东南大学研究生一年级学术英语教科书答案chapter9
研究生英语(一年级下)课后习题及答案2
Unit6The culture of New York City is shaped by centuries of immigration, the city's size and variety,and its status as the cultural capital of the United States. Because of its 1) _sheer_ size and cultural influence,New York has been the 2)subject_ of many different, and often3)_contradictory_ ,portrayals in the mass media. From the sophisticated and 4)_worldly_ metropolis seen in many Woody Allen films, to the hellish and 5)_chaotic_ urban jungle depicted in such movies as Martin Scorsese's Taxi Driver,New York has served as the unwitting backdrop for every conceivable on big city life.In the early years of film NewYork City was characterized asurbane and 6)_sophisticated_. By the city's period in the1970s, however, films like Midnight Cowboy, The French Connection,Marathon Man, and Death Wish showed New York as full of chaos and 7)_violence_. With the city's ienaissance in the 1980s and 1990s came new portrayals on television; Friends, Seinfeld, and Sex andthe City showed life in the city to be 8)_glamorous_ and interesting. Nonetheless a disproportionate number of 9)_crime_ dramas,such as Law & Order, continue to make criminality in the city in their subject, even as New York has become the 10)__safest___ large city in the United States in the last two decades.Unit7Risk compensation is the idea that individuals tend to adjust their behavior in response to what they perceive as changes in the level of risk.Imagine,what would happen if safety regulations were to require all cars to be made of cardboard,fitted with inefficient brakes and with a sharp spike in the center of the steering column; if all roads were paved with a substance having the same friction coefficient as ice ,and if all drivers were obliged to change every other month or,better yet,if there were no rules about which side of the road to drive on.The evidence suggests that there would be no increase,and possibly a decrease,in road accident fatalities,but there would be a Substantial decrease in the efficiency of the road transport system.It seems that the potential safety benefit of most improvements to road or vehicles is considered as a performance benefit.As a result of safety improvements it is now possible to travel farther and faster with approximately the same risk of being killed.Unit8Intelligent Transport System(ITS) is the name given to the application of computer and communication technologies to transport problems.In a(n) rapidlychanging society the emphasis on road technologyimprovements to assist in road management has beenidentified.The rapid advances in ITS technologies haveenabled the collection of data or intelligence whichprovides relevant and timely information to roadmanagers and users.Japan seems to have initiated the whole modern daynotion of ITS with work carried out in the 1980s.TheUnited States was also addressing the application of ITSat an early stage in the course of the Electronic RouteGuidance project(ERGS) in the 1970s.The EuropeanUnion picked up the theme,and referred to it as RoadTransport Informatics.In the course of time the name ofthis technology was subjected to many changes until theUSA gave it the name ITS.Intelligent Transport systemsinclude wider application of technology to transitsystems as well as private cars andhighways.Benefits given by ITS to any transportationsystem that introduce it are:improved safety,improvedtraffic efficiency,reduced congestion,improvedenvironmental quality and energy efficiency andimproved economic productivity.Unit9Northern Canada, including the Northwest Territories,isan expensive place to live. Housing is at least 60% moreexpensive in the north than it is in southernCanada.Food prices are also higher, by at least20%.Since building materials and foodstuffs areimported from the south ,the higher prices areprimarily due to transportation costs. Communitiesfar away from Yellowknife have higher costs, andcommunities served only by aircraft have the highestfood and housing costs. For example, foodstuffs shippedby air to remote communities such as Sachs Harbouron Banks Island are 80% more expensive than they arein Yellow knife. To offset these high food and housingcosts, wages are higher than those in southernCanada .In addition, most people live in public or staffhousing, where rents are subsidized .Governmentemployees living in remote communities receive anisolated post allowance payment to help offset thehigher cost of living.unit10The moral imperative begins by considering thevalue of education which is much deeper thanearning potential or building human cation iswhat it takes to lead fuller lives and to contribute toour nation and the world.Higher education in particular affords students theopportunities to explore history, debate importantissues, and discover their passions and potential .Our founders understood how importanteducation is to the idea of America as a just, equitable,and productive society. A nation of educatedindividuals is more likely to strengthen theinstitutions: in government, in business and in theschools they rely upon.Consider graduation rates. Fifteen percent of ourhigh schools produce half of our dropouts, andthese schools are disproportionately in low-income areaswith mostly minority students. Nationally ,one ofevery two African American and Hispanic students dropsout of high school.If we are a nation dedicated to equality, wecannot be satisfied with the status quo. Helping morestudents make it to college and succeed there is amorally urgent challenge.Unit6The culture of New York City is shaped by centuries ofimmigration, the city's size and variety,and its status asthe cultural capital of the United States. Because of its 1)_sheer_ size and cultural influence,New York has beenthe 2)subject_ of many different, and often3)_contradictory_ ,portrayals in the mass media. Fromthe sophisticated and 4)_worldly_ metropolis seen inmany Woody Allen films, to the hellish and 5)_chaotic_urban jungle depicted in such movies as MartinScorsese's Taxi Driver,New York has served as theunwitting backdrop for every conceivable on big citylife.In the early years of film NewYork City wascharacterized asurbane and 6)_sophisticated_. By thecity's period in the1970s, however, films like Midnight Cowboy, TheFrench Connection,Marathon Man, and Death Wishshowed New York as full of chaos and 7)_violence_.With the city's ienaissance in the 1980s and 1990s camenew portrayals on television; Friends, Seinfeld, and Sexandthe City showed life in the city to be 8)_glamorous_and interesting. Nonetheless a disproportionate numberof 9)_crime_ dramas,such as Law & Order, continue tomake criminality in the city in their subject, even as NewYork has become the 10)__safest___ large city in theUnited States in the last two decades.Unit7Risk compensation is the idea that individuals tendto adjust their behavior in response to what they perceiveas changes in the level of risk.Imagine,what wouldhappen if safety regulations were to require all cars to bemade of cardboard,fitted with inefficient brakes andwith a sharp spike in the center of the steering column; ifall roads were paved with a substance having thesame friction coefficient as ice ,and if all drivers wereobliged to change every other month or,better yet,ifthere were no rules about which side of the road to driveon.The evidence suggests that there would be noincrease,and possibly a decrease,in road accidentfatalities,but there would be a Substantial decrease inthe efficiency of the road transport system.It seems thatthe potential safety benefit of most improvements toroad or vehicles is considered as a performancebenefit.As a result of safety improvements it is nowpossible to travel farther and faster with approximatelythe same risk of being killed.Unit8Intelligent Transport System(ITS) is the name givento the application of computer and communicationtechnologies to transport problems.In a(n) rapidlychanging society the emphasis on road technologyimprovements to assist in road management has beenidentified.The rapid advances in ITS technologies haveenabled the collection of data or intelligence whichprovides relevant and timely information to roadmanagers and users.Japan seems to have initiated the whole modern daynotion of ITS with work carried out in the 1980s.TheUnited States was also addressing the application of ITSat an early stage in the course of the Electronic RouteGuidance project(ERGS) in the 1970s.The EuropeanUnion picked