美国社会与文化词汇

bazzard 兀鹰spangle 闪闪发光the Star Spangled Banner 星条旗之歌banner 条幅geographical division 地理分区be abbreviated to 缩写为be situated 位于northern temperate zone 北温带plateau 高原tableland 台地highland 高地the Gulf of Mexico墨西哥湾boundary line 国界线prairie 大草原reach 绵延的大片地区（河流两个弯曲处之间的河段或运河两闸门之间的直水道）Guam关岛Puerto Rico 波多黎各Virgin Island 维尔京群岛Virgin Marry 圣母玛利亚inlet 海湾；湖湾；河湾habor a place of shelter for ships 海港港口fishing industry 渔业havoc 大破坏；浩劫；大混乱play havoc with （口）造成巨大混乱（或困难）NAFTA Norhtern America and Mexico Trade Agreement北美自由贸易区so far as 根据就。

travel as far as you likeSo far as the geographical features areconcerned, the large territory of the continental United Srates can be divided into 3 basic areas.the Atlantic Seacoast 太平洋沿岸地带the Appalachian Mountains 阿巴拉气雅山the Great Mississippi River Basin密西西比河盆地the Rockey Mountains落基山the Middle Atlantic Seacostthe most densely populated region 人口最密集地区the continental American streches 4,500 kilometers from the Atlantic Ocean on the east to the Pacific Ocean on the west美国西临大西洋，东濒大西洋，东西横跨4,500公里America’s relative position in relation to othercountries美国和其他国家的相对位置relieve v. relieve the Uitied States of the burden to maintain a large frontier army along its borderas a matter of factthe trade between America and Mexico is climbing 美墨贸易额正在攀升cooperation based on mutual benefit 以互利为原则的合作Along the Atlantic Seacoast is a narrow plain which begins far up the coast and becomes wider as it goes south.heavily wooded moutaindeep valleyin the deep souththis area appears to be very flat which rises gradually toward west西高东低tourist resort旅游胜地the water supply for cities 城市供水to creat electric power发电shortage of fresh water 淡水短缺cover a distance of some 2,00 kilometers in widththe Middle West中西部cattle raising牧牛业majestic雄伟的；庄严的Arctic北极的；北极地区的Continental Divide/ Great Divide watershed 分水岭，分水线precipitation降水量consequently所以geyser间歇泉hot spring温泉mud volcano 泥火山fossil forests volcanic glass 火山玻璃，黑曜岩，松脂岩the Sierra Nevadathe Great Basin 大盆地rainfall 降雨Death Valley 死亡谷the Coast RangesCentral valleyalluvium 淤泥，冲击土irrigate灌溉sugar beet 甜菜bean 大豆Bering Strait 白令海峡Alaska(1.5 million skm), which faces Russia across the 80 kilometers-wide Bering Strait ,is seperated from mainland America facilitate make easy or less difficult or more easily achievedgive rise to 导致sierra 锯齿山脊cascade小瀑布owe to都亏了；由于landform地形地貌merorable worth remembering; not to be forgottenthe Sun Belt 阳光地带tropical热带的harass trouble and annoy continually or repeatedunbroke land 完整的土地The snow piles up to 6 meters high insomeplaces.A few inches more or a few inches less of rain during the growing season may make the difference between success and failure. dust storms 沙尘暴steel mills 钢厂ore 矿石taconitesteam plant 蒸汽动力厂plastic 塑料coal deposit 矿层coal reserves矿藏zinc 锌copper 铜silver银phosphate rock 磷酸盐oil well 油井barrel 桶petroleum 石油gasoline汽油offshore area 离岸地区natual gas 天然气the shortage of domestic supplies of energy国内能源短缺publicizeembargo贸易限制arable 可耕的；适于耕地的；可耕地；大田作acre英亩annual 每年的；年度的acreage an extent of land 一片土地gas/ oil field 气田油田pipeline 管道管线befit 适合适宜humid (空气或气候)温暖潮湿的；温暖湿润的mileage 英里里程inland transportation 内陆运输navigable 可航行的；可通行的power genneration 发电sewer 下水道drainage basin 流域盆地dam坝hydroelectric 水力发电的seasonal 季节性的artery 动脉主要道路干线join Missouri joins the Mississippi at St. Louis.course 行道课程讲座silt 淤泥chief 主河干tributary 支流drain (of a river ) carry off the superfluous water of (a district)delta 三角洲be laden with 载重重负most large waterways are laden with vast, poisonous volumes of industrial, and human wastes.be choked with被……堵塞sandbar （河口处）沙洲；（海岸上的）沙坝lock 船闸dredge 挖泥船；挖泥机；疏浚barge 驳船the Great Lakes 五大湖tonage 吨位vessel船；舰circuitous 迂回的；绕行的glaciated 被冰河或冰覆盖的arid 干旱的干燥的mighty强大的freight 大宗货物Department of the Interior 内政部convert ocean water into fresh water淡水转化hectare 公顷soil erosion 水土流失resin 树脂raw material 原材料timber 木材；木料swine 猪graze 啃草pasture 放牧；牧场Panama Canal ZoneU.S. Air Force 美国空军部the Navy Department 海军部jurisdiction 司法权Midway Islands 中途岛melting pot 熔炉descend be descend from..