.References:1．LiYushi.Changes in China's foreign trade2．LiJiaqin:On the Realization of Foreign Trade both a fundamental shift several issues3．YiShuoxiang:Changes in the competitive and comparative advantage ofthe growth mode4．JianXinghua:On China's foreign trade growth mode transformation5．LongGuoqiang:Foreign trade growth mode where to start6．ZhaoShuiqin:Reflections transformation of foreign trade growth mode 7．LiJunsheng:China's foreign trade and economic growth8．LiYuju:Accelerate the transformation of China's foreign trade growth 9．GuoKesha:The contribution of foreign trade to China's economic growth analysis10．XuJianbin: the current development of China's foreign trade。
我国国际贸易的作文英文
我国国际贸易的作文英文Title: The Role of International Trade in China。
International trade plays a pivotal role in the economic development of China, serving as a catalyst for growth, innovation, and global integration. This essay delves into the significance of international trade for China, its impact on the economy, and the strategies employed to enhance competitiveness in the global market.First and foremost, international trade has been instrumental in propelling China's economic growth over the past few decades. Since the implementation of economic reforms and the opening up policy in the late 1970s, China has experienced unprecedented expansion in its trade volume. By leveraging its abundant labor force, natural resources, and strategic geographical location, China has emerged as a global manufacturing hub and a major player ininternational trade.One of the primary benefits of international trade for China is the influx of foreign capital and investment. Foreign direct investment (FDI) has poured into various sectors of the Chinese economy, fueling industrialization, technological advancement, and infrastructure development. This influx of capital has not only stimulated economic growth but also facilitated the transfer of knowledge, skills, and technology, contributing to China's capacityfor innovation and industrial upgrading.Moreover, international trade has played a crucial role in diversifying China's export markets and reducing its dependence on any single market. By expanding its trade relations with countries across the globe, China has mitigated the risks associated with regional economic fluctuations and geopolitical tensions. The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), for instance, has provided new avenuesfor trade and investment, enhancing connectivity between China and its trading partners along the ancient Silk Road routes.Furthermore, international trade has enabled China toaccess a wide range of goods and services from foreign markets, fostering consumer welfare and enhancing the quality of life for its citizens. Through trade, China has gained access to advanced technologies, machinery, and raw materials that are crucial for sustaining its industrial production and meeting the demands of a growing domestic market.In addition to its economic benefits, international trade has also contributed to China's diplomatic and geopolitical objectives. By actively participating in regional and multilateral trade agreements, such as the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) and the World Trade Organization (WTO), China has positioned itself as a responsible stakeholder in the global trading system. This has enhanced China's soft power and influence on the international stage, paving the way for greater cooperation and mutual understanding among nations.Despite its numerous advantages, China faces challenges in the realm of international trade, including trade tensions with major trading partners, protectionistmeasures, and geopolitical uncertainties. To navigate these challenges and sustain its economic momentum, China has adopted a multifaceted approach that includes diversifying its export markets, enhancing domestic consumption, promoting innovation-driven development, and pursuing economic diplomacy.In conclusion, international trade occupies a central place in China's economic development strategy, driving growth, innovation, and global integration. By capitalizing on its comparative advantages and embracing the opportunities offered by globalization, China has emerged as a leading player in the international trade arena. Looking ahead, China remains committed to further opening up its economy, deepening cooperation with its trading partners, and contributing to a more inclusive and prosperous global economy.。
国际贸易英文案例及解析
国际贸易英文案例及解析1. A Chinese exporter signed a CFR contract with an importer in American on canned meat for an amount of US$50000,with payment by D/P at sight. On the morning of May 5,2006,the goods were all loaded onto the named vessel. The Chinese salesperson in charge of this contract was so busy that he forgot to send the buyer the shipping advice until the next morning. Unexpectedly, when the American importer went to the local insurance company to insure the goods, the insurance company had already learned that the ship suffered a wreck on May 6 and refused to insure the shipment. The American importer immediately sent a fax to the Chinese exporter saying "owing to your delayed shipping advice, we are unable to insure the goods. Since the vessel has been destroyed in a wreck, the loss of goods should be for your account. At the same time, you should compensate our profit and expense losses which amount to US$50000."Soon all the shipping documents sent through the collecting bank were returned to the Chinese exporter ,for the reason that the importer refused to take up the shipping documents. Who should be responsible for the loss and why?The Chinese should be responsible for the loss. As per the clause of CFR term, the