最新英语文体学知识重点
英语文体学英语文体学5
Lexicalically
conversation
simple, Anglo-Saxon, monosyllabic words, phrasal verbs,
idioms and coloquialisms
vague terms,
example
get, go, eat, have do, know, etc.
Spoken English
interview, football commentary, sermon, lecture, inaugural speech, debate, daily conversation, etc.
Written English
letter, news report, advertisement, poem, novel, legal document, etc.
writing
Graphological devices punctuation,italics paragraphing,Pictures, tables,charts
Different types of formats
Non-fluncy
Father. So what have you been making Ro++ Romy. Well-I was ma- I’ve been making a mar-I’ve been making a market++ and I made it out of matchstics-and-em matchboxes-andat the bottom of the matchboexes-I I put-I put matches-for for four legs+and I put a roof at the top+em out of paper-and then I made little things to put on it-er-.
《英语文体学》前七章总结
《英语文体学》前七章总结第一章：关于文体学。
文体学是一门研究语言风格的学科，我们所讲的是现代文体学，其又分为一般文体学和文学文体学。
前者主要是各种文体的一般特征，后者是各种文学作品的特别特征，两者研究有重叠。
语言是人们进行社交的工具，包括：言语行为，言语事件和文本。
言语事件包括三要素：实体，形式和情境。
语言具有多样性，不同的场合使用不一样的语言，承担着不同的功能，如语言的指示功能，表达功能和文本功能。
风格，是个人或群体的语言使用习惯。
学习文体学使我们对不同的语言特色或风格有个系统的知识，熟悉不同文学题材的不同特点，深化我们对文学作品的理解力和欣赏力。
此外，文体学给翻译和语言教学也提供了有效地方法。
文体学作为一门学科并不是独立存在的，它与多个学科如修辞学，文学评论等有着密切的关系。
第二章：文体学学习的必要性。
文体学作为一门研究语言风格的学科，分析不同的语言特色。
系统学习文体学，有助于培养表达的准确感。
在不同的场合使用不同的语言。
这对学外语的学生尤为重要；文体学有助于提高我们对文学作品的理解力和欣赏力。
通过对文本的研究。
涉及到描写，理解文章体裁特点和艺术表现力，这一过程就是提高我们理解和欣赏的过程；文体学有助于翻译保有原作的原滋原味。
通过分析通篇的风格，包括词，句子的特征，修辞，陈述方式以及文章的主题译者可以更好的把握原文的特色，使得译文在思想上，风格上更贴近原文，有其韵味。
第三章：语言变体文体学把语言变体主要分为方言变体和语域变体。
前者是由于不同的地域风俗习惯形成的，而后者是由于场合的不同而形成的。
方言变体和语域变体是相互依存的。
方言变体又分为：个人习语，即个人用语习惯；短暂性方言，每个时代的有其特别的语言特点，语言是时代的烙印；地域方言，不同地域的不同方言，每个地方读有其不同的说话习惯；社会方言即社会不同阶层如富人和穷人，使用不同的语言；和标准方言，方言也有标准和不标准之分。
语域变体在文体学中，又包括语场，语式（说和写）和语旨。
英语阅读文体知识点总结
英语阅读文体知识点总结IntroductionReading is an essential skill in acquiring knowledge, expanding vocabulary, and understanding different cultures. It is also a gateway to the world, providing access to a wide range of information and ideas. In this summary, we will explore various knowledge points related to reading in the English language, including reading strategies, types of texts, and how to improve reading comprehension.I. Types of Texts1. FictionFictional texts are stories that are created from the author's imagination. They can be further divided into subgenres such as fantasy, science fiction, romance, historical fiction, and mystery. Fictional texts often aim to entertain, evoke emotions, and convey universal truths about human nature.2. Non-fictionNon-fictional texts are based on real events, experiences, or research. They include genres such as biographies, autobiographies, essays, articles, and reports. Non-fictional texts aim to inform, persuade, or educate the reader about a specific topic.3. PoetryPoetry is a form of literary art that uses language to evoke emotional responses through rhythm, sound, and imagery. Poems can be written in various forms such as sonnets, haikus, ballads, and free verse. Poetry often explores themes of love, nature, and the human experience.4. DramaDrama is a literary form that is written to be performed by actors on stage. It includes genres such as tragedy, comedy, farce, and historical plays. Drama often explores conflicts, relationships, and societal issues.II. Reading Strategies1. SkimmingSkimming is a reading strategy that involves quickly glancing through a text to get a general idea of its content. It is useful for identifying key points, main ideas, and the overall structure of a text.2. ScanningScanning is a reading strategy that involves searching for specific information within a text. It is useful for locating names, dates, statistics, and other details without reading the entire text.3. Active ReadingActive reading involves engaging with the text by asking questions, making connections, and summarizing key points. It helps improve comprehension and retention of the material.4. PredictingPredicting involves making educated guesses about what will happen next in a text based on clues and prior knowledge. It helps maintain interest and anticipation while reading.5. Context CluesContext clues are words or phrases that surround an unfamiliar word and provide hints about its meaning. Understanding context clues can help readers decipher unfamiliar vocabulary.III. Reading Comprehension1. Literal ComprehensionLiteral comprehension involves understanding the explicit meaning of a text, including facts, details, and events presented in the text.2. Inferential ComprehensionInferential comprehension involves making logical inferences and drawing conclusions based on implicit information presented in the text.3. Evaluative ComprehensionEvaluative comprehension involves critically analyzing and making judgments about the content, style, and purpose of a text.4. SummarizingSummarizing involves condensing the main ideas and key points of a text into a concise and coherent form.IV. Improving Reading Skills1. Vocabulary BuildingExpanding vocabulary is essential for improving reading comprehension. Reading a variety of texts, using a dictionary, and keeping a vocabulary journal can help build vocabulary skills.2. Reading FluencyReading fluency refers to the ability to read smoothly, accurately, and with expression. Practicing reading aloud, using audio resources, and timing reading sessions can improve fluency.3. Comprehension StrategiesDeveloping comprehension strategies such as visualizing, making connections, asking questions, and monitoring understanding can enhance reading comprehension.4. Reading for PleasureReading for pleasure can improve reading skills by fostering a love for reading, increasing exposure to different genres, and building background knowledge.V. ConclusionIn conclusion, reading is a multifaceted skill that involves understanding different types of texts, using various reading strategies, and improving reading comprehension. By applying the knowledge points discussed in this summary, readers can enhance their reading skills and derive greater enjoyment and benefit from reading in the English language.。
英语文体学教程
