钢结构的应用前景外文翻译
钢结构的应用前景外文翻译
钢结构的应用前景外文翻译外文资料(英文)Steel system because of their own with the light weight, high strength, the construction of such advantages, and the reinforced concrete structure, the more "high, light," the development of three unique advantages. Along with the country's economic construction, the long concrete and masonry structure dominate the market situation is changing. Steel products in the large-span space structure, lightweight steel gantry structure, multi-storey and high-rise residential areas of increasing construction, Application areas are expanding. From the West-East Gas sent, the West-East power transmission and-north water diversion project, the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, the 2008 Olympic venues and facilities, residential steel, development of the western region construction practice, the development of a steel construction industry and the market momentum is emerging in our country.1: the steel market development trend of the past 20 years of reform and opening up and economic development, Steel has to create a system of highly favorable environment for development.(1) from the development of the main steel material foundation : Steel is the development of steel a key factor in development. To meet the needs of the construction market, steel varieties will toward complete standardization of materials direction. Domestic steel for construction steel, in terms of quantity, variety and quality havedeveloped rapidly and hot-rolled H-beam, a color plate, Cold steel production increased significantly, the development of steel to create important conditions. Other steel-Steel, Coated Steel Plate and there has been a marked growth, product quality has been greatly improved. Refractory, weathering steel, hot-rolled thin number of H-beam steel has started a new project in the application, Steel to create the conditions for development.(2) from design, production, construction, professional level look : steel industry after years of development, Steel professional design quality in the practice of continually improving. A number of characteristics with the strength of professional institutes, research and design institutes continuously developed steel design software and new technologies. Currently, many domestic steel design software have been brought forth, they can adapt to light steel structure, the network structure, high-rise steel structures, Thin arched structure design needs. With computer technology in the engineering design of the universal application of steel structure design of the software is getting more sophisticated, To help designers complete structural analysis and design, construction mapping provides a great convenience. Steel manufacturers in the country blossom everywhere, and creating a number of strong leading enterprises. Annual output reaching 10 -- 20 million tons of size alone, more than 10 enterprises that the large domestic steel project mission, They fully equipped with the industry and international enterprises to compete on equal strength. At present,some foreign investment, joint ventures, private sector steel manufacturing enterprises in the fierce market competition winners. From the computer design, mapping, digital control, automated processing and manufacturing industries are in the lead, its products range from the traditional building structures, machinery and equipment, non-standard components, and turnkey facilitiesto the value of housing, Container products, port facilitiesdirectly to the end-user products. Steel industrialized mass production, the installation of a new steel structure engineering endless, and energy-efficient, waterproof, insulating, , and other advanced product set and integrated suite of applications, design and construction of integrated production will be raised the level of the construction industry.(3) the steel works from the view of the performance : the world's third 421-meter high Shanghai Jinmao Tower, is a leading international standard. height of 279 meters in Shenzhen SEG buildings, the span of 1,490 meters Runyang Yangtze River Bridge, span of 550 meters of the Lupu Bridge, the 345-meter-high transmission tower across the Yangtze River, and the Capital International Airport, nest national sports center, many of steel construction system of the important projects, Steel Buildings positive marks top heavy and large-span steel structure of space development.(4) from the domestic steel industry view : China has steel in housing construction light on the application of the industry as arevolution. With domestic industry to become China's new economic development and growth, lightweight steel residential housing industry will be the development of the country. And the housing industry is the prerequisite for dealing with the industrialization of matching new technologies, new materials and new systems. As the steel structure system easy to realize industrialization and standardization of production, and to go along with the wall material can be used in energy conservation, environmental protection of new materials. Therefore, the study of steel structures for residential package technology willgreatly promote domestic industry's rapid development.(5) from the government sector can guide and support : government departments guidance and support, so that as a green steel products and development workers. Steel with the traditional concrete structure, compared with light weight, high strength, good seismic performance advantages. Suitable for live load accounted for a smaller proportion of the total load of the structure, and is more suitable for large-span space structure, tall structures and is suitable for the construction of the soft ground. Is also in line with environmental protection and conservation, intensive use of resources policy, The overall economic benefits to investors increasingly are recognized objective will be to promote the designers and developers they chose steel.2: the steel market outlook of the development trend of steel, China Steel Development has tremendous market potential and prospects for development.(1) since China began in 1996 steel output of over 100 million tons, ranking first in the world. 1998 commissioning of a series of rolling H-beam steel to create a sound material basis. Steel and other materials industries, the development of the steel industry to provide good quality, complete specifications for the material. According to the market demand, the next batch of 23 will be color plate production line, hot-rolled H-beam will also be an increase in production lines, large cold-formed unit will soon be launched. By that time China will produce more than 100 color plates million tons, Hot H-beam more than 100million tons of cold and the large and medium-sized rectangular pipe and tube, in addition to the existing H-beamwelding, plate, Sheet steel and other construction, the steel industry can meet development needs. With steel production and quality continues to rise, their prices are gradually declining. Steel has been a corresponding cost of a more substantial reduction. And the steel structure supporting the use of thermal insulation, corrosion-resistant materials, fire resistant paint, various welding material and bolts, connectivity products and the technology of new materials will also continue to enhance innovation.(2) efficient and new welding technology of welding and cutting equipment and welding application development and application of materials, for the development of steel works to create a good technical condition. In ordinary steel, thin light steel structures, steel structures in tall buildings, the door frame of light steel structure,network structure, pressure plate structure, welding and the connecting bolt, steel concrete composite floor. CFST steel reinforced concrete structure and the structure of the design, construction, Statutes regulating acceptance of industry standards and has more than 20 of this issue. The steel structure norms, in order to constantly improve the system of steel lay the necessary technical foundation and basis.(3) At present, the portal frame light steel structure and pressure plate arch shell structure of cost per unit area, Similar single-storey steel and concrete structure approximately the same, or even lower; and light steel structure of the higher levels of commercialization, production and installation rate will reach each class 700 -- 1000 square meters, much faster than the reinforced concrete structure. In recent years, expansion of the market quickly. Tall steel structure of the composite price is higher than the reinforced concrete structure similar 4% -- 5%, but the seismic performance and Construction is fast, especially in high-rise buildings to be used. In November 1997 the Ministry of Construction issued the "China Building Technology Policy", made clear that development of steel construction, construction steel and construction steel construction technology specific requirements, China's long-term practice of "reasonable Steel" policy to "encourage Steel" policy. Steel will promote the popularization and application play a positive role.(4)the steel industry will see a number of characteristics with the strength of the professional design institutes, research institutes,output over 200,000 tons of large-scale steel factories, dozens offirst-class technology and advanced equipment to the construction and installation enterprises。
