自考英语词汇学串讲1~6+补充串讲 合并版
英语词汇学教程全套课件精选文档
VS
Common suffixes include "ness", "- tion", "- ism", "- ment", "- ity", etc.
Root word
Root word is the basic form of vocabulary, usually a monosyllabic word that can be used independently. For example, "act" is a root word that can add different prefixes and suffixes to form other words, such as "action", "react", "activate".
The Importance of English Lexicology
English Lexicology is crucial for language learners because it helps them understand the meaning and usage of words, improving their vocabulary and language comprehension
It is a branch of linguistics that focuses on the vocabulary of a specific language, providing a systematic and comprehensive understanding of words and their meanings
英语词汇学自考重点
各章重点内容串讲：Introduction1.Lexicology（名词解释题）（1）Definition: Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words（WNWD）.本句翻译：词汇学是语言学的一个分支，它主要是研究词汇的来源以及意义（词汇学的定义）。
（2）Domain: English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages.本句翻译：它研究的是英语词汇的形态结构，同时它还研究英语词汇的语义结构、英语词汇的发展历史和英语词汇的形成与用法。
2.Methods of Study（单选题/名词解释题）（1）Two approachesThere are generally two approaches to the study of words, namely synchronic and diachronic.synchronic 共时法diachronic 历时法（2）Definition: A, synchronicFrom a synchronic point of view, words can be studied at a point in time.However, if we take a diachronic perspective, we will consider the word historically, looking into its origin and changes in form and meaning.1.word（名词解释）（1）a minimal free form of a language1）Therefore, we can say that a word is a minimal free form of a language（词是语言中的最小的自由形式）2）that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.（词有固定的读音，固定的意义，固定的句法功能。
英语词汇学复习提纲
英语词汇学复习提纲英语词汇学复习提纲Chapter 1 Terms1. word2. vocabulary3. common words4. literary words5. colloquial words6. slang words7. technical words Questions1. What are the fundamental features of the basic word stock?2. How are English words classified?3. What are the differences between function words and content words?4. What are the main reasons for the rapid growth of present-day English vocabulary? Important statements 1. The histiory of the English langague begins with the conquest and settlement of what is now England by the Angles, Saxons and the Jutes from about 450 AD.2. The Transitional period from Old English to Modern English is known as Middle English, which is characterized by the strong influence of French following the Norman Conquest in 1066.3. In the early stages of Modern English the Renaissance brought great changes to the English vocabulary.4. The heavy borrowing made the English vocabulary extremely rich and heterogeneous. Chapter 2 Terms1. morpheme2. Allomorphe3. free morpheme4. bound morpheme5. root6. affix7. hybrid Questions1. How are English morphemes classified?2. How are Englihs words classified on the morphemic level? Important Statements1. What is usually considered a single word in English may be composed of one or more morphemes.2. The allomorphs of a morpheme do not differ in meaning or function but show a slight difference in sound.3. Morphemes are important in the word-building process because the two most central and productive word-formation processes, compounding and affixation, are related to morphemes. Chapter 3 Terms1. partial conversion2. complete conversion Questions1. What are the three major processes of word-formation?2. Whyare the criteria of a compound relative? Important Statements1. There are varioius ways of forming words, but by and large, the various processes can be classified on the basis of frequency of usage, into major or minor processes.2. Any rule of word formation is of limited productivity in the sense that not all words which result from the applicationn of the rule are acceptable; they are freely acceptable only when they have gained an institutional currency in the language.3. Prefixes modify the lexical meaning of the base. They do not genearlly alter the word-class of the base.4. Suffixes usually change the word-class of the