exporter is responsible for notifying the shipping details ASAP and the importer can arrange the insurance in time. If the notify delayed and cause the loss without insurance covering, the exporter must bear the loss.2.A Chinese international trade company exported a batch of walnut to England on the basis of CIF London.As it was a seasonal commodity,it was stipulated in the contract that the covering L/C should reach the seller before the end of September.The seller guaranteed that the vessel would reach the port of destination not latter than December 2.If the vessel reached the port of destination later than that day,the buyer was entitled to cancel the contract.In case the payment had been made,the seller should return the payment to the buyer .Then,where do you think the crux lies in this case?In this case, the crux lies is the date of reaching the destination.Because it is normal for vessel delay on sea shipment. The seller cannot control the shipping times on the sea. So the L/C should amend for the reach time, instead of the departure time.。
关于外贸英文作文
关于外贸英文作文英文：As an experienced international trade professional, I have encountered various challenges and opportunities in the field of foreign trade. One of the most common challenges is the language barrier. When dealing with clients and suppliers from different countries, it is essential to have a good command of the English language. For example, when negotiating a contract with a Chinese supplier, I had to ensure that the terms and conditions were clearly understood by both parties. This required me to use simple and concise language to avoid any misunderstandings.Another challenge in foreign trade is the cultural differences. Different countries have different business etiquettes and customs, and it is important to be aware of these differences in order to build strong relationships with clients and suppliers. For instance, when working withJapanese clients, I had to be mindful of their strong emphasis on respect and formality. This meant addressing them with proper titles and using polite language in all communications.On the other hand, foreign trade also presents numerous opportunities for growth and expansion. By tapping into new markets, businesses can increase their customer base and boost their sales. For example, when I helped a client enter the European market, they were able to diversifytheir customer base and increase their revenue significantly. This not only benefited the company financially but also enhanced their reputation as a global player in their industry.In conclusion, foreign trade is a dynamic and challenging field that requires a deep understanding of language, culture, and business practices. By overcoming these challenges and seizing the opportunities, businesses can thrive in the global marketplace.中文：作为一名经验丰富的国际贸易专业人士，我在国际贸易领域遇到了各种挑战和机遇。
国际贸易策略英语作文
国际贸易策略英语作文Title: International Trade Strategies: Promoting Global Prosperity。
In today's interconnected world, international trade plays a pivotal role in driving economic growth andfostering global prosperity. Countries worldwide formulate various trade strategies to capitalize on opportunities, mitigate challenges, and maximize benefits. This essay explores key components of effective international trade strategies and their significance in promoting economic development.Firstly, a robust international trade strategy involves fostering bilateral and multilateral trade agreements. These agreements facilitate the flow of goods and services across borders, reduce trade barriers such as tariffs and quotas, and create a conducive environment for businessesto thrive. For instance, the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) and the European Union's Single Market are prime examplesof successful trade agreements that have enhanced economic integration and competitiveness among participating countries.Secondly, an effective trade strategy emphasizes the importance of diversification in export markets. Relying heavily on a single market exposes economies to vulnerabilities arising from geopolitical tensions, economic downturns, or policy changes in that particular market. By diversifying export destinations, countries can mitigate risks and ensure a more stable revenue stream. China's Belt and Road Initiative, aimed at enhancing connectivity and trade among Asia, Europe, and Africa, exemplifies the significance of diversification in promoting sustainable economic growth.Furthermore, a comprehensive trade strategy incorporates measures to address trade imbalances and promote fair trade practices. Persistent trade deficits can strain domestic industries and lead to job losses, undermining economic stability. Countries employ various tools such as currency manipulation monitoring, anti-dumping regulations, and trade remedy mechanisms to rectify imbalances and ensure a level playing field for domestic producers. The World Trade Organization (WTO) serves as a platform for resolving trade disputes and upholding the principles of free and fair trade among member states.Moreover, an effective trade strategy embraces innovation and technology as drivers of competitiveness in the global marketplace. Embracing digitalization, investing in research and development, and promoting technological advancements empower businesses to enhance productivity, streamline supply chains, and create high-value-added products and services. Silicon Valley in the United States and Shenzhen in China are exemplars of innovation hubs that have revolutionized industries and propelled economic growth through technological innovation.Additionally, sustainable development lies at the core of a forward-looking trade strategy. Environmental degradation, resource