非限定性分句
非限定分句作状语
过去分词做状语
l -ed分句做状语的句型是：“-ed分句，+主句”。 l -ed分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语相同。 l -ed分词的逻辑主语是-ed分词的受事，即-ed动 作的承受者。逻辑主语与-ed分词形成主谓关系， 传递被动意思。 l -ed分句可改写成简单句，可单独存在，也可与 主句形成并列句。 l -ed分句还可改写成从句，形成主句的状语从句。
作状语的非限定性分句 作状语的非限定分句常出现在英语书面语 中，是搭建书面语的重要句法手段。在口 语体和中性语体中，较常采用的句型是带 限定动词的状语从句。
现在分词作状语 Looking at beautiful magazines, we can see tall models with completely tall flat stomachs and not an ounce of fat . Turning on TV, we are shown unhealthily skinny actress that must never eat and tells us that they are pretty.
Being under-industrialized, these countries are largely dependent on imports to supply the equipment needed to produce the raw materials they export. Because they are under-industrialized, these countries are largely dependent on imports to supply the equipment needed to produce the raw materials they export.
认知英语非限定动词的分句结构
第20卷第4期 湖南工程学院学报 V o1.20.No.42010年12月 Journal of H unan Institute of Engineering Dec.2010收稿日期:2010-05-19基金项目:湖南省社会科学基金课题 认知非限定动词语义句法互映 阶段性成果(06ZC31)。
作者简介:赵 强(1963-)男,湖南长沙人,博士研究生,讲师,研究方向:认知语言学。
认知英语非限定动词的分句结构赵 强(湖南师范大学外国语学院,湖南长沙410081)摘 要:动词是句法形式中的分句的核心。
任何分句都是体现述谓结构的句法呈现单位,语义述谓框架自然亦是非限定性分句的灵魂。
本文对非限定动词的分句结构及其特征进行认知研究,以期说明:非限定动词的分句结构这种句法现象,本质上是投射着语义框架映射的认知现象。
非限定动词构式折射出语言使用者对语言结构规律的认知效应。
关键词:非限定性分句;语义框架;语义句法互映中图分类号:H 313 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1671-1181(2010)04-0047-04 在任何语言中,动词是句法的核心。
动词在句法层面上可呈现为表达完整语义框架的限定性动词结构和非限定性动词结构。
语言学家把非限定动词结构也纳入句法分句的范围,称之为非限定性分句。
任何分句都是体现述谓结构的句法呈现单位,语义述谓框架自然亦是非限定性分句的灵魂。
这体现了非限定性分句中的句法语义互映的认知本质:述谓结构的内外部关系的语义演算和句法呈现。
因此,非限定动词构式是反映语义框架的系统句法形式。
本文对非限定动词的分句结构及其特征进行认知研究,以期说明:非限定动词的分句结构这种句法现象,本质上是投射着语义框架映射的认知现象。
一 非限定动词构式的句法特征简单说来,具有句子潜式的表达述谓结构的句法单位叫分句。
动词带时态标记的分句是限定性分句,而动词不带时态标记的分句则为非限定分句(Carnie,2002:149)。
英语语法--非限定动词
精品PPT
4) Would rather 宁愿 would sooner Would you please 请您 had better 最好 Rather than 而不是 had rather 宁愿 can not but 不得不 can’t help but 不得不 may as well 不妨,最好 等习惯用法中,省略to 如 I would rather stay at home. Would you please close the window? Mary could not but/ couldn’t help but lie to her
精品PPT
有些动词如consider, prove, think, know, feel, suppose, discover, imagine, find 等也可跟 “宾语 + to be〞的形式，使用中应注意。例如：
We found him (to be ) dishonest. 我们发现他不老实。 We all know him to be dead. 我们都以为他死了。
Her boss got a lot of letters to be typed. (不是老板自己打，而是别人打)
“Do you have any clothes to be wPT
不定式to的省略
1) 由 all，what 等引导的主语从句或者主语被only, first, one, least 或形容词最高级修饰时，而且从句中 含有是实意动词do时，其表语如果是动词不定式，那么 往往省去to。 All I did was empty the bottle.
making D .not to make
非限定分句和无动词分句
I.非限定分句简表 1.1：不定式分句（ + 有 ; － 无 ）
infinitive
clause (不定式 分句)
with expressed subject 带主语
introduced by
for
with rather subordinator
than
without subject
带从属连词
from home.
subordinator + adj. phrase You should not drink very cold water, while hot from work.
subordinator + prep. phrase Her salary was good, if not up to her expectation.
realized by a noun phrase An talented writer, he was never at a loss for a word.