base. Chapter 4 Terms1. blending2. back-formation3. clipp ing4. neoclassical formation Questions1. What are the differences between initialisms and acronyms? Important Statements1. On the whole, clipped words are used in less formal situations than their full-length equivalents.2. Most of the blends are related to daily life.3. The majority of backformed words are verbs.4. Reduplicatives are characterized by being rhymed or alliterated.5. The majority of neoclassical formations are scientific and technical.6. Genuine coinage is rare.7. Some new words are coined by analogy. Chapter 5 Terms1. motivation2. denotative meaning3. connotative meaning4. stylistic meaning5. affective meaning Questions1. What is the relationship between word form and its senses?2. What are the main types of word meaning? Important Statements1. The test of a genuinely onomatopeic word is its intelligibility to a foreigner who has no knowledge of the language in question.2. Denotative meaning is the central factor in linguistic communication.3. Lexical meaning is dominant in content words, whereas grammatical meaning is dominant in funciton words. Chapter 6 Terms1. radiation2. concatination3. prima ry meanin4. central meaning5. perfect homonyms6.homophones7. homographs Important Statements1. One-meaning words are very rare. They are very often scientific terms.2. It may be said that polysemy is the rule and monosemy is the exception.3. In some cases, the primary meaning and the central meaning coincide.4. Polysemic words and homonymous words are not only good candidates for humor, they can also produce other effects such as irony or heightened dramatic power. Chapter 7Terms1. complete synonyms2. relative synonyms3. hyponymy4. marked member5. unmarked member Questions1. In what respects do synonymous words differ? Important Statements1. An agreement in denotation is the most important criterion of synonymy.2. Two words aretotally synonymous only if they are fully identical in meaning and interchangeable in any context without the slightest alteration in connotative, affective and stylistic meanings.3. It is important to note that two forces militate against complete synonymy: vagueness of word meaning,and connotative, stylistic and affective meanings that cluster around words.4. In most cases the native word is more spontaneous, more informal and unpretentious, whereas the foreign word is learned, abstract or even abstruse.5. In the double scale pattern of synonyms the native term usually sounds warmer and more homely than its foreign counterpart.6. In the triple scale pattern of synonyms the difference in tone between the English and the French words is often slight; the Latin word is generally more bookish.7. Synnonyms are useful for avoiding repetition and for achieving precision in meaning and variety in style.8. Lexical antonymy is often stronger than syntactic negation.9. This semantic category obviously overlaps with hyponymy: both are involved with forming relaionships between words in the same general area ofmeaning. For parctical purposes, in the case of hyponymy, one should pay attention to the question of which specific term to use, while in the case of semantic field, one’s attention should be turned toward the highly probable collocations the words of each semantic field have in common. Chapter 8 Terms1. linguistic context2. ambiguity Questions1. What are the different types of context?2. What are the functions of context in determination of word meaning? 