新托福阅读背景知识之美国文学简史

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美国文学史

美国文学史

美国文学史梗概一、殖民地时代和美国建国初期最早来自这片新大陆的欧洲移民主要是定居在新英格兰的清教徒和马萨诸塞的罗马天主教徒,二者虽然在教义上有很多不同之处,但他们都信奉加尔文主义:人生在世只是为了受苦受难,而他们唯一的希望是争做上帝的“选民”,死后进天国,相信“原罪”。

这时的文学作品也主要反映了这些思想,和欧洲文学一脉相承。

代表作家:考顿·马瑟,乔纳森·爱德华兹,安妮·布拉兹特里特,爱德华·泰勒。

二、18世纪独立战争胜利后,美国经济社会进入稳步发展时期这一时期是启蒙运动时期(the Enlightenment),从字面上讲,启蒙运动就是启迪蒙昧,反对愚昧主义,提倡普及文化教育的运动。

但就其精神实质上看,它是宣扬资产阶级政治思想体系的运动,并非单纯是文学运动。

它是文艺复兴时期资产阶级反封建、反禁欲、反教会斗争的继续和发展,直接为一七八九年的法国大革命奠定了思想基础。

启蒙思想家们从人文主义者手里进一步从理论上证明封建制度的不合理,从而提出一整套哲学理论,政治纲领和社会改革方案,要求建立一个以“理性”为基础的社会。

他们用政治自由对抗专制暴政,用信仰自由对抗宗教压迫,用自然神论和无神论来摧毁天主教权威和宗教偶像,用“天赋人权”的口号来反对“君权神授”的观点,用“人人在法律面前平等”来反对贵族的等级特权,进而建立资产阶级的政权。

是欧洲第二次思想解放运动。

)主要文学指导思想是“自然神论”(Deism),这个思想认为虽然上帝创造了宇宙和它存在的规则,但是在此之后上帝并不再对这个世界的发展产生影响。

自然神论反对蒙昧主义和神秘主义,否定迷信和各种违反自然规律的“奇迹”;认为上帝不过是“世界理性”或“有智慧的意志”;上帝作为世界的“始因”或“造物主”,它在创世之后就不再干预世界事务,而让世界按照它本身的规律存在和发展下去;主张用“理性宗教”代替“天启宗教”。

人生在世,不再是受苦受难以换取来世的新生,而是要消灭种族、性别和信仰的不平等,建立自己的“人间乐园”。

美国文学史整理资料

美国文学史整理资料

Colonial Period 殖民时期Background: Puritanism 背景:清教主义1. features of Puritanism 特征宿命论:上帝决定一切之前发生的事情(1). Predestination: God decided everything before things occurred.(2). Original sin: Human beings were born to be evil, and this original sin can be passed down from generation to generation. 原罪论:人类生来就是邪恶,这原罪(3). Total depravity 性恶说有限的赎罪:可以通过一代一代(4). Limited atonement: Only the “elect” can be saved.只有选举才能得救2. Influence 影响(1). A group of good qualities –hard work, thrift, piety, sobriety (serious and thoughtful) influenced American literature. 一群好的品质——努力工作、节俭、虔诚、节制(严重的和深思熟虑的)美国文学的影响。

(2). It led to the everlasting myth. All literature is based on a myth – garden of Eden. 它导致了永恒的神话。

所有的文学是基于一个神话——伊甸园。

(3). Symbolism: the America n puritan’s metaphorical mode of perception was chiefly instrumental in calling into being a literary symbolism which is distinctly American. 象征意义:美国清教徒的隐喻认知模式主要是在调用形成一个文学象征这是典型的美国人。

