劳动经济学(最终版)
劳动经济学(全) 第三章 劳动力需求

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第三节 企业长期劳动力需求
二、等成本线
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第三节 企业长期劳动力需求
劳动力需求曲线 (labor demand curve)
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第三节 企业长期劳动力需求
某企业的产量可以表达为:
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企 业 使 用 机 器 的 成 本 为 750 元 / 周 , 人 力 成 本 为 300元/周。当企业产量为1000单位时,确定企业最佳 人力与资本组合。
第三章 劳动力需求
劳动力市场的结果,不仅取决于工作者 将他们的时间提需求工作活动的意愿,还取 决于企业雇佣这些工作者的意愿。
劳动经济学
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第三章 劳动力需求
劳动力需求概述
企业短期 劳动力需求
劳动经济学
企业长期 劳动力需求
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第一节 劳动力需求概述
一、劳动力需求
劳动力需求(Labor Demand)是指一定 时期内,在某种工资率下,雇主愿意并能 够雇佣到的劳动力的数量。 ➢ 派生需求(需要和欲望) ➢ 联合需求(相互依存的需求)
规模效应(scale effect) 是指由于工资率上升引起的 生产规模缩减所造成的劳动 力需求量的减少。
《劳动经济学》(作者Borjas)第五章习题答案

CHAPTER 55-1. Suppose the labor supply curve is upward sloping and the labor demand curve is downward sloping. The study of economic trends over a particular time period reveals that the wage recently fell while employment levels rose. Which curve must have shifted and in which direction to produce this effect?If the supply curve does not shift, all wage and employment movements must occur along the supply curve, so that the wage rate and the employment level must move in the same direction. Because the wage went down while employment went up in the situation described in the question, it must have been the case that the supply curve shifted outwards (to the right). We do not have enough information to determine whether the demand curve shifted as well.5-2. It takes time to produce a new economist, and prospective economists base their career decision by looking only at current wages across various professions. Further, the labor supply curve of economists is much more elastic than the labor demand curve. Suppose the market is now in equilibrium, but that the demand for economists suddenly rises because a new activist government in Washington wants to initiate many new programs that require the input of economists. Illustrate the trend in the employment and wages of economists as the market adjusts to this increase in demand.Initially, the market is in equilibrium at a wage w0 and an employment level of E0. The increase the demand for economists results in a new equilibrium wage of w1 and a new equilibrium employment level of E1. However, the demand for economists in the short-run is inelastic at E0, so the demand increase simply leads to a rise in the wage of economists (as indicated by point 1). In the next period, students believe this wage will persist and oversupply the market so that the cobweb leads to a new wage at point 2. In the next period, students undersupply (because the wage is too low) and the cobweb leads to a new wage at point 3, and so on. Because of the relative elasticities of supply and demand (as drawn), the cobweb is exploding and will never converge to a stable equilibrium.5-3. Suppose the supply curve of physicists is given by w = 10 + 5E , while the demand curve is given by w = 50 – 3E . Calculate the equilibrium wage and employment level. Suppose now that the demand for physicists increases and the new demand curve is given by w = 70 – 3E . Assume this market is subject to cobwebs. Calculate the wage and employment level in each round as the wage and employment levels adjust to the demand shock. (Recall that each round occurs on the demand curve – when the firm posts a wage and hires workers). What is the new equilibrium wage and employment level?The initial equilibrium is given by 10 + 5E = 50 – 3E . Solving these two equations simultaneously implies that w = $35 and E S = E D = 5. When demand increases to w = 70 – 3E , the new equilibrium wage is $47.5 and the equilibrium level of employment is 7.5.Round Wage Employment1 $55.0 52 $43.0 93 $50.2 6.64 $45.9 8.05 $48.4 7.26 $46.9 7.77 $47.8 7.48 $47.2 7.6The table gives the values for the wage and employment levels in each round. The values in the table are calculated by noting that in any given period the number of physicists is inelastically supplied, so that the wage is determined by the demand curve. Given this wage, the number of economists available in the next period is calculated. By round 7, the market wage rate is within 30 cents of the new equilibrium.01 w 1w 0W age5-4. The 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) made it illegal for employers in the United States to knowingly hire illegal aliens. The legislation, however, has not reduced the flow of illegal aliens into the country. As a result, it has been proposed that the penalties against employers who break the law be increased substantially. Suppose that illegal aliens, who tend to be less skilled workers, are complements with native workers. What will happen to the wage of native workers if the penalties for hiring illegal aliens increase?A substantial increase in the penalties associated with hiring illegal aliens will likely reduce the number of illegal aliens entering the United States. The effect of this shift in the size of the illegal alien flow on the marginal product (and hence the demand curve) of native workers hinges on whether illegal aliens are substitutes or complements with natives. As it is assumed that natives and illegal aliens are complements, a cut in the number of illegal aliens reduces the value of the marginal product of natives, shifting down the demand for native labor, and decreasing native wages and employment.5-5. Suppose a firm is a perfectly discriminating monopsonist. The government imposes a minimum wage on this market. What happens to wages and employment?A perfectly discriminating monopsonist faces a marginal cost of labor curve that is identical to the supply curve. As a result, the employment level of a perfectly