up the theme,and referred to it as RoadTransport Informatics.In the course of time the name ofthis technology was subjected to many changes until theUSA gave it the name ITS.Intelligent Transport systemsinclude wider application of technology to transitsystems as well as private cars andhighways.Benefits given by ITS to any transportationsystem that introduce it are:improved safety,improvedtraffic efficiency,reduced congestion,improvedenvironmental quality and energy efficiency andimproved economic productivity.Unit9Northern Canada, including the Northwest Territories,isan expensive place to live. Housing is at least 60% more expensive in the north than it is in southern Canada.Food prices are also higher, by at least20%.Since building materials and foodstuffs are imported from the south ,the higher prices are primarily due to transportation costs. Communities far away from Yellowknife have higher costs, and communities served only by aircraft have the highest food and housing costs. For example, foodstuffs shipped by air to remote communities such as Sachs Harbour on Banks Island are 80% more expensive than they are in Yellow knife. To offset these high food and housing costs, wages are higher than those in southern Canada .In addition, most people live in public or staff housing, where rents are subsidized .Government employees living in remote communities receive an isolated post allowance payment to help offset the higher cost of living.unit10The moral imperative begins by considering the value of education which is much deeper than earning potential or building human cation is what it takes to lead fuller lives and to contribute to our nation and the world.Higher education in particular affords students the opportunities to explore history, debate important issues, and discover their passions and potential .Our founders understood how important education is to the idea of America as a just, equitable, and productive society. A nation of educated individuals is more likely to strengthen the institutions: in government, in business and in the schools they rely upon.Consider graduation rates. Fifteen percent of our high schools produce half of our dropouts, and these schools are disproportionately in low-income areas with mostly minority students. Nationally ,one of every two African American and Hispanic students drops out of high school.If we are a nation dedicated to equality, we cannot be satisfied with the status quo. Helping more students make it to college and succeed there is a morally urgent challenge. Unit6The culture of New York City is shaped by centuries ofimmigration, the city's size and variety,and its status asthe cultural capital of the United States. Because of its 1)_sheer_ size and cultural influence,New York has beenthe 2)subject_ of many different, and often3)_contradictory_ ,portrayals in the mass media. Fromthe sophisticated and 4)_worldly_ metropolis seen inmany Woody Allen films, to the hellish and 5)_chaotic_urban jungle depicted in such movies as MartinScorsese's Taxi Driver,New York has served as theunwitting backdrop for every conceivable on big citylife.In the early years of film NewYork City wascharacterized asurbane and 6)_sophisticated_. By thecity's period in the1970s, however, films like Midnight Cowboy, TheFrench Connection,Marathon Man, and Death Wishshowed New York as full of chaos and 7)_violence_.With the city's ienaissance in the 1980s and 1990s camenew portrayals on television; Friends, Seinfeld, and Sexandthe City showed life in the city to be 8)_glamorous_and interesting. Nonetheless a disproportionate numberof 9)_crime_ dramas,such as Law & Order, continue tomake criminality in the city in their subject, even as NewYork has become the 10)__safest___ large city in theUnited States in the last two decades.Unit7Risk compensation is the idea that individuals tendto adjust their behavior in response to what they perceiveas changes in the level of risk.Imagine,what wouldhappen if safety regulations were to require all cars to bemade of cardboard,fitted with inefficient brakes andwith a sharp spike in the center of the steering column; ifall roads were paved with a substance having thesame friction coefficient as ice ,and if all drivers wereobliged to change every other month or,better yet,ifthere were no rules about which side of the road to driveon.The evidence suggests that there would be noincrease,and possibly a decrease,in road accidentfatalities,but there would be a Substantial decrease inthe efficiency of the road transport system.It seems thatthe potential safety benefit of most improvements toroad or vehicles is considered as a performancebenefit.As a result of safety improvements it is nowpossible to travel farther and faster with approximatelythe same risk of being killed.Unit8Intelligent Transport System(ITS) is the name givento the application of computer and communicationtechnologies to transport problems.In a(n) rapidlychanging society the emphasis on road technologyimprovements to assist in road management has beenidentified.The rapid advances in ITS technologies haveenabled the collection of data or intelligence whichprovides relevant and timely information to roadmanagers and users.Japan seems to have initiated the whole modern daynotion of ITS with work carried out in the 1980s.TheUnited States was also addressing the application of ITSat an early stage in the course of the Electronic RouteGuidance project(ERGS) in the 1970s.The EuropeanUnion picked up the theme,and referred to it as RoadTransport Informatics.In the course of time the name ofthis technology was subjected to many changes until theUSA gave it the name ITS.Intelligent Transport systemsinclude wider application of technology to transitsystems as well as private cars andhighways.Benefits given by ITS to any transportationsystem that introduce it are:improved safety,improvedtraffic efficiency,reduced congestion,improvedenvironmental quality and energy efficiency andimproved economic productivity.Unit9Northern Canada, including the Northwest Territories,isan expensive place to live. Housing is at least 60% moreexpensive in the north than it is in southernCanada.Food prices are also higher, by at least20%.Since building materials and foodstuffs areimported from the south ,the higher prices areprimarily due to transportation costs. Communitiesfar away from Yellowknife have higher costs, andcommunities served only by aircraft have the highestfood and housing costs. For example, foodstuffs shippedby air to remote communities such as Sachs Harbouron Banks Island are 80% more expensive than they arein Yellow knife. To offset these high food and housingcosts, wages are higher than those in southernCanada .In addition, most people live in public or staffhousing, where rents are subsidized .Governmentemployees living in remote communities receive anisolated post allowance payment to help offset thehigher cost of living.unit10The moral imperative begins by considering thevalue of education which is much deeper thanearning potential or building human cation iswhat it takes to lead fuller lives and to contribute toour nation and the world.Higher education in particular affords students theopportunities to explore history, debate importantissues, and discover their passions and potential .Our founders understood how importanteducation is to the idea of America as a just, equitable,and productive society. A nation of educatedindividuals is more likely to strengthen theinstitutions: in government, in business and in theschools they rely upon.Consider graduation rates. Fifteen percent of ourhigh schools produce half of our dropouts, andthese schools are disproportionately in low-income areaswith mostly minority students. Nationally ,one ofevery two African American and Hispanic students dropsout of high school.If we are a nation dedicated to equality, wecannot be satisfied with the status quo. Helping morestudents make it to college and succeed there is amorally urgent challenge.Unit6The culture of New York City is shaped by centuries ofimmigration, the city's size and variety,and its status asthe cultural capital of the United States. Because of its 1)_sheer_ size and cultural influence,New York has beenthe 2)subject_ of many different, and often3)_contradictory_ ,portrayals in the mass media. Fromthe sophisticated and 4)_worldly_ metropolis seen inmany Woody Allen films, to the hellish and 5)_chaotic_urban jungle depicted in such movies as MartinScorsese's