企业并购文献综述
国内外企业并购动因理论文献综述
国内外企业并购动因理论文献综述国内外企业并购是指企业为了实现经济效益和战略目标，通过购买或兼并其他企业的资产、股权或业务来实现的行为。
企业并购是一个复杂的决策过程，涉及到多个因素和变量。
本文将对国内外企业并购动因理论进行综述。
1.经济效益理论经济效益理论是企业并购决策中最为重要的理论之一。
这一理论认为，企业并购的主要目标是通过合并和整合资源，实现规模经济、范围经济和壁垒经济，从而提高企业的效益、降低成本并增强竞争力。
企业通过并购可以实现资源的互补性，提高生产效率和市场份额，进而获得更高的利润和回报。
2.战略目标理论战略目标理论认为，企业并购的动因主要源于企业战略目标的实现需要。
企业在制定并购策略时，通常会考虑到自身现有资源能力与目标市场的差距，通过并购可以快速获取所需的资源和能力，并加快实现战略目标的进程。
企业并购的战略目标包括国际化、多元化、垂直一体化等。
3.经验学习理论经验学习理论认为，企业并购行为受到企业经验积累的影响。
企业通过一系列并购行为，积累了丰富的经验和知识，从而能够更好地应对并购决策所面临的不确定性和风险。
企业在并购决策中会参考过去的并购经验，评估风险和机会，并选择最合适的并购战略和实施方式。
4.交易成本理论交易成本理论认为，企业进行并购的动因主要是为了降低交易成本。
交易成本包括信息获取成本、谈判成本、合同监管成本、交易执行成本等。
通过并购可以消除市场不完全性和信息不对称性，降低交易成本，提高资源配置效率和经济效益。
5.市场势力理论市场势力理论认为，企业进行并购行为主要受到市场势力的影响。
市场势力包括市场竞争、市场需求、市场结构等因素。
企业通过并购可以扩大市场份额，增强市场地位，改变市场结构，从而增强企业在市场中的竞争力和议价能力。
6.机会成本理论机会成本理论认为，企业进行并购的动因主要是为了避免错失市场机会。
企业在制定并购决策时会考虑自身发展的机会成本，即如果不进行并购，可能会错失的机会。
企业并购绩效及影响因素文献综述
企业并购绩效及影响因素文献综述【摘要】本文对企业并购绩效及其影响因素进行了综述。
在文中探讨了研究背景、研究目的和研究意义。
在分别介绍了企业并购绩效评价指标、并购绩效影响因素分析、高层管理团队稳定性对并购绩效的影响、文化整合对并购绩效的影响以及资本结构对并购绩效的影响。
在文章强调了企业并购绩效评价的重要性，提出了影响并购绩效的关键因素，并展望了未来研究方向。
通过本文的综述，读者可以全面了解企业并购绩效及其影响因素，为相关研究和实践提供了有益的参考。
【关键词】企业并购绩效、影响因素、高层管理团队稳定性、文化整合、资本结构、评价指标、未来研究、重要性、关键因素、研究背景、研究目的、研究意义、展望。
1. 引言1.1 研究背景企业并购绩效评价是指在企业并购后对其绩效进行全面评估和分析，以判断并购活动是否达到了预期目标。
对于并购绩效评价而言，不仅仅是简单地看合并后企业的财务数据，更重要的是要考虑到各种影响因素的综合作用，包括管理层稳定性、文化整合、资本结构等方面的因素。
通过对企业并购绩效评价指标的研究和分析，可以帮助企业更加全面地了解并购活动的效果，并为未来的并购决策提供参考依据。
在当前竞争激烈的市场环境下，加强对企业并购绩效的评价研究，可以提高企业并购活动的成功率，促进企业的健康发展。
1.2 研究目的企业并购是当今商业领域的一个重要议题，对于企业的战略发展和长期盈利能力有着重要影响。
并购并非总能取得成功，成功的并购需要对绩效进行科学评价和分析，以找出并购过程中存在的问题并加以解决。
本文旨在深入探讨企业并购绩效及其影响因素，为进一步研究并购绩效提供理论参考和实践指导。
1. 探讨企业并购绩效的评价指标，分析不同指标对并购绩效的影响，为企业评价并购成果提供可靠依据。
2. 分析影响并购绩效的因素，包括高层管理团队稳定性、文化整合和资本结构等，探讨它们如何影响并购绩效的表现。
4. 探讨文化整合对并购绩效的影响，分析企业在文化整合过程中可能出现的问题及解决方案。
企业并购文献综述及外文文献资料
本文档包括改专题的：外文文献、文献综述一、外文文献Financial synergy in mergers and acquisitions. Evidence from Saudi ArabiaAbstractBusinesses today consider mergers and acquisitions to be a new strategy for their company's growth. Companies aim to grow through increasing sales, purchasing assets, accumulating profits and gaining market share. Thus; the best way to achieve any of the above-mentioned targets is by getting into either a merger or an acquisition. As a matter of fact, growth through mergers and acquisitions has been a critical part of the success of many companies operating in the new economy. Mergers and acquisitions are an important factor in building up market capitalization. Based on three structured interviews with major Saudi Arabian banks it has been found that mergers motivated by economies of scale should be approached cautiously. Similarly, companies should also approach vertical mergers cautiously as it is often difficult to gain synergy through a vertical merger. Firms should seek out mergers that allow them to acquire specialized knowledge. It has also been found that firms should look for mergers that increase market power whilst avoiding unrelated mergers or conglomerate mergers.Keywords: Synergy, Mergers and Acquisitions, Saudi Arabia 1. IntroductionThere is a major difference between mergers and acquisitions. Mergers occur between similarly sized companies and the collaboration is "friendly" between both companies. However, Acquisitions often occur between differently sized companies and the partnership is usually forced and hostile.Wheelen and Hunger (2009) define a merger as a transaction involving two or more corporations in which stock is exchanged but in which only one corporation survives. In other words, the two companies become one and the name for the corporation becomes composite and is derived from the two original names. Furthermore, an acquisition is the purchase of a company that is completely absorbed as an operating subsidiary or divisionof the acquiring corporation (Wheelen and Hunger, 2009). The authors also state thathostile acquisitions are called takeovers.The main reason for firms entering into mergers and acquisitions (M&A) is to grow, andcompanies grow to survive (Akinbuli, 201 2). Growth strategies expand the company's activities and add to its value since larger firm have more bargaining power than smaller ones. A firm sustaining growth will always have more opportunities for advancement, promotions and more jobs to offer people (Wheelen and Hunger, 2009). In general, mergers and different types of acquisitions are performed in the hope of realizing an economic gain. For such a business deal to take place, the two firms involved must be worth more together than each was apart.A few of the prospective advantages of M&A include achieving economies of scale, combining complementary resources, garnering tax advantages, and eliminating inefficiencies. Other reasons for considering growth through acquisitions contain obtaining proprietary rights to products or services, increasing