钢结构英文翻译对照
钢结构英文翻译对照第一篇：钢结构英文翻译对照钢结构部分术语中英文Steel structure 面积：area 结构形式：framework 坡度：slope 跨度：span 柱距：bay spacing 檐高：eave height 屋面板：roof plate 墙面板：wall plate 梁底净高: clean/net height 屋面系统: roof sys 招标文件: tender doc 建筑结构结构可靠度设计统一标准: unified standard for designing of architecture construction reliability 建筑结构荷载设计规范: load design standard for architecture construction 建筑抗震设计规范: anti-seismic design standard for architecture 钢结构设计规范: steel structure design standard 冷弯薄壁型钢结构技术规范: technical standard for cold bend and thick steel structure 门式钢架轻型房屋钢结构技术规范: technical specification for steel structure of light weight building with gabled frames 钢结构焊接规程: welding specification for steel structure 钢结构工程施工及验收规范: checking standard for constructing and checking of steel structure 压型金属板设计施工规程: design and construction specification for steel panel 荷载条件：load condition 屋面活荷载：live load on roof屋面悬挂荷载：suspended load in roof 风荷载：wind load 雪荷载：snow load 抗震等级：seismic load 变形控制：deflect control 柱间支撑X撑：X bracing 主结构：primary structure 钢架梁柱、端墙柱: frame beam, frame column, and end-wall column 钢材牌号为Q345或相当牌号，大型钢厂出品：Q345 or equivalent, from the major steel mill 表面处理：抛丸除锈Sa2.5级，环氧富锌漆，两底两面，总厚度为125UM。
结构稳定理论之钢结构设计论文英文版
Graduate Course Work Steel Structure Stability DesignSchool: China University of MiningName: Liu FeiStudent ID: TSP130604088Grade: 2013Finish Date: 2014.1.1AbstractSteel structure has advantages of light weight, high strength and high degree of industryali zation, which has been widely used in the construction engineering. We often hear this the accident case caused by its instability and failure of structure of casualties and property losses, and the cause of the failure is usually caused by structure design flaws. This paper says the experiences in the design of stability of steel structure through the summary of the stability of steel structure design of the concept, principle, analysis method and combination with engineering practice.Key words:steel structure; stability design; detail structureSteel Structure Stability DesignStructurally stable systems were introduced by Aleksandr Andronov and Lev Pontryagin in 1937 under the name "systèmes grossières", or rough systems. They announced a characterization of rough systems in the plane, the Andronov–Pontryagin criterion. In this case, structurally stable systems are typical, they form an open dense set in the space of all systems endowed with appropriate topology. In higher dimensions, this is no longer true, indicating that typical dynamics can be very complex (cf strange attractor). An important class of structurally stable systems in arbitrary dimensions is given by Anosov diffeomorphisms and flows.In mathematics, structural stability is a fundamental property of a dynamical system which means that the qualitative behavior of the trajectories is unaffected by C1-small perturbations. Examples of such qualitative properties are numbers of fixed points and periodic orbits (but not their periods). Unlike Lyapunov stability, which considers perturbations of initial conditions for a fixed system, structural stability deals with perturbations of the system itself. Variants of this notion apply to systems of ordinary differential equations, vector fields on smooth manifolds and flows generated by them, and diffeomorphisms.The stability is one of the content which needs to be addressed in the design of steel structure engineering. Three are more engineering accident case due to the steel structure instability in the real life. For example,the stadium, in the city of Hartford 92 m by 110 m to the plane of space truss structure, suddenly fell on the ground in 1978. The reason is the compressive bar buckling instability;13.2 m by 18.0 m steel truss, in 1988,lack of stability of the web member collapsed in construction process in China;On January 3, 2010 in the afternoon, 38 m steel structure bridge in Kunming New across suddenly collapsed, killing seven people, 8 people seriously injured, 26 people slightly injured.The reason is that the bridge steel structure supporting system is out of stability, suddenly a bridge collapsing down to 8 m tall. We can see from the above case, the usual cause of instability and failure of steel structure is the unreasonable structural design, structural design defects.To fundamentally prevent such accidents, stability of steel structure design is the key.Structural stability of the system provides a justification for applying the qualitative theory of dynamical systems to analysis of concrete physical systems. The idea of such qualitative analysis goes back to the work of Henri Poincaré on the three-body problem in celestial mechanics. Around the same time, Aleksandr Lyapunov rigorously investigated stability of small perturbations of an individual system. In practice, the evolution law of the system (i.e. the differential equations) is neverknown exactly, due to the presence of various small interactions. It is, therefore, crucial to know that basic features of the dynamics are the same for any small perturbation of the "model" system, whose evolution is governed by a certain known physical law. Qualitative analysis was further developed by George Birkhoff in the 1920s, but was first formalized with introduction of the concept of rough system by Andronov and Pontryagin in 1937. This was immediately applied to analysis of physical systems with oscillations by Andronov, Witt, and Khaikin. The term "structural stability" is due to Solomon Lefschetz, who oversaw translation of their monograph into English. Ideas of structural stability were taken up by Stephen Smale and his school in the 1960s in the context of hyperbolic dynamics. Earlier, Marston Morse and Hassler Whitney initiated and René Thom developed a parallel theory of stability for differentiable maps, which forms a key part of singularity theory. Thom envisaged applications of this theory to biological systems. Both Smale and Thom worked in direct contact with Maurício Peixoto, who developed Peixoto's theorem in the late 1950's.When Smale started to develop the theory of hyperbolic dynamical systems, he hoped that structurally stable systems would be "typical". This would have been consistent with the situation in low dimensions: dimension two for flows and dimension one for diffeomorphisms. However, he soon found examples of vector fields on higher-dimensional manifolds that cannot be made structurally stable by an arbitrarily small perturbation (such examples have been later constructed on manifolds of dimension three). This means that in higher dimensions, structurally stable systems are not dense. In addition, a structurally stable system may have transversal homoclinic trajectories of hyperbolic saddle closed orbits and infinitely many periodic orbits, even though the phase space is compact. The closest higher-dimensional analogue of structurally stable systems considered by Andronov and Pontryagin is given by the Morse–Smale systems.Structure theory of stability study was conducted on the mathematical model of the ideal, and the actual structure is not as ideal as mathematical model, in fact ,we need to consider the influence of various factors. For example ,for the compressive rods, load could not have absolute alignment section center; There will always be some initial bending bar itself, the so-called "geometric defects"; Material itself inevitably has some kind of "defect", such as the discreteness of yield stress and bar manufacturing methods caused by the residual stress, etc. So, in addition to the modulus of elasticity and geometry size of bar, all the above-mentioned factors affecting the bearing capacity of the push rod in different degrees, in the structure design of this influence often should be considered. Usually will be based on the ideal mathematical model to study the stability of thetheory is called buckling theory, based on the actual bar study consider the various factors related to the stability of the stability of the ultimate bearing capacity theory called the theory ofcrushing.Practical bar, component or structure damage