He denied having been e. He has a friend living in London. Judging from what you say, he has done his best.
3. -ed分词分句
-ed participle clause （-ed分 词分句）
I am surprised at his /him making that
mistake.
You / Your falling into the pond was the
climax of the whole trip.
The last bus having gone, they had to walk home. absolute construction独立结 构
限制性分句和非限制性分句
限制性分句和非限制性分句限制性分句的类型限制性关系分句主要是对先行词起修饰作用。
它可以用于修饰、限制主句中主语、宾语、介词宾语或表语。
修饰主句的主语There are many people who want to see you.The book which I borrowed from the library tells about bionics.修饰主句的宾语I have visited a plant which produces chemical fertilizer.Do you know the man whom they invited to give a report?修饰主句的介词宾语We are interested in the film which tells about the life of the peasants in the mountainous areas. We are fond of the course professor Smith gives us.修饰主句中的表语He is the best man I have cooperated with.Is that the book you bought last week?限制性关系分句主要用于以下场合：1、无连词关系分句一般都是限制性关系分句The family he lived with adored him very much.This is the knife we cut bread with.2、先行词前有定冠词(限制性关系分句中先行词前的定冠词the代表特指意义，非限制性关系分句中，先行词前也有用the的，但一般指上文提到过的人或事)或被最高级形容词修饰The man you are looking for has left for Beijing.This is the most difficult exercise I have found in this workbook.3、先行词被序数词或only等词修饰The first thing (that) we should do is to work out the plan.He is always the last person who leaves the workshop.That was the only method we could use in our experiment then.4、先行词是不定代词something, anything, someone, anyone, one等时I cannot tell you anything he told me.There is someone who wants to see you.The man I will choose should be the one who works selflessly.5、those或泛指人称代词作先行词时Those who agreed to the plan put up their hands.He who did such a thing could not deserve respect.6、先行词前有不定冠词或先行词前不用冠词，但先行词又是复数形式时A woman who can achieve so much is certainly worth respecting.People who live in this area have begun to live a comfortable life.Lucy talked about things and events which interested her during her tour to Beijing.7、关系代词as，that与such the same，as so等连用时I have never met such a person as you described just now.Here is so big a stone as no man can lift.Have you bought the same book as I referred to you?Will you take with you the same book that I told you?非限制性分句的类型1、先行词是主句中的主语John Smith, who teaches English in an American university, has been invited to be a visiting professor in our university.Hangzhou, which is famous for its West Lake, will become a city for tourists.2、先行词是主句中的宾语She studies English, which is widely spoken in the world.This note was left by Mr. Hood, who was here a moment ago.3、先行词是主句中的表语This is Mr. Robert, who came to China last year.This is my mother, who works in a hospital.4、先行词是主句中的状语She is going to spend the summer holidays in Changsha, where she has some relatives.He was born in 1949, when China was liberated.5、先行词是整个主句He caught up with his class in his studies within such a short period, which pleased the teacher.非限制性关系分句主要用于以下场合1、先行词是专有名词，专有名词不需要任何限制和修饰，只需要加以说明或描述，专有名词后的关系分句一般是非限制性的。
非限定性定语从句
非限定性定语从句非限定性定语从句和它的先行项之间只有比较松散的联系，它不是先行项的不可缺少的组成部分，而仅仅是对先行项提供一些补充说明，因此，如果省略了一个非限制性关系分句，并不影响先行项的所指意义。
例如：My cousin, who is an engineer, went to Europe last week.如前所诉，非限定性关系分句和它的先行项之间只有比较松散的关系。
这种分句在口语中有停顿，在书写中常用逗号隔开。
1、非限定性关系分句的引导词通常是who,whom,whose(指人）和which（指物）等wh-词。
例如：The Chairman, who spoke first, sat on my right.His speech, which bored everyone, went on and on.The Chairman's daughter, whose name is Ann, gave me a patient smile.关系副词where和when也能引导非限定性关系分句。
例如：Many of our Welsh people(威尔士人）are going to settle in North Carolina, where land is cheap. I'm seeing the manager tomorrow, when he will be back from New Y ork.非限定性关系分句，就其意义来说，在句中有时相当于一个并列分句。
例如：They had a fine walk too, which had done his liver good.(=They had a fine walk too, and it had done his liver good.)2、在非限制性关系分句中，which的先行项还可以是上文整个分句。
限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句
限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句定语从句分为限制性和非限制性两种。
限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确。