market power by purchasing competitors, shoring up weaknesses in key business areas, penetrating new geographic regions, or providing managers with new opportunities for career growth and advancement (Brown, 2005).Many firms choose M&A as a tool to expand into a new market or new area of expertise since it is quicker and cheaper than taking the risk alone. Furthermore, M&A happen when senior executives feel enthusiastic and excited about a potential deal ; the idea of successfully pursuing and taking over another company before the company s competitors are able to do so. Competition in a growing industry drives firms to acquire others. In fact, a successful merger between companies increases benefits for the entire corporation.However, failures also occur in M&A as indicated by Haberbserg and Rieple (2001) and Akinbuli (2012). They showed that 50% of acquisitions are unsuccessful; they increase market power but do not necessarily increase profits. Brown (2005) explains the reasons for the high failure rate of M&A as follows:(a)Over-optimistic assessment of economies of scale. Economies of scale are usually achieved at certain business size. However, expansion beyond the optimum level results in disproportionate cost disadvantages that lead to various diseconomies of scale.(b)Inadequate preliminary investigation combined with an inability to implement the amalgamation efficiently. Resistance to change and the inability for the acquired company to manage change well is a main reason for failure due to the resistance of the employees and management of both companies involved.(c)Insufficient appreciation of the personnel problems, which will arise, is due mainly to the differing organizational cultures in each company.(d)Dominance of subjective factors such as the status of the respective boards of directors.Therefore, drafting careful plans before and after the merger is a necessity that should not be overlooked. Some companies find the solution in hiring a change manager who will add value and better manage the transition of the "marriage between both companies" (Brown, 2005).2.Synergy in M&A and financial synergyThis section discusses the literature review in order to identify the importance of acquiring financial synergy in the M&A.2.1Synergy in M&ASynergy, as defined in the business dictionary, is the state in which two or more agents, entities, factors, processes, substances, or systems work together in a particularly fruitful way that produces an effect greater than the sum of their individual effects. Synergy is the magic force that allows for enhanced cost efficiencies of the new business. Synergy takes the form of revenue enhancement and cost savings (Mergers and acquisitions: Definition, n.d.).Synergy is also expressed as an increase in the value of assets as a result of their combination. Expected synergy is the justification behind most business mergers. For example, the 2002 combination of Hewlett-Packard and Compaq was designed to reduce expenses and capitalize on combining Hewlett-Packard's reputation for quality with Compaq's impressive distribution system (Synergy Business Definition, n.d.).Through research it has been noted that synergy is the concept that two businesses will generate greater profits together than they could separately (Wheelen and Hunger, 2009). Synergy is said to exist for a divisional corporation if the return on investment of each division is greater than what the return would be if each division were an independent business (Wheelen and Hunger, 2009). In order to succeed cooperation between the partners is the basic ingredient for achieving growth through synergy (Rahatullah, 201 0). This requires partners to build trust, commitment, and secure consensus, to achieve their targets (Gronroos, 1997; Ring and Van-de-Ven, 1994).Synergy can take several forms. According to Goold and Campbell (1 998) synergy is demonstrated in six ways: benefiting from knowledge or skills, coordinated strategies,shared tangible resources, economies of scale, gaining bargaining power over suppliers and creating new products or services.M8<A result in the creation of synergies, the sharing of manufacturing facilities, software systems and distribution processes. This type of synergy is referred to as operational synergy and is seen mostly in manufacturing industries. Another motive for forming an acquisition is gaining greater financial strength by purchasing a competitor, which increases market share. The aim of mergers and acquisitions is to achieve improvement for both companies and produce efficiency in most of the company's operations. (Haberberg and Rieple, 2001).However, Brown (2005) summarizes the sources of synergy that result from M8<A underthe following headlines:1.Operating economies which include:(a)Economies of scale: Horizontal mergers (acquisition of a company in a similarline of business) are often claimed to reduce costs and therefore increase profits due to economies of scale. These can occur in the production, marketing or finance divisions.Note that these gains are not expected automatically and diseconomies of scale may also be experienced. These benefits are sometimes also claimed for conglomerate mergers(acquisition of companies in unrelated areas of business) in financial and marketingcosts.