occurred during use or as the loading test of the buckling load is called crushing load and ultimate bearing capacity. For simplicity, commonly used buckling load. About geometric defects, according to a large number of experimental results, it is generally believed to assume a meniscus curve and its vector degrees for the rod length of 1/1000. About tissue defects, in the national standard formula is not the same, allow the buckling stress curve given by the very different also, some problems remain to be further research.1.Steel structure stability design concept1.1.The difference between intensity and stabilityThe intensity refers to that the structure or a single component maximum stress (or internal force)caused by load in stable equilibrium state is more than the ultimate strength of building materials, so it is a question of the stress. The ultimate strength value is different according to the characteristics of the material varies. for steel ,it is the yield point. The research of stability is mainly is to find the external load and structure unstable equilibrium between internal resistance. That is to say, deformation began to rapid growth and we should try to avoid the structure entering the state, so it is a question of deformation. For example, for an axial compression columns, in the condition column instability, the lateral deflection of the column add a lot of additional bending moment, thus the fracture load of pillars can be far less than its axial compression strength. At this point, the instability is the main reason of the pillar fracture .1.2.The classification of the steel structure instability1)The stability problem with the equilibrium bifurcation(Branch point instability).2)The axial compression buckling of the perfect straight rod and tablet compression bucklingall belong to this category.3)The stability of the equilibrium bifurcation problem(Extreme value point instability).4)The ability of the loss of stability of eccentric compression member made of constructionsteel in plastic development to a certain degree , fall into this category.5)Jumping instability6)Jumping instability is a kind of different from the above two types of stability problem. Itis a jump to another stable equilibrium state after loss of stability balance.2.The principle of steel structure stability design2.1.For the steel structure arrangement, the whole system and the stability of the part requirements must be considered ,and most of the current steel structure is designed according to plane system, such as truss and frame. The overall layout of structure can guarantee that the flat structure does not appear out-of-plane instability,such as increasing the necessary supporting artifacts, etc. A planar structures of plane stability calculation is consistent with the structure arrangement.2.2.Structure calculation diagram should be consistent with a diagram of a practical calculation method is based on. When designing a single layer or multilayer frame structure, we usually do not make analysis of the framework stability but the frame column stability calculation. When we use this method to calculate the column frame column stability , the length factor should be concluded through the framework of the overall stability analysis which results in the equivalent between frame column stability calculation and stability calculation. For a single layer or multilayer framework, the column length coefficient of computation presented by Specification for design of steel structures (GB50017-2003) base on five basic assumptions. Including:all the pillars in the framework is the loss of stability at the same time, that is ,the critical load of the column reach at the same time. According to this assumes, each column stability parameters of the frame and bar stability calculation method, is based on some simplified assumptions or typical.Designers need to make sure that the design of structure must be in accordance with these assumptions.2.3.The detail structure design of steel structure and the stable calculation of component should be consistent. The guarantee that the steel structure detail structure design and component conforms to the stability of the calculation is a problem that needs high attention in the design of steel structure.Bending moment tonon-transmission bending moment node connection should be assigned to their enough rigidity and the flexibility.Truss node should minimize the rods' bias.But, when it comes to stability, a structure often have different in strength or special consideration. But requirement above in solving the beam overall stability is not enough.Bearing need to stop beam around the longitudinal axis to reverse,meanwhile allowing the beam in thein-plane rotation and free warp beam end section to conform to the stability analysis of boundary conditions. 3.The analysis method of the steel structure stabilitySteel structure stability analysis is directed at the outer loads under conditions of the deformation of structure.The deformation should be relative to unstability deformation of the structure or buckling. Deformation between load and structure is nonlinear relationship , which belongs to nonlinear geometric stability calculation and uses a second order analysis method. Stability calculated, both buckling load and ultimate load, can be regarded as the calculation of the stability bearing capacity of the structure or component.In the elastic stability theory, the calculation method of critical force can be mainly divided into two kinds of static method and energy method.3.1.Static methodStatic method, both buckling load and ultimate load, can be regarded as the calculation of the stability bearing capacity of the structure or component. Follow the basic assumptions in establishing balance differential equation:1)Components such as cross section is a straight rod.2)Pressure function is always along the original axis component3)Material is in accordance with hooke's law, namely the linear relationship between thestress and strain.4)Component accords with flat section assumption, namely the component deformation infront of the flat cross-section is still flat section after deformation.5)Component of the bending deformation is small ant the curvature can be approximatelyrepresented by the second derivative of the deflection function.Based on the above assumptions, we can balance differential equation,substitude into the corresponding boundary conditions and solve both ends hinged the critical load of axial compression component .3.2.Energy methodEnergy method is an approximate method for solving stability bearing capacity, through the principle of conservation of energy and potential energy in principle to solve the critical load values.1)The principle of conservation of energy to solve the critical loadWhen conservative system is in equilibrium state, the strain energy storaged in the structure is equal to the work that the external force do, namely, the principle of conservation of energy. As thecritical state of energy relations:ΔU =ΔWΔU—The increment of strain energyΔW—The increment of work forceBalance differential equation can be established by the principle of conservation of energy.2)The principle of potential energy in value to solve the critical load valueThe principle of potential energy in value refers to: For the structure by external force, when there are small displacement but the total potential energy remains unchanged,that is, the total potential energy with in value, the structure is in a state of balance. The expression is:dΠ=dU-dW =0dU—The change of the structure strain energy caused by virtual displacement , it is always positive;dW—The work the external force do on the virtual displacement;3.3.Power dynamics methodMany parts of the qualitative theory of differential equations and dynamical systems deal with asymptotic properties of solutions and the trajectories—what happens with the system after a long period of time. The simplest kind of behavior is exhibited by equilibrium points, or fixed points, and by periodic orbits. If a particular orbit is well understood, it is natural to ask next whether a small change in the initial condition will lead to similar behavior. Stability theory addresses the following questions: will a nearby orbit indefinitely stay close to a given orbit? will it converge to the given orbit (this is a stronger property)? In the former case, the orbit is called stable and in the latter case, asymptotically stable, or attracting. Stability means that the trajectories do not change too much under small perturbations. The opposite situation, where a nearby orbit is getting repelled from the given orbit, is also of interest. In general, perturbing the initial state in some directions results in the