3. What are the different types of ambiguity? Important Statements1. When we say that the context determines the sense we mean not that it imposes a sense but that it selects one that is already there.2. Words rarely can be equated on a one-to-one basis between two languages. Chapter 9 Terms1. historical cause of changes in word meaning2. social cause of changes in word meaning3. linguistic cause of changes in word meaning4. psychological cause of changes in word meaning5. metaphor6. metonymy Questions1. What are the mian causes of changes in word meaning?2. What are the tendencies in semantic change? Important Statements1. Usually a literal meaning of a word remains along with a new metaphorical one.2. Broading speaking, change of meaning refers tothe alteration of the meaning of existing words, as well as the additionnn of new meaning to established words. Chapter 10Terms Idiom Question What points should we attention to if we want to use idioms appropriately? Chapter 11 Questions1. What are three stages in the growth of American English?2. What are the characteristics of American English? Chapter 12Terms1. prescriptive dictionaries 2. descriptive。
自考英语词汇学复习大纲自己整理
11 C h a p t e r 1 B a s i c C o n c e p t s 基本概念 1.1 the definition of a word（he definition of a word comprises the following points: (1) a minimal free form of a language; (2) a sound unity; (3) a unit of meaning; (4) a form that can function alone in a sentence. A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.）1.2 sound and meaning ：symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary and conventional. A dog is called a dog not because the sound and the three letters that make up theword just automatically suggest the animal in question.1.3 sound and form ：1.4 vocabulary 1.5 classification of words 词汇分类 basic word stock 基本词汇 nonbasic vocabulary 非基本词汇 by use frequency 按使用频率分： basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary 基本词汇和非基本词汇 by notion 按概念分： content words and functional words 实义词和功能词 by origin 按起源分： native words and borrowed words 本地词和外来词 all national character 全民性 stability 稳定性 productivity 多产性 p ol ysemy 一词多义 collocability 搭配性 terminology 术语 jargon 行话 slang 俚语 argon 黑话 dialectal words 方言词 archaism 古语词 neologism 新词 neutral in style 文体上中性frequent in use 使用频繁native words本地词borrowed words外来词denizens 同化词aliens 异形词translation-loans 译借词semantic-loans 借义词1. No enough letters: alphabet from latin2. Pronunciation changed more rapidly3. Early scribes: change spelling for easier recognition4. Borrowing: different rules of pronunciation and spelling obvious characteristics 明显的特点22C h a p t e r 2D e v e l o p m e n tIt is assumed that the world has approximately 3, 000 (some put it 5, 000 ) languages, which can be grouped into roughly 300 language families on the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammar. 2.1 Indo-European 印欧语Eastern set ： 东部诸语族： Western set ： 西部诸语族： Balto-Slavic 波罗的海-斯拉夫语 Indo-Iranian 印度-伊朗语 Armenian 亚美尼亚语 Albanian 阿尔巴尼亚语 Celtic 凯尔特语 Italic 意大利语Hellenic 希腊语 ——GreekGermanic 日耳曼语Persian 波斯语 Bengali 孟加拉国语 Hindi 印地语 Romany 普吉赛语 Prussian 普鲁士语Lithuanian 立陶宛语 Polish 波兰语 Czech 捷克语 Bulgarian 保加利亚语 Slovenian 斯洛文尼亚语 Russian 俄语 Portuguese 葡萄牙语 Spanish 西班牙语 French 法语 Italian 意大利语 Roumanian 罗马尼亚语Scottish 苏格兰语 Irish 爱尔兰语 Welsh 威尔士语 Breton 布里多尼语 Latin 拉丁语言2.2 Historical review历史概述2.3 Growth of Present-day English VocabularyNorwegian 挪威语Icelandic 冰岛语Danish 丹麦语Swedish 瑞典语German 德语Dutch 荷兰语Flemish 佛兰德语English 英语Scandinavian languages斯堪的纳维亚语50000-60000 words 5万~6万间词汇Highly inflected 高度转折complex endings 复杂的结尾vowel changes 元音变化French words 法语词汇leveled endings 水平结尾Early Modern English (1500-1700)早期现代英语Late Modern English (1700-up to the present)晚期现代英语Borrow 借词new words 新词no endings 无结尾from a synthetic language (Old English) to the present analytic language。
自考《英语词汇学》复习资料第6章
Of the 5 meanings 1） is the primary and all the rest are derived but each of the other four is directly related to 1）. Therefore， we say neck has developed through the process of radiation.
a season’s yield of grain or fruit
Pain penalty or punishment pains and penalty
upon/under pain of suffering
Synchronic approach – synchronically， polysemy is viewed as the coexistent of various meaning of the same word in a certain historical period of time. The basic meaning of a word is the core of word meaning. The core of word meaning called the central meaning （secondary meaning）.
e.g. The word “flight” may mean “passing through the air”， “power of flying”， “air of journey”， etc.