Chapter11, what is style in your opinion according to what we have studied in this chapter?Anwser1 , from the perspective of the content, the events and activities described ,style is saying different things in different ways ;from the perspective of the ways of expression used ,styled is same thing in different ways; from the perspective of the users of language ,style is different speakers using language in different ways; and from the perspective of the text ,style is the functions of texts for different purposes.Anwser2, the definition of style is the concept of style as choice .this definition can have at least too interpretations .one is that first we have a pre-existing thought ,and then we choice the appropriate type of expression to express it in language. The chosen expression is the style .another is that the choice refers to the choice of meaning. The choice of language is at the same time a choice of meaning and a choice of style .2,what is the significance of studying the style of language in learning and teaching English?Anwser, the answer is that if we want to use language appropriately in different situations , we need to study style .as foreign language learners, if we disregard the rules of using what variety of language in what occasion , or fail to obey them through ignorance , language can become instead a barrier to successful communication . Therefore its necessary to have a clear awareness of how language should be used in different types of situations especially in unfamiliar situations.3, what factors can result in differences in style ?Answer , 1, the different types of vocabulary create different images of the events in the re ader’s mind, so they can result in different styles.2,people living in different periods of time in history will also speak differently ,and that will result in a different style.Chapter21, explain the following terms1),foregrounding: the stylistically significant features have to be prominent and motivated ,that is ,foregrounded.2),incongruity: the linguistic features depart from the normal use of language ,breaking the rules grammar ,spelling ,pronunciation.3)deflection : the linguistic features don’t depart from the established grammatical, lexical and logical rules and principles ,but have an unexpected high frequency of occurrence.4),field; its concerned with what is happening ,including the subject matter,the events happenings,going-ons, the content ,etc5)tenor: its concerned with who is taking part in the exchange of meaning ----the relationship between the speaker and the listener ,their relative status,their attitude,and their role relations .6)mode: its concerned with how the interaction is conducted ,that is whether it is written or spoken ,or whether it is expressed by phonic substance or graphic substance.2,question for discussion2)in rhetorical series,the number of items can influence the stylistic effect.try to analyze the causes on the basis of social culture.Answer :different numbers of words can produce different stylistic effects in the appropriate contexts. Two items express assertion ,that is ,it is just this ,not that .In appropriate situations three items can produce ethic ,persuasive, and representative effect. Four or more items in a seriesstress a large number of the concrete things ,and these can produce an imagery in the mind of the reader that the large amount of things constitutes a significant situation in which certain aspect are highlighted. Another function of the rhetorical series is to use concrete items to highlight abstract concepts so that the abstract concept can be expressed in concrete ,lively and vivid way to enhance the aesthetic value of language.3)what factors affect the writer’s selection of words and styleAnswer : five criteria for the selection of words :whether they are familiar or not familiar, whether they are concrete or abstract, whether they are single or more ,whether they are short and simple. Or long. Whether they are Anglo –saxon words or latin words .field ,tenor ,mode affect the writer’s selection of style.4)what is the criterion used to classify wordsAnswer :we can use more systematic way to classify word according to register and dialect .register:field ,tenor , mode .dialect: regional dialect,such as London dialect;social dialect such as dialect of age, race,etc.temporal dialect such as od English .5)through what channels can words be used to achieve transferred meaning?Answer :simile :x is like Y, eg as busy as bee. Metaphor: X is Y ,eg he is a pig. Synecdoche eg many hands represent the people who work with their hands . Metonymy eg purse represent money.Chapter31,explain the following terms1),chiasmus:chiasmus is formed by inverting the word order of the second part of a parallel structure,so it forms a kind of antithetical structure. Eg:let us never negotiate out of fear,but let us never fear to negotiate.2)antistrophe: it is the repetition of the same items but in inverted order ,eg:what’s polly to me,or me to polly?3)epizeuxis:it is a continuous repetition for high lighting a particular feature.4)ploce: the repetition is not continuous , but intermittent or dispersed in the text.5)loose sentence: put the major idea first and than the illustration .such a sentence is easy to grasp .6)periodic sentence:a periodic sentence can be used to create suspense,or expectation, thus drawing the listener’s attention to the end of the sentence.it can be used to produce humorous and emphatic effect .2,question for discussion1),there are many types of syntactic deflection ,but they have one thing in common :recurrence of structures. How is syntactic deflection classified?Answer :there are two type of syntactic deflection :the unexpected high frequency of occurrence of a certain type of sentence; and the overregular occurrence of a particular pattern .2)the high frequency of occurrence of long and short sentence can create stylistic effect .apart from the difference in expressive meanings ,what are other characteristics of the two types of sentences?Answer : long