= be descendants of是…的后裔be sparsely populatedNetherlands 荷兰flock to 成群活动；蜂拥至；涌向thousands flocked to Americapeak 顶峰；最高点admit immigrants 吸收移民Latin America 拉美reside 居住；定居inhabitant citizen ; residentbe scattered thoughtout the nation descent 世系；血统；家世Caucasian 白种人；高加索人Polynesian 波利尼西亚人Filipino 菲律宾人urbanized population 城市化人口suburb市郊；郊区as of 在（某一时刻）populous 人口稠密的fetility rate 生育力one of …= among….make up over 占…median 中间的median age 中年the U.S. has a white American majority. compose 组成；构成Minorities compose just over one-third of the population.Hispanic 西班牙裔的Latino 拉美裔的ethnicity 种族的census 人口普查；人口调查triple 三倍It reached the 200 million mark in 1967. projection 投影；投射；做估计；对来年的预测population’s distribution 人口分布Pacific Islander 太平洋岛民parent plant 总厂rural areas 乡下；农村due in part to 部分由于infant mortality 婴儿死亡mortality rate死亡率extend life expectancy 延长寿命reveal 展示；显示；使展露waterfront （城镇的）滨水区；码头区Los Angeles 洛杉矶Chicago芝加哥Philadelphia 费城the Declaration of Independence 独立宣言consititution宪法lay out （根据计划）布置安排Washington was laid out by French architect Pierre L’ Enfant.diversity of national background 多样的国家背景Scandinavian 斯坎迪亚维亚the fabric of American society 美国社会结构the Contistitutional Convention 制宪会议exercise power 行使权力confederate联邦的confederacy 联邦（政府）committee 委员会consensus 意见一致delegate 代表amend 修改；修订revision 校订；订正；修订本；订正版preamble 导言；序言；（法规的）前言；开端comprise由…..组成；包含After several revisions were made, the last draft comprisng a preamble 13 articles was written.adopt 通过；正式批准ratify （经签署等）正式批准或认可adopted by Congress and ratified by 13 states of the new nation in 1781provide （法规）规定assign 分配；指派regulate foreign affairs 管理外交事务declare war 宣战raise an army 征兵coin money 铸币handle relation with 处理和…的关系subordinate 次要的；下级的taxing authority 税务权decree 法令；政令strike a balance 取得平衡legislative 立法的；有关立法的executive branch行政机构judicial branch 司法机构framer 制定者；创作者grant 同意；答应vest 授予；赋予；给予（某人权力职权等）Article 1 vests all legislative powers in the Congress.the House of Representative 众议院the Senate 参议院stipulate 规定；约定Arthicle 7 stipulates that the Constitution would become operational after being ratified by nine states.embed 植入；扎牢；嵌入embeded in concret 嵌入水泥republicanism 共和制federalism 联邦制seperation of powers 分权check and balancein contrast to …与…相比the Electorate College 选举团compromise 和解；妥协unitary 单元的；一元化的designate 任命；指派designated 指定的power conventration集权Supreme Court 大法院tyranny 暴虐；残暴；专横abuses of power 滥用权力arbitrary 独裁的；专断的；任意的；武断的veto否决（权）nominate 提名（候选人）；任命principal 第一的；首要的impeach 弹劾override使无效；推翻；驳回bicameral 两院制的be composed of 由…组成consisting ofbe made up ofthe representation is proportional to each state’s populationchamber 议院approximate 大概的；约莫的；近似的initiate 开始；发起initiate tax bills 起草税务法案constituent 选民hierarchical 统治集团的refer… to 将…提交给…裁定refer bills to committeephilosophy 哲学；人生观impartial 不偏不倚的；公正的floor leader (议会的)政党领袖partisan 党派的whip 政党的组织秘书confirm 批准；确认；是正式生效the Senate confirms the presidental appointmentscabinet member 内阁成员reelect 改选；重选a U.S citizen for a minimum of nine years 至少在美国居住九年deliberate 从容而谨慎的prestigious 有威信的；受尊重的media coverage 媒体报道（量）the Democrate 民主党the Republican 共和党identical 完全一致的hearing 申诉的（机会）unanimous 无异议的；一致同意的consent 同意；准许reconcile 使和谐；是协调一致reconcile differeces 协调不同reach agreement 达成一致enact 使…成为为法律in reality 事实上inaction lack of actionexpertise 专长；学问；专业知识standing committee 常务委员会screen bills 筛选法案draft bills 起草法案submit 提交；呈递special/select committee on 特别委员会joint committeeera 时期bureaucracyreprieve 缓刑；缓解vest 使(财产或权力)归属（某个人）Aticle ii of the Constitution vests the executive power in the president.Mandate 授权The Constitution mandates him to supervise the operation of executive branch of the government’s annal budget for submission to congress.Discretion at discretion随意任意Periodical周期的；偶尔发生的Expedient 有利的；有效的He shall judge necessary and expedient. Convene 召集；组织（会议）The Constitution also convene either or both houses of Congress on extrordinary occasions. Diplomat 外交官；外交人员supply economic aid 经济援助receive foreign ambassadors 接待外交使节invariably 总是humble 恭顺的；低贱的evolve 是逐步形成，进化，演化derive 取得；得到；形成be derived from 有…构成；起源于inference 推断；推论wield 行使；运用权力，权威constitue 组成；构成All these esrablishments with about three million bureaucracy under the president’s command.The Cabinet is the core of the administration. Cntral Intelligent Agency (CIA) 中央情报局the secretary of the treasury 财政部advance policies 促进，支持政策the National Security Concil (NSC) 国家安全委员会counsel 律师；法律顾问；；律师团aide 副官；助手。