Taxi Driver,New York has served as theunwitting backdrop for every conceivable on big citylife.In the early years of film NewYork City wascharacterized asurbane and 6)_sophisticated_. By thecity's period in the1970s, however, films like Midnight Cowboy, TheFrench Connection,Marathon Man, and Death Wishshowed New York as full of chaos and 7)_violence_.With the city's ienaissance in the 1980s and 1990s camenew portrayals on television; Friends, Seinfeld, and Sexandthe City showed life in the city to be 8)_glamorous_and interesting. Nonetheless a disproportionate numberof 9)_crime_ dramas,such as Law & Order, continue tomake criminality in the city in their subject, even as New York has become the 10)__safest___ large city in the United States in the last two decades.Unit7Risk compensation is the idea that individuals tend to adjust their behavior in response to what they perceive as changes in the level of risk.Imagine,what would happen if safety regulations were to require all cars to be made of cardboard,fitted with inefficient brakes and with a sharp spike in the center of the steering column; if all roads were paved with a substance having the same friction coefficient as ice ,and if all drivers were obliged to change every other month or,better yet,if there were no rules about which side of the road to drive on.The evidence suggests that there would be no increase,and possibly a decrease,in road accident fatalities,but there would be a Substantial decrease in the efficiency of the road transport system.It seems that the potential safety benefit of most improvements to road or vehicles is considered as a performance benefit.As a result of safety improvements it is now possible to travel farther and faster with approximately the same risk of being killed.Unit8Intelligent Transport System(ITS) is the name given to the application of computer and communication technologies to transport problems.In a(n) rapidly changing society the emphasis on road technology improvements to assist in road management has been identified.The rapid advances in ITS technologies have enabled the collection of data or intelligence which provides relevant and timely information to road managers and users.Japan seems to have initiated the whole modern day notion of ITS with work carried out in the 1980s.The United States was also addressing the application of ITS at an early stage in the course of the Electronic Route Guidance project(ERGS) in the 1970s.The European Union picked up the theme,and referred to it as Road Transport Informatics.In the course of time the name of this technology was subjected to many changes until the USA gave it the name ITS.Intelligent Transport systems include wider application of technology to transit systems as well as private cars andhighways.Benefits given by ITS to any transportation system that introduce it are:improved safety,improved traffic efficiency,reduced congestion,improved environmental quality and energy efficiency and improved economic productivity. Unit9Northern Canada, including the Northwest Territories,is an expensive place to live. Housing is at least 60% more expensive in the north than it is in southern Canada.Food prices are also higher, by at least20%.Since building materials and foodstuffs are imported from the south ,the higher prices are primarily due to transportation costs. Communities far away from Yellowknife have higher costs, and communities served only by aircraft have the highest food and housing costs. For example, foodstuffs shipped by air to remote communities such as Sachs Harbour on Banks Island are 80% more expensive than they are in Yellow knife. To offset these high food and housing costs, wages are higher than those in southern Canada .In addition, most people live in public or staff housing, where rents are subsidized .Government employees living in remote communities receive an isolated post allowance payment to help offset the higher cost of living.unit10The moral imperative begins by considering the value of education which is much deeper than earning potential or building human cation is what it takes to lead fuller lives and to contribute to our nation and the world.Higher education in particular affords students the opportunities to explore history, debate important issues, and discover their passions and potential .Our founders understood how important education is to the idea of America as a just, equitable, and productive society. A nation of educated individuals is more likely to strengthen the institutions: in government, in business and in the schools they rely upon.Consider graduation rates. Fifteen percent of our high schools produce half of our dropouts, and these schools are disproportionately in low-income areas with mostly minority students. Nationally ,one of every two African American and Hispanic students drops out of high school.If we are a nation dedicated to equality, we cannot be satisfied with the status quo. Helping more students make it to college and succeed there is a morally urgent challenge.。
学术综合英语参考答案9
学术综合英语参考答案9一、词汇题1. The word "innovative" is closest in meaning to "creative."2. "Conversely" is used to indicate the opposite of what has just been mentioned.3. "Eradicate" means to completely eliminate something.4. "Catalyst" refers to something that causes a change or action.5. "Intrinsic" is synonymous with "inherent."6. "Substantiate" means to provide evidence or proof for something.7. "Mitigate" is to make something less severe or intense.8. "Pioneer" is a person who is among the first to explore or develop a new field of study or activity.9. "Resilient" describes something that can recover quickly from difficulties.10. "Ephemeral" means lasting for a very short time.二、阅读理解A. 阅读理解选择题1. B) The main purpose of the article is to discuss the importance of innovation in education.2. C) According to the article, traditional teaching methods may not be sufficient to prepare students for the future.3. A) The author suggests that incorporating technology inthe classroom can enhance learning experiences.4. D) The article implies that students need to develop critical thinking skills to succeed in the modern world.5. E) The author argues that educators should be open to new ideas and methods to improve teaching effectiveness.B. 阅读理解简答题1. The article highlights the need for a shift in educational paradigms to better prepare students for the challenges of the 21st century.2. The author believes that technology can play a significant role in making learning more interactive and engaging.3. The article suggests that fostering creativity and problem-solving skills is crucial for students to thrive in a rapidly changing world.4. The author emphasizes the importance of lifelong learning and adaptability in the face of new technologies and job market demands.5. The article concludes that educators must embrace innovation and continuous professional development to stay relevant in their field.三、完形填空1. A) Despite2. B) opportunities3. C) Consequently4. D) innovative5. E) challenge6. F) significantly7. G) However8. H) crucial9. I) approach10. J) ultimately四、翻译1. 原文：随着科技的快速发展，我们的生活方式正在发生翻天覆地的变化。
研究生英语课件以及课后详细答案第九单元
The Equality of Languages By David Crystal
Questions
1. Do you think languages are equal? What’s the author’s point of view? Do you agree? 2. As we all know the human race has evolved from primitive to civilized states, have languages gone through the same kind of evolution? 3. What do you think of the “natural superiority” of certain languages?
Text
It comes near to stating the obvious that all languages have developed to express the needs of their users, and that in a sense all languages are equal. But this tenet of modern linguistics has often been denied, and still needs to be defended. Part of the problem is that the word ‘equal’ needs to be used very carefully. We do not know how to quantify language, so as to be able to say whether all languages have the same ‘amounts’ of grammar, phonology, or semantic structure. There may indeed be important differences in the structural complexity of language, and this possibility needs to be investigated. But all languages are arguably equal in the sense that there is nothing intrinsically limiting, demeaning, or handicapping about any of them. All languages meet the social and psychological needs of their speakers, are equally deserving of scientific study, and can provide us with valuable information about human nature and society.