美国文学简史复习纲要

美国文学简史复习纲要

美国文学简史复习纲要Colonial Period殖民时期 (1600s-1790s)American Puritanism美国清教主义:self-examination/self-improvementI.JonathanEdwards (1703-1758):Calvinist加尔文教徒II.BenjaminFranklin本杰明富兰克林 (1706-1790)(1)PoorRichard’s Almanac(2)The Autobiography自传Early AmericanRomanticism早期美国浪漫主义时期〔1800s-1840s〕1.features(1)As alogical result of the foreign and native factors at work, Americanromanticismwas both imitative and independent.II.WashingtonIrving华盛顿欧文 (1783-1859)1.several names attached to Irving(1)firstAmerican writer(2)themessenger sent from the new world to the old world(3)father ofAmerican literature美国文学之父2.works(1)The Sketch Book见闻札记: Rip Van Winkle, The Legend of SleepyHollowIII.JamesFenimore Cooper库柏 (1789-1851)1.works(1)Leatherstocking Tales皮袜子故事集 : TheDeerslayer, The Last of theMohicans, The Pathfinder, The Pioneer, The Prairie2.literary achievementsCooper’s Leatherstocking Tales effectively approximates the Americannational experience of adventure into theWest. He turned the west andfrontier as a useable past and he helped tointroduce western tradition toAmerican literature.Summitof Romanticism – NewEnglandTranscendentalism/AmericanRenaissance新英格兰超验主义---美国浪漫主义鼎盛时期(1840s-)I.Appearance提出1836,“Nature〞by Emerson爱默生、《论自然》II.Features1.spirit/oversoul2.importance of individualism3.nature –symbol of spirit/God4.focus in intuition (irrationalism andsubconsciousness)III.Influence1.It helped to create the first American renaissance美国文学复兴–one ofthemost prolific period in American literature、independent Americanculture. IV.RalphWaldo Emerson〔1802-1882〕1.works(1)Nature—the manifesto ofAmerican Transcendentalism.《论自然》的发表是美国超验主义出现的标志。