depletion, and climate change pose existential threats to humanity's future. Therefore, trade policies should prioritize sustainability by promoting eco-friendly practices, renewable energy sources, and green technologies. Initiatives like the Paris Agreement and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) underscore the importance of integrating environmental considerations into trade policies to ensure long-term prosperity for present and future generations.In conclusion, international trade strategies are indispensable tools for fostering economic growth, enhancing global cooperation, and addressing shared challenges. By embracing openness, diversification, fairness, innovation, and sustainability, countries can unlock the full potential of international trade and create a more prosperous and inclusive world. It is imperative for policymakers to adopt holistic approaches that prioritize the collective well-being of humanity while harnessing the opportunities presented by globalization.。
关于国际贸易的英语小作文
关于国际贸易的英语小作文International Trade。
International trade refers to the exchange of goods and services between countries. It has become an important aspect of the global economy and has facilitated the growth of many businesses worldwide. In recent years, the volume of international trade has increased significantly, thanks to the advancement of technology and the liberalization of trade policies.The benefits of international trade are numerous. It allows countries to specialize in the production of goods and services in which they have a comparative advantage. This leads to increased efficiency and lower costs, which ultimately benefits consumers. International trade also promotes competition, which encourages firms to innovate and improve their products and services. In addition, it provides access to a wider range of goods and services, which can improve people's quality of life.However, international trade also has its challenges. One of the biggest challenges is protectionism, which is the practice of imposing tariffs, quotas, and other trade barriers to protect domestic industries from foreign competition. Protectionism can lead to a reduction in trade flows, higher prices for consumers, and a decrease in overall economic welfare. Another challenge is the issue of labor standards and environmental regulations, which can vary significantly between countries. This can lead to concerns about unfair competition and the exploitation of workers in countries with weaker labor standards.To address these challenges, countries have established international organizations such as the World Trade Organization (WTO) to promote free and fair trade. The WTO sets rules and regulations for international trade and provides a forum for resolving trade disputes. In addition, many countries have entered into regional trade agreements, such as the European Union and the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which aim to promote trade and economic integration among member countries.In conclusion, international trade is an important aspect of the global economy, providing numerous benefits to countries and consumers alike. However, it also poses challenges that need to be addressed through international cooperation and the establishment of fair trade rules and regulations. By promoting free and fair trade, we can create a more prosperous and sustainable global economy.。
关于国际贸易的英语文章
关于国际贸易的英语文章随着我国经济和对外贸易的同步快速增长，国际贸易活动也日益增多。
下面是店铺带来的关于国际贸易的英语文章，欢迎阅读!关于国际贸易的英语文章1ON THE JOB： FACING BUSINESS CHALLENGES AT BLACK & DECKERPower- Tool Maker Has a Remodeling Project of Its Own Nolan Archibald had a bit of a mess on his hands. He had recently been promoted to chairman and CEO of Black & Decker，a multibillion-dollar power-tool manufacturer that was having profit problems and losing market share. Most troublesome，the company was generally annoying many of the wholesalers and retailers it relied on to sell products to consumers and construction professionals.The company had developed a reputation for being arrogant，to put it mildly. In the words of a former Black & Decker employee，referring to Archibald's predecessors： "Management seemed to think it had the answer to every question and would generously impart its wisdom to the masses：' Such an attitude nearly got Black & Decker kicked out of Wal-Mart， the largest retailer in the United States. Not the best plan for selling products， to say the least.In addition， inventory shortages plagued retailers. If a Black & Decker product turned out to be popular with the public，retailers had a pretty good chance of running out of it because Black & Decker put a lot of emphasis on meeting its internal financial goals. The company restrained production toward the end of the year to make sure its inventory levels dropped quite low. This practice made Black & Decker's financial statementslook good， but it was driving retailers away.To make matters worse，Archibald's predecessors had recently purchased General Electric's entire line of small household appliances (at the time， the biggest brand transfer in history)， and although the new line of products provided a strong stream of revenue， it gave Black & Decker yet another distribution headache. Before the acquisition，most Black & Decker products were sold through hardware stores，home-improvement centers，mail-order retailers，and discount stores. To be successful，small appliances had to be sold through department stores as well，and Black & Decker had little experience in this area. Unfortunately the company tried to use the same approach it had used with power tools，which served only to alienate the department stores that had grown used to good treatment from General Electric.How could