学术综合英语unit1-5课后习题答案
Task 2 A contrary to implicit assertion look up adaptedSustain unbiased In the course of metaphor clutterB bolster credible impromptu sparingly anecdoteCredentials testimony hypothetical paraphrase juxtapositionTask 3 TranslationB.发言提纲是有效发言的基础。
通过写发言提纲，你可以确保你的思想是相关联的，你的思路从一点谈到另一点，你的讲话结构是连贯的。
通常，准备讲演你可以采用两种提纲方式：详细准备提纲和简单发言提纲。
在准备发言提纲中，应该写出你的特定目的及中心思想，并以连贯的方式确定主要观点和次要观点，发言提纲应该由简要的提要组成，这些提要在你讲话时能够给予你一些帮助。
发言提纲还应该包括帮助你记忆的重点词或重点短语。
在写发言提纲时，可采用准备提纲的模式，尽可能使你的发言提纲简要，同时，要确保提纲清晰，易于辨认。
C. 1. The younger generation should continue to sustain and develop our fine traditions and long-standing culture.2. In the course of preparing one’s speech, one should be clearly aware of how one could make effective use of statistics and examples to bolsterone’s point of view.3. An impromptu speech is one of the speaking skills that college students should learn and develop through practice.4. By using simile and metaphor, you can make your language more vivid and more attractive to your audience.5. The proper examples you cite might help reinforce the impression on your listeners and make your viewpoints more convincing.6. When you are speaking, you should choose common and easy words and at the same time avoid clutter in you speech.7. When you write a paper, citing the views from some experts is a good way to make your ideas more credible.8. A good method of delivering a speech will improve its quality and will help convey the speakers’ ideas clearly and interestingly.9. You should mot blindly use a word that you are not sure about, and if you are not sure, look up the word in a dictionary.10. Your language should adapt to the particular occasion and audience. If your language is appropriate in all respects, your speech is successful.D. Before you deliver an academic speech, you should, first of all, get well prepared for it. Then, you should make your major points clear in your speech, and your speech should be well organized. When speaking, you should not speak too fast, and your language should be explicit. Don’t always read the notes you prepared beforehand. From time to time, you should look at your audience. On one hand, you can show your respect to your audience, and on the other hand, you will be able to go on with your speech more smoothly.Task 2 V ocabulary Developmentdevastating posed massive contribute to triple menace liability consensus entails plausibleplausible portend pin down aggravating staggeringon a par with emergence resurgence detract from inadequacyTask 3 TranslationB．能源和人类利益有着双重关系。
学术英语社科类unit9原文及翻译
Cultural Globalization1.Much of the early development of different languages, customs, and other diverse aspects world cultures resulted from the isolation of groups of people from one another. It is not surprising , then, that a degree of cultural amalgamation has occurred as improved transportation and communication have brought people of various societies into ever more frequent contact . Analyzing the blurring of cultural differences inevitably includes a great deal about fast food, basketball, rock music, and other such aspects of pop culture, but such analysis does not trivialize the subject,. Instead , a long standing bottom up line of political theory argues that the world`s people can build on commonplace interactions and increasing cultural commonalities that engender familiarity with and confidence in one another to create a global civil society that might evolve into a global nation. By the same process, if transnational civil societies develop, then regional and even global schemes of governance could conceivably form and supplement or supplant the territorial state. Scholars who examine the bottom-up process of transnational integration look for evidence in such factors as the flow of communications and commerce between countries and the spread across borders of what people wear, eat, and do for recreation.1、不同语言、风俗习惯以及其他不同的文化背景下，世界文化的早期发展，是从彼此分离的人群中产生的。
研究生英语(一年级下)课后习题及答案2
Unit6The culture of New York City is shaped by centuries of immigration, the city's size and variety,and its status as the cultural capital of the United States. Because of its 1) _sheer_ size and cultural influence,New York has been the 2)subject_ of many different, and often3)_contradictory_ ,portrayals in the mass media. From the sophisticated and 4)_worldly_ metropolis seen in many Woody Allen films, to the hellish and 5)_chaotic_Scorsese's Taxi Driver,New York has served as the unwitting backdrop for every conceivable on big city life.In the early years of film NewYork City was characterized asurbane and 6)_sophisticated_. By the city's period in the1970s, however, films like Midnight Cowboy, The French Connection,Marathon Man, and Death Wish showed New York as full of chaos and 7)_violence_. With the city's ienaissance in the 1980s and 1990s came new portrayals on television; Friends, Seinfeld, and Sex andthe City showed life in the city to be 8)_glamorous_ and interesting. Nonetheless a disproportionate number of 9)_crime_ dramas,such as Law & Order, continue to make criminality in the city in their subject, even as New York has become the 10)__safest___ large city in theUnit7Risk compensation is the idea that individuals tend to adjust their behavior in response to what they perceive as changes in the level of risk.Imagine,what would happen if safety regulations were to require all cars to be made of cardboard,fitted with inefficient brakes and with a sharp spike in the center of the steering column; if all roads were paved with a substance having the same friction coefficient as ice ,and if all drivers were obliged to change every other month or,better yet,if there were no rules about which side of the road to drive on.The evidence suggests that there would be nofatalities,but there would be a Substantial decrease in the efficiency of the road transport system.It seems that the potential safety benefit of most improvements to road or vehicles is considered as a performance benefit.As a result of safety improvements it is now possible to travel farther and faster with approximately the same risk of being killed.Unit8Intelligent Transport System(ITS) is the name given to the application of computer and communication technologies to transport problems.In a(n) rapidly changing society the emphasis on road technology improvements to assist in road management has beenenabled the collection of data or intelligence whichmanagers and users.Japan seems to have initiated the whole modern day notion of ITS with work carried out in the 1980s.The United States was also addressing the application of ITS at an early stage in the course of the Electronic Route Guidance project(ERGS) in the 1970s.The European Union picked up the theme,and referred to it as Road Transport Informatics.In the course of time the name of this technology was subjected to many changes until the USA gave it the name ITS.Intelligent Transport systems include wider application of technology to transit systems as well as private cars andhighways.Benefits given by ITS to any transportation system that introduce it are:improved safety,improved traffic efficiency,reduced congestion,improved improved economic productivity.Unit9Northern Canada, including the Northwest Territories,is an expensive place to live. Housing is at least 60% more expensive in the north than it is in southern Canada.Food prices are also higher, by at least20%.Since building materials and foodstuffs are imported from the south ,the higher prices are primarily due to transportation costs. Communities far away from Yellowknife have higher costs, andfood and housing costs. For example, foodstuffs shipped by air to remote communities such as Sachs Harbour in Yellow knife. To offset these high food and housing costs, wages are higher than those in southern Canada .In addition, most people live in public or staff housing, where rents are subsidized .Governmentisolated post allowance payment to help offset the higher cost of living.unit10The moral imperative begins by considering the value of education which is much deeper than earning potential or building human cation is what it takes to lead fuller lives and to contribute to our nation and the world.Higher education in particular affords students the opportunities to explore history, debate important issues, and discover their passions and potential .Our founders understood how importantand productive society. A nation of educated individuals is more likely to strengthen the schools they rely upon.Consider graduation rates. Fifteen percent of our high schools produce half of our dropouts, and these schools are disproportionately in low-income areas with mostly minority students. Nationally ,one of every two African American