discriminating monopsonist equals theemployment level that would be observed in a competitive market (at E *) The imposition of a minimum wage at w MIN leads to the same result as in a competitive market: the firm will only want to hire E D workers as w MIN is now the marginal cost of labor, but E S workers will want to find work at the minimum wage. Thus, the wage increases, but employment falls.DollarsE w w *S D5-6. What happens to wages and employment if the government imposes a payroll tax on amonopsonist? Compare the response in the monopsonistic market to the response that would have been observed in a competitive labor market.Initially, the monopsonist hires E M workers at a wage of w M . The imposition of a payroll tax shifts the demand curve to VMP ′, and lowers employment to E ′ and the wage to w ′. Thus, the effect of imposing a payroll tax on a monopsonist is qualitatively the same as imposing a payroll tax in a competitive labor market: lower wages and employment. (It is interesting to note that the same result comes about if the payroll tax is placed on workers, so that the labor supply and marginal cost of labor curves shift as opposed to labor demand.)5-7. An economy consists of two regions, the North and the South. The short-run elasticity of labor demand in each region is –0.5. The within-region labor supply is perfectly inelastic. The labormarket is initially in an economy-wide equilibrium, with 600,000 people employed in the North and 400,000 in the South at the wage of $15 per hour. Suddenly, 20,000 people immigrate from abroad and initially settle in the South. They possess the same skills as the native residents and also supply their labor inelastically.(a) What will be the effect of this immigration on wages in each of the regions in the short run (before any migration between the North and the South occurs)?There will be no effect on the North’s labor supply in the short run, so the wage rate will not change there. In the South, labor supply will have increased by 5 percent, so the wage rate must fall by 5/(0.5) = 10 percent (recall that the elasticity of labor demand is -0.5, so a one percent decrease in wages would have been generated by a 0.5 percent expansion of the labor supply). The new hourly wage in the South, therefore, is $13.50 and total employment in the South is 420,000.DollarsEmploymentw M w ′(b) Suppose 1,000 native-born persons per year migrate from the South to the North in response to every dollar differential in the hourly wage between the two regions. What will be the ratio of wages in the two regions after the first year native labor responds to the entry of the immigrants?After the initial migration, we have seen that wages in the South are $13.50 while wages in the North are $15. This difference leads 1,500 natives migrating from the South to the North in the first year. Employment in the North after one year, therefore is 601,500. Moreover, as the elasticity of labor demand in the North is -0.5 and employment has increased by 0.25 percent, the Northern wage falls by 0.5 percent to roughly $14.93. Likewise, employment in the South after one year is 418,500. As the elasticity of labor demand is -0.5 and employment has decreased by 0.3571 percent, the Southern wage increases by0.71428 percent to roughly $13.60. Thus, the ratio of the Northern to Southern wage after one year is1.09779.(c) What will be the effect of this immigration on wages and employment in each of the regions in the long run (after native workers respond by moving across regions to take advantage of whatever wage differentials may exist)? Assume labor demand does not change in either region.In the long run, people must move from the South to the North to equalize the wage rates in the two regions. Since the wages were equal in the two regions before the influx of immigrants, and they also must be equal after things settle down, the proportional decrease in the wage rate should be the same in the North and in the South. Because the elasticity of labor demand is the same in the two regions, this last observation implies that the percentage increase in employment in the North must be the same as the percentage increase in employment in the South. Thus, as 60 percent of the original workers were employed in the North, 60 percent of the 20,000 increase in Southern employment will eventually migrate to the North. In the long run, therefore, total Northern employment will be 612,000 while total Southern employment will be 408,000. (Note: there is no presumption that only immigrants further migrate to the North.) In each region, therefore, employment increases by 2 percent in the long run, i.e., 12,000 is 2 percent of 600,000 and 8,000 is 2 percent of 400,000. (This can also be seen immediately as 20,000 is 2 percent of the 1 million workers.) Now, given that the elasticity of labor demand is -0.5, the 2 percent increase in employment will cause the wage rate to fall by 4 percent. Hence, the long-run equilibrium hourly wage will be $14.40.5-8. Chicken Hut faces perfectly elastic demand for chicken dinners at a price of $6 per dinner. The Hut also faces an upward sloped labor supply curve ofE = 20w – 120,where E is the number of workers hired each hour and w is the hourly wage rate. Thus, the Hut faces an upward sloped marginal cost of labor curve ofMC E = 6 + 0.1E.Each hour of labor produces 5 dinners. (The cost of each chicken is $0 as the Hut receives two-day old chickens from Hormel for free.) How many workers should Chicken Hut hire each hour to maximize profits? What wage will Chicken Hut pay? What are Chicken Hut’s hourly profits?First, solve for the labor demand curve: VMP E = P x MP E = $6 x 5 = $30. Thus, every worker is valued at $30 per hour by Chicken Hut. Now, setting VMP E = MC E yields 