Nolan Archibald repair the bad reputation that Black & Decker had gained with wholesalers and retailers? How could he combat the pressure from competitors who were trying to push Black & Decker off the shelf? How could he handle the new small appliances， given the company's lack of experience? In short， what steps could he take to ensure Black & Decker's survival and continued success?Meeting Business Challenges at Black & DeckerIt's hard to say which is more impressive： the speed at which Nolan Archibald and his colleagues turned around the corporate culture or the thoroughness of the results. Black & Decker used to be a manufacturer driven by financial measurements; it is now well on its way to being Archibald's vision of a worldwide marketing powerhouse. The company's approach to managing its marketing channels is a central component of the new Black& Decker.The change started with strategic planning， as it should. In Archibald's own words："You analyze the problems that are unique to the company and the industry and then determine what the strengths and weaknesses are. Then you develop a plan to leverage the strengths and correct the weaknesses." Archibald and his colleagues made sure that marketing channels were a part of that strategic plan. Moreover，the new approach manages channels as a vital marketing resource，rather than simply as a pipeline for pumping products to customers.The analysts who have observed Black & Decker's remarkable turnaround point out several aspects of channel management that have been a vital part of the success. The first change was simple but most important：more respect for marketing intermediaries. Black & Decker had a tough act to follow when it acquired General Electric's small-household-appliance line. Known as "Generous Electric" in some circles， GE went out of its way to be a good supplier. This effort included ample support of retailer promotions，deep inventories to prevent product shortages in the stores， and a general level of respect for the people and organizations on the front line. Black & Decker's efforts to improve relations started by emulating this regard for retailers. Out of this new respect flowed assistance. Black & Decker took several important steps to help its channel partners. One of these was implementing a segmented channel strategy that focuses specialized sales assistance on the company's two major groups of customers：industrial or professional customers and retailers. This channel strategy allows Black & Decker to give each kind of intermediary the unique help it needs. Another key step was to train its sales force thoroughly，not only in mastering product performance but also in helping retailers with inventory management，purchasing，and in-store product displays. Also，the promotional budget was beefed up to help pull customers into retail stores.Giving assistance is now mutual. Black & Decker established a number of dealer advisory panels， which retailers can use to give the company feedback on new products customers would like to see. By using its channel as a source of marketing-research information， Black & Decker benefits by getting a better picture of customer needs， and the retailers benefit by being able to deliver the right products.Coordinated physical distribution is another change that helps both the company and its intermediaries. T o better mesh its delivery systems with the needs of distributors and retailers，Black & Decker changed virtually every aspect of its physical distribution. This overhaul included new locations for distribution centers， modified transportation policies， and more powerful systems for managing and coordinating information.Increasing the number of products held in inventory is another important step. Maintaining a deeper inventory gives retailers the confidence that they'll be able to keep up with demand， particularly during the Christmas shopping season，when many tools and small appliances are purchased.Yet another element in Black & Decker's strategic plan is growth through acquisition，which has been tied closely to marketing channel management. The $2.8 billion purchase of Emhart is a good example. Some observers criticized the move，which gave Black & Decker a big presence in hardware. However，the logic was clear after a second look：Some of Emhart's products (like lawn and garden tools， sprinkler systems， locks，and faucets) fit in perfectly with Black & Decker's existing consumer goods channels; other Emhart products mesh well with the industrial channels. The units of Emhart that didn't align with the existing marketing channels were put up for sale.Black & Decker's dramatic turnaround is convincing evidence of the importance of managing marketing channels effectively. Its sales are growing in every channel of distribution it uses. In fact，the company is starting to be praised as a strong marketing organization that helps create demand for its retailers.关于国际贸易的英语文章2ON THE'JOB： FACING BUSINESS CHALLENGES AT IKEAOpening the Door to Sales on Two CoastsWhat's yellow and blue， as large as seven football fields，and filled from floor to ceiling with furniture? The answer， as millions of shoppers from Budapest to Burbank have learned， is an Ikea store. Based in Denmark， Ikea operates more than 139 warehouse-sized furniture stores in 28 countries. The retailer opens between five and ten outlets every year，and no two grand-opening advertising campaigns are exactly alike，because no two audiences are exactly alike. For instance， when Ikea opened stores in Elizabeth， New Jersey; Burbank; California; and Manhattan， New York; Ikea president Anders Moberg knew that the markets for each of these stores were as different as Coney Island hot dogs and avocado salad.Ikea's international success has been anything but an overnight phenomenon. Founder Ingvar Kamprad came up with the company name in 1943 by combining his own initials with the first letter of his farm， Elmtaryd， and the first letter of his native parish，Agunnaryd (similar to a county in the United States)。