sentences are good to provide the detailed descriptions ,and are good to reveal the mental activities of the speaker .so they are used to produce a vivid, rich, exuberant, luxuriousstyle. Short sentence：can produce direct ,terse ,concise ,clear effect or continuous ,compact ,swift effect ,so that it creates certain atmosphere , and leave a deep impression on the listeners.3) why do writers often violate the rule of grammar? What do we cal this violation?Answer: we call this violation syntactic incongruity .the violation of the grammatical rules can be used to produce certain stylistic effects. The so-called ungrammatical sentences are used to represent the different varieties of language according to register and dialect. In literary works, dialectical and personal features of speech are often used to depict the personality of the characters. In poetry, the poet often uses deviant grammatical structures to achieve special effects, makes lines terse and concise, to make it rich in meaning.4)what is the function of rhetorical questions?Answer: A rhetorical question is to use the form of a question in order to express a strong emotion or to emphasize a particular aspect. The function of inverted sentence is to make a declarative sentence more powerful, to attract the listener’s attention, or to induce others’ sympathy. Arranged in parallelism, rhetorical questions can express strong emotions and increase the persuasive power.A rhetorical question can also introduce the topic of the text.5) In what ways can we use inverted sentences to achieve emphatic effect?Answer: to change the normal word order can be used to produce some emphatic effect. What is put to the initial part of the sentence is usually the focus of information of the clause and also the theme of he clause. So it is highlighted.Chapter41 explain the following terms1)Synaesthesia: it refers to the fact that sounds s are attributed with certain values or estheticfeatures. It is very casual, and supported by situational features and meaning.2)Alliteration: refers to the repetition of the initial sound usually a consonant, or a vowel at firstposition, in two or more words that occur close together.3)Assonance: refers to the use of the same or related vowel sounds in successive words. It cancreate harmonious effect.4)Consonance: refers to the repetition of the last consonants of the stresses words at the end ofthe lines.2 questions for discussion1)What are the characteristic of spoken language and written language respectively?Answer: spoken language: 1 it can directly be accompanied by other non-linguistic means as the aid; 2 it is generally speaking not as formal as written language; 3 it permits errors in the process of production; 4 it uses a particular grammar, a grammar characteristics of spoken language. 5 homophones can be used for special stylistic effects, such as pun; 6 some implications are best represented by special sound features; 7 sound feature can represent the feature of regional dialect or social dialect.Written language:1 as written language communication is usually not a direct one, but is delayed in time and at different places, the writer generally has time to get well prepared and revise the text before he sends it out to the reader;2 as space is limited, it has special grammatical features so as to put more meaning in it .there are many nominalizations to make sentences into groups;3 written language is often used in a more formal situation; 4 as time is enough, it is usually writtenin a more detailed and logical way;5 as written language is more purposeful, and for a single specific goal, it is usually more constant and developed around a single subject.2)How many sound patterns do we have? What special stylistic effects can be achieved by them? Answer: these sound patterns include alliteration which can create harmony, connection and achieve special stylistic effects, assonance which can create harmonious effect, and consonance 3)What factors can influence graphological prominence? .Answer: there are three distinctive factors that can produce graphological prominence: marking, spacing and sequence. Marking refers to the use of written symbols to convey information; space is spacing arrangement departing from this normal way of spacing can be used to achieve stylistic effects.4 In modern English, punctuation marks are patterned and standardized. How can we use punctuation marks for special stylistic purpose?Answer: period typically occurs at the end of a declarative sentence. If period occurs in unexpected high frequency of occurrence, it often means that the text mainly functions to provide information; comma is used to mark the unit larger than a word, however, in Charles Dickens’ Dombey and Son, comma is used to indicate syllables; exclamation marks can be used to carry emotional coloring, a mark of expressing special feelings; parentheses are used for further explanation; the ellipsis of punctuation marks produces an illogical and non-sequential image. Chapter71 explain the following terms1）Guide: guide is the further explanation of the headline, it consists of six elements; location, character, event, mode, time, and cause.2）Nominalization: refers to a grammatical phenomenon in which the meaning which is normally expressed by a clause is here expressed by a phrase, so clause nominalization is normal. It is contracted.3）The highlighting method: from the productive point of view, the columnist can publish the whole story, or he can cut off some parts from the end. He can even cut off the main body.4）Meaning contraction: using the smallest form to get the most meaning.5）Journalese words: as new report requires the speaker to use the least form to get the most meaning, and it has to be fresh and attractive, so the words in news report is short and new.2 questions for discussion1) What are semantic features of news report?Answer:1 In terms of ideational meaning, apart from the semantic field of news report, it covers virtually all areas of meaning systems ;2 in terms of