30 = 6 + .1E which implies E* = 240. Thus, Chicken Hut will hire 240 workers every hour. Further, according to the labor supply curve, 240 workers can be hired at an hourly wage of $18. Finally, Chicken Hut’s profits are Π = 240(5)($6) –240($18) = $2,880.5-9. Polly’s Pet Store has a local monopoly on the grooming of dogs. The daily inverse demand curve for pet grooming is:P = 20 – 0.1Qwhere P is the price of each grooming and Q is the number of groomings given each day. This implies that Polly’s marginal revenue is:MR = 20 – 0.2Q.Each worker Polly hires can groom 20 dogs each day. What is Polly’s labor demand curve as a function of w, the daily wage that Polly takes as given?As each worker can groom 20 dogs each day, and using Q = 20E, we have thatVMP E = MR x MP E = ( 20 – 0.2Q ) (20) = (20 – 4E)(20) = 400 – 80E.Thus, as Polly’s demand for labor satisfies VMP E = w, we have that her labor demand curve isE = 5 – 0.0125w.5-10. The Key West Parrot Shop has a monopoly on the sale of parrot souvenir caps in Key West. The inverse demand curve for caps is:P = 30 – 0.4 Qwhere P is the price of a cap and Q is the number of caps sold per hour. Thus, the marginal revenue for the Parrot Shop is:MR = 30 – 0.8Q.The Parrot Shop is the only employer in town, and faces an hourly supply of labor given by:w = 0.9E + 5where w is the hourly wage rate and E is the number of workers hired each hour. The marginal cost associated with hiring E workers, therefore, is:MC E = 1.8E + 5.Each worker produces two caps per hour. How many workers should the Parrot Shop hire each hour to maximize its profit? What wage will it pay? How much will it charge for each cap?First, as Q = 2E, the labor demand curve isVMP E = MR x MP E = (30 – 0.8Q)(2) = 60 – 1.6Q = 60 – 3.2E.Setting VMP E equal to MC E and solving for E yields E = 11. Eleven workers can be hired at a wage of.9(11) + 5 = $14.99 per hour. The 11 workers make 22 caps each hour, and the 22 caps can be sold at a price of 30 – 0.4(22) = $21.20 each.5-11. Ann owns a lawn mowing company. She has 400 lawns she needs to cut each week. Her weekly revenue from these 400 lawns is $20,000. If given an 18-inch deck push mower, a low-skill worker can cut each lawn in two hours. If given a 60-inch deck riding mower, a low-skill worker can cut the lawn in 30 minutes. Low-skilled labor is supplied inelastically at $5.00 per hour. Each laborer works 8 hours a day and 5 days each week.(a) If Ann decides to have her workers use push mowers, how many push mowers will Ann rent and how many workers will she hire?As each worker can cut a lawn in 2 hours, it follows that each worker can cut 4 lawns in a day or 20 lawns in a week. Therefore, Ann would need to rent 20 push mowers and hire 20 workers in order to cut all 400 lawns each week.(b) If she decides to have her workers use riding mowers, how many riding mowers will Ann rent and how many workers will she hire?As each worker can cut a lawn in 30 minutes, it follows that each worker can cut 16 lawns in a day or 80 lawns in a week. Therefore, Ann would need to rent 5 riding mowers and hire 5 workers in order to cut all 400 lawns each week.(c) Suppose the weekly rental cost (including gas and maintenance) for each push mower is $250 and the weekly rental cost (including gas and maintenance) of each riding mower is $1,800. What equipment will Ann rent? How many workers will she employ? How much profit will she earn?If Ann uses push mowers, her weekly cost of mowers is $250(20) = $5,000 while her weekly labor cost is $5(20)(40) = $4,000. Under this scenario, her weekly profit is $11,000. If Ann uses riding mowers, her weekly cost of mowers is $1,800(5) = $9,000 while her weekly labor cost is $5(5)(40) = $1,000. Thus, under this scenario, her weekly profit is $10,000. Therefore, under these conditions, Ann will rent 20 push mowers and employ 20 low-skill workers.(d) Suppose the government imposes a 20 percent payroll tax (paid by employers) on all labor and offers a 20 percent subsidy on the rental cost of capital. What equipment will Ann rent? How many workers will she employ? How much profit will she earn?Under these conditions, the cost of labor has increased to $6.00 per hour, while the rental costs for a push mower and a riding mower have decreased to $200 and $1,440 respectively. Ann’s profits under the two options, therefore, arePush-Profit = $20,000 – $200(20) – $6(20)(40) = $11,200.Rider-Profit = $20,000 – $1,440(5) – $6(5)(40) = $11,600.Thus, under these conditions, Ann rents riding mowers, hires 5 low-skill workers, and earns a weekly profit of $11,600.5-12. In the United States, some medical procedures can only be administered to a patient by a doctor while other procedures can be administered by a doctor, nurse, or lab technician. What might be the medical reasons for this? What might be the economic reasons for this?The American Medical Association might argue that doctors have more training and experience than nurses, and therefore, are the only professionals who can make certain decisions or perform certain procedures.Economically, the AMA has an incentive to restrict the number of people who can practice medicine (or perform certain procedures) in order to keep doctor wages high. If nurses were allowed to do everything they were capable of, fewer doctors would be demanded, and doctor wages would fall. From an economic viewpoint, therefore, the AMA restricts the supply of doctors, which keeps doctor wages artificially high.WageW restW unrestRestricted Supply ofDoctorsUnrestricted Supplyof DoctorsL rest L unrest Services Provided by DoctorsLabor Market For Medical Services Provided by Doctors。
劳动经济学劳动力供给曲线

劳动力市场上的收入效应
纯收入效应:在工资率保持不变的情况 下,个人收入变动引起的工作时间的变化。 用公式表示如下:收入效应=△H/△I。
工资率上升→实际收入水平提高→增加闲暇消费→ 减少工作时间
供给曲线:表示价格与供给量之间关系的 曲线。
用需求理论推导:(推导的可能性?)
