Unit 13 Motivation Theories
unit13九年级知识点
unit13九年级知识点Unit 13: 九年级知识点Unit 13 is an important unit in the ninth-grade curriculum. In this unit, students will learn various key concepts and knowledge that are essential for their academic growth. This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the main topics covered in this unit.1. Solving Equations:One of the fundamental skills students will develop in Unit 13 is solving equations. They will learn different methods such as the balance method and using inverse operations to find the value of an unknown variable. Solving equations is a crucial mathematical skill as it allows us to find unknown values and represent relationships between variables.2. Inequalities:Building upon the concept of equations, students will also learn about inequalities. Inequalities express relationships between variables using symbols such as < (less than), > (greater than), ≤ (less than or equal to), and ≥ (greater than or equal to). Understanding inequalities isessential for solving real-world mathematical problems, such as determining the number of solutions that satisfy certain conditions.3. Graphing Linear Equations:Another important topic covered in Unit 13 is graphing linear equations. Students will learn how to plot points on a coordinate grid and connect them to form a line. Graphing linear equations helps visualize the relationship between two variables and provides a graphical representation of the equation. This skill is crucial in various fields, including science, engineering, and economics.4. Proportional Relationships:Unit 13 also introduces students to the concept of proportional relationships. Proportional relationships exist when two quantities vary in a consistent manner. Students will learn how to identify proportional relationships, represent them using equations or tables, and solve problems involving proportional reasoning. This knowledge is valuable in various real-life scenarios, especially when dealing with rates, ratios, and percentages.5. Similarity and Congruence:Furthermore, students will delve into the realm of geometry in Unit 13 by exploring similarity and congruence. Similar figures have the same shape but differ in size, while congruent figures have both the same shape and size. Students will learn how to identify and apply properties of similar and congruent triangles. These concepts are crucial in fields such as architecture, design, and engineering.6. Pythagorean Theorem:Unit 13 also covers the Pythagorean Theorem. This theorem relates the lengths of the sides of a right triangle and is considered one of the most important theorems in mathematics. Students will learn how to apply the Pythagorean Theorem to solve problems involving right triangles and calculate unknown side lengths. This theorem has significant applications in various fields, including architecture, navigation, and physics.In conclusion, Unit 13 encompasses a range of important mathematical concepts and skills. From solving equations to graphing linear equations, from understanding inequalities to exploring similarity and congruence, and from proportional relationships to the Pythagorean Theorem, students will gain a strong foundation in math through this unit. Mastering these knowledge points will not only equip studentswith essential mathematical skills but also enable them to approach real-world problems with confidence and analytical thinking.。
初三下册英语学法大视野答案十三单元作文
初三下册英语学法大视野答案十三单元作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Unit 13 CompositionThe topic for this unit's composition is "An Inspiring Person in My Life". I have to admit, when I first saw the assignment I wasn't super excited about it. Writing essays is definitely not my favorite thing. But the more I thought about it, the more I realized I actually did have someone inspiring to write about - my older brother Jason.Jason is 6 years older than me, so he's already graduated from high school and is in college studying engineering. When we were younger, he used to seem so mature and grown up compared to me. I looked up to him a lot. He was the smart one who always got good grades. He was the athletic one who played sports really well. And he was just an all-around cool older brother.Even now that I'm older, Jason is still someone I greatly admire. He works incredibly hard at everything he does. In high school, he took a ton of AP classes and was involved in so manyclubs and activities. He was the captain of the soccer team, played in the band, was active in student government, and even started his own tutoring program. I have no idea how he had time to do it all, but he did and he excelled.What makes Jason truly inspiring to me though is his attitude and character. He is one of the most driven people I know, but he's also very humble about his abilities and achievements. He never brags or acts arrogant. He's always striving to improve himself, but in a quiet, unassuming way. Jason is also unfailingly kind, patient, and ethical. He treats everyone with respect and courtesy. He stands up for what he believes is right. And he has incredibly strong principles that he lives by.I remember one time when we were younger, a group of guys started picking on me and my friends for being "nerds" who liked school and got good grades. Jason happened to be walking by and saw what was going on. He immediately stepped in and told those guys to back off and leave us alone. I was so grateful to him for defending us, but also impressed by his calm but firm demeanor. He didn't resort to shouting or threats, but simply stated with confidence that their