interpersonal meaning, it stresses objectivity;3 in terms of textual meaning, it has the feature of meaning contraction.3) Most of the headlines are elliptical sentences. Tell in what way ellipsis is best achieve in news report.Answer: most of the headlines are elliptical sentences. What is omitted is: (a) subject-predicate (b) predicate (c) link verb or auxiliary verb4) How is meaning contraction of news report embodied in grammar?Answer: one feature of news report is meaning contraction, that is using the smallest form to get the most meaning .its grammatical feature are as follows:(1) the nominalization of the processes (2)big noun phrases and complex modifications (3)as some of the pre-modifiers come from a separate clause, it is highly contracted .5）The concreteness contraction of news report is in contradiction to meaning contraction. Tell how this contradiction is revolved in news report.Answer: besides its authenticity and objectivity, news report should also emphasize concreteness and detailedness. Therefore, the writer often gives background information and details by using parenthesis. By doing so, the writer can provide concrete and detailed information and save space as well.6）What graphological means are used in news report? Analyze what effects are achieved by graphological means.Answer: grphological means are made in the typesetting, for example, headlines can be arranged in such ways: 1 flush-left(it is made into a square) 2dropped-line(the length of the line is the same, but dropped in a bit each time) 3 short line followed by a long tome 4 along line followed by a short line 5 concave form 6 convex form . They can increase esthetic value and become more attractive.7）What are lexical features of news report? Why are many nonce words used in news report? Answer: lexical feature: 1 short and new-fashioned such a “crisis” in “the UN faces crisis of credibility”. 2 short journalese phrase such as “key issue” in “jobless will be the key issue in 1993”. 3nonce words, often blends such as Euromarket=European market.8）Why is there so much use of direct speech in news report?Answer: the use of direct speech can enhance the credibility of news report. The directly quoted speech can be regarded as basis of facts.9）What prominent devices are used in headlines in news report?Answer: alliteration allusion suspense etc.Chapter61Explain the following terms1）time non-fluency :pauses in inappropriate positions within a phrase or groups position ,the use of um or er to delay the time ,the repetition of some expressions ,such as be said be said be said.,2）Quality non-fluency: often the speaker cannot find the appropriate words to express himself, and he is striving for words, so he uses many inexact expressions and even wrong expressions or wrong pronunciations to express himself.3） Adjacency pair: most of the sentences are declarative and interrogative sentences as they are mostly made up of questions and answers.4） Slot filling words: slot filling words are used to fill in the pauses when the speaker strives for meaning as words, or when he or she strives to be politeness or lessen the degree of imprudence.2 question for discussion1）What are the characteristics of conversation from the perspective of semantics, grammar, vocabulary and phonology?Answer :semantic features:(1)the inexplicitness of meaning (2)the randomness of subject matter, and a general lack of planning (3)the lack of fluency Grammatical features :(1)sentence complexity (2)verbal phrases(3)nominal phrases(4)the types of sentences (5)quoted elements. Lexical feature:(1)most of the words are short and simple Anglo-Saxon ones, (2)the choice of words is limited in scope or range (3)slang and colloquial words, taboo words ,exclamatory words are frequently used (4)some slot filling words ,such as you know ,I mean,etc.(5)use exaggerated words and expressions. Phonological features :(1)use more contractions for the unimportant information (2)the often try to express themselves in spite of the fact that the other is speaking (3)there are many emphatic ways of speech ,such as stress .2）How do you account for the inexplicitness of language in daily conversation?Answer: the inexplicitness of meanings manifested in the following aspects: (1)lots of exophoric expression such as “this “is the tendency (2)there ar e missing links between the utterances(3) a lot of background information missing.(4)many inexact expressions using general words for particular concepts(5)many incomplete expressions.3）What are the features spontaneous commentary from the perspective of semantics, grammar, vocabulary and phonology?Answer: from the perspective of semantic features, if the listeners could also see the event while the commentary is delivered, there will be a lot of meaning implied or simply presupposed; but in a commentary without visual support on the part of the listeners, the commentator has to provide all the necessary information. In terms of syntactic structure, the sentences and the clauses are usually short as the commentator has no time to give detailed description of the event, and the sentences contain fewer words than usual. From the perspective of lexical features, the words are mostly simple in structure, they are short and simple; they are mostly composed of verbs, and proper names; there might be specialized terms depending on the subject matter of the commentary. From the perspective of phonological features, it is very fast and fluent, but he has to pronounce every word clearly and loudly.4）What are the features of text structure of public speech?Answer: It consist of the following element :(1)a short introduction to the main issue or issues concerned (2)the declaration of one’s attitude and position in the matter (3)the listin g, reasoning, and explaining (4)conclusion5）How is it that in public speech there is much use of noun phrases with post modification? Answer: there are few pre-modifiers, but more post-modifiers such as “of phrase” and “which clauses” to give detailed and accurate description.Chapter81 