英语文体学ppt-Varieties in relation to attitude
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文体学Varieties of language部分
And cutting across these social boundaries are differences in the ways of women and men, old and young. Each group tends to have its distinctive ways of speaking.
A variety which correlates with the various periods of the development of language is called TEMPORAL DIALECT.
Regional dialect
Language varies from region to region. Owing to the physical boundaries of oceans and mountains, people who live in different places tend to develop different speech patterns.
So there are individual, temporal, regional, social and standard varieties respectively.
DIATYPIC VARIETIES
commonly called REGISTERs
are language variations that are associated with the different use to which they are put.
Ethnic varieties
Ethnic groups tend to develop and maintain distinctive speech ways of their own. Hence the rise of ethnic varieties.
A variety which correlates with the various periods of the development of language is called TEMPORAL DIALECT.
Regional dialect
Language varies from region to region. Owing to the physical boundaries of oceans and mountains, people who live in different places tend to develop different speech patterns.
So there are individual, temporal, regional, social and standard varieties respectively.
DIATYPIC VARIETIES
commonly called REGISTERs
are language variations that are associated with the different use to which they are put.
Ethnic varieties
Ethnic groups tend to develop and maintain distinctive speech ways of their own. Hence the rise of ethnic varieties.
文体学3 by fiona
3.1 Two kinds of Varieties
The constant features of the situational circumstances of speech events that can be consistently related to variations in language use fall into two main groups: one group relates to the relatively permanent characteristics of the user in speech events, the other relates to the user's use of language in such events; and they yield two main kinds of situational varieties: dialectal ndividual Dialect-- Idiolect A specific person will display his or her own features of speech or writing habits. This is readily shown in the fact that most of us can recognize our friends by the sound of their voice or the look of their handwriting. Each speaker or writer will have his or her own particular voice quality, pitch and stress patterns, favorite lexical items, and even grammatical structures. These traits of speech or writing often point to a person's individuality which leads to a person's style. We call it INDIVIDUAL DIALECT or IDIOLECT.
文体学课件Chapter1分析
The discussion of the concepts of style should focus on some essential aspects
of language on which most linguists agree.
And in which aspects of language does stylistics focus on?
The language of a participant in a social activity reflects his social characteristics (such as his status, ethnic group, age and sex), his awareness of the various factors of a social situation, etc.
English Stylistics: A New Course Book
Instructed by Zhuying
Course related Questions
Questions
Who
– Who is the founder of stylistics?
What
– What does stylistics study? – What is style and stylistics?
Why
– Why do we study stylistics?
How
– How do we make stylistic analysis?
Who is the founder of stylistics?
The founder of stylistics: Charles Bally, the student of Saussure, is the most influential linguist in the first generation in Geneva School which was founded by Saussure.
of language on which most linguists agree.
And in which aspects of language does stylistics focus on?
The language of a participant in a social activity reflects his social characteristics (such as his status, ethnic group, age and sex), his awareness of the various factors of a social situation, etc.
English Stylistics: A New Course Book
Instructed by Zhuying
Course related Questions
Questions
Who
– Who is the founder of stylistics?
What
– What does stylistics study? – What is style and stylistics?
Why
– Why do we study stylistics?
How
– How do we make stylistic analysis?
Who is the founder of stylistics?
The founder of stylistics: Charles Bally, the student of Saussure, is the most influential linguist in the first generation in Geneva School which was founded by Saussure.