例如：“This is the house which we bought last month.”（这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。
）非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思。
它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。
例如：“The house。
which we bought last month。
is very nice.”（这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。
）当先行词是专有名词、物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的。
例如：“Charles Smith。
who was my former teacher。
XXX.”（XXX去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。
）“My house。
which I bought last year。
has got a lovely garden.”（我去年买的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。
）“This novel。
which I have read three times。
is very touching.”（这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。
）非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词，对其进行修饰。
这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。
例如：“Heseems not to have grasped what I XXX。
XXX.”（他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。
）“Liquid water changes to vapor。
which is called XXX.”（液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。
）需要注意的是，关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。
限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句的区别在于，限定性定语从句不能省略，如果省略整个句子意思不完整。
而非限定性定语从句可以省略，如果省略整个句子意思仍然完整。
英语限制性与非限制性关系分句区别详辨-教育文档
英语限制性与非限制性关系分句区别详辨-教育文档英语限制性与非限制性关系分句区别详辨一、引言按结构形式划分，英语的从属分句分为限定从属分句、非限定分句和无动词分句。
限定从属分句就是以限定动词词组作谓语动词的从属分句，以其句法功能的不同，又可细分为名词性分句、形容词性分句和副词性分句。
前两者在句中的位置是相对固定的，而副词性分句的位置则比较灵活，可以位于句首、句中或句尾。
形容词性分句主要作名词修饰语，其引导有词关系代词who,which,that等和关系副词when,where,why等，故名为关系分句，其可细分为限制性与非限制性关系分句两种。
结合笔者的教学经验，本文分析重点这两者的区别。
二、区别（一）定义区别：首先分析有关术语的定义性描述。
关系分句是由关系代词引导的从句，又名定语从句或形容词性从句，因为其主要功能是作名词修饰语，即定语一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面，当然在有些场合，还有其他句法功能。
就其与先行项的语义关系，定语从句又分为限制性和非限制性定语从句。
前者对被修饰的先行词有限定制约作用,使该词的含义更具体,更明确；后者不能被省略,否则句意就不完整，并与先行词关系不十分密切,只是对其作一些附加说明,不起限定制约作用，若其省去,主句的意义仍然完整。
（二）语义关联区别：就先行项与关系分句的语义关联来说，限制性关系分句和它的先行项的所指意义有着不可分割的联系，缺少了它，作为先行项的名词（词组）便不能明确表示其所指对象。
非限制性关系分句和它的先行项之间只有比较松散的联系，它不是先行项的不可缺少的组成部分，而只是对先行项提供一些补充说明，若省略了一个非限制性关系分句，也不影响先行项的所指意义。
例1：My cousin, who is an engineer, went to Europe last week。
就其意义来说，非限制性关系分句在句中有时相当于一个并列分句。
例2：They had a fine walk too, which had done his liver good.= They had a fine walk too, and it had done his liver good。
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从属连词+形容词词组 从属连词 形容词词组 Although always helpful, he was not much liked by the people. 从属连词+介词词组 从属连词 介词词组 Whether by accident or by design, he arrived too late to help us. 从属连词+副词词组 从属连词 副词词组 He spoke ungraciously, if not rudely.
独立主格结构可装换成with复合结构：
由介词with或without+复合结构构成，复合结构作介词 with或without的复合宾语，复合宾语中第一部分宾语 由名词或代词充当，第二部分补足语由形容词、副词、 介词短语、动词不定式或分词充当，分词可以是现在 分词，也可以是过去分词： 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. with或without-名词/代词+形容词； with或without-名词/代词+副词； with或without-名词/代词+介词短语； with或without-名词/代词 +动词不定式； with或without-名词/代词 +分词。
• 作条件状语 United, we stand; divided, we fall. • 表示伴随状况 He went to Beijing that winter, disguised as merchant.
• 作让步状语 Beaten by the police and sent to jail, Gandhi （甘地）invented the principle of 甘地） nonviolent resistance.(非暴力抵抗主义 非暴力抵抗主义) 非暴力抵抗主义
从属结构（ 从属结构（二） 非限定性分句 （Non-finite Clause） ）
一. 不定式分句的句法功能
• 作主语： 作主语： To accept the job would mean moving to Florida. • 作宾语和宾语补语： 作宾语和宾语补语： He promised to stop taking drugs. I advised him to take a taxi, or he might be late.
There being +名词（代词） 名词（ 名词 代词） There being nothing else to do, we went home. 没有别的事可做，我们就回家了。 There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 没有再要讨论的事了，我宣布散会。 It being +名词（代词） 名词（ 名词 代词） It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由于圣诞节的缘故，政府机关都休息了。 It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由于今天是假日，所有商店都关门了。
四、无动词分句
无动词分句，就结构模式来说， 无动词分句，就结构模式来说，分为不带从 属连词、带有从属连词和带有自己主语三类: 属连词、带有从属连词和带有自己主语三类 1.不带从属连词的无动词分句 不带从属连词的无动词分句 由形容词表示： 由形容词表示： Speechless, Victor Henry nodded and sat on a folding seat. Right or wrong, I have given him a piece of mind (坦率的话，心里话 坦率的话， 坦率的话 心里话).