behavior was unacceptable. The guys backed down pretty quickly.On another occasion, Jason found out that I had cheated on a math test because I was struggling in the class and feeling a lot of pressure to keep my grades up. I expected him to be really disappointed in me, but instead he sat me down and had an honest discussion about integrity. He explained why cheating was wrong without lecturing me. He said he knew how stressful school could be and how tempting it might seem to take a shortcut, but that the most important thing was to always try my best and be proud of my own efforts, regardless of the outcome. Jason inspired me to admit what I had done and re-take the test, determined to prepare properly. I got a worse grade than if I had kept the cheated score, but I felt so much better about myself.My brother has also shown amazing perseverance in the face of adversity. During his senior year of high school, Jason was diagnosed with leukemia. It was incredibly scary for my whole family. Jason had to undergo chemotherapy and radiation for months. There were times when he felt horrible from the treatment's side effects and it would have been easy for him to get discouraged and give up. But he remained stubbornly positive and hopeful throughout it all. He missed a lot of school, but kept up with his studies from the hospital and even managed to graduate on time. The day he got to walk across the stage andreceive his diploma while in remission was such an incredibly proud moment.Since then, Jason has made a full recovery and his experience has only amplified his determination and drive. He's pursuing his engineering degree with incredible focus and discipline. He hopes to one day specialize in designing better cancer treatment technology and facilities. His goal is to take the horrible struggles he went through and turn them towards making things better for others facing similar battles. Just thinking about his resilience and his desire to use his experience for good makes me feel inspired all over again.In so many ways, Jason demonstrates the qualities I admire most - hard work, integrity, kindness, perseverance, and using your talents to make a positive impact. He is living proof that you can overcome difficulties and achieve great things as long as you stay dedicated and keep pushing forward. Jason will always be my role model for what it looks like to live with purpose.I feel so fortunate to have such an exceptional big brother guiding the way. Whenever I need motivation or advice, I know I can look to his example. Jason shows me that being a truly inspiring person isn't about fame or accolades - it's about the way you face challenges and the commitment you have to yourvalues. He makes me want to be a better student, a better person.I can only hope that as I keep growing up, I'm able to have even a fraction of the integrity, drive and character that my brother has. If I can become half篇2Unit 13: A Broader View of English GrammarAs an 8th grader about to enter high school, mastering English grammar has been one of my biggest challenges in recent years. Unit 13 in our textbook really opened my eyes to taking a broader view and deeper understanding of how English works. Here are some of the major grammar points I learned:The Passive VoiceUsing passive voice has always tripped me up. When do you use it? What are the rules? This unit finally cleared it up. The passive voice is used when the subject is the receiver of the action, rather than the doer. You make the object of an active sentence into the new subject by using a form of the verb "to be" plus the past participle.For example:Active: John repaired the car.Passive: The car was repaired by John.The passive is really useful when you want to emphasize the result of the action more than who or what performed it. It's also convenient when you don't know or don't need to state who did the action. For instance: "The vase was broken."Some key grammar rules I learned:Always use a form of "to be" (is, was, will be, etc.) plus a past participle verbMake the direct object of the active sentence the new subjectOptionally include "by" plus the doer after the verbNever use passive voice with intransitive verbs that can't take objectsBy understanding the logic behind passive voice, it finally started clicking for me when to employ it appropriately in my writing and speaking.Conditional SentencesConditional sentences are another notoriously confusing aspect of English that this unit broke down in a clear, systematicway. A conditional sentence states that something will happen if a certain condition is met.There are four main types:Zero Conditional (for general truths/facts): If you heat water to 100°C, it boils.1st Conditional (possible present/future): If I study hard, I will pass the test.2nd Conditional (hypothetical present/future): If I won the lottery, I would buy a yacht.3rd Conditional (hypothetical past): If I had worked harder, I would have gotten better grades.Each type follows a consistent pattern of using different verb tenses in the "if" clause versus the main clause. Once I learned to identify the four types and their respective tense patterns, conditional sentences became far less daunting.Certain phrases like "provided that," "unless," and "only if" can also introduce conditional clauses. And I realized that many conditionals in everyday speech are implied without the "if", like: "Study hard, you'll pass the test."By mastering conditionals, I've become much better at discussing hypothetical situations, making suggestions with polite conditions, and clearly expressing cause-and-effect