and Hispanic students drops out of high school.If we are a nation dedicated to equality, we cannot be satisfied with the status quo. Helping more students make it to college and succeed there is a morally urgent challenge. Unit6The culture of New York City is shaped by centuries ofimmigration, the city's size and variety,and its status asthe cultural capital of the United States. Because of its 1)_sheer_ size and cultural influence,New York has beenthe 2)subject_ of many different, and often3)_contradictory_ ,portrayals in the mass media. Fromthe sophisticated and 4)_worldly_ metropolis seen inmany Woody Allen films, to the hellish and 5)_chaotic_Scorsese's Taxi Driver,New York has served as theunwitting backdrop for every conceivable on big citylife.In the early years of film NewYork City wascharacterized asurbane and 6)_sophisticated_. By thecity's period in the1970s, however, films like Midnight Cowboy, TheFrench Connection,Marathon Man, and Death Wishshowed New York as full of chaos and 7)_violence_.With the city's ienaissance in the 1980s and 1990s camenew portrayals on television; Friends, Seinfeld, and Sexandthe City showed life in the city to be 8)_glamorous_and interesting. Nonetheless a disproportionate numberof 9)_crime_ dramas,such as Law & Order, continue tomake criminality in the city in their subject, even as NewYork has become the 10)__safest___ large city in theUnit7Risk compensation is the idea that individuals tendto adjust their behavior in response to what they perceiveas changes in the level of risk.Imagine,what wouldhappen if safety regulations were to require all cars to bemade of cardboard,fitted with inefficient brakes andwith a sharp spike in the center of the steering column; ifall roads were paved with a substance having thesame friction coefficient as ice ,and if all drivers wereobliged to change every other month or,better yet,ifthere were no rules about which side of the road to driveon.The evidence suggests that there would be nofatalities,but there would be a Substantial decrease inthe efficiency of the road transport system.It seems thatthe potential safety benefit of most improvements toroad or vehicles is considered as a performancebenefit.As a result of safety improvements it is nowpossible to travel farther and faster with approximatelythe same risk of being killed.Unit8Intelligent Transport System(ITS) is the name givento the application of computer and communicationtechnologies to transport problems.In a(n) rapidlychanging society the emphasis on road technologyimprovements to assist in road management has beenenabled the collection of data or intelligence whichmanagers and users.Japan seems to have initiated the whole modern daynotion of ITS with work carried out in the 1980s.TheUnited States was also addressing the application of ITSat an early stage in the course of the Electronic RouteGuidance project(ERGS) in the 1970s.The EuropeanUnion picked up the theme,and referred to it as RoadTransport Informatics.In the course of time the name ofthis technology was subjected to many changes until theUSA gave it the name ITS.Intelligent Transport systemsinclude wider application of technology to transitsystems as well as private cars andhighways.Benefits given by ITS to any transportationsystem that introduce it are:improved safety,improvedtraffic efficiency,reduced congestion,improvedimproved economic productivity.Unit9Northern Canada, including the Northwest Territories,isan expensive place to live. Housing is at least 60% moreexpensive in the north than it is in southernCanada.Food prices are also higher, by at least20%.Since building materials and foodstuffs areimported from the south ,the higher prices areprimarily due to transportation costs. Communitiesfar away from Yellowknife have higher costs, andfood and housing costs. For example, foodstuffs shippedby air to remote communities such as Sachs Harbourin Yellow knife. To offset these high food and housingcosts, wages are higher than those in southernCanada .In addition, most people live in public or staffhousing, where rents are subsidized .Governmentisolated post allowance payment to help offset thehigher cost of living.unit10The moral imperative begins by considering thevalue of education which is much deeper thanearning potential or building human cation iswhat it takes to lead fuller lives and to contribute toour nation and the world.Higher education in particular affords students theopportunities to explore history, debate importantissues, and discover their passions and potential .Our founders understood how importantand productive society. A nation of educatedindividuals is more likely to strengthen theschools they rely upon.Consider graduation rates. Fifteen percent of ourhigh schools produce half of our dropouts, andthese schools are disproportionately in low-income areaswith mostly minority students. Nationally ,one ofevery two African American and Hispanic students dropsout of high school.If we are a nation dedicated to equality, wecannot be satisfied with the status quo. Helping morestudents make it to college and succeed there is amorally urgent challenge.Unit6The culture of New York City is shaped by centuries ofimmigration, the city's size and variety,and its status asthe cultural capital of the United States. Because of its 1)_sheer_ size and cultural influence,New York has beenthe 2)subject_ of many different, and often3)_contradictory_ ,portrayals in the mass media. Fromthe sophisticated and 4)_worldly_ metropolis seen inmany Woody Allen films, to the hellish and 5)_chaotic_Scorsese's Taxi Driver,New York has served as theunwitting backdrop for every conceivable on big citylife.In the early years of film NewYork City wascharacterized asurbane and 6)_sophisticated_. By thecity's period in the1970s, however, films like Midnight Cowboy, TheFrench Connection,Marathon Man, and Death Wishshowed New York as full of chaos and 7)_violence_.With the city's ienaissance in the 1980s and 1990s camenew portrayals on television; Friends, Seinfeld, and Sexandthe City showed life in the city to be 8)_glamorous_and interesting. Nonetheless a disproportionate numberof 9)_crime_ dramas,such as Law & Order, continue tomake criminality in the city in their subject, even as NewYork has become the 10)__safest___ large city in theUnit7Risk compensation is the idea that individuals tendto adjust their behavior in response to what they perceiveas changes in the level of risk.Imagine,what wouldhappen if safety regulations were to require all cars to bemade of cardboard,fitted with inefficient brakes andwith a sharp spike in the center of the steering column; ifall roads were paved with a substance having thesame friction coefficient as ice ,and if all drivers wereobliged to change every other month or,better yet,ifthere were no rules about which side of the road to driveon.The evidence suggests that there would be nofatalities,but there would be a Substantial decrease inthe efficiency of the road transport system.It seems thatthe potential safety benefit of most improvements toroad or vehicles is considered as a performancebenefit.As a result of safety improvements it is nowpossible to travel farther and faster with approximatelythe same risk of being killed.Unit8Intelligent Transport System(ITS) is the name givento the application of computer and communicationtechnologies to transport problems.In a(n) rapidlychanging society the emphasis on road technologyimprovements to assist in road management has beenenabled the collection of data or intelligence whichmanagers and users.Japan seems to have initiated the whole modern daynotion of ITS with work carried out in the 1980s.TheUnited States was also addressing the application of ITSat an early stage in the course of the Electronic RouteGuidance project(ERGS) in the 1970s.The EuropeanUnion picked up the theme,and referred to it as RoadTransport Informatics.In the course of time the name ofthis technology was subjected to many changes until theUSA gave it the name ITS.Intelligent Transport systemsinclude wider application of technology to transitsystems as well as private cars andhighways.Benefits given by ITS to any transportationsystem that introduce it are:improved safety,improvedtraffic efficiency,reduced congestion,improvedimproved economic productivity.Unit9Northern Canada, including the Northwest Territories,isan expensive place to live. Housing is at least 60% moreexpensive in the north than it is in southernCanada.Food prices are also higher, by at least20%.Since building materials and foodstuffs areimported from the south ,the higher prices areprimarily due to transportation costs. Communitiesfar away from Yellowknife have higher costs, andfood and housing