由名词词组表示： 由名词词组表示： Bank loan or no bank loan, we’ll buy the house. 2. 带有从属连词的无动词分句： 带有从属连词的无动词分句： 从属连词+名词词组 从属连词 名词词组 Whatever the reason, his cordiality to her won him a friend.
莫罕达斯·卡拉姆昌德 甘地 莫罕达斯 卡拉姆昌德·甘地 卡拉姆昌德 甘地（英文： Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi；1869 年10月2日－1948年1月30日），尊称圣雄 圣雄 甘地，是印度民族主义运动和国大党领袖。 甘地 他既是印度的国父，也是印度最伟大的政 治领袖。他带领国家迈向独立，脱离英国 的殖民统治。他的“非暴力反抗”的主张， 也就是他说的“nonviolent protest”，影响 了全世界的民族主义者和那些争取和平变 革的国际运动。
五、独立结构absolute construction 独立结构
独立主格结构有两部分组成， 独立主格结构有两部分组成，前一部份是 名词或者代词(主语 主语)， 名词或者代词 主语 ，后一部分是非谓语动词 (不定式、动名词和分词 （非限定分句）或形 不定式、 不定式 动名词和分词)（非限定分句） 容词、副词、或介词短语（无动词分句）。 容词、副词、或介词短语（无动词分句）。 前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系 逻辑主谓关系。 前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系。独立主格结 构在句中做状语 多用于书面语。 状语， 构在句中做状语，多用于书面语。 独立主格结构本身不是完整的句子， 独立主格结构本身不是完整的句子，在句 子中作状语，表示时间 原因、条件、伴随、 时间、 子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、伴随、 目的等 目的等。
主语+副词
He put on his sweater wrong side out. 他把毛衣穿反了。 他把毛衣穿反了。 The meeting over, they all went home. 会议一结束，他们就都回家了。 会议一结束，他们就都回家了。
主语+介词短语
The boy goes to the classroom, book in hand. 那男孩手里拿着书去教室。 那男孩手里拿着书去教室。 Mary was sitting near the fire, her back towards the door. 玛丽靠近火炉坐着，背对着门。 玛丽靠近火炉坐着，背对着门。
二、-ing分词分句的句法功能 分词分句的句法功能
Generally speaking, this book is not very difficult. • 作主语 Flying a plane is dangerous. • 作宾语 I like getting up early. • 作宾语补语 I taught him speaking English.
• 作后置定语 One of the houses wrecked by the storm belonged to my grandfather. • 作时间状语 Heated, the metal expands. • 作原因状语 Deeply moved, he thanked her again and again.
Almost all metals are good conductors, silver being the best of all. 几乎所有的金属都是良导体，而银则是最好 的导体。
独立结构(无动词结构 独立结构 无动词结构): 无动词结构 主语+形容词 An air accident happened to the plane, nobody alive. 那架飞机遭遇了空难，无一人生还。 那架飞机遭遇了空难，无一人生还。 So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off. 这么多人缺席，会议不得不取消。 这么多人缺席，会议不得不取消。
3. 带有自己主语的无动词分句 带有自己主语的无动词分句也是一种“ 带有自己主语的无动词分句也是一种“独立 结构” 结构”。 构成：名词词组+名词词组 介词词组 构成：名词词组 名词词组 /介词词组 / 形容 词词组 / 副词词组 Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children. Breakfast over, he went to his countining no taxis, we had to walk. 没有出租车，我们只好步行。 He wrapped her up with great care, the night being dark and frosty. 夜又黑又冷，所以他把她裹得严严实实的。
表示伴随情况
表示时间
The meeting being over, all of us went home. 开完会后我们都回家了。 开完会后我们都回家了。 Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea. 她干完了活，坐下来喝茶。 她干完了活，坐下来喝茶。
表示条件
The condition being favorable, he may succeed. 若条件有利，他或许能成功。 若条件有利，他或许能成功。
Don’t sleep with the windows open. He was lying on the bed with all his clothes on. She came in with a book in her hand. He fell asleep with the lamp burning. I won’t be able to go on holiday with my mother being ill. He sat there with his eyes closed. All the afternoon he worked with the door locked. I can’t go out with all these clothes to wash.