relationships in English.Noun ClausesThis unit covered a topic I'd never formally learned about: noun clauses. A noun clause is a group of words that functions as a noun in a sentence. It's essentially an embedded clause that replaces a noun or pronoun.For example:"What you did was wrong" = The noun clause "What you did" acts as the subject of the sentence."I don't know where she lives" = The noun clause "where she lives" functions as the object of the verb "know."Noun clauses often start with "why, what, how, when, who, whom, whichever, whatever, wherever, whether, that, if orif/whether." They contain a subject and verb just like normal clauses.Once I understood this concept, I started noticing noun clauses everywhere in complex sentences. They allow for muchmore sophisticated, nuanced meanings instead of just simple subject/verb patterns.I'm now much more comfortable utilizing noun clauses to combine ideas, share subjective thoughts, ask questions, and make my English sound more natural and fluent overall.This unit has given me a much broader and deeper comprehension of English grammar beyond just rote memorization of rules. I feel better prepared to analyze how the language actually works, while still having plenty more to learn.As I tackle more advanced English courses, readings, and writing assignments in high school, I'm confident these seemingly complex grammar concepts will become second nature. Taking a step back and considering grammar from a broader viewpoint has been an invaluable lesson.篇3Unit 13 WritingHey everyone! This is going to be my attempt at the writing assignment for Unit 13 in our English textbook. I have to admit, I'm kind of dreading this one. Writing has never been my strongest suit, and the topic for this unit - "Our Changing World" - seems so broad and complex. Where do I even start?I guess I could begin by looking at some of the major changes happening in the world today. One huge area of change is technology. It's crazy how quickly new gadgets and innovations emerge and become a part of our everyday lives. I remember when I was really little, my parents had one of those brick-sized mobile phones and we had a massive desktop computer that took forever to start up. Now, I've got a smartphone that is basically a handheld computer and can do just about anything! From streaming movies and TV shows, to Video chatting friends, to looking up information on basically any topic imaginable - this thing is wild. And that's not even mentioning social media and how that has totally transformed how we communicate and share our lives.Speaking of communication, another major area of change has been how globally connected the world has become. Even living in a relatively small city, I interact with cultures, ideas, products from all over the world on a daily basis. The food we eat, the clothes we wear, the music we listen to - so much of it has global influences now. And it's crazy to think that we can chat with someone on the other side of the planet in real-time via the internet. When you think about it, the world has become like one giant melting pot of cultures blending together.Of course, this increased globalization hasn't come without its challenges. There are issues of cultural identities being lost or threatened as Western/American influences spread. Environmental impacts from more production, consumption, and resource use globally. Economic impacts as jobs shift to lower cost markets. And political tensions over immigration, human rights, intellectual property, and so on. It's a complex situation with no easy answers.On an individual level, I'd say one of the biggest changes people are grappling with is the pressure to constantly reinvent themselves to adapt and brand themselves in our rapidly evolving world. Long gone are the days when you could get an education, find a stable career, and just ride it out until retirement. Nowadays, there's an expectation that you have to always be learning new skills, exploring new opportunities, and repackaging yourself for the next big thing. For students like me, there's a ton of pressure to figure out our interests, passions, and personal brands from an early age and try to position ourselves for this constantly shifting landscape. It's both exciting but also nerve-wracking!Another big area of change on a personal level is our conceptions of things like family, relationships, and gendernorms shifting. More people are embracing non-traditional relationship structures, gender fluidity, and choosing different paths from the nuclear family model that was so prevalent in previous generations. While aspects of this create tensions and pushback from more conservative segments, it does feel like society is gradually becoming more open and accepting of different ways of constructing your family life and identity.Environmentally, the impacts of climate change are becoming very real, very quickly. From more extreme weather events and natural disasters, to rising sea levels impacting coastal communities, to animal habitats and ecosystems being disrupted - it's hard to ignore the urgency anymore. There's also increasing awareness of our collective role in this via carbon emissions from burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and unsustainable practices. Again, no easy solutions, but a change in mindset and policies is clearly needed.On a more positive note, progress is being made in areas like human rights, equality, and access to things like education and healthcare for underserved populations around the world. Women's rights, LGBTQ+ rights, racial equality - while there is still far to go, we've come a long way from where we were a few decades ago in many parts of the world. Improvements incommunications technology and a more global flow of information is helping raise awareness and give voice to these movements for change.Scientific advances in fields like medicine, energy, artificial intelligence, space exploration, and so many other areas are also rapidly changing our world and opening up amazing possibilities. From new cancer treatments extending and saving lives, to sustainable energy sources to combat climate change, toself-driving cars and virtual reality experiences - the pace of innovation is staggering. At the same time, these new technologies raise a host of ethical questions about their development and use that society is being forced to grapple with.So in summary (and I can't believe I've rambled on for so long already!), the world is changing rapidly in countless ways - culturally, technologically, environmentally, politically, scientifically, and in our personal lives. Change can be invigorating and open up new opportunities, but it also breeds uncertainty, tension, and difficulties adapting. As overwhelming as all this change can feel, I'm trying to look at it with a mix of excitement, openness, and pragmatism. I'll need to keep learning, growing, and evolving with the world while still stayinggrounded in my core values and identity. Here's to embracing the changes ahead!。
Motivation 商务英语
Lecture 13
Herzberg’s Two-factory Theory
Hygiene Factors
Company policy Work conditions Supervision Salary Job security Relationship at work
Motivational Factors
Theory Z •Long-term employment •Collective decision making • Collective responsibility •Slow promotion •Moderately formal controls •Moderately specialized career paths •Employee seen as family
1. Classical Theories (Frederick Taylor)
▪ money
2. Hawthorne studies /effect
▪ human relations ▪ attention; participation
3. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs 4. Herzberg’s Two-factory Theory 5. McGregor’s Theory X & Theory Y 6. Ouchi’s Theory Z 7. Vroom’s Expectancy Theory
Lecture 13
Motivation Strategies
❖ Rewards & Punishment
▪ behavior modification
❖ MBO ❖ Participative Management
九年级英语单词Unit13知识点
九年级英语单词Unit13知识点Unit 13: Vocabulary Highlights in 9th Grade EnglishIntroduction:In ninth grade English, one of the essential units is Unit 13, which focuses on expanding students' vocabulary and enhancing their language skills. This unit introduces various idioms, phrasal verbs, and collocations that are commonly used in English. Through the study of vocabulary, students can improve their reading, writing, speaking, and listening comprehension abilities. In this article, we will delve into the key knowledge points covered in Unit 13 and explore their significance in English language acquisition.Idioms:Idioms are expressions that have a meaning different from their literal interpretation. Learning idioms is crucial for effective communication as they enhance the richness and nuance of English conversation. Unit 13 presents several idioms that students should be familiar with, such as "raining cats and dogs," which means heavy rain, and "break a leg," used to wish someone luck. Understanding idioms adds color to language and helps students grasp the cultural context embedded within them.Phrasal Verbs:Phrasal verbs consist of a verb and one or more particles, such as adverbs or prepositions. They often have multiple meanings and can be tricky for non-native English speakers. Unit 13 incorporates numerous phrasal verbs like "bring up," meaning to mention or raise a topic, and "look up," which refers to finding information in a reference source. Becoming proficient in using phrasal verbs is essential for comprehension and fluency in English conversations and writings.Collocations:Collocations are words that frequently appear together and create a natural and fluent expression. They play a crucial role in improving language fluency and accuracy. Unit 13 introduces various collocations, such as "catch someone's attention" and "make an effort." Knowing these collocations helps students communicate more effectively and helps avoid errors caused by word choice or word order.Word Families:Unit 13 emphasizes the importance of word families or lexical sets.A word family consists of a base word and its derived forms (e.g., noun, verb, adjective, and adverb forms). By understanding word families, students gain a deeper understanding of vocabulary and improve theirlanguage skills. For example, in Unit 13, the word "friend" is introduced, and students learn related words like "friendly" (adjective), "befriend" (verb), and "friendliness" (noun).Contextual Usage:In addition to learning individual words, Unit 13 emphasizes the importance of using vocabulary in context. Students are encouraged to read extensively and pay attention to how words are used in various texts. Understanding words in context facilitates comprehension and ensures proper usage. Teachers often provide students with exercises that require using vocabulary words in sentences or short passages, promoting language application and integration.Conclusion:Unit 13 of the ninth-grade English curriculum highlights various vocabulary knowledge points crucial for language acquisition. By learning idioms, phrasal verbs, collocations, word families, and contextual usage, students enhance their overall language proficiency. These knowledge points not only expand vocabulary but also promote better reading, writing, speaking, and listening skills. Mastering the vocabulary in Unit 13 equips students with the tools necessary for effective communication and a deeper understanding of the English language.。