(b)Economies of vertical integration: Some acquisitions involve buying out other companies in the same production chain. For example, a manufacturer buys out a rawmaterial supplier or a retailer. This can increase profits through eliminating the middleman in the supply chain.(c)Complementary resources: It is sometimes argued that by combining the strengths of two companies a synergistic result can be obtained. For example, combining a company specializing in research and development with a company strong in the marketing area could lead to gains. Combining the expertise of both firms would benefit each company through the gained knowledge and skills that individually they lack.(d)Elimination of inefficiency: If either of the two companies had been badly managed; its performance and hence its value can be improved by the elimination of inefficiencies through M&A, Improvements could be obtained in the areas of production, marketing and finance.2.Market power; Horizontal mergers may enable the firm to obtain a degree of monopoly power which could increase its profitability. Coordinated strategies between both companies will lead the entire organization in gaining competitive advantage. Gaining bargaining power over suppliers is realized since the company is larger in size after the merger.3.Financial gains; Companies with large amounts of surplus cash may see the acquisition of other companies as the best application for these funds. Shared tangible resources such as sharing a bigger building, more office supplies, equipment, manufacturing facilities and research and design labs will also lead to a reduction in costs translated into better financial performance. McNeil (2012) identifies that the shareholders of a business under M&A process may benefit from the sale of their stocks, this is especially true if the M&A is with a better, bigger and more reputable prospective partner.4.Others; such as surplus management talent, meaning that companies with highly skilled managers can make use of their qualified personnel only if they have problems to solve. The acquisition of inefficient companies allows for maximum utilization of skilled managers. Incorporating the efforts of both management teams will drive the creation of innovative products or services.The synergy factor prevails in the M&A when the firms produce a greater return than the two individual firms owing to reasons such as improvements in efficiency and an increase in market power for the merged or acquired firms (Berkovitch and Narayana, 1993).2.2Financial synergyAs defined by Knoll (2008), financial synergies are performance advantages gained by controlling financial resources across businesses of firms. There exist four types of financial synergies, which are:1.Reduction of corporate risk: Reduction of corporate risk is increasing the risk capacity of the overall firm, which means the ability of the firm to bear more risk. Meaning that by increasing the risk capacity the shareholders will invest more in the company and the firm will gain benefits such as coinsurance effects.2.Establishment of internal capital market: Establishing internal capital gains means that the firm will decrease its financing costs and will increase financialflexibility which results in the company having higher liquidity and the ability to payits creditors easily.3.Tax advantages: Tax advantages by reducing the tax liabilities of the firm using the losses in one business to offset profits in the other business referred to as "profit accounting".4.Financial economies of scale: Financial economies of scale reducing transaction cost in issuing debt and equity securities (Knoll, 2008).3.Methodology and resultsFor this project, the method of interviews was used due to it being the most appropriate way to gather information about the interpretation of events, as to why some mergers produce synergy while others do not; and to understand the reasons why companies enter into mergers. In Saudi Arabia it is difficult to secure responses from senior executives. Approaching such a person is not only difficult protocol wise but there are bureaucratic hurdles. The quantitative analysis is more suitable for large scale data collection (Denzin and Lincoln, 