explain the following termsLearned words: learned words are words that borrowed from Latin, Greek and French.Clichés: are words or expressions which have lost their originality or effectiveness because they have been used too often.Semantic features: correctness and completeness; conciseness and clearness; consideration and courtesy.Grammatical features: sentences structure; uses of voices; uses of affirmative sentences; inverted sentencesLexical features: concrete and natural words; technical terms and abbreviations; brief and common word s; avoid clichés (except business contracts)3 questions for discussion1）Why should business English be correct and complete?Answer: the content of business English should be correct and completely. First, the conveyed information should be correct; sometimes a small mistake would cause a great loss in a deal and even affect business relations between two parties. Second, the conveyed information should be complete. For example, if we order some commodities, we should state names of commodities, delivery dates, consignees, methods of payment, etc.2）In business English sometimes active voice is used, and sometimes passive voice is preferred. Point out what stylistic features can be achieved through using voices.Answer: In business English, both active voice and passive voice can be used, but there is a tendency towards preference of active voice in today’s business communication. Active voice is shorter in form and economic in words compared with passive voice. Thus active voice is more effective in stylistic effect than passive voice; besides, active voice can make style more familiar and less formal. But in some cases, passive voice is necessary. When we discuss something negative, we should avoid blaming the other party directly, in addition, passive voice can make business English style more formal, and the conveyed information more objective.3）Why should business letters be written in a way of consideration and courtesy?Answer: In business communication, in order to make it more efficient, we should be considerate of others and polite to others. “You- Atti tude”is very important principle in business communication, that is, we should think ourselves back into the shoes of others so as to cooperate sincerely. 4）The use of technical terms and abbreviations is one stylistic feature of business English. State the reason of this phenomenon.Answer: using technical terms and abbreviations can avoid long and tedious explanation, which is one lexical feature of business English. Such as L/C----letter of credit5）Why should we avoid clichés in business English?Answer: clichés are words or expressions which have lost their originality or effectiveness because they have been used too often. In old-fashioned business English there are a large number of clichés, which should be avoid in present-day business communication.Chapter91, explain the following terms2) Redundancy: in order to avoid opaqueness and ambiguity, it has express clearly what everyone knows and takes for granted. This makes the legal language redundant clumsy and hard to understand.3) Common words: many of the legal words come from ordinary language with the common core features especially those high-frequency words, such as prepositions, conjunctions, articles, etc.4) specialized words: specialized words are necessary for two important aspects of legal language. The first is that for the field of law itself, and the second is that for many non-legal field concerned with legal affairs. There are two sources of specialized legal words: common words endowed with legal meanings and archaic words.2, question for discussion1)Why is legal English syntactically complex?Answer: syntactic Complexity: as its main function is to ensure preciseness and accuracy and block any leakage, the draftsmen of legal documents have to be very carful and scrupulous, and the legal texts have to be able to stand the text of time .therefore legal language is rich in modifications, circumlocutions, and complex logic relations.2）Legal English is very conservative in form. Explain it from a historical perspective.Answer: conservativeness: as the legal language is produced by careful phrasing and tested over a long time, nobody dares to alter the structure of legal English, so that its structures become old-fashioned and archaic. The representative legal language in such a way is English legal language.3) What is the reason that there are many legal words of French source?Answer: because after the Norman Conquest, French because the official language used for all state affairs including law in Great Britain. That is why many French loan words were found in law afterwards.4) What are the lexical features of legal English?Answer: legal vocabulary mainly comes from French. (2) Legal words can be divided into following three types: 1, common words2, specialized words3, Multi-register words.。
[英语学习]文体学1
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• Implication: (Assumptions) • A.Linguistics should be most helpful in analyzing and interpreting literary texts. • B) literature is a type of communicative discourse.
• The Purposes for study of stylistics • To appreciate the English literature works • To master some general knowledge about variations of English • To improve English level • To construct a critical view towards matter • To build a new way of thinking
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
• 1 Definition of Stylistics • Stylistics=style+ linguistics • STYLE: Chapter Two • Linguistics: the study of language in which theories on languages have been fully investigated • Take some language theories as example • Cooperative principles • Politeness principles • Ambiguity of languages
• Implication: stylistic features do not occur randomly in it but form patterns. And stylisticians can account for literary texts not just intrasententially but also intersententially, not only in terms of linguistic facts and theory but also in terms of sociolinguistic facts and theory.