[指南]美国文学简史

[指南]美国文学简史

美国文学简史一、十九世纪以前美国是一个年轻的国家。

作为一个国家,它的历史只能从1776 年7 月4 日算起。

作为历史中一个不可分割的组成部分的美国文学史,严格地说,也是从这一天开始谱写的。

哥伦布在1492 年发现新大陆之前,这块土地的主人是印第安人,他们的各个部落还处在原始公社制度各个不同的发展阶段,他们本身并没有发达的文学。

遭到殖民主义者的野蛮屠杀和驱赶之后,这个种族已处于濒临灭绝的境地,仅有的口头创作也几乎完全中断。

美国独立以前,北美大陆受欧洲人统治长达几个世纪。

由于残酷的殖民经治以掠夺财富和剥削廉价劳力为目的,因此,北美大陆既没有发达的经济,更没有发达的文化。

从这个意义上说,美利坚民族的文化,实际上是欧洲文化的移植,文学和艺术绝大数是欧洲的舶来品。

殖民地时期美国仅有的几位诗人和民间作家,由于历史条件的局限和自身生活的局限,也没有能写出具有美洲特色的作品。

独立之后,美国的文学虽然还处于襁褓之中,但它已经开始摆脱殖民文化的桎梏。

在民族独立的历史关头,美国人民,特别是作为当时站在革命斗争最前列的资产阶级左翼分子,已经认识到了建立民族文学的重要性。

一批年轻的诗人就曾预言,美国文学必将有一个灿烂的未来;他们满腔热情地为这个未来的灿烂文学增砖添瓦,贡献自己的聪明才智。

尽管如此,独立以后相当长的一段时间里,美国还不能很快摆脱在文化上依附英国的状况,不利于民族文学繁荣发展的条件依然存在。

首先,在取得政治上的统一以后,各地区在经济、文化上的发展并不平衡。

当时西部大部分还是处女地,那里除了民间故事外,一时还不可能出现反映西部开发业迹的成熟作品。

在愚昧落后的南部,真正的民族文化无从谈起。

思想意识异常顽固的大不列颠王国的臣民,对这个新生国家总是抱着一种不可名状的仇恨和敌视。

他们鄙视美国的一切,当然也包括美国年轻幼稚的文学。

面对英国的一片嘲笑和挖苦声,已经获得了独立的美国人民决心使自己的国家在政治、经济、文化等各个领域都拥有充分的发言权,他们需要有自己的工业、农业、科学和文化。

美国文学简史完全笔记

美国文学简史完全笔记

Chapter 3 The Age of Realism I. Background: From Romanticism to Realism 1.the three conflicts that reached breaking point in this period (1)industrialism vs. agrarian (2)culturely-measured east vs. newly-developed west (3)plantation gentility vs. commercial gentility 2.1880*s urbanization: from free competition to monopoly capitalism 3.the closing of American frontier II. Characteristics 1.truthful description of life 2.typical character under typical circumstance 3.objective rather than idealized, close observation and investigation of life ※Realistic writers are like scientists.§ 4.open-ending: Life is complex and cannot be fully understood. It leaves much room for readers to think by themselves. 5.concerned with social and psychological problems, revealing the frustrations of characters in an environment of sordidness and depravity III. Three Giants in Realistic Period 1.William Dean Howells 每※Dean of American Realism§ (1)Realistic principles a. Realism is ※fidelity to experience and probability of motive§. b. The aim is ※talk of some ordinary traits of American life§. c. Man in his natural and unaffected dullness was the object of Howells*s fictional representation. d. Realism is by no means mere photographic pictures of externals but includes a central concern with ※motives§ and psychological conflicts. e. He condemns novels of sentimentality and morbid self-sacrifice, and avoids such themes as illicit love. f. Authors should minimize plot and the artificial ordering of the sense of something ※desultory, unfinished, imperfect§. g. Characters should have solidity of specification and be real. h. Interpreting sympathetically the ※common feelings of commonplace people§ was best suited as a technique to express the spirit of America. i.He urged writers to winnow tradition and write in keeping with current humanitarian ideals. j.Truth is the highest beauty, but it includes the view that morality penetrates all things. k. With regard to literary criticism, Howells felt that the literary critic should not try to impose arbitrary or subjective evaluations on books but should follow the detached scientist in accurate description, interpretation, and classification. (2)Works a. The Rise of Silas Lapham b. A Chance Acquaintance c. A Modern Instance (3)Features of His Works a. Optimistic tone b. Moral development/ethics c. Lacking of psychological depth 2.Henry James (1)Life (2)Literary career: three stages a. 1865~1882: international theme l The American l Daisy Miller l The Portrait of a Lady b. 1882~1895: inter-personal relationships and some plays l Daisy Miller (play) c. 1895~1900: novellas and tales dealing with childhood and adolescence, then back to international theme l The Turn of the Screw l When Maisie Knew l The Ambassadors l The Wings of the Dove l The Golden Bowl (3)Aesthetic ideas a. The aim of novel: represent life b. Common, even ugly side of life c. Social function of art d. Avoiding omniscient point of view (4)Point of view a. Psychological analysis, forefather of stream of consciousness b. Psychological realism c. Highly-refined language (5)Style 每※stylist§ a. Language: highly-refined, polished, insightful, accurate b. Vocabulary: large c. Construction: complicated, intricate 3.Mark Twain (see next section) Local Colorism 1860s, 1870s~1890s I. Appearance 1.uneven development in economy in America 2.culture: flourishing of frontier literature, humourists 3.magazines appeared to let writer publish their works II. What is ※Local Colour§? Tasks of local colourists: to write or present local characters of their regions in truthful depiction distinguished from others, usually a very small part of the world. Regional literature (similar, but larger in world) lGarland, Harte 每 the west lEggleston 每 Indiana lMrs Stowe lJewett 每 Maine lChopin 每 Louisiana III. Mark Twain 每 Mississippi 1.life 2.works (1)The Gilded Age (2)※the two advantages§ (3)Life on the Mississippi (4)A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur*s Court (5)The Man That Corrupted Hardleybug 3.style (1)colloquial language, vernacular language, dialects (2)local colour (3)syntactic feature: sentences are simple, brief, sometimes ungrammatical (4)humour (5)tall tales (highly exaggerated) (6)social criticism (satire on the different ugly things in society) IV. Comparison of the three ※giants§ of American Realism 1.Theme Howells 每 middle class James 每 upper class Twain 每 lower class 2.Technique Howells 每 smiling/genteel realism James 每 psychological realism Twain 每 local colourism and colloquialism。