需求:一定时期内消费者在每一个价格水平 下愿意而且能够购买的商品和劳务的数量。
需求规律:在影响需求的其他因素不变的情 况下,某种商品的需求量与这种商品的价 格之间存在着反向变动关系。
需求曲线:表示价格与需求量之间关系的曲 线。
来源是享受闲暇和享受物品和劳务
闲暇时间、市场工作时间
理论扩展分析模型中是市场工作时间和非市 场工作时间。
关于劳动力计量:
个人
工时:每日(周、月、年)工时 工日:每周日、每月工作日、每年工作日 工年:一生工作年(职业生涯)
企业 人数:每日(周、月、年)人数
社会 人数:每日(周、月、季度、年)人数
(二)个人劳动力供给曲线推导
第二章 劳动力供给分析
第一节 劳动力供给曲线 第二节 劳动力供给行为
劳动力供给是指在一定的市场工资率的条件下, 劳动力供给的决策主体(家庭或个人)愿意并能 够提供的劳动时间。
劳动力供给者提供一定量劳动时间所愿意接受的 工资率称之为劳动力供给价格。
在市场经济中,劳动力供给的决策主体是劳动者 家庭或个人。
企业、行业所面临的劳动力供给曲线
(一)劳动力供给弹性
定义:因工资率变化而引起的劳动力供 给的相应变动率。其计算公式是劳动力供 给量变动的百分比与工资率变动百分比的 比值。
(完整word版)劳动经济学课后答案

名词解释:1、派生需求:是由阿弗里德·马歇尔在其《经济学原理》一书中首次提出的经济概念,是指对生产要素的需求,意味着它是由对该要素参与生产的产品的需求派生出来的,又称“引致需求”。
对一种生产要素的需求来自(派生自)对另一种产品的需求。
其中该生产要素对这一最终产品会作贡献,如对轮胎的需求派生自对汽车运输的需求。
1.短期:在短期内可变的生产要素只有劳动力,技术和资本都是不变生产要素。
2.长期:在长期内,劳动力和技术是可变生产要素,只有资本是不变生产要素。
3.卖方垄断企业:指企业在产品市场上市垄断者,但在劳动市场上市完全竞争。
4.买方垄断企业:是指企业劳动力市场是垄断者,而在产品市场上是完全竞争者。
5.替代效应:劳动使用量从LA降低到LB,资本使用量从KA上升到KB,即企业用资本代替了劳动。
6.规模效应:由于工资率的提高,企业使用劳动的边际成本将上升,从而导致企业生产更少的数量,产量的下降将会导致使用劳动数量的下降,图中变现为从B点到C点的移动,劳动数量随之下降。
7.互补性生产要素:当生产要素A的价格下降,数量增加时,对生产要素B的需求上升,则称生产要素A与生产要素B是互补。
8.替代性生产要素:当生产要素A的价格下降,数量增加时,生产要素B的数量下降,则生产要素A是生产要素B的替代性生产要素。
9.劳动需求的工资弹性:a)劳动需求的工资弹性是指当工资率变化一个百分率所引起的劳动需求变化的百分率的比值。
b)公式:ed =-(△L/L)/(△W/W)=-(△L/△W)/(W/L)1.ed为劳动需求的工资弹性,△L和△W分别是劳动需求数量L和工资率W的变动量。
10、劳动的边际产品价值:VMP=MP•P,指的是增加额外一单位劳动要素的投入所带来的收益。
(三)1.劳动力:是人的劳动能力,即人在劳动过程中所运用的体力和智力的总和。
在现代劳动经济学体系中,劳动力又特指在一定年龄范围内,具有劳动能力和劳动要求。
曾湘泉《劳动经济学》名词解释

○曾○湘○泉《劳动经济学》名词解释1.【劳保版p9】实证经济学实际上是一种对人的经济学行为进行研究和分析的理论。
它建立在两个假说之上:一是稀缺性。
这是经济问题存在、也是经济学研究存在的基本的原因。
第二各假说是人是有理性的。
即它假设人们对有利可图的事,或者说是利益反映积极;无利可图,甚至是对自己有害的是,即成本反映消极。
借助于上述两种必要的、也是重要的假设,劳动经济学的研究能够帮助我们理解和预测劳动力市场上的劳动力供给和劳动力需求的行为变动趋势和走向,或者按照伊兰伯格的说法,“实证经济学的目标实际上是在试图发现他们的行为倾向”。
这也正是实证研究方法的价值之所在。
简单说,实证经济学研究方法实际上是告诉我们某种事物“实际是什么”(也就是它的状态和趋势)的一种理论研究方法,它描述的事物本来的面貌。
2.【劳保版p11】在劳动力市场上,研究和分析劳动力市场上实际的运行是什么,只是告诉了我们一个客观的运行状态,它并没有说明这种状态是否对或错。
或者说没有告诉我们这种客观状态是否符合我们的要求。
在劳动经济领域,规范经济学严格地讲是一种价值判断的理论,或者说它是“应该是什么的”的理论。
规范经济学研究方法是对实际发生的东西的价值判断,依赖于我们通常所说的规范的价值判断分析。
规范经济学也有一些基本的判断尺度,从本质上讲,它的根本价值尺度是以互惠原则作为理论基础和出发点。
3.【劳保版p15】又称“引致需求”,是由阿弗里德·马歇尔在其《经济学原理》一书中首次提出的经济概念,是指对生产要素的需求,意味着它是由对该要素参与生产的产品的需求派生出来的。