英语文体学知识重点[1]教案资料
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英语文体学知识重点[1]Chapter 1 Introduction· What is the English Stylistics？It is a science that deals with the research for a wide variety of the styles of written and oral English in English language.· What are language functions?a) To deliver some infor to other peopleb) To communicate with each other in society·How do we express ourselves in a proper way?Several factors do work.a)Phoneticsb)Vocabularyc)Grammard)Some knowledge concerning English stylistics·The correctness in using the language can not replace the appropriateness in language communication. Why?Four examples:a) “ Hello ” and “ Hi ”b) “ Assist me! Assist me! ” and “ Aid! Aid! ”c) “That’s all right.” “That’s to say.” “It’s O.K..”d) See next paged) “ I am terribly sorry to hear that your husband has just died, but don’t let it upset you too much. You’re an attractive, young lady. I’m pretty sure it is very easy for you to find someone else soon. ”·The effects of language expressions are sometimes related to some non-linguistic factors. a) Sex ------ “ Oh, my God! ”b) Age ------ “ Cheers! ” and “ Bye for now. ”c) Vocation ------ “ Watch the birdie. ”d) Received education ------ “ go to W.C. ”e) Social station ------ “ What prompted you to apply for this job? ”·Why should we learn and study English stylistics?a) It will help us to express ourselves in English properly.b) It will help us to know something about language features of a variety of English written styles.c) It will help us to select a proper way for getting the best language effects and attaining our communicative purposes.d) It will help us to go at literary criticism.e) It will help us to do the translation work well.Chapter 2 Language Description & Stylistic Analysis·There are 4 phonetic means in English:1) stress 2) Intonation 3) pause 4) voice quality.·Stress has several apparent stylistic and grammatical functions.(1) The first function is for emphasis.(2) The second function is to change the meaning or the part of speech of some words, or both.(3) The third function is to differ some English words(4) The fourth function is to show someone’s surprise, anger, fear, doubt, pleasure, etc..·Intonation can be employed to express people’s happiness, sadness, certainty, hesitation, depression, etc. There are 5 pitches in phonetics:收集于网络，如有侵权请联系管理员删除(1) The falling pitch is used to show the meaning of definiteness, certainty and completeness.(2) The rising pitch is employed to show the meaning of indefiniteness, uncertainty and incompleteness.(3) The fall-rise pitch is used to give people some encouragement or give people a warning.(4) The rise-fall pitch is employed to give people a sincere praise or to show the feeling of shock.(5) The level pitch is used to give account on something happened in the past. ·Pause can be divided into two.a) voiced pause b) silent pause·Some useful rhetorical devices1. Period and inversion2. Parallelism and antithesis3. Climax and anti-climax4. RepetitionChapter 3 Oral Style and Written Style·Several occasions for using oral style:1. In literary masterpieces2. In everyday conversation3. In informal speeches·The differences between oral communication and written communication1. Use some gestures ( body language ) in oral communication2. Use a statement as a question in oral communication3. Use some pure oral words in oral communication· The comparison of language styles in oral style and in written style ·What can be used with oral style?1) slangs 2) vogue words 3) abbreviations 4) phrasal verbs 5) idioms ·What can be used with written style?1) Scientific English 2) Legal English 3) Religious English 4) Formal speech 5) Official documentsChapter 4 Formal Style & Informal Style·Five styles were advanced by Martin Joos in the book “ The Five Clocks ”1) Frozen Style: legal items, historic literature, the documents for international conferences, etc.2) Formal Style: This style is usually used to deliver some infor on formal occasions.3) Consultative Style: With this style people usually offer some background information. It is usually employed in business activities.4) Casual Style: People usually use it between friends, acquaintances, or insiders. Its main feature is that people usually employ ellipsis, slangs or cants with it.5) Intimate Style: It is usually used between husband and wife. Moreover it is employed in jargons sometimes.Chapter 6 Societal Deviation in English· What is societal deviation in English?收集于网络，如有侵权请联系管理员删除Societal deviation is something about societal dialects.·Black English Vernacular: (土语)urban black English·What are the reasons for you to know Black English Vernacular?⏹(1)It will help us to know the status que of AE.(2) It will help to readsome novels in American literature.⏹Chapter 7 Time Deviation in English· Three stages of the development of English language1) The 1st stage is from 449 to 1100 ( Old English ).(The verbs in Old English can be divided into two categories ------ one is strong verbs and another is weak verbs. The past tense forms of most of weak verbs are with the ending -cec, -ode, or -de after the original weak verbs.) 2) The 2nd stage is from 1100 to 1500 (Middle English).( At that time “ hw ” in Old English became “ wh ” and “ cw ” became “ qu ”. )3) The 3rd stage is from 1500 to present time (Modern English).(There are two remarkable features in Modern English. )(1)There are many loans in Modern English. from Japanese/from French/from Latin/ from Chinese.(2) There are some neologisms(新词) in Modern English.·The application of English archaic words（过时的词）in modern times1) In legal English 2) In religious English 3) In English poetry 4) In newspapers·Why use archaic words in modern times? formal/rhyme/show-off Chapter 8 Common Practical Styles·Three functions of English advertisements1) to attract readers’ attention 2) to arose customer interest 3) to erge customer to take actions as soon as possible.·Some features of English advertisements(1) More simple sentences(2) Less negative sentences ------ If people really want to express the negative meaning in advertisements, they may use “ nothing ” or “ no ” instead of “ not ”.(3) Frequent use of present tense(4) More and more imperative sentences(5) Far more elliptical sentences(6) More figures of speech(7) Some special adjectives(8) Some newly-created words·Journalistic English: News report/news story·two categories of newspapers1) quality paper大报 2) tabloid小报·Three requirements for news reports：Swift / objective / true·Some features of journalistic English1) Some journalistic jargons 2) Some acronyms 3) Some apocopation 4) Some aphoeresis 5) Some words with front and back clipping 6) Some收集于网络，如有侵权请联系管理员删除syncopations 7) Some neologisms 8) Some blends 9) Some nouns are used as verbs to make the headlines vivid.Scientific English·What can be written with scientific English?1) Scientific works and literature2) Academic theses3) Laboratory reports4) Product instructions·Some important features of scientific English1) Passive voice is high-frequently used in sentences.2) Present tense is quite often employed in sentences because scientific concepts and principles are usually described as truths.3) Long and complete sentences are often used to express meanings, ideas and concepts.4) There are some words which are from Latin.5) There is a simplicity in meaning for some words in scientific English.6) There are some useful prefixes and suffixes in scientific English. Chapter 9 Literary Style·The language features of English poetry1. The rhythm and the meter of English poetryRhythm is a regular succession of weak and strong stresses, accents, sounds, or movements in speech, music, poems, dancing, etc.·How is the rhythm formed in English poems?Stressed syllables and unstressed syllables which alternately appear in a stanza may produce rhythm in English poems. ·What is meter? Meter is the measur. The English poetic rhythm is based on meter.构成英诗节奏的基础是韵律，即“格律”。
第二讲 英文文体上的一些要点
These results are preliminary in nature.