1997). Whereas, qualitative research provides the researcher with the perspective of target audience members through captivation and direct interaction with the people under study (Glesne and Peshkin, 1992). These methods help to comprehend what others perceive of a certain phenomenon, postulates Creswell (1994).The planned interview method was to use a structured interview. In a structured interview, the researcher knows in advance what information is needed and asks a predetermined set of questions (Sekaran and Bougie, 2009). The same questions are asked of all interviewees, which allows for better comparison of the responses than unstructured interviews, where the interviewees are asked different questions. The structured interview process does allow the researcher to ask different follow up or probing questions based on the interviewee's response. This allows the interviewer to identify new factors and gain a deeper understanding of the topic (Sekaran and Bougie, 2009).Since the interviewees were located in different parts of Saudi Arabia the interviews were scheduled in advance and conducted face to face. The data was gathered by taking notes during the interviews, which were not recorded as that may have seemed too intrusive.When conducting interviews it is important to conduct them in a manner that is free of bias or inaccuracies. According to Sekaran and Bougie (2009), bias can be introduced by theinterviewer, interviewee or the situation. Interviewers can introduce bias by distorting the information that they hear so it aligns with their expected responses to the question or through simple misunderstandings. To prevent this, the respondents' answers were summarized back to them before moving on to the next question. Interviewees can introduce bias if they do not like the interviewer or if they phrase the answers to be biased towards what they think the interviewer wants to hear. Since the interviewees were obtained through referrals, it is highly unlikely that they gave false responses. Also, the basic area of research was discussed with the interviewees, but no hypothesis was advance to them, such that they would skew their answers to what they though the interviewer wanted to hear.Three companies were interviewed and asked a specific set of questions (see Appendix). There are numerous reasons to interview three companies in Saudi Arabia. These are the following:*The M&A in Saudi Arabia are normally carried out by large size companies.*It is difficult to reach out to the senior managers to discuss such issues.*The officers are also tied by company confidentiality rules to not divulge information.*The number of M&A is also significantly less in comparison with other countries.*The researchers, using diverse resources including personal contacts and formal requests, were able to reach out to three of the major companies of the Kingdom.An interview was conducted with National Commercial Bank (NCB) NCB is an international bank headquartered in Saudi Arabia and engaged in personal, business and private banking, and wealth management (NCB, 2011 ). Another interview was done with Samba Financial Group. Samba is also an international bank headquartered in Saudi Arabia that is engaged in personal and business banking (Samba, 2011). The third company that was interviewed was Savola Holding Company, which is headquartered in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia and is engaged in the food industry. Through subsidiary companies, Savola is engaged in the manufacturing of vegetable oils, dairy products and food retailing operations both in Saudi Arabia and other international markets. Due to strict confidentiality of the companies interviewed, the names of the people will not be mentioned or their titles. This was the most important condition in order to conduct these interviews.Each of the three companies has been involved in significant mergers. NCB's most significant merger was when it acquired a Turkish bank, Turkiye Finans Katilm Bank in 2008.Samba's most significant merger was its acquisition of Cairo Bank in 1 999. Savola's most significant acquisition was its acquisition of Al-Marai in 1 991.NCB has engaged in four mergers overall and three international mergers. In addition to its acquisition of the Turkish bank, it acquired Estate Capital Holdings, The Capital Partnership Group Limited and NCB Capital. The acquisition oftheTurkish bank was considered its most successful acquisition because it allowed NCB to expand into a new international market with strong growth.While NCB does not consider any of its acquisitions to be a failure, it has recognized losses through goodwill impairment, even in the Turkish bank acquisition. Samba's most prominent M8<A has been with Cairo bank of Egypt.Savola has