美国文学史脉络

美国文学史脉络

美国文学史脉络美国文学是世界文学发展的重要组成部分,其独特的历史和文化背景使得美国文学在世界文坛上有着重要的地位。

美国文学的发展脉络承载着美国国家意识的形成和演变,同时也反映了社会和文化的变迁。

本文将以时间为线索,回顾美国文学的发展历程,并探讨不同时期的代表性作品和文学思潮。

一、殖民地时期(17世纪初-18世纪初)殖民地时期是美国文学的起源阶段。

在这一时期,早期的英国移民带来了宗教、政治和文化的影响,这种影响对后来美国文学的发展产生了深远的影响。

早期殖民地文学的主要形式是宗教文学,代表作品有威廉·布莱德福的《普利茅斯殖民地纪事》和安妮·布拉德斯特里特的《新英格兰纪实》。

二、启蒙时期(18世纪中叶-19世纪初)启蒙时期是美国文学发展的关键时期,这一时期受到了欧洲启蒙运动的影响,同时也受到了美国独立战争和建国过程的影响。

启蒙时期的作家主张人人平等、追求自由和独立,代表作品有托马斯·潘恩的《常识》和本杰明·富兰克林的《自传》。

同时,启蒙时期也涌现了一些重要的政治文学作品,如托马斯·杰斐逊的《独立宣言》和詹姆斯·麦迪逊、亚历山大·汉密尔顿、约翰·杰伊等人的《联邦党人文集》。

三、浪漫主义时期(19世纪中叶-19世纪末)浪漫主义时期是美国文学的黄金时代,这一时期的作家们主张个性主义、独立思考和自然的崇拜。

代表作家有华盛顿·欧文的《睡谷传奇》和爱默生的《自然》。

同时,浪漫主义时期也涌现了大量的诗人,如亨利·沃兹华斯·朗费罗、爱德加·爱伦·坡和怀特曼等人。

这一时期的诗歌作品表达了对自然和个人内心世界的探索,具有强烈的情感色彩和超越现实的思考。

四、现实主义时期(19世纪末-20世纪初)现实主义时期是美国文学发展的转折点,这一时期的作家开始关注社会现实问题,反映工业化和城市化对个人的冲击。

美国文学简史

美国文学简史

美国文学简史第一篇:美国文学简史Chapter 1 Colonial PeriodI.Background: Puritanism1.features of Puritanism(1)Predestination: God decided everything before things occurred.(2)Original sin: Human beings were born to be evil, and this original sin can be passed down from generation to generation.(3)Total depravity(4)Limited atonement: Only the “elect” can be saved.2.Influence(1)A group of good qualities –hard work, thrift, piety, sobriety(serious and thoughtful)influenced American literature.(2)It led to the everlasting myth.All literature is based on a myth –garden of Eden.(3)Symbolism: the American puritan’s metaphorical mode of perception was chiefly instrumental in calling into being a literary symbolism which is distinctly American.(4)With regard to their writing, the style is fresh, simple and direct;the rhetoric is plain and honest, not without a touch of nobility often traceable to the direct influence of the Bible.II.Overview of the literature1.types of writingdiaries, histories, journals, letters, travel books, autobiographies/biographies, sermons2.writers of colonial period(1)Anne Bradstreet(2)Edward Taylor(3)Roger Williams(4)John Woolman(5)Thomas Paine(6)Philip FreneauIII.Jonathan Edwards1.life2.works(1)The Freedom of the Will(2)The Great Doctrine of Original Sin Defended(3)The Nature of True Virtue3.ideas – pioneer of transcendentalism(1)The spirit of revivalism(2)Regeneration of man(3)God’s presence(4)Puritan idealismIV.Benjamin Franklin1.life2.works(1)Poor Richard’s Almanac(2)Autobiography3.contribution(1)He helped found the Pennsylvania Hospital and the American Philosophical Society.(2)He was called “the new Prometheus who had stolen fire(electricity in this case)from heaven”.(3)Everything seems to meet in this one man –“Jack of all trades”.Herman Melville thus described him “master of each and mastered by none”.Chapter 2 American Romanticism Section 1 Early Romantic PeriodWhat is Romanticism?l An approach from ancient Greek: Platol A literary trend: 18c in Britain(1798~1832)l Schlegel Bros.I.Preview: Characteristics of romanticism1.subjectivity(1)feeling and emotions, finding truth(2)emphasis on imagination(3)emphasis on individualism –personal freedom, no hero worship, natural goodness of human beings2.back to medieval, esp medieval folk literature(1)unrestrained by classical rules(2)full of imagination(3)colloquial language(4)freedom of imagination(5)genuine in feelings: answer their call for classics3.back to naturenature is “breathing living thing”(Rousseau)II.American Romanticism1.Background(1)Political background and economic development(2)Romantic movement in European countriesDerivative – foreign influence2.features(1)American romanticism was in essence the expression of “a real newexperience and contained “an alien quality” for the simple reason that “the spirit of the place” was radically new and alien.