九年级全一册unit13知识点
九年级全一册unit13知识点Unit 13 Knowledge PointsIntroduction:Unit 13 in the ninth-grade textbook covers a range of interesting and important topics. In this essay, we will delve into the knowledge points highlighted in this unit. From understanding figurative languages to exploring the concepts of setting and mood, we will explore various aspects of literature, enhance our vocabulary, and strengthen our understanding of the English language.1. Figurative Language:Figurative language adds depth and imagery to writing. It includes different forms such as similes, metaphors, hyperboles, and personification. By using figurative language, authors provide readers with a more vivid experience and convey emotions effectively. For example, a simile compares two things using "like" or "as" to create a stronger visual representation. Saying "He runs like the wind" paints a clear picture of someone's speed.2. Setting:Setting refers to the time and place in which a story takes place. It helps establish the atmosphere, characters' behaviors, and the overall tone of the narrative. A well-developed setting can bring a story to life. For instance, a story set in a gloomy, decrepit house creates a mysterious and suspenseful mood, making the readers more engaged in the storyline.3. Mood:Mood refers to the emotional atmosphere created by a piece of literature. It influences the readers' feelings and reactions while reading a particular text. Authors use various techniques, such as word choice and description, to establish the mood. For instance, in a suspenseful story, the author might use words like "shadowy" and "ominous" to create a tense and anxious mood.4. Vocabulary Building:Expanding one's vocabulary is crucial for effective communication. Unit 13 introduces several useful tips and strategies for vocabulary acquisition. You can learn new words through context, using synonyms and antonyms, or by analyzing word origins. Additionally, practicing with flashcards and engaging in activities that involve active usage of new words enhances retention.5. Inferencing:Inferencing involves using clues from the text to draw conclusions and make educated guesses. It helps readers understand the implied messages, themes, or motivations behind characters' actions. Developing inferencing skills enhances critical thinking and deepens our understanding of the text. By paying attention to details, readers can make informed interpretations and engage more fully with the literature.6. Author's Purpose:Understanding the author's purpose is essential in comprehending a text. Authors write for various reasons, such as to inform, entertain, persuade, or express their feelings or opinions. Unit 13 provides examples and exercises to help students identify the author's purpose. This skill allows us to analyze the underlying intentions behind a piece of writing and the impact it has on the audience.Conclusion:Unit 13 covers an array of vital knowledge points in the English language. From the importance of figurative language in literature to understanding setting, mood, vocabulary, inferencing, and the author's purpose, students gain a deeper understanding of how language works.By acquiring these skills, students can communicate effectively, appreciate literature at a new level, and become more critical thinkers.。
九年级英语Unit13知识点总结
九年级英语Unit13知识点总结Unit 13 Knowledge Points OverviewIntroduction:In the ninth grade English curriculum, Unit 13 covers a wide range of topics and knowledge points. This article aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the key concepts and skills students should learn in this unit. Through a structured approach, students can have a better understanding and grasp of the essential knowledge related to Unit 13.Vocabulary:Vocabulary acquisition is crucial for enhancing language skills. In Unit 13, students will encounter new words related to feelings, emotions, and personality traits. It is important to understand the meanings, usage, and collocations of these words. Building a strong vocabulary foundation enables students to express themselves accurately and effectively in both oral and written communication.Grammar:Unit 13 introduces several important grammar points that are essential for constructing grammatically correct sentences.1. Comparative and superlative forms: This grammatical structure is used to compare two or more nouns, indicating degrees of difference. It is essential to understand the formation rules and exceptions associated with comparative and superlative forms.2. Modal verbs: Modal verbs such as "can," "could," "may," "might," and "must" express ability, possibility, permission, and obligation. Students need to grasp the appropriate use of these modal verbs in different contexts.3. Passive voice: Understanding the passive voice is crucial for effective communication. Students should be able to differentiate between active and passive voice constructions, identify passive voice sentences, and transform active voice sentences into passive voice.Reading Comprehension:Unit 13 provides students with various reading materials to improve their reading comprehension skills. It is important to focus on the main ideas, supporting details, and the author's purpose while reading.1. Skimming and scanning: Skimming and scanning techniques help students quickly locate specific information within a text. Practice these skills to save time and efficiently gather information.2. Inference and deduction: Developing the