engaged in about 10 mergers including a few international mergers. It considers its acquisition of Panda (a supermarket chain) in 1998 to be its most successful because it allowed Savola to gain a major presence in the food retailing market and increases revenues significantly. Savola has had a couple of mergers that it considered to be failures. One such example was when it acquired a real estate company in Jordan. This company was outside Savola's core business and outside its home country. Savola's learning from this failure was not to invest outside its core business in a foreign country as there was no ability to create any value through this merger and it was investing in a country that it did not know as well as its home country. Another failed merger occurred when it acquired an edible oil company in Kazakhstan. This merger failed because even though the acquired company had good fundamentals, the value creation mechanisms were quite different between the two companies.Strategic motivations for mergers were discussed with the companies and Samba provided details. One motivation is to increase lines of business. Another motivation is to move into a new geographic area. In many cases when expanding into a new country, it is easier to acquire an existing business than try to start a new one. Another motivation is to increase market share.Particularly in a mature industry, a company can gain market share quickly through an acquisition, while it is usually a slow process to gain market share organically in an incremental manner.All the companies tried to achieve company growth and synergy in their mergers.The criteria and selection process for mergers were also discussed with the companies. Savola worked with financial institutions to identify acquisition target companies. Savola looked for companies that were among the leaders in their respective markets. Savola believed that companies that were leaders generally had good processes and were well managed, so their operations would be good to acquire. After the failed merger with the real estate company, Savola looked to acquire companies related to its core food manufacturing and sales business. All companies obviously reviewed financial statements closely to assess the financial condition of the acquired firm. Samba noted that sometimes in the banking and financial industry, strong banks will acquire banks that are in a weak financial condition in a rescue operation, often due to political reasons. In reviewing candidates for a merger, Savola engages its operations and technical team to assess the target company's operation, processes and potential fit into the business group.The three interviewed companies use various metrics to evaluate the success of the merger. Savola evaluates the revenue growth of the sector where the acquisition occurred along with the market share and operating cost. The goals are to increase revenue,increase market share or reduce operating cost. Samba evaluated similar metrics of market share and operating cost.Samba noted that it usually takes until the second year after a merger to evaluateits success. In the first year, there are onetime costs associated with integration costs of the merger. It usually takes until the second year to see reduced operating costs from activities such as closing and consolidating branches.The different ways to obtain synergy in a merger were discussed with the companies. Savola looked to obtain synergy through economies of scale, as acquisitions would add to the company's shipment volume, which would allow the company to reduce freight and distribution costs. Samba also looked to obtain synergy through economies of scale and eliminating the duplication of activities. When it acquired Cairo bank, which had previously acquired United Saudi Commercial Bank, Samba was able to cut costs in Saudi Arabia by reducing the number of bank branches and ATMs. NCB was able to gain financial synergies in its mergers by developing a more diversified and lower risk portfolio ofinvestments.From the responses to the questions included in the structured interview, thefollowing findings can be highlighted:A.Mergers to Expand to International Markets:One finding is that firms undertake some mergers to expand into new international markets. In doing so they are gaining the synergy of the acquired firm's knowledge of the market. In these cases, the acquiring firm saves the costs of starting up a business in the new country, gaining the necessary approvals, learning how to do business successfully in the market and building a brand in the country. This is especially true in the bank and finance industry, where the industry is closely regulated. It can be easier to acquire a company that already has all of the necessary