Two approaches（识记）
Diachronic approach – Diachronically， polysemy is assumed to be the result of growth and development of the semantic structure of one and same word. This first meaning is the primary meaning. With the advance of time and the development of language， it took on more and more meanings. These latter meanings are called derived meanings. E.g. face
《英语词汇学》串讲笔记1
13. Content words are changing all the time whereas functional words are stable.14. In Old English there was more agreement between sound and form.15. A word is a symbol that represents something else in the world.form. But their meanings are borrowed. In other words, English has borrowed a new meaning foran existing word in the language11. argot（黑话）: It generally refers to the jargon of criminals.12. content words（实词）: Content words denote clear notions including nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals.13. terminology(术语): Terminology consists of technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas.14. native words（本族语）: Native words, also known as Anglo-Saxon words, are words brought to Britain in the 5th century by the German tribes.论述问答题：1. With the development of the Language, why do more and more differences occur between the Sound and Form?答：It is generally agreed that the written form of a natural Language is the written record of the oral form. But with the development of the Language, more and more differences occur between them, the reasons are as follows:①. The internal reason for this is that the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans, which does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the Language so that some letters must do double duty or work together in combination.②. Another reason is that the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years, and in some cases the two have drawn far apart.③. A third reason is that some of the differences were created by the early scribes.④. Finally comes the borrowing, which is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary. When English borrowed words from other Languages , it borrowed spelling as well.2. What are the obvious characteristics of the words of the basic word stock（基本词汇）?①. All national character.（全民性）②. Stability（稳定性）③. Productivity（多产性）④. Polysemy（多义性）⑤. Collocability（搭配性）Of course, not all the words of the basic word stock have these characteristics. Pronouns and numerals enjoy nation-wide use and stability, but are semantically monosemous and have limited productivity and collocability. Therefore, ‗all national character‘is the most important of all features that may differentiate words of common use from all others.3. Apart from the characteristics mentioned of the basic word stock, in contrast to borrowed words, native words have two other features, what are they?答：①. Neutral in style（文体上中性）. Since native words denote the commonest things in human society, they are used by all people, in all places, on all occasions, and at all times. Therefore, they are not stylistically specific.②. Frequent in use（使用频繁）. Native words are most frequently used in everyday speech and writing. The proportion of its use in relation to borrowings is perhaps just the opposite of its number.4. Illustrate the relationship between sound and meaning with examples.答：A word is phonetic symbol that stands for something in the world. This symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary, and there is ‗no logical relationships between the sound which stands for a things or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself‘. For example, woman is represented by the sound Frau in German, femme in French, and funv in Chinese.5. Explain neologisms（新词语）with examples.答：Neologisms are newly created words or expressions, or words that have taken on new meanings. For example, ―emil‖(electronic mail, the sending of messages via computer systems) is a word newly coined against the background of rapid development in information technology. The word ―mouse‖ might examplify the words taking on new meanings : now a mouse is indispensable for computer users.6. How are English words generally classified? Elaborate on it.