costs. For example, foodstuffs shippedby air to remote communities such as Sachs Harbourin Yellow knife. To offset these high food and housingcosts, wages are higher than those in southernCanada .In addition, most people live in public or staffhousing, where rents are subsidized .Governmentisolated post allowance payment to help offset thehigher cost of living.unit10The moral imperative begins by considering thevalue of education which is much deeper thanearning potential or building human cation iswhat it takes to lead fuller lives and to contribute toour nation and the world.Higher education in particular affords students theopportunities to explore history, debate importantissues, and discover their passions and potential .Our founders understood how importantand productive society. A nation of educatedindividuals is more likely to strengthen theschools they rely upon.Consider graduation rates. Fifteen percent of ourhigh schools produce half of our dropouts, andthese schools are disproportionately in low-income areaswith mostly minority students. Nationally ,one ofevery two African American and Hispanic students dropsout of high school.If we are a nation dedicated to equality, wecannot be satisfied with the status quo. Helping morestudents make it to college and succeed there is amorally urgent challenge.Unit6The culture of New York City is shaped by centuries ofimmigration, the city's size and variety,and its status asthe cultural capital of the United States. Because of its 1)_sheer_ size and cultural influence,New York has beenthe 2)subject_ of many different, and often3)_contradictory_ ,portrayals in the mass media. Fromthe sophisticated and 4)_worldly_ metropolis seen inmany Woody Allen films, to the hellish and 5)_chaotic_Scorsese's Taxi Driver,New York has served as theunwitting backdrop for every conceivable on big citylife.In the early years of film NewYork City wascharacterized asurbane and 6)_sophisticated_. By thecity's period in the1970s, however, films like Midnight Cowboy, TheFrench Connection,Marathon Man, and Death Wishshowed New York as full of chaos and 7)_violence_.With the city's ienaissance in the 1980s and 1990s camenew portrayals on television; Friends, Seinfeld, and Sexandthe City showed life in the city to be 8)_glamorous_and interesting. Nonetheless a disproportionate numberof 9)_crime_ dramas,such as Law & Order, continue tomake criminality in the city in their subject, even as NewYork has become the 10)__safest___ large city in theUnit7Risk compensation is the idea that individuals tendto adjust their behavior in response to what they perceiveas changes in the level of risk.Imagine,what wouldhappen if safety regulations were to require all cars to bemade of cardboard,fitted with inefficient brakes andwith a sharp spike in the center of the steering column; ifall roads were paved with a substance having thesame friction coefficient as ice ,and if all drivers wereobliged to change every other month or,better yet,ifthere were no rules about which side of the road to driveon.The evidence suggests that there would be nofatalities,but there would be a Substantial decrease inthe efficiency of the road transport system.It seems thatthe potential safety benefit of most improvements toroad or vehicles is considered as a performancebenefit.As a result of safety improvements it is nowpossible to travel farther and faster with approximatelythe same risk of being killed.Unit8Intelligent Transport System(ITS) is the name givento the application of computer and communicationtechnologies to transport problems.In a(n) rapidlychanging society the emphasis on road technologyimprovements to assist in road management has beenenabled the collection of data or intelligence whichmanagers and users.Japan seems to have initiated the whole modern daynotion of ITS with work carried out in the 1980s.TheUnited States was also addressing the application of ITSat an early stage in the course of the Electronic RouteGuidance project(ERGS) in the 1970s.The EuropeanUnion picked up the theme,and referred to it as RoadTransport Informatics.In the course of time the name ofthis technology was subjected to many changes until theUSA gave it the name ITS.Intelligent Transport systemsinclude wider application of technology to transitsystems as well as private cars andhighways.Benefits given by ITS to any transportationsystem that introduce it are:improved safety,improvedtraffic efficiency,reduced congestion,improvedimproved economic productivity.Unit9Northern Canada, including the Northwest Territories,isan expensive place to live. Housing is at least 60% moreexpensive in the north than it is in southernCanada.Food prices are also higher, by at least20%.Since building materials and foodstuffs areimported from the south ,the higher prices areprimarily due to transportation costs. Communitiesfar away from Yellowknife have higher costs, andfood and housing costs. For example, foodstuffs shippedby air to remote communities such as Sachs Harbourin Yellow knife. To offset these high food and housingcosts, wages are higher than those in southernCanada .In addition, most people live in public or staffhousing, where rents are subsidized .Governmentisolated post allowance payment to help offset thehigher cost of living.unit10The moral imperative begins by considering thevalue of education which is much deeper thanearning potential or building human cation iswhat it takes to lead fuller lives and to contribute toour nation and the world.Higher education in particular affords students theopportunities to explore history, debate importantissues, and discover their passions and potential .Our founders understood how importantand productive society. A nation of educatedindividuals is more likely to strengthen theschools they rely upon.Consider graduation rates. Fifteen percent of ourhigh schools produce half of our dropouts, andthese schools are disproportionately in low-income areaswith mostly minority students. Nationally ,one ofevery two African American and Hispanic students dropsout of high school.If we are a nation dedicated to equality, wecannot be satisfied with the status quo. Helping morestudents make it to college and succeed there is amorally urgent challenge.。
专业学位硕士研究生英语教程Unit9词汇及课后答案
专业学位硕⼠研究⽣英语教程Unit9词汇及课后答案Unit NineParentingWord Bank(academy->Police Academy) academic: adj. of a school, especially of higher learning; of scholarly (scholarship奖学⾦，助学⾦) performance学校的，学院的，学术的affirm: v. to assert; confirm断⾔，证实，承认(aggress->aggressor =invader) aggression (aggressive): n. the act of initiating (hostile->) hostilities or invasion侵犯，侵略，挑衅(anthropology->) anthropologist: n. the scholar who studies the origin, the behavior, and the physical, social, and cultural development of human beings⼈类学家complement: v. to make sth. Complete补充，补⾜complementary: adj. completing; supplying mutual needs补充的，补⾜的consequence: n. effect; the result to its cause结果，因果关系的deprive (sb. of sth.): v. to take sth. away from拿⾛，抢夺directive: adj. straightforward; serving to direct (->director导演)直接的，指导的(obey->obedient->obedience<->disobey->disobedient) disobedience: n. refusal or failure to obey不服从，不顺从，违抗distinct: different; clear不同的，明显的(diverse->) diversity: n. (vary->) variety or multiformity 变化，多样性enforce(->reinforce): to compel obedience to强制服从或遵守(exploit->) exploitation: n. the act of employing to the greatest possible advantage 开发，开采，剥削(expose to->) exposure: n. the act of exposing; influence暴露，受影响facilitate (=help->facility设备设施): v. to make easy or easier使容易，使便利groom: v. to care for the appearance of; to make neat （tidy）and trim(vt./adj.)