regulatory approvals as opposed to trying to gain all of the necessary approvals to conduct business legally in the selected market. Also, building a brand is important in the banking industry, as consumers and commercial customers prefer to do business with a trusted firm. In these mergers, synergy can be gained through the acquired firm's knowledge of the market and the acquiring firm's capital. The new infusion of capital can often allow the acquired firm to grow in the market. The NCB acquisition of the Turkish bank is a good example of this type of synergy.Even when a firm acquires a company within their own market there is the chance to create synergies through knowledge gained and transferred. In many cases, the acquired firm has certain processes in some areas that are better than the acquiring firm, so selecting the best process allows the merged firm to improve its overall processes. Also, the acquiring company usually has some processes that are better than the acquired firm's processes in some areas, which allows the company to improve the newly acquired operations. As noted by Samba in its interview, the goal is to utilize the optimum processes from both companies to produce synergy from the merger.B.Mergers to Gain Economies of Scale:Firms also seek and gain synergies through economies of scale. Larger businesses can often gain economies in certain business activities including manufacturing, distribution and sales. One of the goals of Samba's mergers was to gain synergies through economies of scale. In their mergers, Savola hoped to gain economies of scale in shipping and distribution activities. Economies of scale can also be achieved in the banking industry since the cost of processing checks or issuing credit cards is likely to decline on a per unit basis with increasing volume; therefore the fixed cost associated with these activities can be spread over a larger volume. The result is reduced costs, which makes the merged firm more profitable and more competitive in the market.C.Eliminating Inefficiencies:Another way to achieve synergy is through elimination of inefficiencies. Removing the duplication of resources can eliminate inefficiencies. In horizontal mergers, it is common for the merged company to consolidate operations, close offices and reduce staff. Samba mentioned that reducing the number of bank branches, ATMs and staff was one of the ways that they drove cost efficiencies after acquiring Cairo Bank. Samba also provided the insight that there is a delay for these cost efficiencies to show up in financial performance, since it takes time to remove the duplication of resources involved and there are one-time costs associated with removing the duplication of resources. The official also pointed out that the success or failure of a merger should not be evaluated until at least two years after the merger.D.Gain More Market Power:Firms also try to achieve synergies through an increase in market power, by controlling a larger share of the market. Discussions with all respondents implied increasing market share to be one of the motivations to enter into a merger. Savola and Samba both mentioned increasing market share as a way to judge the success of a merger. Greater market power can improve profitability through a couple of mechanisms. One such mechanism is greater monopoly pricing power in the market, which allows firms to increase prices due to reduced competition. This is one reason that major mergers have to be approved by government regulators who s objective is to maintain a competitive market. A second mechanism is increased buyer power over suppliers. Since the merged firm represents a greater portion of an industry's business, suppliers to the industry want the merged firm's business more, which gives the merged firm better negotiating power over suppliers. This allows the merged firm to reduce its costs and increase it profits. However, a strategic perspective could be on the supplier side as Porter (1 998) identifies that the stronger the company becomes the weaker the supplier becomes thus reducing their bargaining power.E.Gain Growth:Growth is one of the main reasons that firms undertake mergers, as this was mentioned by all of the companies interviewed. Companies seek growth through mergers because it can allow them to gain market power, which generally leads to increased profits. Mergers are also a way to satisfy investors'/shareholders' expectations for growth. In many cases, itis difficult to grow a business in a mature market organically, so mergers are often the best way to achieve growth.Samba provided a perspective on the use of acquisitions as a growth strategy. Samba believed that within the same industry organic growth was less expensive than growth through