(2)There is American Puritanism as a cultural heritage to consider.American romantic authors tended more to moralize.Many American romantic writings intended to edify more than they entertained.(3)The “newness” of Americans as a nation is in connection with American Romanticism.(4)As a logical result of the foreign and native factors at work, American romanticism was both imitative and independent.III.WashingtonIrving1.several names attached to Irving(1)first American writer(2)the messenger sent from the new world to the old world(3)father of American literature2.life3.works(1)A History of New York from the Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty(2)The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent.(He won a measure of international recognition with the publication of this.)(3)The History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus(4)A Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada(5)The Alhambra4.Literary career: two parts(1)1809~1832a.Subjects are either English or Europeanb.Conservative love for the antique(2)1832~1859: back to US5.style – beautiful(1)gentility, urbanity, pleasantness(2)avoiding moralizing – amusing and entertaining(3)enveloping stories in an atmosphere(4)vivid and true characters(5)humour – smiling while reading(6)musical languageIV.James Fenimore Cooper1.life2.works(1)Prec aution(1820, his first novel, imitating Austen’s Pride and Prejudice)(2)The Spy(his second novel and great success)(3)Leatherstocking Tales(his masterpiece, a series of five novels)The Deerslayer, The Last of the Mohicans, The Pathfinder, The Pioneer, The Prairie3.point of viewthe theme of wilderness vs.civilization, freedom w, order vs.change, aristocrat vs.democrat, natural rights vs.legal rights4.style(1)highly imaginative(2)good at inventing tales(3)good at landscape description(4)conservative(5)characterization wooden and lacking in probability(6)language and use of dialect not authentic5.literary achievementsHe created a myth about the formative period of the American nation.If the history of the United States is, in a sense, the process of the American settlers exploring and pushing the American frontier forever westward, then Cooper’s Leatherstocking T ales effectively approximates the American nationalexperience of adventure into the West.He turned the west and frontier as a useable past and he helped to introduce western tradition to American literature.第二篇:英美文学简史新词Chapter 1 the making of England第一页Primitive原始社会的Clustering 丛团Hut茅草屋Vitality生命力Invade侵入Occupy占有Chieftain首领Subjugate征服Refinement改良Christianity基督教christian 基督教的第二页Swarm大群人Pirate海盗Dialect方言Kinship王权Compose1写、创作(乐曲、歌剧等)2组成Booty战利品Amusement娱乐Democracy民主Incompatible合不来的Gemtile非犹太的Territory领土Feudalism封建制Heathen不信教的、异教徒第三页Monastery修道院Monk修士、僧侣Chapter2Relic遗风Preserve保护Minstrel(中世纪)游方诗歌演唱者 Fragmentv、n 碎片片段Devour吞食Grapple(with)扭住(对手)扭打格斗Avail(against sb)抵挡Combat格斗搏斗战斗Retreat撤退退却Rejoice高兴Avenge伸冤Counseller顾问Plunge猛进入38个单词1第四页Trophy奖品战利品Den穴Belche喷(火)forth its fire Bid说=sayEnvelope包围包住Impenetrable不可穿越的forest Marsh沼泽Superstitious迷信的Marvellous 第五页AlliterationConsonantMetaphorAttendantCondemnTingePermanentChapter3vikingplunderprose第六页confescatebestowbaronvassaloathsecurepropertymanifestationsupremacychronicleprominentdominentintermingletendbishoparchbishopabbottoil第七页sustain奇妙的头韵辅音隐喻侍者责备淡的色调或痕迹a tinge of 永久的北欧海盗掠夺散文没收赠与小块土地男爵封臣誓言保护资产显示至高无上编年史的突出的最突出的、占支配地位的混合照管主教大主教男修道院长辛苦工作支撑41个单词2courageous勇敢的heretics犯异端罪的人perish毁灭plague瘟疫poll-tax人头税impose对()课税pauperize贫穷slogan口号格言】sermon讲道bondagestuff ornament ermine spicesryemanorpomp sovereign第八页remonstate oppressor treacherously apealprevailverse tournament codemoral chivalry apprenticeship solemncycle第九页rim culmination collapse patronize charge fabricateconvert第十页Masterpiece奴役天鹅绒布料装饰貂皮貂香料黑麦庄园浮华最高统治者抗议。