→ These reቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱults are preliminary.
7. 同义反复比比皆是
其语法上并不存在任何语病，但在英语本族语者读来 却有语义重叠、拖沓冗长之感。 如 “大家一致认为” Everyone thinks unanimously that the procedure is feasible everyone feels已包含unanimously之意； feels已包含unanimously之意； “不切实际的幻想” impractical illusion等 illusion等 illusion已包含impractical之意 illusion已包含impractical之意 “甜言蜜语”、“平稳”、“差错”、“思想”、“千 姿百态”
4. Use the active voice whenever possible. 尽可能使用主动语态。 不合适的： It was observed that the solution turned red. 正确的： The solution turned red Or We observed that the solution turned red. 溶液变成了红色。或， 我们观察到溶液变成了红 色。
不合适的： this leads us to conclude that….. this observation leads us to conclude that……. 这个观察结果使我们推断出…… 这个观察结果使我们推断出……
3. Describe experimental results uniformly in the past tense. 描述实验结果一律要用过去时态。 不合适的： Addition of water gives product 正确的： Addition of water gave product 加水后生成产物
新编英语文体学教程
新编英语文体学教程
摘要：
1.新编英语文体学教程概述
2.英语文体学的重要性
3.新编英语文体学教程的主要内容
4.新编英语文体学教程的特点
5.新编英语文体学教程的应用和价值
正文：
1.新编英语文体学教程概述
《新编英语文体学教程》是一本关于英语文体学的专业教材。
它旨在帮助学生深入理解和掌握英语文体学的基本概念、原理和方法，从而提高他们的英语写作能力和跨文化交际能力。
2.英语文体学的重要性
英语文体学是研究不同类型英语文本的语言特征和结构规律的学科，对于提高英语写作水平、加深对英语语言的理解和应用具有重要的意义。
同时，英语文体学也是研究跨文化交际的重要工具，可以帮助我们更好地理解和适应不同的文化背景。
3.新编英语文体学教程的主要内容
《新编英语文体学教程》全面、系统地介绍了英语文体学的基本概念、原理和方法。
主要包括英语文体学的基本概念，英语文体学的历史和发展，英语文体学的主要理论和方法，以及英语文体学在实际应用中的案例分析等。
4.新编英语文体学教程的特点
《新编英语文体学教程》具有以下特点：首先，结构严谨，内容全面，既注重理论知识的讲解，又注重实践应用的分析；其次，采用最新的研究成果和实例，贴近实际，富有时代感；最后，编写风格简洁明了，易于理解和学习。
5.新编英语文体学教程的应用和价值
《新编英语文体学教程》不仅可以作为英语专业教材，也可以作为广大英语学习者的参考书。
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Chapter 1 Introduction·What is the English Stylistics？It is a science that deals with the research for a wide variety of the styles of written and oral English in English language.·What are language functions?a) To deliver some infor to other peopleb) To communicate with each other in society·How do we express ourselves in a proper way?Several factors do work.a)Phoneticsb)Vocabularyc)Grammard)Some knowledge concerning English stylistics·The correctness in using the language can not replace the appropriateness in language communication. Why?Four examples:a) “ Hello ” and “ Hi ”b) “ Assist me! Assist me! ” and “ Aid! Aid! ”c) “That’s all right.” “That’s to say.” “It’s O.K..”d) See next paged) “ I am terribly sorry to hear that your husband has just died, but don’t let it upset you too much. You’re an attractive, young lady. I’m pretty sure it is very easy for you to find someone else soon. ”·The effects of language expressions are sometimes related to some non-linguistic factors.a) Sex ------ “ Oh, my God! ”b) Age ------ “ Cheers! ” and “ Bye for now. ”c) Vocation ------ “ Watch the birdie. ”d) Received education ------ “ go to W.C. ”e) Social station ------ “ What prompted you to apply for this job? ” ·Why should we learn and study English stylistics?a) It will help us to express ourselves in English properly.b) It will help us to know something about language features of a variety of English written styles.c) It will help us to select a proper way for getting the best language effects and attaining our communicative purposes.d) It will help us to go at literary criticism.e) It will help us to do the translation work well.Chapter 2 Language Description & Stylistic Analysis·There are 4 phonetic means in English:1) stress 2) Intonation 3) pause 4) voice quality.·Stress has several apparent stylistic and grammatical functions.(1) The first function is for emphasis.(2) The second function is to change the meaning or the part of speech of some words, or both.(3) The third function is to differ some English words(4) The fourth function is to show someone’s surprise, anger, fear, doubt, pleasure, etc..·Intonation can be employed to express people’s happiness, sadness, certainty, hesitation, depression, etc. There are 5 pitches in phonetics:(1) The falling pitch is used to show the meaning of definiteness, certainty and completeness.(2) The rising pitch is employed to show the meaning of indefiniteness, uncertainty and incompleteness.(3) The fall-rise pitch is used to give people some encouragement or give people a warning.(4) The rise-fall pitch is employed to give people a sincere praise or to show the feeling of shock.(5) The level pitch is used to give account on something happened in the past. ·Pause can be divided into two.