acquisition because a premium had to be paid for another company's operations in the same industry. Samba believed that when trying to expand into a different industry, growth through acquisition was less expensive than organic growth because the firm had no knowledge or expertise in the new industry. Samba used this philosophy when formulating their strategic growth plans. If the company simply wanted to expand within their current industry, the focus would be on organic growth initiatives, whereas if the company wanted to grow by expanding into new industries, the focus would be on acquisitions.F.Reducing RisksFirms can gain synergies by reducing their overall risk through diversification and reducing their cost of capital. Generally, this is a weak form of synergy and prone to failures because it often entails firms moving into businesses outside of their core competencies. The businesses are then run without the knowledge of how to run a business successfully in that market. This leads to operational losses or subpar performance in the industry, which negates any synergistic gains from reducing the company's overall risk.This was experienced by Savola, who acquired a real estate company, which was outside its core business of the food market. Consequently, the acquired real estate business produced subpar performance and losses, which negated any gains from reducing risk. Thus, the merger was considered to be a failure because it reduced the overall value of the firm. Due to the difficulties of creating financial synergies through diversification, there are few conglomerate mergers and few conglomerate companies.The companies interviewed look for synergies when considering mergers and try to estimate the potential synergistic gains that could be attained in a proposed merger. The potential synergies gained depend on the industry and the characteristics of the company acquired. In the failed mergers, the firm overestimated the amount of synergy that could be gained through the merger. Savola overestimated the synergy that could be gained through the acquisition of a real estate company because the only synergy that could be gained was。
企业并购绩效及影响因素文献综述
企业并购绩效及影响因素文献综述一、引言企业并购是指两个或多个公司之间通过收购或合并等方式，以实现规模经济、资源整合和市场扩展为目的的一种商业活动。
在全球化和市场竞争日益激烈的今天，企业并购已成为企业发展战略中不可或缺的一部分。
并购活动并非总能带来预期的效果。
很多并购案例以失败告终，给相关公司和投资者带来了严重的损失。
研究企业并购绩效及其影响因素对于理解并购活动的成功与否，具有重要的理论和实践意义。
本文将综述国内外学者对企业并购绩效及其影响因素的研究成果，以期为相关领域的学术研究和实际操作提供参考。
二、企业并购绩效评价企业并购的绩效评价是一个复杂的课题，绩效评价的结果将直接影响并购的成败。
在学术研究和实际操作中，对企业并购绩效的评价多从财务绩效和战略绩效两个方面展开。
1. 财务绩效评价企业并购后的财务绩效是最直观的表现，也是衡量企业并购成败的重要指标之一。
而对企业并购的财务绩效评价主要体现在企业的收益能力、资本结构、市场价值和现金流量等方面。
对于并购后企业的收益能力，通常通过销售收入、净利润、息税前利润（EBIT）等指标来反映。
而资本结构方面，则主要关注企业的财务杠杆、偿债能力和股权结构等情况。
市场价值和现金流量也是企业并购绩效评价的重要方面。
2. 战略绩效评价企业并购的战略绩效主要关注企业战略目标的实现情况，包括市场份额的扩大、产品创新、技术升级和品牌价值等方面。
通过对市场份额、市场渗透率、产品销售情况和品牌影响力等指标的分析可以评估企业并购后的战略绩效情况。
三、影响企业并购绩效的因素企业并购绩效的成败受多种因素的影响，其中包括公司内部因素、外部市场因素和并购过程中的管理决策因素等。
1. 公司内部因素公司内部因素包括企业规模、企业业绩、企业文化、管理制度和团队合作等。
研究表明，企业规模较大、业绩稳定、管理制度健全、企业文化相近、团队协作良好的企业，进行并购后的绩效往往更好。
2. 外部市场因素外部市场因素主要包括宏观经济环境、行业竞争环境、市场需求和法规政策等方面。
企业并购动因文献综述
企业并购动因文献综述【摘要】本文对企业并购动因进行了文献综述。
在概述了企业并购的重要性和研究现状。
在介绍了企业并购的定义与特点、主要动因、经典理论以及不同学者研究动因的观点。
最后分析了企业并购的影响因素。
结论部分总结了文献综述的主要发现，探讨了未来研究方向和实践意义。
通过本文的研究，可以更好地理解企业并购的动因，为相关研究提供参考和借鉴。
【关键词】企业并购、动因、文献综述、定义、特点、动因、理论、影响因素、研究、总结、未来研究方向、实践意义1. 引言1.1 企业并购动因文献综述引言在过去的几十年里，关于企业并购动因的研究呈现出多样化和复杂化的趋势。
学者们通过从不同角度和方法论出发，对企业并购动因进行深入研究和讨论，取得了丰硕成果。
企业并购动因既包括内部因素，如经营绩效和资源配置，也涉及外部因素，如市场竞争和产业环境。
通过对企业并购动因的全面梳理和综合分析，可以更好地理解企业并购的逻辑和实质，为企业管理者和决策者提供决策支持和战略指导。
未来的研究方向将更加关注企业并购动因的多样性和复杂性，探讨不同类型企业并购的动因差异和影响机制。
结合实证分析和案例研究，深入挖掘企业并购动因的内在逻辑和外部影响，为企业并购实践和战略制定提供更加有效的建议和指导。
企业并购动因文献综述的意义和价值在于为企业并购研究和实践提供前沿信息和思路，促进学术和商业界的互动与交流，推动企业并购领域的进一步发展和深化。
2. 正文2.1 企业并购的定义与特点企业并购是指一家企业通过收购或合并其他企业来实现快速扩张或实现战略目标的行为。
在当今全球化和竞争激烈的市场环境下，企业并购已成为企业发展的重要战略选择之一。
企业并购具有以下几个特点：1.战略性：企业并购通常是为了实现企业的长期发展战略目标而进行的，可以帮助企业快速进入新的市场、获得核心技术、打造全球化布局等。
2.风险与回报共存：企业并购的过程中存在一定的风险，包括整合风险、文化冲突风险等，但成功的并购也可以为企业带来丰厚的回报。
并购阶段概况的文献综述
并购阶段概况的文献综述并购（Mergers and Acquisitions）是指一家公司通过收购另一家公司的股权或资产，或者与另一家公司合并来实现业务战略目标的行为。
并购活动的频繁发生使其成为了现代商业中的重要现象。
本文将对并购阶段概况进行文献综述，以探讨并购活动在不同阶段的特点和影响。
一、并购活动的阶段1. 策略规划阶段并购活动通常始于公司的战略规划阶段。
在这个阶段，公司会通过分析市场和竞争环境、评估自身资源和优势，并制定相应的发展战略。
公司会考虑自身的业务领域、市场定位和未来发展方向，从而确定是否需要通过并购来实现战略目标。
2. 目标筛选阶段一旦公司决定通过并购来实现战略目标，下一步就是确定适当的并购目标。
在这个阶段，公司会对潜在的目标公司进行充分的调研和分析，包括财务状况、商业模式、市场地位和管理团队等方面的情况。
公司还会考虑目标公司与自身的业务互补性和整合难度，从而筛选出最适合的并购目标。
3. 谈判阶段一旦确定了并购目标，公司就会开始与目标公司展开谈判。
在谈判阶段，公司需要就价格、交易结构、股权转让和员工待遇等方面与目标公司进行协商。
公司还需要与监管部门和股东进行沟通，确保交易的合规性和顺利性。
4. 尽职调查阶段一旦双方达成初步协议，就需要进行尽职调查。
在这个阶段，公司会对目标公司的全部资产、负债、法律事务和商业情况进行全面的调查和审核。
通过尽职调查，公司可以更全面地了解目标公司的实际情况，规避潜在的风险和问题。
5. 合同签署阶段在完成尽职调查之后，双方可以签署正式的并购协议。
并购协议通常包括交易价格、交易结构、股权转让和员工待遇等方面的内容。
通过签署并购协议，交易正式落实，双方开始筹备后续的交易流程。
6. 政府批准阶段在协议签署之后，公司需要向相关监管部门提交并购申请，并等待政府的批准。
在一些情况下，特别是涉及行业垄断和国家安全的并购案例中，政府可能会对并购进行调查和评估，以确保交易不会对市场和国家利益产生不利影响。
企业并购理论文献综述