美国文学简史

美国文学简史

《美国文学简史》考试要点:三、诗歌鉴赏2个P23 作者:Philip Freneau 诗歌名:The Wild Honey Suckle 主题:词的象征意义:P98 作者:Emily Dickinson 诗歌名:My Life Closed Twice Before Its Close 主题:词的象征意义:P99 作者:Emily Dickinson 诗歌名:Wild Nights 主题:词的象征意义:P191 作者:William Carlos Williams 诗歌名:The Red Wheelbarrow主题:词的象征意义:P205 作者:E. E. Cummings 诗歌名:a leaf falls loneliness主题:词的象征意义作者、诗歌名、主题、词的象征意义四、名词解释1清教主义is a dominant factor in American life ,it takes a code of values, a philosophy of life, and a point of view, and was one of the most enduring shaping influences in American thought and American literature.2意象主义it as reaction to the traditional English poetics with its iambic pentameter ,its verbosity, and extra-poetic padding, but it served ,first and foremost, to meet the need of expressing the temper of the age . the sense of fragmentation and dislocation.3自然主义evolved from realism when the author’s tone in writing becomes less serious and less sympathetic but more ironic and more than a gloomy philosophical approach to reality, or to human existence.4乡土文学as a trend first made its presence felt in the late 1860s and early seventies. Local colorist concerned themselves with presenting and interpreting the local character of their regions. They tended to idealize and glorify, but they never forgot to keep an age on the truthful color of local life the ultimate aim of the local colorists is to create the illusion of an indigenous little world with qualities that tell it apart from the world outside.5现实主义as a literary movement realism came in the late half of the nineteenth century as a reaction against the lie of romanticism and sentimentalism it expressed the concern for the world of experience of the commonplace and for the familiar and the low.6超验主义(Transcendentalism): New England Transcendentalism is very important to American literature, pushing American Romanticism into a summit. Transcendentalists are not quite happy about the materialistic-oriented life of their time and they reacted against the faith of Boston businessmen and the cold, rigid rationalism of Unitarianism. In essence, transcendentalism is idealism.7冰山理论(Iceberg Theory): If a writer knows enough about what he is writing about, he may omit things that he knows and the reader, if the writer is writing truly enough, will have a feeling of those as strongly as though the writer had said them. The dignity of the movement of an iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water. 8迷茫的一代(The Lost Generation): The lost generation is a term coined by Gertrude Stein. It is a label for thegroup of American young expatriate writers born at the turn 20th century and reached maturity after World WarⅠ. These writers felt profound cut off from tradition, disillusioned and alienated with society and cynical idealism. To them, life is meaningless and futile. F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway and T. S. Eliot are the most important representatives.9海明威式主人公(The Typical Hemingway): The typical Hemingway hero is one who, wounded but strong, more sensitive and wounded because stronger, enjoys the pleasures of life (sex, alcohol, sport) in face of ruin and death and maintains, through some notion of a code, an ideal of himself.10福克纳(William Faulkner): 1. Father of American southern literature.2. Poineer of American stream11约克纳帕塔法(Yoknapatawpha): The Yoknapatawpha County Series have an overall pattern in which the fate of a ruined homeland always focus on the collision of Faulkner’s intelligent, sensitive and idealistic protagonist with the society of the 20th century. Most of the major themes are the confrontation.五、简答3个浪漫主义特征(3)Features: 1.Imitativeness. Thus American Romanticism was in a way derivative: American romantic writing was some of them modeled on English and European works.2. Uniqueness. It was different from its English and European counterpart because it originated from an amalgam of factors that were altogether American rather than anything else. American romanticism was in essence the expression of “a real new experience” and contained “an alien quality” for the simple reason that “the spirit of the place” was radically new and alien.Then there is American Puritanism as a cultural heritage to consider. American moral values were essentially Puritan. Public opinion was overwhelmingly Puritan; the Puritan atmosphere of the nation predominantly conditioned social life and cultural tastes. American Romantic authors tended more to moralize than their English and European brothers.3. Newness. Self-reliant individualism (realization of individual values).Idealism (American dream).In summary, as a logical result of the foreign and native factors at work, American Romanticism was both imitative and independent.惠特曼、狄金森诗歌异同Similarities:1. Thematically, both extolled, in their different ways, an emergent America, its expansion, its individualism, and its Americanness.2. In technical terms, both added to the literary independence of the new nation by breaking free of the convention of the iambic pentameter and exhibiting a freedom in form unknown before.Differences: 1. Dickinson differs from Whitman in a variety of ways. For one thing, Whitman seems to keep his eye on society at large; Dickinson explores the inner life of the individual. (Point of view: Whitman: outer world, society; Dickinson: inner life)2. In formal terms the two poets are vastly different: Whitman’s endless, all-inclusive catalogs contrast with the concise, direct, and simple diction and syntax which characterize Dickinson’s poetry. (Tone: Whitman: passionate; Dickinson: subtle)超验主义特征(内容)The major features of New England Transcendentalism cane be summarized as follows:First, the Transcendentalists placed emphasis on spirit, or the Oversoul, as the most important thing in the universe.Secondly, the Transcendentalists stressed the importance of the individual. To them the individual was the most important element of society.Thirdly, the Transcendentalists offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God.豪尔威斯小说现实主义理论Most of Howells’ literary-aesthetic ideas are best elucidated in his Criticism and Fiction.1.Howells defines realism as “fidelity to experience and probability of motive,” as a quest of the average andthe habitual rather than the exceptional or the uniquely high or low.To him realism is by no means mere photographic pictures of external but includes a central concern with “motives”and psychological conflicts.2. As Howells saw it, realism, interpreting sympathetically the “common feelings of commonplace people,” was best suited as a technique to express the spirit of America.意象主义运动、pound意象主义诗歌的三个原则Imagist Movement: 1.It came, it is true, as a reaction to the traditional English poetics to meet the need of expressing the temper of the age, the sense of fragmentization and dislocation.2Three phases of the movement: ①T. E. Hulme theorized a lot on poetic technique, insisting on “absolutely accurate presentation and no verbiage.”②Ezra Pound laid down three Imagist poetic principles.③Amy Lowell took over from Pound and pushed the movement into the period of “Amygism”.Pound laid down three Imagist poetic principles:1.Direct treatment of the “thing,” whether subjective or objective;2.To use absolutely no word that does not contribute to the presentation;3.As regarding rhythm, to compose in the sequence of the musical phrase, not in the sequence of a metronome.荒原的五个部分、各个部分的中心意思The Waste Land contends five parts“The Burial of the Dead”: 战后的欧洲充满了庸俗与欲望,既不能生,也不能死。