答：V ocabulary can be classified by different criteria into different types.①By use frequency（使用频率）, words may fall into the basic word stock（基本词汇）and nonbasic vocabulary（非基本词汇）. Basic vocabulary is small in number but forms the core of the language and enjoys the high frequency of use. Nonbasic vocabulary contains such words as terminology, jargon, which have a relatively limited use；②By notion（实义）, words can be divided into content words（实义词）and functional words（功能词即虚词）, content words have clear notions such as nouns, verbs. Functional words cover prepositions, articles, conjunctions, etc, whose major functions are to help make sentences；③By origin（起源）, words can be grouped into native words（本族语词）and borrowed words（外来语词）. Native words refer to the words of Anglo-Saxon origin, which are small in number but form the main stream of basic word stock. Borrowed words are words taken over from other languages and make up 80%of the whole English vocabulary. These three criteria are the most widespread and popular. There are other ways too, for example, by morphological structure, formality, emotionality, and so on.Chapter 2The Development of the English Vocabulary一、【考情分析】16. Modern English（当代英语）began with the establishment of printing（印刷术）inEngland.2. What are the causes of more new words appearing today?答：the rapid development of modern science and technology.；inflectional affixes, derivational affixes.12. The plural morpheme ‗s‘ is realized by /s/ after the sounds /t, p, k/ and by /z/ after /d, b, g, l/in a compound like ―handcuff‖. It can be a root morpheme plus one or more affixationalmorphemes as in ―mouthful‖. Therefore, a stem can be defined as a form to which affixes of any kind cab be added.2. Analyze the morphological structure of the following words in terms of free morpheme and bound morpheme, then explain the differences between the two kinds of morphemes.UnhappilyIdealistic答:①Each of two words consists of three morphemes:unhappily(un+happy+ly), idealistic(ideal+ist+ic).②―happy‖ and ―ideal‖ are free morphemes; un-, -ly, -ist and –ic are bound morphemes.③free morphemes have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences. Bound morphemes must be bound to other morphemes to form words.3. Analyze the morphological structures of the following words and point out types of the morphemes. recollection, nationalist, unearthly.答：recollection, nationalist, unearthly1) Each of the three words consists of three morphemes:recollection(re+collect+ion), nationalist(nation+al+ist), unearthly(un+earth+ly).2) Of the nine morphemes, only ―collect‖―nation‖ and ―earth‖ are free morphemes as they can exist by themselves.3) All the rest are bound morphemes as none of them can stand alone as words.。
(完整word版)自考英语(二)串讲讲义
自考《英语(二)》串讲第一部分：课程介绍一、课程的基本内容本课程在完成“英语（一）”课程内容基础上，培养学生掌握系统的英语语言知识，包括正确的英语语音知识、系统的英语语法知识和一定的词汇量（4500），并熟悉英语语言的表达方式.二、命题“英语（二）”命题按照标准化测试要求设计。
命题的广度和难度依据本大纲规定的知识范围和能力要求确定.部分命题素材取自《英语(二）自学教程》。
统考以阅读和写作为主，听、说不做统考要求。
考试题包括客观性试题和主观性试题，分别占卷面总分的55%和45％。
试卷由七部分组成，包括：阅读判断、阅读选择、概括段落大意和补全句子、填句补文、填词补文、完形补文以及短文写作。
现对试卷内容及结构分别说明如下：第一部分阅读判断该部分要求考生能够理解文中明确表达的概念或细节，推断隐含表达的内容，理解全文主旨和作者所持观点态度；能够根据上下文推测生词意义，理解句间关系和语篇结构。
该部分短文选自英语国家大众读物及旅游手册、操作说明等真实语料,根据语言难度作适当调整，对无法猜测而又影响理解的关键词,用汉语注明词义。
所选短文题材覆盖广泛，涉及叙述、说明、议论等不同体裁.该部分要求考生在读懂1篇350词左右短文的基础上，对给出的10个句子所表达的信息作出判断，有的信息是正确的，有的是错误的，有的文中没有提到。
该部分共10小题。
每小题1分，共计10分.特别提示：与以往《英语（二）》的阅读理解设题形式相比，该题更注重文章中的细节。
与四六级06年改革后的新题型中快速阅读的最初形式类似（Yes，No, Not given).第二部分阅读选择该部分要求考生：理解文章主旨和要义；把握文章的基本结构；理解文中说明要点的事实和细节；作出简单推理和判断；根据上下文推断生词的释义;领会作者的意图、观点和态度.该部分选用1篇长度350词左右的短文，题材包括人文、科技、经济、环境、卫生等热点话题，文中会适当给出个别生词的中文释义。
英语词汇学串讲9
1.2. Sound and Meaning
The relation between sound and meaning is not logical， but arbitrary and conventional.
出题形式：选择, 填空，定义。
2002年
9.The term "vocabulary" is used in different ways because of all the following reasons EXCEPT that( )
A. it can refer to the common core of a language B. it can refer to the total number of the words in a language C. it can represent all the words used in a certain historical period D. it can stand for words in given dialect or field
1.3. Sound and Form
English sound is an imperfect representation of the spoken form.