trajectory asymptotically approaching the given one and in other directions to the trajectory getting away from it. There may also be directions for which the behavior of the perturbed orbit is more complicated (neither converging nor escaping completely), and then stability theory does not give sufficient information about the dynamics.One of the key ideas in stability theory is that the qualitative behavior of an orbit under perturbations can be analyzed using the linearization of the system near the orbit. In particular, at each equilibrium of a smooth dynamical system with an n-dimensional phase space, there is acertain n×n matrix A whose eigenvalues characterize the behavior of the nearby points (Hartman-Grobman theorem). More precisely, if all eigenvalues are negative real numbers or complex numbers with negative real parts then the point is a stable attracting fixed point, and the nearby points converge to it at an exponential rate, cf Lyapunov stability and exponential stability. If none of the eigenvalues is purely imaginary (or zero) then the attracting and repelling directions are related to the eigenspaces of the matrix A with eigenvalues whose real part is negative and, respectively, positive. Analogous statements are known for perturbations of more complicated orbits.For the structure system in balance,if making it vibrate by applying small interference vibration,the structure of the deformation and vibration acceleration is relation to the structure load. When the load is less than the limit load of a stable value, the acceleration and deformation is in the opposite direction, so the interference is removed, the sports tend to be static and the structure of the equilibrium state is stable; When the load is greater than the ultimate load of stability, the acceleration and deformation is in the same direction, even to remove interference, movement are still divergent, therefore the structure of the equilibrium state is unstable. The critical state load is the buckling load of the structure,which can be made of the conditions that the structure vibration frequency is zero solution.At present, a lot of steel structure design with the aid of computer software for structural steel structure stress calculation, structure and component within the plane of strength and the overall stability calculation program automatically, can be counted on the structure and component of the out-of-plane strength and stability calculation, designers need to do another analysis, calculation and design. At this time the entire structure can be in the form of elevation is decomposed into a number of different layout structure, under different levels of load, the structure strength and stability calculation.local stability after buckling strength of the beam, it can be set up to the beam transverse or longitudinal stiffener, in order to solve the problem, the local stability of the beam stiffening rib according to Specification for Design of Steel Structures (GB50017-2003) ; Finite element analysis for a web after buckling strength calculation according to specification for design of steel structures (GB50017-2003) 4, 4 provisions. Axial compression member and a local bending component has two ways: one is the control board free overhanging flange width and thickness ratio of; The second is to control web computing the ratio of the height and thickness. For circular tube sectioncompression member, should control the ratio of outer diameter and wall thickness and stiffener according to specification for design of steel structures (GB50017-2003), 5 4 rule.4.ConclusionSteel structure has advantages of light weight, high strength and high degree of industrialization and has been widely used in the construction engineering.I believe that through to strengthen the overall stability and local stability of the structure and the design of out-of-plane stability, we could overcome structure design flaws and its application field will be more and more widely.referencesGB50017-2003,Design Code for Steel Structures[S]Chen Shaofan, Steel structure design principle [M]. Beijing: China building industry press, 2004 Kalman R.E. & Bertram J.F: Control System Analysis and Design via the Second Method of Lyapunov, J. Basic Engrg vol.88 1960 pp.371; 394LaSalle J.P. & Lefschetz S: Stability by Lyapunov's Second Method with Applications, New York 1961 (Academic)Smith M.J. and Wisten M.B., A continuous day-to-day traffic assignment model and the existence of a continuous dynamic user equilibrium , Annals of Operations Research, V olume 60, 1995 Arnold, V. I. (1988). Geometric methods in the theory of differential equations. Grundlehren der Mathematischen Wissenschaften, 250. Springer-Verlag, New York. ISBN 0-387-96649-8 Structural stability at Scholarpedia, curated by Charles Pugh and Maurício Matos Peixoto.。
钢结构工程施工_英文
Steel structure construction is a widely used method in modern construction industry due to its advantages of high strength, light weight, convenient transportation, and fast construction. Steelstructure construction involves the use of steel materials to build various types of structures such as buildings, bridges, and industrial plants. In this article, we will discuss the process and requirements of steel structure construction.The first step in steel structure construction is the design and planning stage. In this stage, engineers will analyze the project requirements, determine the appropriate steel materials, and design the structure. The design must consider various factors such as load-bearing capacity, stability, and durability. It is essential to choose high-quality steel materials that meet the required standards and specifications.Once the design is completed, the next step is the procurement of materials. Steel materials can be purchased from suppliers or steel mills. It is crucial to ensure that the materials meet the design specifications and quality standards. The materials should also be tested for their mechanical properties, such as tensile strength and yield strength.After the materials are procured, the construction team will begin the erection of the steel structure. The erection process involves the assembly of steel beams, columns, and other components to form the desired structure. The construction team must follow the design plans and specifications strictly to ensure the accuracy and stability of the structure. It is essential to use proper lifting equipment and safety measures during the erection process to prevent accidents and injuries.Once the steel structure is erected, the next step is the installation of the roof, walls, and other finishes. The construction team must ensure that these components are securely attached to the steelstructure and meet the required specifications. It is essential to use high-quality materials and construction methods to ensure the durability and weather resistance of the structure.After the construction is completed, the final step is the inspection and testing of the steel structure. Inspectors will examine the structure to ensure that it meets the design specifications and quality standards. They will check for any signs of damage or defects and make necessary repairs or adjustments. It is crucial to conduct thorough inspections and tests to ensure the safety and reliability of the steel structure.In conclusion, steel structure construction is a complex process that requires careful planning, procurement of high-quality materials, and skilled construction techniques. It is essential to follow the design specifications and quality standards strictly to ensure the safety, durability, and functionality of the steel structure. With proper planning and execution, steel structure construction can provide a cost-effective and efficient solution for various construction projects.。
浅谈钢结构的应用和前景
浅谈钢结构的应用和前景摘要：随着我国科学技术与文化生活的迅猛发展，住宅的功能性，居住安全性，能源效率，健康等方面的要求日益成为我们追求的目标，国内外钢结构住宅将将占据建筑的主流地位，或将取代以木质或砖为主要建筑材料的建筑。
关键词：钢结构;应用;前景Abstract: along with the science and technology and cultural life of rapid development, and the functional sex of the house, living safety, energy efficiency, health requirements increasingly become the goal of our pursuit, the steel structure housing at home and abroad will will hold the mainstream position of architecture, or will replace with wooden or brick as the main building materials of architecture.Keywords: steel structure; Application; prospects一、国外钢结构住宅的应用发展状况目前，许多国家如美国，再次积极推动钢结构低层住宅的全方位装配。
早在1996年，美国已经采用了钢框架结构建造的住宅，到目前，有20万座的小型住宅，占住宅总量的20％。
日本的钢结构建筑有四分之一层楼房，都采用了钢结构。
良好的抗震性能是人们喜欢钢结构住宅重要要原因。
在澳大利亚，房屋的百分之三十都是钢架住房。
在2000年，这一比例就达到二分之一。
在芬兰，法国，丹麦等其他一些国家，钢架系统也变得越来越流行。
尤其是在丹麦，目前已建成了大量的以钢架基础的建筑，完善了相关的住房制度。
钢结构工程施工项目英文