企业并购理论文献综述企业并购理论文献综述一、引言企业并购作为一种重要的企业发展战略，已经在全球范围内得到广泛的关注与研究。
它不仅对企业自身发展具有重要影响，还对整个市场格局、资源配置以及经济增长产生显著的影响。
本综述将系统地总结和梳理企业并购的理论研究，以期为企业并购各方面的决策提供理论依据和启示。
二、企业并购的概念与形式1. 企业并购的定义及特点企业并购是指通过一定的合并、收购与联营方式，将两个或多个企业整合为一个新的实体，以达到资源整合、规模优势、市场拓展等战略目标的过程。
它具有资源整合、规模效应、风险分散、市场拓展、创新能力提升等特点。
2. 企业并购的基本形式企业并购可以分为水平并购、纵向并购、集中并购、跨界并购等不同的形式。
水平并购是在同一产业中同属一个层次的企业之间进行的并购；纵向并购是在同一产业的不同层次的企业之间进行的并购；集中并购是在同一产业中的不同细分领域企业之间进行的并购；跨界并购是指在不同产业之间进行的并购。
三、企业并购的动因与动力1. 企业并购的动因企业并购的动因是推动并购行为发生的原因，主要包括经济因素、战略因素、市场因素、金融因素等。
经济因素主要是由于成本压力、规模效应、资源整合等经济相关的因素；战略因素主要是企业为了实现战略目标、提升核心竞争力等而进行的并购；市场因素主要包括市场变化、市场份额占有、市场拓展等；金融因素主要是包括资本市场的运作和资金融通等。
2. 企业并购的动力企业并购的动力是推动实施并购行为的动力源泉，主要包括资源动力、市场动力、技术动力和运营动力。
资源动力是指企业通过并购获取新的资源，以实现资源整合和规模效应；市场动力是指企业通过并购扩大市场份额，提升市场竞争能力；技术动力是指企业通过并购获取新的技术、知识和专利等，以提升自身技术创新能力；运营动力是指通过并购改善企业运营状况，提高企业效率和盈利能力。
四、企业并购的效应与影响1. 企业并购的效应企业并购对参与者和整个市场都产生了重要的效应。
企业并购动因、并购绩效及并购风险文献综述
企业并购动因、并购绩效及并购风险文献综述企业并购动因、并购绩效及并购风险文献综述一、引言企业并购作为一种重要的发展策略，被广泛应用于各行各业。
并购的动因、绩效和风险一直是学术界关注的焦点。
本文旨在综述相关文献，探讨企业并购的动因、绩效和风险。
二、企业并购动因2.1 资源整合资源整合是企业并购的主要动因之一。
通过并购，企业可以实现资源的共享、优化配置和提高效率。
例如，某公司通过收购具备核心技术的企业，实现了技术优势的整合，推动了产品创新和市场竞争力的提升。
2.2 市场扩张市场扩张是另一个常见的并购动因。
通过收购或兼并具有相同或相似业务的企业，企业可以迅速扩大自身的市场份额，提高市场竞争力。
例如，某公司通过收购竞争对手，在某一特定市场实现了市场份额的快速增长。
2.3 创新能力增强创新能力增强也是企业并购的动因之一。
通过收购具备或强化创新能力的企业，企业可以获得技术、人才和知识等方面的优势，提高自身的创新能力。
例如，某公司通过收购具有创新技术的初创企业，加速了自身产品线的研发和市场推广。
2.4 品牌与声誉品牌与声誉也是一些企业进行并购的重要动因。
通过收购具有知名品牌和良好声誉的企业，企业可以借助品牌影响力和口碑，拓展新的市场，提高自身品牌价值。
例如，某公司通过收购知名品牌，将品牌影响力扩展到新的市场领域。
三、企业并购绩效3.1 经济绩效经济绩效是衡量企业并购成功与否的重要指标之一。
根据研究，有论文显示，相比独立经营，企业并购在一定程度上可以提高企业的财务绩效，如增加销售收入、降低成本和提高盈利能力等。
3.2 管理绩效管理绩效是另一个衡量企业并购绩效的重要指标。
通过并购，企业可以引入优秀的管理团队，提升企业的管理水平和组织能力，从而进一步提高企业的综合竞争力。
3.3 市场绩效市场绩效是衡量企业并购绩效的另一个重要指标。
通过并购，企业可以扩大市场份额、提高市场地位和增强市场竞争力。
当市场绩效显著提高时，可以认为企业并购取得了成功。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
关于国内外对企业并购动因研究的文献综述
胡云枫M01114234
摘要：20世纪以来，并购已经成为企业快速扩张和整合的重要手段之一。
为了探究企业并购的动因，国内外学者从不同角度做了大量研究。
本文对有关国内外企业并购的动因研究的文献做了总结与综述。
关键词：企业并购动因文献综述
一、国外对企业并购动因的研究
企业并购动因理论解释促成企业并购发生的影响因素。
1. 经营协同假说( operming synergy hypothesis)
该假说假定存在着规模经济, 并且在并购之前, 企业的经营活动达不到实现规模经济的潜在要求, 包括横向降低成本费用的生产规模经济、纵向降低交易费用的规模经济和特定管理职能方面的规模经济。
通过并购可以对企业规模进行扩充和调整, 达到最佳规模经济或范围经济, 这可能是对企业并购最经典的经济学答案。
2. 管理协同假说( management synergy hypothesis)
该假说认为优势企业并购劣势企业, 管理者作为一个团队被转移时, 能够将被收购公司的非效率性的组织资本与收购公司过剩的管理资本结合从而产生较好的协同效应。
3. 财务协同假说( finance synergy hypothesis)
该假说认为并购是将目标企业所在行业中的投资机会内部化, 将企业外部融资转化为内部融资, 由于内部融资比外部融资成本更低, 从而增加了财务协同,降低了融资风险。
4. 市场力量假说( market power hypothesis)
认为公司间的并购可以增加对市场的控制力。
首先, 通过并购同行业企业, 以减少竞争者, 扩大了优势企业的规模, 优势企业增加了对市场的控制能力, 从而导致市场垄断。
其次, 即使不形成垄断, 由于并购扩大的规模效应也将成为市场进入的壁垒。
5. 战略动机假说( strategy motive hypothesis)
企业并购战略动机在于通过并购活动实现多样化经营,企业并购可以通过实
现业务多样化, 降低经营风险, 保护组织资本和声誉资本。
企业并购战略动机另外还可以通过外部获得目标企业的现成资源。
Porter 认为纵向并购, 收购方公司保证了关键资源的投入, 降低了外部的不确定性,获取被收购公司的技术优势或知识资本实证研究表明, 并购加速了新技术的扩散和转移; 当企业跨国扩张不具有人力资源优势时, 通过并购获得目标公司的人力资源来实现成长。
6. 控制权市场假说( corporate control market)
认为经理们对公司的控制权的争夺, 收购了公司就获得了控制该公司、经营该公司资源的权利。
该假说有三个联系的命题: 其一, 企业并购的动机在于获得控制权增效。
其二,控制权增效分为事前增效和事后增效, 其中，事前增效是在控制权获得之前对效率改进和价值增大效果所作的评估;事后增效是在控制权取得之后对效率改进和价值增大所得到的效果。
两者比较决定着并购的成败。
其三, 控制权增效对整个经济的效率改进有可能带来积极影响, 也可能带来消极影响。
由于经营不善的企业很容易受到外部收购的威胁, 经营不善的管理层就有被替换的危险, 当目标公司出现代理问题时, 通过并购获得控制权, 可减少和弱化代理问题。
这是企业并购动机对解决代理问题提供的一个答案, 即当报酬安排、监督、经理人市场、资本市场等内外机制都不能解决代理问题时, 并购就成为解决目标企业代理问题的途径, 它可以减缓所有权与控制权相分离所带来的代理问题。
二、国内对企业并购动因的研究
“消除亏损说”认为企业并购是消除亏损的一种机制, 通过并购机制加大亏损企业的经营压力, 使其努力提高经营效率;
“破产替代说”认为并购是一种破产替代机制, 由于我国承受不了大规模的企业破产, 特别是大规模的国有企业破产,对于大多数亏损企业, 通过并购以好带差, 带动劣势企业的发展。
仍然要从改革和稳定的大局出发, 给予救助, 而不是轻易让其破产;
“利用优惠政策说”认为, 我国政府为鼓励企业并购, 制定了许多财税、信贷方面的优惠政策, 一些企业出于利用这些优惠政策进行企业并购;
“强壮民族工业说”认为强强联合式的企业并购实际上是强壮民族工业的需要。
面对外资以其资本实力上的竞争优势对我国民族工业的攻势, 我国民族工业
只有实行强强联合, 组成能与国际跨国公司相抗衡的“国家队”, 才能在日益激烈的国际竞争中求得生存和发展;
“资源优化配置说”认为, 通过并购实现国有资产在不同所有制之间、不同地区之间、不同产业之间的流动, 有利于盘活国有资产存量, 实现资源优化配置, 提高资源使用效率。
以上通过比较西方的企业并购动机理论和具有中国特色的企业并购动机理论, 从中可以看出中国向市场经济过渡时期的企业并购的特点: 我国并购的动机不仅仅来自于企业内部, 它还来自于政府部门, 甚至有时政府的动机强于企业本身, 政府的推动力在中国企业并购中起了相当重要的作用。
我们也注意到, 随着我国市场经济的发展, 企业行为也日益走向规范, 在并购行为上也越来越多地考虑一些有关自身长远发展的战略问题。
魏江( 2002) 对多家企业的并购的调查, 认为我国并购的直接动机有以下几类情况: 完全的政府推动, 企业处于被动状态; 获取资源要素, 最重要的是土地资源;企业构筑企业集团, 实现扩张的需要, 如生产能力的扩张; 获得优惠政策和合理避税; 长远发展考虑, 如规模经济或范围经济, 或为了获取市场机会。
蔡宁等( 2002) 将我国企业并购动因归纳为追求规模经济、扩展市场势力、取得关键要素、多元化经营、管理者动机和获取直接的经济利益, 并通过与美国企业并购案例进行比较分析, 认为我国的一些优势企业也开始从提高规模效益、扩大市场势力、实现企业低成本扩张等动机出发来实施并购战略。
张新( 2003) 研究认为, 西方的经典并购动机( 协调效应、狂妄假说和代理动机) 理论对我国企业并购有一定的解释力, 并就经典并购动机对中西方市场的解释程度进行了比较, 提出了我国经济转轨条件下的体制因素下的价值转移与再分配0的并购动机假说。
可见, 我国的企业并购已经是一种适应日益激烈的竞争需要的企业长远发展机制, 西方比较成熟的企业并购动机理论开始适用于中国。
参考文献
[1]魏江. 企业购并战略新思维[M] . 北京: 科学出版社, 2002.
[2] 蔡宁, 何先进. 中美企业兼并动机的比较及启示[ J] . 经济理论与管理研究.
[3]汤文仙, 朱才斌. 2004年：国内外企业并购理论比较研究，经济经纬，2004年第05期
[4]陈传刚.2007年：企业并购动因理论综述，北方经济，2007 年第4 期
[5]Julian Birkinshaw, Henrik Bresman, Lars Hakanson: Managing The Post ) acquisition Integration Process: How The Human Integration And Task Integration Processes Interact TO Foster Value Creation0, [ J] . Journal of Management Studies 37: 3, May 2000, P395) 425.。