文体学 Varieties
Southern American
South Central, Southern, Appalachian
Chinese：
Cantonese 方言
4) Social Dialect
a) Socialeconomic Status Varieties; b) Ethnic Varieties; c) Gender Varieties; d) Age Varieties
Lead in
Policeman: What’s your name, boy? Black psychiatrist: Dr Poussaint. I am a physician. Policeman: What’s your first name, boy? Black psychiatrist: Alvin
Also
General American (Standard American)
Pacific NW, Pacific SW, Central, North Central
Eastern American
New England, New York City, MidAtlantic, Western Pennsylvania
Classification 1 User: historical varieties, regional dialect, social dialect Use: legal, journalistic, business, scientific, literary Social relations: medium—oral/ written and status/ attitude Quirk et al (Grammar of Contemporary English, 1972: 14): The fact that…the “Common Core” dominates all the varieties means that, however esoteric or remote a variety may be, it has running through it a set of grammatical and other characteristics that are present in all others. It is presumably this fact that justifies the application of the name “English”.
英语文体学 PPT
General stylistics: concentrating on the general features of various types of language use, including literary discourses and other practical styles
General stylistics
Some Senses of style
1) A man's style is his mind's voice. (Ralph Waldo Emerson)
2) Proper words in proper places makes the true definition of a style. (Jonathan Swift)
Introduction to Stylistics
I. Introduction
What is stylistics? Modern Stylistics:
General Stylistics, Literary Stylistics
The Scope of Studies
Literary stylistics: concentrating on the unique features of various literary works, such as poem, novel, prose, drama…
Some Senses of style
5) Style is a shell surrounding a preexisting core of thought. It is regarded as an addition to a central core of thought or expression. (Nils Erik Enkvist)）
General stylistics
Some Senses of style
1) A man's style is his mind's voice. (Ralph Waldo Emerson)
2) Proper words in proper places makes the true definition of a style. (Jonathan Swift)
Introduction to Stylistics
I. Introduction
What is stylistics? Modern Stylistics:
General Stylistics, Literary Stylistics
The Scope of Studies
Literary stylistics: concentrating on the unique features of various literary works, such as poem, novel, prose, drama…
Some Senses of style
5) Style is a shell surrounding a preexisting core of thought. It is regarded as an addition to a central core of thought or expression. (Nils Erik Enkvist)）
文体学 课件
A brief summaryStylistics is a newly-born study, it was in the 1960s that stylistic study really began to flourish in Great Britain and the United States. Professor Wang Zuoliang is the first person in China to study it.The stylistics we are discussing here is Modern Stylistics, a discipline that applies concepts and techniques of modern linguistics to the study of styles of language use. It has two subdivisions: General Stylistics and Literary Stylistics, with the latter concentrating solely on unique features of various literary works, and the former on the general features of various types of language use.1.2.1 Speech Acts1.2.2 Speech Events1.2.3 Text / Message / Discourse1. Substantial2. Formal3. SituationalIt is this contextual relationship between the substance and form of a speech event on the one hand and the situation in which it occurs on the other, which gives what is normally called “meaning” to utterance. In other words, context determines meaning of features in situation.e.g.My beloved grandfather has just passed to his heavenly reward.My dear grandfather has just expired.My grandfather has just passed away.My grandfather has died.同是表达“死”这个概念，但场合不同，表达方式也不同。
文体学Varieties of language部分
Individual dialect --- Idiolect
A specific person will display his or her own features of speech or writing habits.
The traits of speech or writing often point to a person’s individuality which leads to a person’s style.
VARIETIES OF LANGUAGE
语言变体
Outline
Two kinds of varieties Dialects Registers The mutual dependence between register
and dialect The social meaning of language varieties
The choice is determined by the convention that a certain kind of language is appropriate to a certain use.
The occasion can be classified along three dimensions, each presenting an aspect of the situation and the part played by the language in them.
and they yield two main kinds of situational varieties: dialectal and diatypic.
DIALECTAL VARIETIES commonly called DIALECTs are language variations that are
文体学五种文体ppt课件
Example
"I've tried it,and it don't work;it don't work,Tom.It ain't for me...The widder eats by a bell;she goes to bed by a bell;she gits up by a bell---everything's so awful reg'lar a body can't Declaration of Independence
Formal style
Definition:Formal style is used before a large audience such as formal lectures,inaugural address of president elect,scientific reports.