Abstract:This paper aims to provide an overview of the steel structure construction project, including the project background, design, materials, construction process, and challenges encountered during the project.1. Project BackgroundThe steel structure construction project is a large-scale project that involves the construction of steel structures for various purposes, such as residential buildings, commercial buildings, industrial buildings, and bridges. This project is a typical engineering project that requires careful planning, design, and execution.2. DesignThe design of the steel structure construction project is a critical stage that determines the success of the project. The design team should consider various factors, such as the project's purpose, location, climate, and load-bearing capacity. The design should be in compliance with relevant codes and standards to ensure the safety and reliability of the structure.3. MaterialsThe materials used in the steel structure construction project include steel beams, steel columns, steel plates, and other steel components. The quality of these materials is crucial to the success of the project, as poor-quality materials can lead to structural failure and safety hazards.4. Construction ProcessThe construction process of the steel structure construction project can be divided into several stages:a. Foundation construction: The foundation is the base of the steel structure, and its construction quality directly affects the stabilityand load-bearing capacity of the structure. The foundation should be in compliance with the design requirements and standards.b. Steel structure assembly: The steel structure assembly includes the assembly of steel beams, steel columns, and other steel components. The assembly should be accurate and stable to ensure the overall stability of the structure.c. Connection: The connection between steel components is crucial to the stability and load-bearing capacity of the structure. Various connection methods, such as bolted connection,焊接连接, and riveting connection, can be used depending on the design requirements.d. Coating: The steel structure should be coated to protect it from corrosion and ensure its service life. The coating process should be in compliance with relevant standards to ensure the quality of the coating.5. Challenges EncounteredDuring the steel structure construction project, various challenges may arise, such as:a. Weather conditions: Weather conditions can affect the construction progress and quality. For example, strong winds and heavy rain can lead to delays and safety hazards.b. Material quality: The quality of steel materials can affect the structure's stability and load-bearing capacity. It is essential to ensure the quality of materials before starting the construction.c. Construction technology: The construction technology used should bein line with the project requirements and standards. The construction team should be skilled and experienced to ensure the quality of the construction.6. ConclusionIn conclusion, the steel structure construction project is a complex and challenging project that requires careful planning, design, and execution. The project should adhere to relevant codes and standards toensure the safety and reliability of the structure. By addressing the challenges encountered during the project, the construction team can ensure the successful completion of the project.。
钢结构毕业设计论文(中英)
浅谈钢结构现在，钢以一种或者形式逐渐成为全球应用最广泛的建筑材料。
对于建筑构架，除了很特殊的工程之外，钢材几乎已经完全取代了木材，总的来说，对于桥梁和结构骨架，钢也逐渐代替了铸铁和炼铁。
最为现代最重要的建筑材料，钢是在19世纪被引入到建筑中的，钢实质上是铁和少量碳的合金，一直要通过费力的过程被制造，所以那时的钢仅仅被用在一些特殊用途，例如制造剑刃。
1856年贝塞麦炼钢发发明以来，刚才能以低价大量获得。
刚最显著的特点就是它的抗拉强度，也就是说，当作用在刚上的荷载小于其抗拉强度荷载时，刚不会失去它的强度，正如我们所看到的，而该荷载足以将其他材料都拉断。
新的合金又进一步加强了钢的强度，与此同时，也消除了一些它的缺陷，比如疲劳破坏。
钢作为建筑材料有很多优点。
在结构中使用的钢材成为低碳钢。
与铸铁相比，它更有弹性。
除非达到弹性极限，一旦巴赫在曲调，它就会恢复原状。
即使荷载超出弹性和在很多，低碳钢也只是屈服，而不会直接断裂。
然而铸铁虽然强度较高，却非常脆，如果超负荷，就会没有征兆的突然断裂。
钢在拉力（拉伸）和压力作用下同样具有高强度这是钢优于以前其他结构金属以及砌砖工程、砖石结构、混凝土或木材等建筑材料的优点，这些材料虽然抗压，但却不抗拉。
因此，钢筋被用于制造钢筋混凝土——混凝土抵抗压力，钢筋抵抗拉力。
在钢筋框架建筑中，用来支撑楼板和墙的水平梁也是靠竖向钢柱支撑，通常叫做支柱，除了最底层的楼板是靠地基支撑以外，整个结构的负荷都是通过支柱传送到地基上。
平屋面的构造方式和楼板相同，而坡屋顶是靠中空的钢制个构架，又成为三角形桁架，或者钢制斜掾支撑。
一座建筑物的钢构架设计是从屋顶向下进行的。
所有的荷载，不管是恒荷载还是活荷载（包括风荷载），都要按照连续水平面进行计算，直到每一根柱的荷载确定下来，并相应的对基础进行设计。
利用这些信息，结构设计师算出整个结构需要的钢构件的规格、形状，以及连接细节。
对于屋顶桁架和格构梁，设计师利用“三角剖分”的方法，因为三角形是唯一的固有刚度的结构。
钢结构桥梁中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)Recent Research and Design Developments in Steel and Composite Steel-concrete Structures in USAThe paper will conclude with a look toward the future of structural steel research.1. Research on steel bridgesThe American Association of State Transportation and Highway Officials (AASTHO) is the authority that promulgates design standards for bridges in the US. In 1994 it has issued a new design specification which is a Limit States Design standard that is based on the principles of reliability theory. A great deal of work went into the development of this code in the past decade, especially on calibration and on the probabilistic evaluation of the previous specification. The code is now being implemented in the design office, together with the introduction of the SystemeInternationale units. Many questions remain open about the new method of design, and there are many new projects that deal with the reliability studies of the bridge as a system. One such current project is a study to develop probabilistic models, load factors, and rational load-combination rules for the combined effects of live-load and wind; live-load and earthquake; live-load, wind and ship collision; and ship collision, wind, and scour. There are also many field measurements of bridge behavior, using modern tools of inspection and monitoring such as acoustic emission techniques and other means of non-destructive evaluation. Such fieldwork necessitates parallel studies in the laboratory, and the evolution of ever more sophisticated high-technology data transmission methods.America has an aging steel bridge population and many problems arise from fatigue and corrosion. Fatigue studies on full-scale components of the Williamsburg Bridge in New York have recently been completed at Lehigh University. A probabilistic AASTHO bridge evaluation regulation has been in effect since 1989, and it is employed to assess the future useful life of structures using rational methods that include field observation and measurement together with probabilistic analysis. Such an activity also fosters additional research because many issues are still unresolved. One such area is the study of the shakedown of shear connectors in composite bridges. This work has been recently completed at the University of Missouri.In addition to fatigue and corrosion, the major danger to bridges is the possibility of earthquake induced damage. This also has spawned many research projects on the repair and retrofit of steel superstructures and the supporting concrete piers. Many bridges in the country are being strengthened for earthquake resistance. One area that is receiving much research attention is the strengthening of concrete piers by "jacketing" them by sheets of high-performance reinforced plastic.The previously described research deals mainly with the behavior of existing structures and the design of new bridges. However, there is also a vigorous activity on novel bridge systems. This research is centered on the application of high-performance steels for the design of innovative plate and box-girder bridges, such as corrugated webs, combinations of open and closed shapes, and longer spansfor truss bridges. It should be mentioned here that, in addition to work on steel bridges, there is also very active research going on in the study of the behavior of prestressed concrete girders made from very high strength concrete. The performance and design of smaller bridges using pultruded high-performance plastic composite members is also being studied extensively at present. New continuous bridge systems with steel concrete composite segments in both the positive moment and the negative moment regions are being considered. Several researchers have developed strong capabilities to model the three-dimensional non-linear behavior of individual plate girders, and many studies are being performed on the buckling and post-buckling characteristics of such panion experimental studies are also made,especially on members built from high-performance steels. A full-scale bridge of such steel has been designed, and will soon be constructed and then tested under traffic loading. Research efforts are also underway on the study of the fatigue of large expansion joint elements and on the fatigue of highway sign structures.The final subject to be mentioned is the resurgence of studies of composite steel concrete horizontally curved steel girder bridges. A just completed project at the University of Minnesota monitored the stresses and the deflections in a skewed and curved bridge during all phases of construction, starting from the fabrication yard to the completed bridge.