ability to infer and deduce from the given text is crucial for understanding implicit meanings. Students should practice drawing logical conclusions based on the information provided.3. Vocabulary in context: Pay attention to how words are used in different contexts. Understanding the context helps in determining the meaning of unfamiliar words.Writing:Unit 13 incorporates various writing tasks to enhance students' writing skills. These tasks include writing a formal letter, descriptive paragraph, opinion essay, and more. To improve writing abilities, consider the following points:1. Organization and structure: Develop an outline or plan to maintain a clear structure in writing. Ensure that each paragraph has a specific purpose and logical flow.2. Coherence and cohesion: Connect ideas effectively by using appropriate transitional words and phrases. This enhances the overall coherence and cohesion of the written piece.3. Grammar and vocabulary: Pay attention to grammatical accuracy and word choice. Use suitable vocabulary and sentence structures to convey ideas clearly and concisely.Conclusion:Unit 13 covers a wide range of knowledge points, including vocabulary, grammar, reading comprehension, and writing skills. Mastering these concepts and skills will not only contribute to success in the English curriculum but also enhance overall language proficiency. Remember to practice regularly, review the material, and seek assistance when needed. With dedication and perseverance, students can excel in Unit 13 and beyond.。
九年级英语知识点unit13
九年级英语知识点unit13Unit 13 - A World of WondersIntroduction:As students delve deeper into their English learning journey, they encounter a variety of fascinating topics and essential knowledge. One such unit is Unit 13, which introduces students to various aspects of the world, exploring different cultures, traditions, and geographical wonders. In this article, we will explore the key knowledge points covered in Unit 13 of the ninth-grade English curriculum.1. Cultural Diversity:Unit 13 provides students with a glimpse into the rich diversity of cultures around the world. It highlights the importance of understanding and respecting different customs, traditions, and beliefs. Through engaging activities and discussions, students learn to appreciate and embrace the differences that make each culture unique.2. Famous Landmarks:The unit introduces students to iconic landmarks from different parts of the world, such as the Great Wall of China, the Eiffel Tower in France, and the Pyramids of Egypt. Students not only learn about thehistorical significance of these landmarks but also understand their cultural importance and the impact they have on tourism. This knowledge broadens their worldview and encourages them to explore the wonders of our planet.3. Natural Wonders:Unit 13 also sheds light on the breathtaking natural wonders that exist around the globe. Students discover magnificent sites such as the Grand Canyon in the United States, the Great Barrier Reef in Australia, and the Amazon Rainforest in South America. Emphasizing the importance of environmental conservation, students gain a deeper understanding of the beauty and fragility of our natural world.4. Festivals and Celebrations:The unit provides insights into various festivals and celebrations observed by different cultures worldwide. Students learn about traditional customs, such as the Chinese Spring Festival, Indian Diwali, and American Thanksgiving. By understanding the significance of these celebrations, students become more tolerant and appreciative of diverse cultural practices.5. Global Issues:Unit 13 addresses global issues such as environmental degradation, climate change, and poverty. Through thought-provoking discussions and activities, students develop a sense of responsibility towards these issues and understand their role in creating a sustainable world. They broaden their knowledge about the challenges faced by humanity and the importance of collective action.Conclusion:Unit 13 encompasses a wide range of knowledge points that contribute to students' overall understanding of the world. By exploring cultural diversity, famous landmarks, natural wonders, festivals, and global issues, students develop a broader perspective, empathy, and appreciation for different cultures and our planet's beauty. Unit 13 acts as a stepping stone for students to become responsible global citizens, appreciating the wonders of our world and taking action to protect it.。
新目标英语九年级Unit_13_知识要点归纳
期知1.throw litter into the river 把垃圾扔入河中2.play a part in cleaning it up 尽一份力把它清理干净3.fill the air with black smoke 空气中充满黑烟4.cut down air pollution 减少空气污染5.make a difference 产生影响6.shark fin soup 鱼翅汤7.at the top of the food chain 处于食物链的顶端8.in the last 20to 30years 在最近的20到30年间9.develop laws 健全法律10.can ’t afford to do sth.负担不起做某事11.take action 采取行动12.add up 累加e public transportation 使用公共交通14.recycle books and paper 回收书和废纸15.put sth.to good use 好好利用……16.pull...down 拆下17.an old boat turned upside down 一艘倾覆的旧船18.be an inspiration to sb.对某人来说是一种鼓舞19.set up a website 建立一个网站20.be known for 因……而闻名【重点词汇】【重难点句子】1.Sharks may disappear one day if we do not do something to stop the sale of shark fins.如果我们不采取措施来阻止这种鱼鳍买卖，鲨鱼可能有一天会灭绝。
2.This method is not only cruel,but also harmful to the environment.这种方法不仅残酷，而且对环境有害。
3.The numbers of some kinds of sharks have fallen by over 90percent in the last 20to 30years.在最近的20到30年的时间里，某些种类的鲨鱼的数量已经下降了90%。
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• Describe open-book management, employee recognition, pay-for-performance, and stock option programs.