使整洁，打扮hygiene: n. (=sanity) the promotion and preservation of health 卫⽣interaction: n. the act or process of interacting相互作⽤(intimate->) intimacy: n. the condition of being close in relation亲密(muscle肌⾁->masculine男性的->) masculinity: n. the quality and characteristic of a male男⼦⽓，阳刚⽓modify: v. to change; to alter变更，修改monster: n. an imaginary or legendary creature怪物nurture: v. to nourish, to feed; to educate, to train给…营养，喂养，培养(object->objective<->subjective) objectivity: n. the state of being objective 客观，客观性(orient东⽅的) oriented: adj. directed导向性的predatory: adj. living by preying on other organisms掠夺的，⾁⾷的(relate A to B->relation->) relational: adj. of kinship亲属关系的roughhouse: v. to engage in rowdy behavior or play打闹，殴⽃sheer: adj. complete; absolute; pure 绝对的，完全的，纯粹的sternly: adv. harshly; severely严厉地，严格地(sym-=same; pathy=feeling)sympathy(sympathize with sb.): n. sharing thefeelings of another同情，同情⼼tickle: v. to touch (the body) lightly so as to cause laughter (笑声) or twitching movements; to tease or excite pleasurably使觉得痒，逗乐(timid=shy->) timidity (timidate=frighten): n. lack of confidence; fear 胆怯，羞怯: adv. orally; literally⼝头上地，⾔辞地wrestle: v. to contend by grappling and, attempting to throw摔跤Phrases and Expressionscope with: =deal with; to handle处理；应对due to: owing to由于have access (通道) to: to have the right to approach, or to make use of接近权；享⽤权in terms (术语, 学期) of: in relation to; with reference to根据；按照；就……⽽⾔settle (->settlement) down: to begin living a stable and orderly life; to become less nervous or restless安顿下来；平静Reading ComprehensionI. Choose the best for each of the following.1. How can fathers and mothers provide good things to children that same-sex caregivers cannot? ( D )A. By being adults in their children's lives.B. By depriving of the benefits found in mothers and fathersC. By differing parenting styles among people.D. By cooperating and complementing between mothers and fathers.2. According to Eleanor Maccoby, ___A__.A. fathers and mothers teach children differently in dealing with lifeB. fathers will not provide warm, nurturing care for an infantC. mothers teach children the difference between men and womenD. fathers have a distinct style of communication and interaction with children3. Children who roughhouse with their fathers ( A )A. learn that biting, kicking and other forms of physical violence are not acceptableB. learn self-controlC. are more physical and action orientedD. need mom's softness4. Which of the following can be categorized as "push limits"? ( D )A. Expanding experiences and confidence.B. Yelling "slow down, not so high, not so hard".C. Causing disagreement between mom and dad.D. Encouraging kids to climb higher, to ride faster.5. Girls with involved "married fathers" ( A )A. are more likely to have healthier relationships with malesB. build emotional security, and safety from other men and womenC. learn what masculinity isD. cope with life differentlyII. Complete the following (sum up求和-> summarize总结, 归纳) summary (⼩结)of the text by filling in the blanks with words. The initial letter of each word has been given to you.Children (1) benefit from a mother and father's differing (2) parenting styles. Mothers and fathers bring to their children (3) different values. They are different in their parenting styles, in the way they (4) play with children, and in their (5) communication with children. Fathers (6) provide a look at the world of men; mothers, the world of women. And by (7) cooperating together and complementing each other in their differences they provide good things that same-sex caregivers cannot. Children who have daily (8) access to the different and complementary ways of mothers and fathers will have (9) confidence, independence, and security. They are more likely to have a (10) healthy respect for both women and men as they grow into adulthood. VocabularyI. Choose the answer that best completes each sentence.1. She was ___A__ a normal childhood by the war.A. deprived ofB. taken awayC. given upD. got out2. Roses in a silver bowl ___B__ the handsome (beautiful) cherry table.A. comparisonB. complementC. competitionD. compensation3. Charles Darwin saw in the ___C__ of species (物种) the principles of (evolve->) evolution that operated to generate (=produce) the species: variation, competition and selection.A. (divide->) divisionB. (diverse->) diversionC. diversityD. (vary->) variation4. We (meet->) met on two __B___ occasions. One was an academic conference; the other a party.A. clearB. distinct (different)C. likely(possible)D. notable (obvious)5. The Internet, which covers the whole world, is increasing the __A___ of the people on the planet.A. interactionB. contractC. interplayD. interchange6. Most vegetables we buy in winter are __C___ in the greenhouse.A. natured (born to be)B. cultivated (->culture⽂化)C. nurtured (养育)D. nourished (提供营养)7. The students protested in front of American consulate (领事馆). They had no motives (动机) but those of ___B__ patriotism (爱国主义).A. absolute(绝对的)B. sheer (only纯粹的)C. pureD. complete8. The children ___A__ while (they are) building forts (要塞) with toy bricks (砖).A. roughhouse (fight)B. handleC. (pretense->)pretendD. behave9. The building is __D___ south and north.A. allocated (assign分配)B. guided (导游)C. operated (操纵)D. oriented (取…坐向)10. His (fail->) failure in business is largely due to __A__.A. timidity(胆怯)B. quality(质量)C. characteristics(特性特征)D. behavior (⾏为)II. Fill in the blanks with the words or phrases given below. Change the form where necessary.settle down facilitatemodify subtleconsequence verbally sympathy cope with academic instincthave/has access to sternlyaggression systematicallynurture1. Chinese national troops are on the alert against any possible aggression.2. This government has systematically taken actions to renew its economy.3. Most people have sympathy for the old lady for her (lose->lost->lost->) loss of the only son in the accident4. He is a (journal=magazine->) journalist (新闻⼯作者->journalism新闻学) whose subtle views on the hard issues of our time are rooted in a tough mind (heart) and5. I was (amuse逗⼈乐->) amazed (surprised) at her ability to cope with the difficult situation.6. He is one of the few scientists in this military base who have access to the restricted area.7. By the age of two most children have begun to communicate verbally (=orally).8. Modern devices such as micro-wave oven facilitate domestic work, and free (vt. set sb. free) people to have more (entertain->) entertainments (娱乐).9. This university is composed of five academic schools (department系).10. The industrial revolution modified (alter<->) the whole structure of English-speaking society.TranslationPut the following paragraph into English.在只有母亲或只有⽗亲的家庭⾥长⼤的孩⼦将会极⼤地缺乏⾃信、独⽴及安全感。
东南大学研究生一年级学术英语教科书答案chapter4
Unit 41.3 Reading Comprehension1.3.1. Fill in the following table with relevant details from the passage1.3.2. Understand more about Method Section of this research. What do you know about the questionnaire used in the survey?thencomplete the following table:2.2.1 The following sentences describe a process of making paper. Use sequential wordsand rewrite them into a cohesive paragraph.Firstly, the logs are placed in the shredder. Then they are cut into small chips which are mixed with water and acid. After that, they are heated and crushed to a heavy pulp which is cleaned. It is also chemically bleached to whiten it. Later, it is passed through rollers to flatten it. Then sheets of wet paper are produced. finally, the water is removed from the sheets which are pressed, dried and refined until the finished paper is produced.2.2.2 Read the following sentences. They are all taken from method sections from different research articles. In each case, determine which information element is represented.1. subjects,2. material,3. procedure,4.overview,5. statistical treatment,6. procedureand material, 7. sampling, 8. research location3.1 Completing sentencesComplete the following paragraph by translating Chinese into English.1) The questionnaire was administered2) completed the questionnaire3) Background information about these participants is presented in Table 24) The mean age of the participants was approximately 29 years old5) the years of working experience was six on the average3.2: 1c, 2 e, 3 d, 4 f , 5g, 6 b, 7 I, 8 a , 9h3.3 Rewriting sentences(1) Table 2 shows the number of students per level and their Ll language backgroundsrepresented.(2) Two questionnaires administered respectively to the personnel officers andbusiness employees show a similar result in terms of their perception of the use of English in their firm.(3) The scores of the two raters were averaged and entered for statistical analysis.(4) The model used in the experiment was a modified version of the 2009 Testpackage, originally developed by the Morrison Research Institute.(5) Gray (1998) studied the effectiveness of the new schedule, using scores on theStanford Achievement Test as the measure.(6) After the teacher explained the directions, the students began to write.( place modifiers so that they clearly modify what you intend them to modify ) (7) Students achieved better results, although the schedule was in effect only 1 year.(Put the main idea in the main clause )(8) After putting the assignment on the board, the teacher found by checking theroll that three students were absent. (Too many and s )(9) Because many school administrators seem interested in making only simple andinexpensive changes, they have been overly receptive to simplistic solutions.