在劳动经济学中,对劳动力的需求是一种派生需求,即企业对劳动力的需求不是一种最终产品的需求,它实际上是对产品生产需求所派生和所导引出来的一种需求。
因此,在我们研究劳动经济学问题时,不肯能摆脱商品市场和资本市场来孤立进行劳动经济的分析和研究,即所谓不能就劳动来谈劳动,就劳动力来谈劳动力。
(完整word版)劳动经济学(杨河清)课后答案

第一章劳动力需求1、如何理解劳动力需求的含义?所谓劳动力需求,是指一定时期内,在某种工资率下雇主愿意并能够雇用到的劳动力的数量。
有三个问题与劳动力需求的概念密切相关。
(一)劳动力需求是派生性需求1、劳动力需求是生产活动的需求。
2、劳动力需求是对物质产品和服务需求的一种派生需求。
(二)边际生产率理论是劳动力需求理论的支持理论之一(三)劳动力需求是意愿和支付能力的统一2、何谓劳动力需求弹性?劳动力需求弹性是一般需求弹性概念的属概念,也具有一般需求弹性的各种性质。
劳动力的需求弹性是指劳动力需求量(及供给量)的变化对工资水平变化的影响程度.劳动力供给量大的时候,如工资下降幅度大,说明供给弹性大,如果工资不怎么变化,则说明供给弹性需求小.按绝对值的大小,劳动力需求弹性共有5种状态。
(1)劳动力需求弹性等于零。
(完全无弹性)(2)劳动力需求弹性小于1。
(无弹性)(3)劳动力需求弹性等于1.(单位弹性)(4)劳动力需求弹性大于1。
(弹性较大)(5)劳动力需求弹性无穷大。
(完全无弹性)3、工资率和产品需求的变化如何对劳动力需求产生影响?工资的变化包括上升和下降两个方面,在现实经济生活中,工资的变化主要表现为工资的上升。
工资上升对劳动力需求产生的影响可以分解为两个影响效应。
一个是与资本的相对价格比上升而产生节约劳动力的替代效应;另一个是因工资上升造成生产成本上升,引起产品价格上涨,导致产品需求下降,最终形成劳动力需求减少的规模效应.4、在考察劳动力需求时通常有哪些假设条件?1、生产技术的假设.假设技术条件不变或可变,前者在设计劳动力需求模型时必须,后者动态分析时必要。
2、组织目标的假设。
在生产组织中,生产目标是其根本目标。
企业的生产目标也是设计劳动力需求基本模型的一个重要条件。
有关生产目标的假设,不外乎有三种情况:利润最大化、人均产量最大化和总产量最大化.3、市场环境的假设。
假设是完全竞争的.市场状况分为完全竞争性市场、垄断性市场和不完全竞争性市场三种.4、劳动力是否同质的假设.劳动力供给模型假设劳动力是同质的,但实际上,劳动力的异质性是劳动力市场最主要的特征。
劳动经济学 重点知识 劳动力需求与劳动力供给 (吐血整理)

第一章导言一、劳动经济问题的重要地位:例:经济增长为什么没有带来显性就业?首先,反周期的宏观经济政策对解决自然失业是无能为力的;其次,在反周期的宏观经济政策所能调节的周期性失业方面,由于宏观经济政策所引导的投资方向往往是就业密集度较低的行业,进而导致反周期措施拉动就业的能力大为降低。
20世纪90年代以来,中国的就业增长主要是通过中小企业、民营经济以及非正规经济,通过逐渐发育起来的劳动力市场机制所创造的/另一方面,城镇实际失业率也持续提高,劳动参与率逐年下降,政府主导投资带动的就业增长效果不显著,从而导致在经济增长的同时没有显性的就业增长。
目前的高失业率,有很大的部分是自燃失业率,主要由于劳动力市场不健全、产业结构调整和各种不利于就业扩大的规制而产生。
这个失业组成部分并不能通过宏观反周期政策予以消除。
而在宏观经济政策可以有所作为的范围内,又由于政策导向不是就业最大化,以致当宏观经济政策刺激起经济增长时,就业增长效果并不显著。
三、现实中的劳动经济现象和问题:2)如何应对人口老龄化?•联合国的相关定义:一个国家或地区60岁以上人口占该国或地区人口总数的10%或以上,或一个国家或地区65岁以上人占该国或地区人口总数的7%或以上,那么,该国家或地区就进入了老龄化社会。
•老龄化会影响劳动力市场的供求状况。
首先人口老龄化将导致劳动年龄人口比例下降,劳动力供给将会逐步萎缩。
劳动力是社会再生产最主要的生产要素,劳动年龄人口比例的下降可能导致劳动力短缺,劳动力的短缺将直接影响经济的发展速度,因此我们把研究方向指向未来劳动力供求状况。
在人口预测的基础上,我们将人口按年龄分为三个年龄段得到了未来40年的劳动力供给数据,经作图发现劳动力供给主体上呈现下降趋势。
其次在将未来劳动力供给与需求一同作图后我们发现我国在2020年之前劳动力供求状况一直都是供大于求,而随着劳动力供给的减少与需求的增加,在2020年后劳动力供给缺口将不断扩大。
劳动经济学 重点知识 劳动力需求与劳动力供给 (吐血整理)

第一章导言一、劳动经济问题的重要地位:例:经济增长为什么没有带来显性就业?首先,反周期的宏观经济政策对解决自然失业是无能为力的;其次,在反周期的宏观经济政策所能调节的周期性失业方面,由于宏观经济政策所引导的投资方向往往是就业密集度较低的行业,进而导致反周期措施拉动就业的能力大为降低。