~ Excellent correlation was found to exist between the measured stresses and deformations and the calculated values. The stresses and deflections during construction were found to be relatively small, that is, the construction process did not cause severe trauma to the system. The bridge has now been tested under service loading, using fully loaded gravel trucks, for two years, and it will continue to be studied for further years to measure changes in performance under service over time. A major testing project is being conducted at the Federal Highway Administration laboratory in Washington, DC, where a half-scale curved composite girder bridge is currently being tested to determine its limit states. The test-bridge was designed to act as its own test-frame, where various portions can be replaced after testing. Multiple flexure tests, shear tests, and tests under combined bending and shear, are thus performed with realistic end-conditions and restraints. The experiments arealso modeled by finite element analysis to check conformance between reality and prediction. Finally design standards will be evolved from the knowledge gained. This last project is the largest bridge research project in the USA at the present time.From the discussion above it can be seen that even though there is no large expansion of the nation's highway and railroad system, there is extensive work going on in bridge research. The major challenge facing both the researcher and the transportation engineer is the maintenance of a healthy but aging system, seeing to its gradual replacement while keeping it safe and serviceable.2. Research on steel members and framesThere are many research studies on the strength and behavior of steel building structures. The most important of these have to do with the behavior and design of steel structures under severe seismic events. This topic will be discussed later in this paper. The most significant trends of the non-seismic research are the following: "Advanced" methods of structural analysis and design are actively studied at many Universities, notably at Cornell, Purdue, Stanford, and Georgia Tech Universities. Such analysis methods are meant to determine the load-deformation behavior of frames up to and beyond failure, including inelastic behavior, force redistribution, plastic hinge formation, second-order effects and frame instability. When these methods are fully operational, the structure will not have to undergo a member check, because the finite element analysis of the frame automatically performs this job. In addition to the research on the best approaches to do this advanced analysis, there are also many studies on simplifications that can be easily utilized in the design office while still maintaining the advantages of a more complex analysis. The advanced analysis method is well developed for in-plane behavior, but much work is yet to be done on the cases where bi-axial bending or lateraltorsional buckling must be considered. Some successes have been achieved, but the research is far from complete.Another aspect of the frame behavior work is the study of the frames with semirigid joints. The American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) has published design methods for office use. Current research is concentrating on the behavior ofsuch structures under seismic loading. It appears that it is possible to use such frames in some seismic situations, that is, frames under about 8 to 10 stories in height under moderate earthquake loads. The future of structures with semi-rigid frames looks very promising, mainly because of the efforts of researchers such as Leon at Georgia Tech University, and many others.Research on member behavior is concerned with studying the buckling and post buckling behavior of compact angle and wide-flange beam members by advanced commercial finite element programs. Such research is going back to examine the assumptions made in the 1950s and 1960s when the plastic design compactness and bracing requirements were first formulated on a semi-empirical basis. The non-linear finite element computations permit the "re-testing" of the old experiments and the performing of new computer experiments to study new types of members and new types of steels. White of Georgia Tech is one of the pioneers in this work. Some current research at the US military Academy and at the University of Minnesota by Earls is discussed later in this report. The significance of this type of research is that the phenomena of extreme yielding and distortion can be efficiently examined in parameter studies performed on the computer. The computer results can be verified with old experiments, or a small number of new experiments. These studies show a good prospect fornew insights into old problems that heretofore were never fully solved.3. Research on cold-formed steel structuresNext to seismic work, the most active part of research in the US is on cold-formed steel structures. The reason for this is that the supporting industry is expanding, especially in the area of individual family dwellings. As the cost of wood goes up, steel framed houses become more and more economical. The intellectual problems of thin-walled structures buckling in multiple modes under very large deformations have attracted some of the best minds in stability research. As a consequence, many new problems have been solved: complex member stiffening systems, stability and bracing of C and Z beams, composite slabs, perforated columns, standing-seam roof systems, bracing and stability of beams with very complicatedshapes, cold-formed members with steels of high yield stress-to-tensile strength ratio, and many other interesting applications. The American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) has issued a new expanded standard in 1996 that brought many of these research results into the hands of the designer.4. Research on steel-concrete composite structuresAlmost all structural steel bridges and buildings in the US are built with composite beams or girders. In contrast, very few columns are built as composite members. The area of composite Column research is very active presently to fill up the gap of technical information on the behavior of such members. The subject of steel tubes filled with high-strength concrete is especially active. One of the aims of research performed by Hajjar at the University of Minnesota is to develop a fundamental understanding of the various interacting phenomena that occur in concrete-filled columns and beam-columns under monotonic and cyclic load. The other aim is to obtain a basic understanding of the behavior of connections of wide-flange beams to concrete filled tubes.Other major research work concerns the behavior and design of built-up composite wide-flange bridge girders under both positive and negative bending. This work is performed by Frank at the University of Texas at Austin and by White of Georgia Tech, and it involves extensive studies of the buckling and post-buckling of thin stiffened webs. Already mentioned is the examination of the shakedown of composite bridges. The question to be answered is whether a composite bridge girder loses composite action under repeated cycles of loads which are greater than the elastic limit load and less than the plastic mechanism load. A new study has been initiated at the University of Minnesota on the interaction between a semi-rigid steel frame system and a concrete shear wall connected by stud shear connectors.5. Research on connectionsConnection research continues to interest researchers because of the great variety of joint types. The majority of the connection work is currently related to the seismic problems that will be discussed in the next section of this paper. The most interest in non-seismic connections is the characterization of the monotonic moment-rotationbehavior of various types of semi-rigid joints.6. Research on structures and connections subject to seismic forcesThe most compelling driving force for the present structural steel research effort in the US was the January 17, 1994 earthquake in Northridge, California, North of Los Angeles. The major problem for steel structures was the extensive failure of prequalified welded rigid joints by brittle fracture. In over 150 buildings of one to 26 stories high there were over a thousand fractured joints. The buildings did not collapse, nor did they show any external signs of distress, and there were no human injuries or deaths. A typical joint is shown in Fig. 2.2.1.In this connection the flanges of the beams are welded to the flanges of the column by full-penetration butt welds. The webs are bolted to the beams and welded to the columns. The characteristic features of this type of connection are the backing bars at the bottom of the beam flange, and the cope-holes left open to facilitate the field welding of the beam flanges. Fractures occurred in the welds, in the beam flanges, and/or in the column flanges, sometimes penetrating into the webs.Once the problem was discovered several large research projects were initiated at various university laboratories, such as The University of California at San Diego, the University of Washington in Seattle, the University of Texas at Austin, Lehigh University at Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, and at other places. The US Government under the leadership of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) instituted a major national research effort. The needed work was deemed so extensivethat no single research agency could hope to cope with it. Consequently three California groups formed a consortium which manages the work:(1) Structural Engineering Association of California.