( avoid inserting long modifiers between the subject and the verb )(10) Many people are reluctant to install solar energy systems because of the largecapital investment required. ( avoid using subordinate clauses that modify other subordinate clauses )3.4 Turning notes into a passageA taste test was conducted to determine student’s preferences and attitudes toward sugar-sweetened and artificially-sweetened beverages. Ten people, five male and five female students, from Science English class 1 were chosen at random to participate in the test. The materials used were thirty straws, two cups, one blindfold, and two containers of Kool-Aid, a popular drink in the United States. One container held four cups of orange Kool-Aid sweetened with one half cup of sugar. The other container held four cups of orange Kool-aid sweetened with 9 packets of Nutrasweet brand artificial sweetener.The steps included in the test were as follows. Ten volunteer students were chosen, five male students and five female students. They were placed into two lines, one for males and the other for females. Alternately, men and women completed the taste test. To complete the test a blindfold was first fastened over the eyes of the tester so that he/she could not see. Then the two cups were filled with beverage, one with artificially-sweetened Kool-Aid and the other with sugar-sweetened Kool-Aid. The tester was then asked three questions from a survey and the answers were tabulated. Next, using a straw, the tester took a sip from each cup. Then the final two questions on the survey were asked and the answers tabulated. Finally, the remaining drink was thrown away, and the next tester came forward to repeat the process.。
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Unit 9 referencing1.1 Pre-reading tasksWhy do we have to reference?When you reference correctly you are demonstrating that you have read widely on a topic. You are also supporting your hypothesis with comments from expert authors. This lends credibility to your own work. Also, by correctly referencing, you allow the marker or reader to follow-up your refer ences and to check the validity of your arguments for themselves. This is an important part of the academic process as it leads to student accountability.How do we usually reference? (In-text citation and reference list)How do we create a reference list?When creating a reference list, the sources should be listed alphabetically by author’s surname, should be left justified, and the references should never be preceded by a bullet-point or number. Where the author is anonymous or unknown for any one source, insert that source in the alphabetical list using the title of the source instead of the author’s name. All sources should be listed together; there should not be separate lists for books versus journal articles versus electronic sources. The reference list should be on a separate page from the rest of the assignment and should be simply titled ‘References’ or ‘Literature Cited’ and the t itle should be in the same font and size as the other headings in your assignment.How many referencing styles do you know? (APA, MLA etc)1.3.1 Differences between Science and MLAScience MLABook reference order of publisher and place.(publisher, place)Punctuation mark. Information issegmented by comma. Publisher,place and year in blanket.Example:J. B. Carroll, Ed., Language,Thought and Reality, SelectedWritings of Benjamin Lee Whorf(MIT Press, Cambridge, MA,1956)1. order of publisher and place.(place:publisher)Punctuation mark. Information issegmented by full stop.Example:McDonagh, Sean. Why are we Deafto the Cry of the Earth. Dublin:Veritas, 2001.Journal reference 1. Order of first name and lastname: first name. Last name2. Order of year and page: Page(year)3. Punctuation mark.4. Example: N. Tang, On theequilibrium partial pressures ofnitric acid and ammonia in theatmosphere. Atmos. Environ.14,819-834 (1980).1. Order of first name and lastname: Last name, first name.2. Order of year and page:(year):Page .3. Punctuation mark4. Example: Mann, Susan. "Mythsof Asian Womanhood." Journal ofAsian Studies. 59.1 (2000):835-62.1.3.2Science style MLA style2,6,7,8,91,3,4,5,102.1 Please fill out the blanks of the omitted information of the Science reference entry.1) First author first name __last name_, second author _first name__last name,paper title. _jounral_name.issue , _page_( _year_ ).2) _author first name_ last name_, book name ( __publisher_, New York, ed.3, ___year_), ____page__.[third edition]3)_first name. last name_, thesis, _university name_ (___year_).2.21）Man, Glenn K. S. "The Third Man: Pulp Fiction and Art Film." Literature Film Quarterly 21.3 (1993): 171-178. Print.2）Ferrer, Ada. "Cuba 1898: Rethinking Race, Nation, and Empire." Radical History Review 73 (1999): 22-49. Print.3)Mumford, Lewis. The Culture of Cities. New York: Harcourt, 1938. Print.4) Buss, A. H. Self-Consciousness and Social Anxiety. San Francisco: Freeman,1991. Print.5) Piper, Andrew. “Rethinking the Print Object: Goethe and the Book ofEverything.”PMLA 121.1 (2006): 124-38. Print3.11.S. Allen, PhD thesis, University College Dublin(2009).2.M. Wang,& K. Koda, Commonalities and differences in word identification skills among English second language learners. Language Learning. 55(1), 73-100 (2005).3. R. Zeelenberg, D. Pecher, Evidence for long-term language repetition priming in conceptual implicit memory tasks. Journal of Memory and Language. 49, 80–94 (2003).4. R. E. von Studnitz, D. Green, Interlingual homograph interference in German-English bilinguals: Its modulation and locus of control. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition. 51, 1–23 (2002).3.2 Please create a reference list of the following work information according to MLA style.References:Booth, David. Ed. Rethinking Social Development: Theory, Research and Practice. Essex: Longman, 1994.Mann, Susan. "Myths of Asian Womanhood." Journal of Asian Studies. 59.1 (2000): 835-62.McDonagh, Sean. Why are we Deaf to the Cry of the Earth .Dublin:Veritas，2001. O’Connor, John. "Towards a Greener Ireland.” Discovering Our Natural Sustainable Resources: Future Proofing, University College Dublin, 15–16 March 2009. Dublin: Irish Environmental Institute, 2009. 65 – 69. PrintWhen bilinguals read or listen to words in their second language (L2), information about words in their first language (L1) is also active (e.g., 1-3). From a developmental perspective, finding evidence for language nonselectivity even among highly skilled bilinguals is surprising. One might think that with increasing skill, learners become capable of functioning autonomously in the L2 (e.g., 4). However, recent evidence that demonstrates parallel activation of words in both languages during visual and spoken word recognition suggests that acquiring proficiency in a L2 does not imply that the individual has acquired the ability to switch off the influence of the L1. Furthermore, these cross-language influences are not limited to the effects of the L1 on the L2. Even when proficient bilinguals process words in their L1 alone—without any reason to believe that L2 is relevant—there are effects of the L2 on the L1 (e.g., 5,6).Despite the compelling evidence for parallel activation of both languages during lexical access in proficient bilinguals, very little research has addressed the consequences of cross-language activity in less proficient L2 processing. This question is the focus of the work we report here: What lexical information is active in the learner’s L1 during L2 processing? The present study investigates the influence of the L1 on the L2 during lexical processing in a laboratory setting.References:William R. Harvey, Signe Nedergaard, Sodium-independent active transport of potassium in the isolated midgut of the Cecropia silkworm. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.51, 731-735 (1964).1. A. Dijkstra, W. J. B. Van Heuven, The architecture of the bilingual word recognition system:From identification to decision. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition. 23, 175–197 (2002).2. D. Jared, J. F. Kroll, Do bilinguals activate phonological representations in one or both of their languages when naming words? Journal of Memory and Language.44, 2–31 (2001).3. V. Marian, M. Spivey, Bilingual and monolingual processing of competing lexical items.Applied Psycholinguistics. 24, 173–193 (2003).4. N. Segalowitz, J. H. Hulstijn, Automaticity in bilingualism and second language learning. In J. F. Kroll & A. M. B. De Groot (Eds)., Handbook of bilingualism: Psycholinguistic approaches ( Oxford University Press,Oxford.2005).5. J. G. Van Hell, A. Dijkstra, Foreign language knowledge can influence native language performance in exclusively native contexts. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review. 9, 780–789 (2002).6. I. Van Wijnendaele, M. Brysbaert, Visual word recognition in bilinguals: Phonological priming from the second to the first language. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance.28, 616–627 (2002).。