20世纪90年代以来,中国的就业增长主要是通过中小企业、民营经济以及非正规经济,通过逐渐发育起来的劳动力市场机制所创造的/另一方面,城镇实际失业率也持续提高,劳动参与率逐年下降,政府主导投资带动的就业增长效果不显著,从而导致在经济增长的同时没有显性的就业增长。
目前的高失业率,有很大的部分是自燃失业率,主要由于劳动力市场不健全、产业结构调整和各种不利于就业扩大的规制而产生。
这个失业组成部分并不能通过宏观反周期政策予以消除。
而在宏观经济政策可以有所作为的范围内,又由于政策导向不是就业最大化,以致当宏观经济政策刺激起经济增长时,就业增长效果并不显著。
三、现实中的劳动经济现象和问题:2)如何应对人口老龄化?•联合国的相关定义:一个国家或地区60岁以上人口占该国或地区人口总数的10%或以上,或一个国家或地区65岁以上人占该国或地区人口总数的7%或以上,那么,该国家或地区就进入了老龄化社会。
•老龄化会影响劳动力市场的供求状况。
首先人口老龄化将导致劳动年龄人口比例下降,劳动力供给将会逐步萎缩。
劳动力是社会再生产最主要的生产要素,劳动年龄人口比例的下降可能导致劳动力短缺,劳动力的短缺将直接影响经济的发展速度,因此我们把研究方向指向未来劳动力供求状况。
在人口预测的基础上,我们将人口按年龄分为三个年龄段得到了未来40年的劳动力供给数据,经作图发现劳动力供给主体上呈现下降趋势。
其次在将未来劳动力供给与需求一同作图后我们发现我国在2020年之前劳动力供求状况一直都是供大于求,而随着劳动力供给的减少与需求的增加,在2020年后劳动力供给缺口将不断扩大。
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1、决定企业长期劳动力需求的原则是()A劳动的边际产量与工资率之比等于资本的边际产量和资本价格之比B 劳动的边际生产力与工资率之比等于资本的边际生产力和资本价格之比C劳动的边际产量与资本价格之比等于资本的边际产量和工资率之比D劳动的边际生产力与资本价格之比等于资本的边际生产力和工资率之比2、劳动力需求曲线左移,劳动力供给曲线左移,则均衡就业量( )。
A.减少B.增加C.不变D.不确定3、工资率提高的收入效应对个人劳动供给影响是(A.正向B.负向C.没有D.4、个人劳动力供给曲线是(A.向前弯曲B.C.从左下向右上倾斜D.从左上向右下倾斜5、劳动力需求曲线不变,劳动力供给曲线左移,对均衡工资率和均衡就业量的影响为()A.减少,减少B.减少,增加C.增加,减少D.增加,增加6、技术进步对(A.熟练工B.非熟练工C.技工D.女工7、实行计件工资制,工人低生产率的风险主要由( )承担。
A.企业B.工人C.政府D.社会8、长期劳动力需求行为不同于短期的劳动力需求行为在于( )。
A.企业可以调整其资本数量B.企业可以调整其劳动力数量C.企业不可以调整其资本数量D.企业不可以调整其劳动力数量9.长期劳动力需求曲线比短期需求曲线的弹性和形状(A.大,陡峭B.大,平缓C.小,陡峭D.小,平缓10.一般培训的成本通常由()来支付。
A.企业B.员工C.政府D.11.向右上倾斜且较为平缓的劳动供给曲线的弹性( )。
A.等于零B.较大C.较小D.等于12.在水平形状的市场劳动力供给曲线下,()A.单个企业可以通过改变工资出价水平来改变劳动力供给水平B.单个企业可以通过改变其劳动力需求来改变市场工资水平C.单个企业可以以低于市场工资率的工资水平雇到所需劳动力D.单个企业不可以通过工资出价水平的改变来改变劳动力供给水平13.当工资率增加所产生的替代效应小于收入效应时,工作时间为( )。
A.减少B.不变C.增加D.不确定14.个人预算约束线的斜率等于( )。
A.边际替代率B.边际技术替代率C.工资率D.利息率15.无差异曲线较为陡峭的人更加( )。
A.偏好收入B.偏好闲暇C.没有偏好D.不确定16.劳动力需求自身工资弹性的绝对值较小时,工资率变化对该类劳动力就业量的影响( )。
A.大B.小C.没有D.不确定17.总成本中,劳动成本所占比重越大,该种劳动力的自身工资弹性( )。
A.越大B.越小C.不变D.不确定18.劳动力需求增加,劳动力供给减少时,则均衡工资率( )。
A.减少B.增加C.不变D.不确定19.与横轴平行的劳动力需求曲线的劳动力需求弹性为( )。
A.无弹性B.无限弹性C.富有弹性D.缺乏弹性20.实行计时工资,工人低生产率的风险主要由( )承担。
A.企业B.工人C.政府D.社会21.进行专门培训的成本,在形式上通常采用( )。