国际贸易的论文国际贸易英语论文
国际贸易的论文国际贸易英语论文国际贸易的论文——国际贸易英语论文Introduction:In today's globalized world, international trade plays a vital role in the economic development of nations. As businesses expand beyond domestic boundaries, the ability to communicate and conduct transactions in English becomes increasingly important. This paper aims to explore the significance of English in international trade and its impact on global business.Section 1: Importance of English in International TradeEnglish as the Lingua Franca:English has emerged as the lingua franca of international trade. It serves as a common language for various stakeholders, including exporters, importers, shipping agents, international organizations, and policymakers. The prevalence of English facilitates effective communication, negotiation, and collaboration among these parties.Cross-Border Communication:Proficiency in English enables individuals to overcome language barriers and effectively communicate with international partners. The ability to express ideas, negotiate terms, and understand business requirements in English enhances the efficiency of international trade activities. Clear and accurate communication is essential to building trust and fostering successful trade relationships.Access to Information and Resources:English is the primary language used in international trade literature, market research reports, and industry publications. A strong command of English provides individuals with access to a wealth of information and resources that are crucial for market analysis, identifying potential business opportunities, and staying updated with global trends. Without English proficiency, individuals may face difficulties in leveraging these resources.Section 2: English Skills Required for International TradeBusiness English:Proficiency in business English is essential for international trade professionals. This includes a strong grasp of business vocabulary, grammar, and usage. Business correspondence, such as emails, letters, and contracts, needs to be written clearly and accurately to avoid misinterpretation or misunderstandings. Additionally, the ability to give presentations, negotiate deals, and participate in meetings effectively requires a high level of English proficiency.Intercultural Communication:International trade involves working with individuals from diverse cultural backgrounds. Understanding cultural nuances and norms is crucial to building successful relations and avoiding potential conflicts. English proficiency enables individuals to navigate through cultural differences and promotes effective intercultural communication.Section 3: English Training and Development in International TradeEnglish Language Courses:To meet the growing demand for English proficiency in international trade, many educational institutions and language training centers offer specialized courses focusing on business English. These courses aim to enhance participants' language skills, develop industry-specific vocabulary, and improve presentation and negotiation skills.Corporate Training:Many companies invest in English language training programs for their employees engaged in international trade. These programs are designed to improve employees' English proficiency, enabling them to communicate effectively with international partners and clients. Tailored training programs address specific industry requirements and equip employees with the necessary language skills.Conclusion:English proficiency is a crucial factor in the success of international trade. It facilitates effective communication, enables access to information and resources, and promotes intercultural understanding. Proficiency in business English and intercultural communication skills are necessary for individuals engaged in international trade. To meet the increasing demand for English proficiency, specialized courses and corporate training programs are available to enhance language skills. As international trade continues to grow, the importance of English in this domain will only increase further.。
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Contents1.Introduction (1)2. The gains of International trade to the involved countries………………….……1.3.The effect of international trade (2)4.Negative impacts of International trade (3)5.Conclusion (3)6.Reference (4)1.IntroductionTo start with the issue, it’s necessary to know what is International trade at the very first beginning. International trade refers to those transactions that including the exchange of any kinds of sources among nations. The most possibly trading content is those what a country did not produce while its citizens have the demand of it .The demand for such goods has finally becomes a big net all over the world. It’s called International trade in modern society. Ancient people tried many ways to exchange from others, and till now International trade is still one of the main form of communications.2.The gains of International trade to the involved countriesAs the case showed, it’s easier to get touch with other country’s leader in nowadays. People have more opptunity to communicate with others outside nationwide. In order to cater the citizens’ demand for goods, governing class has th e responsibility to find the right international trade partners to bring benefits to it’s own people. The case said that with the increasing investment in Cambodia, both side were pleased about the result, such