Example
"Where's Van Bummel,the shoolmaster? " "He went off to the war too,was the great militia
general,and is now in Congress." ——Rip Van Winkle
Casual style
Example
Thank you very much, Mr. Mayor. I appreciate your kind words of introduction. And we're delighted to be here today. My wife and I are privileged to have the opportunity once again to travel in China.
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politeness
Politeness refers to
How languages expressed the social distance between the speakers and their different role-relationships;
How face-work,that is,the attempt to establish,maintain,and save face during conversation,is carried out in a speech community
The consultative style
①Excuse me, how can I get to the nearest metro station?
②A: What can I do for you? B: I’d like to buy some primary taste yogurt .
In English,degrees of politeness are indicated by intonation patterns address forms and some other markers. A rising tone or a falling-rising tone used in commands,invitations,greetings or farewells,often indicates politeness. Excuse me? Thank you! It is very kind of you!
Chapter 6
Varieties in relation to attitude
Degrees of formality
Formality refers to the way in which the style or tone of language will vary in appropriateness according to the social context.
It is used for conducting most business matters,such
as talking with strangers,buying things in a shop,asking the way in the street,etc.
Common core words are often used,and the tone is
purposes,such as legal documents,regulations,formal ceremonies,etc.
Sentences are constructed with the utmost
care,and the tone is serious and impersonal.
It is the language used among members of the
family,betweenhusband and wife,among very close friends,or among a particular group of people,such as school boys ,army soldiers,or criminals.
The tone is very informal,emotional or intimate.
5 levels of degrees of formality
The Gobbledygook
It is first used in the beginning of the previous century. It is
The intimate style
① Wife: Hungry! Husband: Noodle or snacks? I'm at your service any time , sweetie.
② A: Hey Jerry,basketball or football? B: How about snooker?
For example
Child (the common core term)
Offspring(rather formal)
Kid (informal and familiar)
5 levels of degrees of formality Frozen Style
It is used by professional speakers for public
According to Qian Yuan,in terms of politeness,language varies according to:
The degree of intimacy between the adresser and the addressee;
The degree of social distance separating the addresser from the addressee;
The casual style
① Come on, John, don’t be nervous, and remember you are among friends
② A: What’s for lunch? I’ll go to buy takeaway. B: Pizza! C: Just a cup of yogurt and two slices of bread! I am on diet.
an extreme style of the hyper-formal. It is meaningless,time-wasting but important-sounding official language used by officials circumlocution.
The sentences are long and tedious,and
the tone is serious and impersonal.
The examples of the aforementioned styles
The frozen style
①The united nations shall established under its authority an international trusteeship system for the administration of such territories as may be placed thereunder by subsequent individual agreements. These territories are hereafter referred to as trust territories.
generally neutral,friendly and polite.
5 levels of degrees of formality
Casual style
It is the language used for situations in which no
social barriers are felt by the participants.
The gobbledygook
① It is obvious from the difference in elevation with relation to the short depth of the property that the contour is such as to preclude any resonable developmental potential for active recreation. ② I hereby give and convey to you, all and singular, my estate and interest, right, title,claim and advantages of and in the said orange,together with all rind,juice,pulp and pits, and all rights and advantages therein anything hereinbefore or hereinafter, or in any other deed or deeds, instrument or instruments of whatever nature or kind whatsoever, to the contrary, in any wise, notwithstanding.
Sentences are usually short,elliptical,with a lot of
constractions,and the tone tends to be friendly and inees of formality
Intimate style
5 levels of degrees of formality
Formal Style
It is used before a large audience such as formal
lectures,inaugural address of the president elect,scientific report,etc.
↘
Archaic words
② Here we have the emptiness, the nothingness, of the Orient. My own works have been described as works of emptiness, but it is not to be taken for the nihilism of the West. The spiritual foundation would seem to be quite different. Dogen entitled his poem about the seasons, Innate Reality, and even as he sang of the beauty of the seasons he was deeply immersed in Zen.