A.企业负担原则B.员工个人负担原则C.企业和员工双方负担原则D.社会负担原则22.下列论述正确的是( )A.劳动力往往从经济欠发达地区向经济发达地区流动B.专业技术型劳动力往往流向经济欠发达地区C.学历较高的劳动力流动率较低D.青年劳动力具有较低的流动率23.下列有关劳动力市场歧视的论述正确的是( )A.雇主歧视模型认为:雇主的偏见越大,实际生产率越高B.统计性歧视模型认为:群体中成员的差别越大,使用群体资料作为甄别的代价越高C.资本家企图团结劳动者,是二元劳动力市场形成的原因之一D.垄断力量造成市场歧视理论的共同特征是:把劳动力划分为几个可竞争性的集团24.工资上升后对劳动力供给的影响可以归结为( )A.规模效应和收入效应B.替代效应和收入效应C.规模效应和替代效应D.替代效应和平移效应25.下列论述正确的是( )A.劳动者年龄越大,流动的可能性越大B.劳动者受教育程度越高,流动的可能性越小C.专业技术和管理人员的总流动率低于体力劳动者的流动率D.迁移距离越长,迁移成本越低26.下列属于前市场歧视的是( )A.工资歧视B.就业歧视C.职业歧视D.人力资本投资歧视27.工资率提高的收入效应对个人劳动供给影响是( )A.正向B.负向C.没有D.28. 长期劳动力需求曲线比短期需求曲线的弹性和形状( )A.大,陡峭B.大,平缓C.小,陡峭D.29. 劳动力需求曲线不变,劳动力供给曲线左移,对均衡工资率和均衡就业量的影响为( )A.减少,减少B.减少,增加C.增加,减少D.30. 一般培训的成本通常由( B )A.企业B.员工C.政府D.31.甲的闲暇偏好大于乙的闲暇偏好,则两者的等效用曲线的斜率关系为( )A.甲大于乙B.甲小于乙C.两者相等D.无法判定32.生产劳动密集型产品的企业,其劳动力需求弹性( )A.为零B.大C.小D.为单位弹性33.劳动需求曲线向左下方向移动,说明劳动力需求( )。
A.增加B.减少C.不变D.难以判定34.向右上倾斜且较为平缓的劳动供给曲线的弹性( )。
A.等于零B.较大C.较小D.等于135.水平形状的劳动力供给曲线的弹性为( )。
A.0B.1C.正无穷D.不确定36.工资率变动对劳动力需求的影响包括( )。
A.规模效应和收入效应B.规模效应和替代效应C.收入效应和替代效应D.收入效应和边际效应37.长期劳动力需求行为不同于短期的劳动力需求行为在于( )。
A.企业可以调整其资本数量B.企业可以调整其劳动力数量C.企业不可以调整其资本数量D.企业不可以调整其劳动力数量38.当工资率增加所产生的替代效应小于收入效应时,工作时间为( )。
A.减少B.不变C.增加D.不确定39.劳动力需求自身工资弹性的绝对值较小时,工资率变化对该类劳动力就业量的影响( )。
A.大B.小C.没有D.不确定40.总成本中,劳动成本所占比重越大,该种劳动力的自身工资弹性( )。
A.越大B.越小C.不变D.不确定41.总互补的两类劳动力的交叉工资弹性( )。
A.小于零B.等于零C.大于零D.不确定42.工资率下降时,长期劳动力需求比短期需求( )。
A.增加得更少B.增加得更多C.减少得更少D.减少得更多43.一般而言,每增加一单位的闲暇所增加的效用是( )的。
A.增加B.减少C.不变D.不确定44.其它生产要素供给价格弹性越大,该种劳动力的自身工资弹性( )。
A.越大B.越小C.不变D.不确定45实际工资率越低,预算约束线( )。
A.越陡直B.越弯曲C.越平缓D.不变46在市场工资率一定的条件下,居民家庭生产率提高,则劳动力参与率( )。
A.提高B.降低C.不变D.不确定47.劳动力需求自身工资弹性的绝对值较大时,工资率变化对该类劳动力就业量的影响( )。
A.大B.小C.没有D.不确定48.生产劳动密集型产品的企业,其劳动力需求弹性( )。
A.为零B.大C.小D.为单位弹性49.两种劳动力间为总替代关系时,其交叉工资弹性为( )。
A.正B.负C.零D.任意值50.工资率提高的收入效应对个人劳动供给影响是()。
A.正向B.负向C.没有D.不确定51.两种劳动力间为总互补关系时,其交叉工资弹性为()。
A.正B.负C.零D.任意值52.劳动力需求自身工资弹性的绝对值较小时,若工资率提高,该类劳动的工资总额()A.增加B.不变C.减少D.不确定53.劳动的边际产品曲线与劳动的平均产品曲线相交于平均产品曲线的()处。
A.最大值B.最小值C.中点D.零点54.雇主在利用某个群体的典型特征作为雇用标准时,就会产生()。
A.顾客歧视B.雇员歧视C.统计性歧视D.性别歧视55.下列关于劳动力需求的表述,正确的是( )。
A.工资率上升所产生的替代效应导致需求增加B.工资率上升所产生的规模效应导致需求增加C.工资率上升所产生的两种效应方向相同D.工资率上升所产生的两种效应方向相反56.劳动力需求自身工资弹性的绝对值较小时,若工资率提高,该类劳动的工资总额( )。
A.增加B.不变C.减少D.不确定57.短期内,其他的生产要素是不变的,唯一可变的生产要素是______投入。