© 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
What Is Motivation?
Assumption:
© 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Early Theories of Motivation (cont’d)
• Herzberg’s Motivation-Hygiene Theory
Job satisfaction and job dissatisfaction are created by different factors.
effort - a measure of intensity or drive goals - effort should be directed toward, and consistent with, organizational goals needs - motivation is a need-satisfying process
Attempted to explain why job satisfaction does not result in increased performance.
The opposite of satisfaction is not dissatisfaction, but rather no satisfaction.
Contemporary Theories of Motivation
• Describe the three needs McClelland proposed as being present in work settings. • Explain how goal-setting and reinforcement theories explain employee motivation. • Describe the job characteristics model as a way to design motivating jobs. • Discuss the motivation implications of equity theory. • Contrast distributive justice and procedural justice. • Explain the three key linkages in expectancy theory and their role in motivation.
need - an internal state that makes certain outcomes appear attractive
unsatisfied needs create tensions that stimulate drives drives lead to search behavior
• Motivation
the willingness to exert high levels of effort to reach organizational goals, conditioned by the effort’s ability to satisfy some individual need
Higher-order needs - largely satisfied internally
social - affection, belongingness, acceptance esteem - internal factors like self-respect, autonomy – external factors like status, recognition, attention self-actualization - achieving one’s potential
ninth edition
STEPHEN P. ROBBINS
MARY COULTER
Unit
13
© 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Motivation Theories
PowerPoint Presentation by Charlie Cook The University of West Alabama
© 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Exhibit 16–2
Herzberg’s Motivation-Hygiene Theory
© 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Exhibit 16–3
LEARNING OUTLINE
Follow this Learning Outline as you read and study this chapter.
What Is Motivation?
• Define motivation. • Explain motivation as a need-satisfying process.
Theory Y
Assumes that workers can exercise self-direction, desire responsibility, and like to work.
Motivation is maximized by participative decision making, interesting jobs, and good group relations.
© 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
L E A R N I N G O U T L I N E (cont’d)
Follow this Learning Outline as you read and study this chapter.
© 2007 © PrenticePrentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. Hall, 2002
16-8
Early Theories Of Motivation (cont.)
• Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory (cont.) each level in hierarchy must be satisfied before the next is activated
© 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Early Theories Of Motivation
• Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory lower-order needs - largely satisfied externally
Contrasting Views of Satisfaction-Dissatisfaction
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Contemporary Theories of Motivation
• Three-Needs Theory
© 2007 © PrenticePrentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. Hall, 2002
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The Motivation Process
Unsatisfied Need
Tension
Drives
Search Behavior
Satisfied Need
Early Theories of Motivation
• Describe Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and how it can be used to motivate. • Discuss how Theory X and Theory Y. • Describe Herzberg’s motivation-hygiene theory. • Explain Herzberg’s views of satisfaction and dissatisfaction.
© 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
L E A R N I N G O U T L I N E (cont’d)
Follow this Learning Outline as you read and study this chapter.
Reduction of Tension
© 2007 © PrenticePrentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. Hall, 2002
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Early Theories of Motivation
• Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs • MacGregor’s Theories X and Y • Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory
Early Theories of Motivation (cont’d)
• McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y
Theory X
Assumes that workers have little ambition, dislike work, avoid responsibility, and require close supervision.