(2) Applied Technology Council.(3) California Universities for Research in Earthquake Engineering.The first letters in the name of each agency were combined to form the acronym SAC, which is the name of the joint venture that manages the research. We shall read much from this agency as the results of the massive amounts of research performed under its aegis are being published in the next few years.The goals of the program are to develop reliable, practical and cost-effective guidelines for the identification and inspection of at-risk steel moment frame buildings, the repair or upgrading of damaged buildings, the design of new construction, and the rehabilitation of undamaged buildings.~ As can be seen, the scope far exceeds the narrow look at the connections only. The first phase of the research was completed at the end of 1996, and its main aim was to arrive at interim guidelines so that design work could proceed. It consisted of the following components:~ A state-of-the-art assessment of knowledge on steel connections.~ A survey of building damage.~ The evaluation of ground motion.~ Detailed building analyses and case studies.~ A preliminary experimental program.~ Professional training and quality assurance programs.~ Publishing of the Interim Design Guidelines.A number of reports were issued in this first phase of the work. A partial list of these is appended at the end of this paper.During the first phase of the SAC project a series of full-scale connection tests under static and, occasionally, dynamic cyclic tests were performed. Tests were of pre-Northridge-type connections (that is, connections as they existed at the time of the earthquake), of repaired and upgraded details, and of new recommendedconnection details. A schematic view of the testing program is illustrated in Fig.2.2.2 Some recommended strategies for new design are schematically shown in Fig. 2.2.3.Fig. 2.2.3 some recommended improvements in the interim guidelinesThe following possible causes, and their combinations, were found to have contributed to tile connection failures:~ Inadequate workmanship in the field welds.~ Insufficient notch-toughness of the weld metal.~ Stress raisers caused by the backing bars.~ Lack of complete fusion near the backing bar.~ Weld bead sizes were too big.~ Slag inclusion in the welds.While many of the failures can be directly attributed to the welding and thematerial of the joints, there are more serious questions relative to the structural system that had evolved over the years mainly based on economic considerations.' The structural system used relatively few rigid-frames of heavy members that were designed to absorb the seismic forces for large parts of the structure. These few lateral-force resistant frames provide insufficient redundancy. More rigid-frames with smaller members could have provided a tougher and more ductile structural system. There is a question of size effect: Test results from joints of smaller members were extrapolated to joints with larger members without adequate test verification. The effect of a large initial pulse may have triggered dynamic forces that could have caused brittle fracture in joints with fracture critical details and materials. Furthermore, the yield stress of the beams was about 30% to 40% larger than the minimum specified values assumed in design, and so the connection failed before the beams, which were supposed to form plastic hinges.As can be seen, there are many possible reasons for this massive failure rate, and there is blame to go around for everyone. No doubt, the discussion about why and how the joints failed will go on for many more years. The structural system just did not measure up to demands that were more severe than expected. What should be kept in mind, however, is that no structure collapsed or caused even superficial nonstructural damage, and no person was injured or killed. In the strictest sense the structure sacrificed itself so that no physical harm was done to its users. The economic harm, of course, was enormous.7. Future directions of structural steel research and conclusionThe future holds many challenges for structural steel research. The ongoing work necessitated by the two recent earthquakes that most affected conventional design methods, namely, the Northridge earthquake in the US and the Kobe earthquake in Japan, will continue well into the first decade of the next Century. It is very likely that future disasters of this type will bring yet other problems to the steel research community. There is a profound change in the philosophy of design for disasters: We can no longer be content with saving lives only, but we must also design structures which will not be so damaged as to require extensive repairs.Another major challenge will be the emergence of many new materials such as high-performance concrete and plastic composite structures. Steel structures will continually have to face the problem of having to demonstrate viability in the marketplace. This can only be accomplished by more innovative research. Furthermore, the new comprehensive limit-states design codes which are being implemented worldwide, need research to back up the assumptions used in the theories.Specifically, the following list highlights some of the needed research in steel structures:Systems reliability tools have been developed to a high degree of sophistication. These tools should be applied to the studies of bridge and building structures to define the optimal locations of monitoring instruments, to assess the condition and the remaining life of structures, and to intelligently design economic repair and retrofit operations.New developments in instrumentation, data transfer and large-scale computation will enable researchers to know more about the response of structures under severe actions, so that a better understanding of "real-life" behavior can be achieved.The state of knowledge about the strength of structures is well above the knowledge about serviceability and durability. Research is needed on detecting and preventing damage in service and from deterioration.The areas of fatigue and fracture mechanics on the one hand, and the fields of structural stability on the other hand, should converge into a more Unified conceptual entity.The problems resulting from the combination of inelastic stability and low-cycle fatigue in connections subject to severe cyclic loads due to seismic action will need to be solved.The performance of members, connections and connectors (e.g., shear connectors) under severe cyclic and dynamic loading requires extensive new research, including shakedown behavior.The list could go on, but one should never be too dogmatic about the future ofsuch a highly creative activity as research. Nature, society and economics will provide sufficient challenges for the future generation of structural engineers.近期美国在钢结构和钢筋混凝土结构研究和设计方面的发展这篇文章将总结对钢结构的研究展望.1.钢结构桥梁的研究美国国家运输和公路官员协会(AASTH0)是为美国桥梁发布设计标准的权威。