()A.土地B.资本C.劳动D.技术58.以下属于劳动力流动的货币成本的是( )A.迁移发生的交通费用B.寻找新工作损失的收入C.精神成本D.心理压力59.根据统计性歧视模型,随着群体中成员的差别减少,使用群体资料作为甄别手段的代价将会( )A.降低B.不变C.增大D.无法确定60.如果两类劳动力是总替代关系,则一类劳动力的工资率上升会引起另一类劳动力()A.供给的增加B.供给的下降C.需求的增加D.需求的下降61.引起劳动力需求量变动的根本原因是()A.工资率B.生产技术C.货币资本规模D.企业的性质62.在其他条件不变的情况下,由于对教育、培训有较高回报的预期,因此,人力资本投资增加,将使()A.劳动供给增加B.劳动供给减少C.劳动需求增加D.劳动需求减少63.在工资率和收入水平较低的情况下,随着工资率提高,劳动者将增加劳动供给。
造成这种现象的原因是()A.收入效应B.替代效应C.收入效应小于替代效应D.收入效应大于替代效应64.劳动力流动成为人力资本投资方式之一的原因在于()A.劳动力流动费用直接形成人力资本存量B.劳动力流动费用直接增加人力资本存量C.劳动力流动费用直接抵销人力资本存量D.劳动力流动是实现人力资本价值和增值的必要条件65.下列各项培训成本中,属于培训投资机会成本的是()A.雇员在接受培训期间的工资B.接受培训的人员在培训期间对产量的影响C.租用培训场地的费用D.培训教材费用66.下列选项中,属于延期支付方式的是()A.带薪休假B.免费工作午餐C.折价优惠商品D.失业保险67.ES>1是表示劳动力供给弹性如何?( )A.供给无弹性B.供给有无限弹性C.供给缺乏弹性D.供给富有弹性68.长期劳动力需求调整与短期相比幅度更大,是因为下列哪个效应也开始起作用?( )A.规模效应B.收入效应C.替代效应D.外在化效应69.下列哪个选项属于个人接受教育时的机会成本?( )A.学费B.由于上学而放弃的收入C.超出不上学时的部分生活费用D.书籍费70.下列哪个选项的劳动力具有较高的流动性?( )A.劳动力本身所具有的技巧能被许多企业利用B.铁路机车司机C.石油工人D.整个社会对劳动力需求下降的一些行业71.下列哪个选项属于延期支付?( )A.小时工资B.养老金C.住房D.免费午餐72.下列哪个选项不属于造成劳动力市场歧视的因素?( )A.种族B.性别C.民族传统D.劳动技能73.下列关于劳动力需求交叉工资弹性的论述哪项是正确的?()A.如果一种劳动力需求量的增加将引起另一种劳动力需求量的增加,称这两种劳动力为总替代B.如果一种劳动力需求量的增加将引起另一种劳动力需求量的减少,称这两种劳动力为总互补C.如果交叉弹性值为正,二者之间为总替代关系D.如果交叉弹性值为正,二者之间为总互补关系74.下列哪个选项是正确的?()A.实际工资=货币工资B.实际工资=货币工资/物价指数C.货币工资=实际工资/物价指数D.货币工资=实际工资/物价75.劳动力供给的含义是指( )A.在一定市场工资率条件下,劳动者个人或家庭愿意并且能够提供的劳动时间B.在一定市场工资率条件下,政府规定劳动者的劳动总时间C.一定时期内,一国或地区生产某种使用价值时运用的体力和智力的总和D.一定时期内,一国或地区劳动人口的总和76.反映劳动力需求量变动对工资率变动的反应程度的指标是( )A.劳动力需求的交叉弹性B.劳动力需求的自身工资弹性C.劳动力供给的自身工资弹性D.劳动力供给的交叉弹性77.劳动的边际产品收益可以表述为( )A.增加一单位劳动要素投入所增加的产量B.增加一单位劳动资料投入所增加的产品价值C.平均每单位劳动要素投入所带来的产品收益D.劳动的边际产量与产品价格的乘积78.如果两类劳动力是总替代关系,则下列说法正确的是( )A.一类劳动力的工资率上升会引起该类劳动力需求的增加B.一类劳动力的工资率上升会引起另一类劳动力需求的下降C.两类劳动力需求的交叉工资弹性值为正值D.两类劳动力需求的交叉工资弹性值为负值79.下列关于人力资本特点表述正确的是( )A.人力资本是寄寓在劳动者身上的一种生产能力B.人本身就是人力资本C.人力资本具有不可积累性D.与物质资本投资相比,人力资本投资不具有风险性80.效用均等化的补偿性工资差别产生的原因是( )A.劳动质量的差别B.劳动数量的差别C.恶劣的劳动条件及伤害危险D.劳动效率的差别81.采用计件工资制的企业,其员工基本工资的高低取决于( )A.一定时间内劳动产品的价值B.一定时间内合格劳动产品的数量C.一定时间内劳动产品的质量D.一定时间内劳动产品的生产成本82.在其他条件不变时,下列关于劳动力需求正确的说法是()A.劳动力需求随工资率提高而减少B.劳动力需求随工资率提高而增加C.无论工资率如何变化,劳动力需求始终减少D.无论工资率如何变化,劳动力需求始终增加83.个人劳动力供给曲线与其他供给曲线存在明显区别,即“向后弯曲”。