as a decreasing percentage of unemployed (for Cambodia, the exporting country), a movement of domestic economy and a better social life environment (for Singarpore, the importing country). (Ecological Economics，2012)The gains from international trade were not only in economy, but also in culture area. The exchange of goods brings the communications of different lifestyle. People from both sides could have a better understanding of each other that could strengthen the relationships between countries.In addiction, the exchange of service and technology accelerates the less developed countries to become more competitive in the world. On the other hand, those technologies could be transferred into resources for the exporting countries in theaction of trading. This relationship could be easily revealed in the case.3.The effect of international tradeInternational trade is not a politic issue, it reveals in people’s everyday life. Try to imagine that you could buy a tasty American fruit just in a nearby supermarket, or use a advanced computer you just see in a Japanese movie. It is even impossible to get an iPhone if there is no International trade! In order to get those goods outside the country, it is important to develop domestic industries so that the country could get things that its citizens want. By trading to other countries, the opportunities of self-development becomes easier than before. Numerous resources could be imported, in the process; citizens could get a better education environment and catch up new technologies just by a click. One has more choices in life and work. The world was connected as a whole.GDP, a numbers shows the income of production in nation, is an effective way to evaluate a nation’s competitive power. While a country was involved into International trade, the creation of national output and income is defiantly important to it. This could directly influence the sense of citizens’ happiness and satisfaction. (Journal of Cultural Economics, 1999) A country develops its main industries could exchange more valuable source from other countries.International Trade also influences the relationships over countries. Cooperation was placed in the first stage. The import and export actions shows the how the relationships between areas. It contributes to world peace and area development, solves the shortage and surplus problems. The case tells that Singapore’s investment increase causes a corresponding raising import from Cambodia, so the investment in Cambodia is worth doing for Singapore.4.Negative impacts of International tradeIn many aspects, International trade plays a key role in social life, otherwise, there were negative impacts to a country .The most remarkable phenomenon is protectionism. Many countries charges a high tariff to the imported, as a result, the price of imported goods would be raise. When citizens were choosing what to buy, the cheaper home goods would possibly be their choice, and the International trade would be restricted, though domestic industries have got protected, it is harmful to the free market. At this point, Singapore has little protectionism and most import goods were duty-free in nation. Trading protection is not only a disaster in political communication, but also a disaster for the domestic industries. The development of native industries would be slow down or stopped. The consequence could separate in many fields.As mentioned above, protectionism is not fit to the principle of comparative advantages, while a phenomenon called dumping is also remarkable. Governments noticed that this phenomenon should be controlled in a rational level, many countries even set laws to punish those companies which dumping goods in others areas. Dumping would cause the importing country suffer from the unfair economic competition, many native labors would lie out from their positions, GDP may decrease and the development of the country would be limited (Smith Thomas, 1998) The negative impacts sometimes hide behind short-time benefit. Some laws works only in a very short period and then cause big problems. Refer s to Singapore’s attitude towards trade policy, there was little possibility to cause such negative result. An open market is always welcomed and safe in any situations.5.ConclusionHaving been pointed out so many views about International trade, and connecting tothe case given above, it is obviously to see that Mr. S.Iswaran’s trip to Cambodia would works well on strengthening two sides’ business ties. With a more frequent communication and an increasing investment in Cambodia, this kind of International trade could bring both economic and cultural benefits to the people from each side. As the statement said in the case, the rising data showing that two countries were enjoy the achievement from International trade. Singapore’s trade policy should be an example to other countries. Over International trade, a less development country could become a unit that dependent on itself. (Advanced International Trade, 2001). On the long run, it is believed that two countries would develop their advantages in the process as the business ties becoming more and more tight.ReferencesSmith, Thomas (1998)“The Addiction to Culture”. Paper presented on the biannual meeting of the Association for Cultural Economics International in Barcelona, June14–17,1998.Harken, P. (2010). The ecology of commerce: A declaration of sustainability. Harper Business.7（1），43-1Throsby, David (1999) Cultural Capital. Journal of Cultural Economics 23: 3-12(this issue).Tinbergen, Jan (1962)Shaping the World Economy: Suggestion for an International Economic Policy. Twentieth Century Fund, New York.Robert C. Fenestra (2001), Advanced International Trade.。