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外文资料（英文）Steel system because of their own with the light weight, high strength, the construction of such advantages, and the reinforced concrete structure, the more "high, light," the development of three unique advantages. Along with the country's economic construction, the long concrete and masonry structure dominate the market situation is changing. Steel products in the large-span space structure, lightweight steel gantry structure, multi-storey and high-rise residential areas of increasing construction, Application areas are expanding. From the West-East Gas sent, the West-East power transmission and-north water diversion project, the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, the 2008 Olympic venues and facilities, residential steel, development of the western region construction practice, the development of a steel construction industry and the market momentum is emerging in our country.1： the steel market development trend of the past 20 years of reform and opening up and economic development, Steel has to create a system of highly favorable environment for development.（1） from the development of the main steel material foundation : Steel is the development of steel a key factor in development. To meet the needs of the construction market, steel varieties will toward complete standardization of materials direction. Domestic steel for construction steel, in terms of quantity, variety and quality have developed rapidly and hot-rolled H-beam, a color plate, Cold steel production increased significantly, the development of steel to create important conditions. Other steel-Steel, Coated Steel Plate and there has been a marked growth, product quality has been greatly improved. Refractory, weathering steel, hot-rolled thin number of H-beam steel has started a new project in the application, Steel to create the conditions for development.（2） from design, production, construction, professional level look : steel industry after years of development, Steel professional design quality in the practice of continually improving. A number of characteristics with the strength of professional institutes, research and design institutes continuously developed steel design software and new technologies. Currently, many domestic steel design software have been brought forth, they can adapt to light steel structure, the network structure, high-rise steel structures, Thin arched structure design needs. With computer technology in the engineering design of the universal application of steel structure design of the software is getting more sophisticated, To help designers complete structural analysis and design, construction mapping provides a great convenience. Steel manufacturers in the country blossom everywhere, and creating a number of strong leading enterprises. Annual output reaching 10 -- 20 million tons of size alone, more than 10 enterprises that the large domestic steel project mission, They fully equipped with the industry and international enterprises to compete on equal strength. At present, some foreign investment, joint ventures, private sector steel manufacturing enterprises in the fierce market competition winners. From the computer design, mapping, digital control, automated processing and manufacturing industries are in the lead, its products range from the traditional building structures, machinery and equipment, non-standard components, and turnkey facilitiesto the value of housing, Container products, port facilities directly to the end-user products. Steel industrialized mass production, the installation of a new steel structure engineering endless, and energy-efficient, waterproof, insulating, , and other advanced product set and integrated suite of applications, design and construction of integrated production will be raised the level of the construction industry.（3） the steel works from the view of the performance : the world's third 421-meter high Shanghai Jinmao Tower, is a leading international standard. height of 279 meters in Shenzhen SEG buildings, the span of 1,490 meters Runyang Yangtze River Bridge, span of 550 meters of the Lupu Bridge, the 345-meter-high transmission tower across the Yangtze River, and the Capital International Airport, nest national sports center, many of steel construction system of the important projects, Steel Buildings positive marks top heavy and large-span steel structure of space development.（4） from the domestic steel industry view : China has steel in housing construction light on the application of the industry as a revolution. With domestic industry to become China's new economic development and growth, lightweight steel residential housing industry will be the development of the country. And the housing industry is the prerequisite for dealing with the industrialization of matching new technologies, new materials and new systems. As the steel structure system easy to realize industrialization and standardization of production, and to go along with the wall material can be used in energy conservation, environmental protection of new materials. Therefore, the study of steel structures for residential package technology will greatly promote domestic industry's rapid development.（5） from the government sector can guide and support : government departments guidance and support, so that as a green steel products and development workers. Steel with the traditional concrete structure, compared with light weight, high strength, good seismic performance advantages. Suitable for live load accounted for a smaller proportion of the total load of the structure, and is more suitable for large-span space structure, tall structures and is suitable for the construction of the soft ground. Is also in line with environmental protection and conservation, intensive use of resources policy, The overall economic benefits to investors increasingly are recognized objective will be to promote the designers and developers they chose steel.2： the steel market outlook of the development trend of steel, China Steel Development has tremendous market potential and prospects for development.（1） since China began in 1996 steel output of over 100 million tons, ranking first in the world. 1998 commissioning of a series of rolling H-beam steel to create a sound material basis. Steel and other materials industries, the development of the steel industry to provide good quality, complete specifications for the material. According to the market demand, the next batch of 23 will be color plate production line, hot-rolled H-beam will also be an increase in production lines, large cold-formed unit will soon be launched. By that time China will produce more than 100 color plates million tons, Hot H-beam more than 100 million tons of cold and the large and medium-sized rectangular pipe and tube, in addition to the existing H-beamwelding, plate, Sheet steel and other construction, the steel industry can meet development needs. With steel production and quality continues to rise, their prices are gradually declining. Steel has been a corresponding cost of a more substantial reduction. And the steel structure supporting the use of thermal insulation, corrosion-resistant materials, fire resistant paint, various welding material and bolts, connectivity products and the technology of new materials will also continue to enhance innovation.（2） efficient and new welding technology of welding and cutting equipment and welding application development and application of materials, for the development of steel works to create a good technical condition. In ordinary steel, thin light steel structures, steel structures in tall buildings, the door frame of light steel structure, network structure, pressure plate structure, welding and the connecting bolt, steel concrete composite floor. CFST steel reinforced concrete structure and the structure of the design, construction, Statutes regulating acceptance of industry standards and has more than 20 of this issue. The steel structure norms, in order to constantly improve the system of steel lay the necessary technical foundation and basis.（3） At present, the portal frame light steel structure and pressure plate arch shell structure of cost per unit area, Similar single-storey steel and concrete structure approximately the same, or even lower; and light steel structure of the higher levels of commercialization, production and installation rate will reach each class 700 -- 1000 square meters, much faster than the reinforced concrete structure. In recent years, expansion of the market quickly. Tall steel structure of the composite price is higher than the reinforced concrete structure similar 4% -- 5%, but the seismic performance and Construction is fast, especially in high-rise buildings to be used. In November 1997 the Ministry of Construction issued the "China Building Technology Policy", made clear that development of steel construction, construction steel and construction steel construction technology specific requirements, China's long-term practice of "reasonable Steel" policy to "encourage Steel" policy. Steel will promote the popularization and application play a positive role.（4）the steel industry will see a number of characteristics with the strength of the professional design institutes, research institutes, output over 200,000 tons of large-scale steel factories, dozens of first-class technology and advanced equipment to the construction and installation enterprises。