精品文档a) voiced pause b) silent pause·Some useful rhetorical devices1. Period and inversion2. Parallelism and antithesis3. Climax and anti-climax4. RepetitionChapter 3 Oral Style and Written Style·Several occasions for using oral style:1. In literary masterpieces2. In everyday conversation3. In informal speeches·The differences between oral communication and written communication1. Use some gestures ( body language ) in oral communication2. Use a statement as a question in oral communication3. Use some pure oral words in oral communication·The comparison of language styles in oral style and in written style·What can be used with oral style?1) slangs 2) vogue words 3) abbreviations 4) phrasal verbs 5) idioms·What can be used with written style?1) Scientific English 2) Legal English 3) Religious English 4) Formal speech 5) Official documentsChapter 4 Formal Style & Informal Style·Five styles were advanced by Martin Joos in the book “ The Five Clocks ”1) Frozen Style: legal items, historic literature, the documents for international conferences, etc.2) Formal Style: This style is usually used to deliver some infor on formal occasions.3) Consultative Style: With this style people usually offer some background information. It is usually employed in business activities. 4) Casual Style: People usually use it between friends, acquaintances, or insiders. Its main feature is that people usually employ ellipsis, slangs or cants with it.5) Intimate Style: It is usually used between husband and wife. Moreover it is employed in jargons sometimes.Chapter 6 Societal Deviation in English·What is societal deviation in English?Societal deviation is something about societal dialects.·Black English Vernacular: (土语)urban black English·What are the reasons for you to know Black English Vernacular?(1)It will help us to know the status que of AE.(2) It will help to read somenovels in American literature.Chapter 7 Time Deviation in English·Three stages of the development of English language1) The 1st stage is from 449 to 1100 ( Old English ).(The verbs in Old English can be divided into two categories ------ one is strong verbs and another is weak verbs. The past tense forms of most of weak verbs are with the ending -cec, -ode, or -de after the original weak verbs.)2) The 2nd stage is from 1100 to 1500 (Middle English).( At that time “ hw ” in Old English became “ wh ” and “ cw ” became “ qu ”. )3) The 3rd stage is from 1500 to present time (Modern English).(There are two remarkable features in Modern English. )(1)There are many loans in Modern English. from Japanese/from French/from Latin/ from Chinese.(2) There are some neologisms(新词) in Modern English.·The application of English archaic words（过时的词）in modern times1) In legal English 2) In religious English 3) In English poetry 4) In newspapers ·Why use archaic words in modern times? formal/rhyme/show-off精品文档Chapter 8 Common Practical Styles·Three functions of English advertisements1) to attract readers’ attention 2) to arose customer interest 3) to erge customer to take actions as soon as possible.·Some features of English advertisements(1) More simple sentences(2) Less negative sentences ------ If people really want to express the negative meaning in advertisements, they may use “ nothing ” or “ no ” instead of “ not ”.(3) Frequent use of present tense(4) More and more imperative sentences(5) Far more elliptical sentences(6) More figures of speech(7) Some special adjectives(8) Some newly-created words·Journalistic English: News report/news story·two categories of newspapers1) quality paper大报2) tabloid小报·Three requirements for news reports：Swift / objective / true·Some features of journalistic English1) Some journalistic jargons 2) Some acronyms 3) Some apocopation 4) Some aphoeresis 5) Some words with front and back clipping 6) Some syncopations 7) Some neologisms 8) Some blends 9) Some nouns are used as verbs to make the headlines vivid.Scientific English·What can be written with scientific English?1) Scientific works and literature2) Academic theses3) Laboratory reports4) Product instructions ·Some important features of scientific English1) Passive voice is high-frequently used in sentences.2) Present tense is quite often employed in sentences because scientific concepts and principles are usually described as truths.3) Long and complete sentences are often used to express meanings, ideas and concepts.4) There are some words which are from Latin.5) There is a simplicity in meaning for some words in scientific English.6) There are some useful prefixes and suffixes in scientific English.Chapter 9 Literary Style·The language features of English poetry1. The rhythm and the meter of English poetryRhythm is a regular succession of weak and strong stresses, accents, sounds, or movements in speech, music, poems, dancing, etc.·How is the rhythm formed in English poems?Stressed syllables and unstressed syllables which alternately appear in a stanza may produce rhythm in English poems.·What is meter? Meter is the measur. The English poetic rhythm is based on meter.构成英诗节奏的基础是韵律，即“格律”。