(1) in English there are more phonemes than letters. (2) The pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling
Woman (English) Frau ( German) femme (French ) funu ( Chinese)
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Archaisms：words or forms that were once in common use but are now restricted only to specialized or limited use. They are found mainly in older poems, legal documents and religious writing or speech . E.g. quoth（said）
1.5.6 Borrowed Words
Words taken over from foreign languages are known as borrowed words or loan words or borrowings in simple terms. According to the degree of assimilation and manner of borrowing, we can bring the loan-words under four classes. (1) Denizens. E.g. pork (2)Aliens. E.g. kowtow (3)Translation-loans. E.g. long time no see ，tea (4) Semantic-loans 出题形式：选择, 填空，定义，搭配，简答 . 2005（42) Borrowed Words
1.5. Classification of Words
• by use frequency： basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary, • by notion： content words and functional words • by origin： native words and borrowed words. 出题形式：选择, 填空 2006 12.Words can be classified according to the following criteria EXCEPT _________. A. notion B. use frequency C. foundation D. origin 答案：C.
1.3. Sound and Form
English sound is an imperfect representation of the spoken form. (1) in English there are more phonemes than letters. (2) The pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years. (3) Some of the differences were created by the early scribes. (4) The borrowing is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary.
1.5.1 Basic Word Stock The basic word stock is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language. Five obvious characteristics： • (1)All national character • （2）Stability. • （3）Productivity. • （4）Polysemy. • （5）Collocability 出题形式：选择, 填空，定义，搭配 2004（8），2003（19）
1.5.2 Nonbasic Vocabulary They include the following： terminology， jargon， slang， argot， dialectal words， archaisms， neologisms. Terminology：technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas E.g. penicillin
Content words denote clear notions and thus are known as notional words. Content words, which constitute the main body of the English y, are numerous, and the number is ever growing. They include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals. E.g. earth, cloud, run, walk
出题形式：填空，选择
2006年 13. Which of the following is NOT correct? ______ A. A word is a meaningful group of letters. B. A word is a unit of meaning. C. A word is a sound or combination of sounds. D. A word is a form that cannot function alone in a sentence. 答案 D 2004年 20. According to semanticists, a word is a unit of ______. 答案：meaning
Argot：the jargon of criminals. Its use is confined to the subcultural groups, and outsiders can hardly understand it. E.g. dip（pick-pocket）
Dialectal words：words used only by speakers of the dialect in question E.g. beauty（AusE＝excellent )
词 汇 学
Lexicology
一、题型和考点分布 二、重点、考点串讲 三、应试、答题技巧
I. Basic Concepts of Word and Vocabulary
1.1. Word
A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. （1）a minimal free form of a language （2）a sound unity （3）a unit of meaning （4）a form that can function alone in a sentence.
Neologisms： newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on new meanings. E.g. internet 出题形式：选择, 填空，定义，搭配 . 2003（44) jargon
1.5. 3 Content Words
1.2. Sound and Meaning
The relation between sound and meaning is not logical，
but arbitrary and conventional.
Woman (English) Frau ( German) femme (French ) funu ( Chinese) 出题形式：填空，选择和举例说明. 2002年 18.The relationship between sound and meaning is arbitrary or ______________. 答案：conventional
Slang：the sub-standard language, a category that seems to stand between the standard general words including informal ones available to everyone and in-group words like cant（shoptalk of any sub-group）, jargon, and argot, all of which are associated with, or most available to, specific groups of the population. E.g. Grass for marijuana(大麻)
出题形式：选择, 填空，定义。
2002年
9.The term "vocabulary" is used in different ways because of all the following reasons EXCEPT that( )
A. it can refer to the common core of a language B. it can refer to the total number of the words in a language C. it can represent all the words used in a certain historical period D. it can stand for words in given dialect or field 答案：A
1.5.4 Functional Words
Functional words do not have notions of their own. Therefore, they are also called empty words. As their chief function is to express the relation between notions, the relation between words as well as between sentences, they are known as form words. Prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliaries and articles belong to this category. E.g. on, of, upon 出题形式：选择, 填空，定义，简答 . 2004（42) functional words