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上海环球托福为大家带来新托福阅读背景知识扩充,关于美国文学简史的一些内容,希望对大家做新托福阅读的过程当中有所帮助!美国文学(American Literature)美国文学的历史不长,它几乎是和美国自由资本主义同时出现,较少受到封建贵族文化的束缚。

美国早期人口稀少,有大片未开发的土地,为个人理想的实现提供了很大的可能性。

美国人民富于民主自由精神,个人主义、个性解放的观念较为强烈,这在文学中有突出的反映。

美国又是一个多民族的国家,移民不断涌入,各自带来了本民族的文化,这决定了美国文学风格的多样性和庞杂性。

美国文学发展的过程就是不断吸取、融化各民族文学特点的过程。

许多美国作家来自社会下层,这使得美国文学生活气息和平民色彩都比较浓厚,总的特点是开朗、豪放。

内容庞杂与色彩鲜明是美国文学的另一特点。

个性自由与自我克制、清教主义与实用主义、激进与反动、反叛和顺从、高雅与庸俗、高级趣味与低级趣味、深刻与肤浅、积极进取与玩世不恭、明快与晦涩、犀利的讽刺与阴郁的幽默、精心雕琢与粗制滥造、对人类命运的思考和探索与对**的病态追求等倾向,不仅可以同时并存,而且形成强烈的对照。

从来没有一种潮流或倾向能够在一个时期内一统美国文学的天下。

美国作家敏感、好奇,往往是一个浪潮未落,另一浪潮又起。

作家们永远处在探索和试验的过程之中。

20世纪以来,许多文学潮流起源于美国,给世界文学同时带来积极的与消极的影响。

殖民地时期印第安人的文化欧洲人发现新大陆的时候,北美洲的土著居民印第安人处于原始公社制度各种不同的阶段。

印第安人在向大自然的斗争中创造了自己的文化,主要是民间口头创作,包括神话传说和英雄传说。

由于他们没有文字,这些传说后来才得以整理问世,启发了后世美国作家的灵感。

早期移民的文化移民刚到新大陆时忙于生存斗争,所以开始时文学发展比较缓慢。

最早发表的关于北美的作品是游记、日记之类的文字。

作者都是英国人。

英国殖民地建立之后,统治者利用宗教,主要是清教主义作为控制殖民地思想意识的主要手段,因此许多出版物是关于神学的研究。

著名的作家有科顿?马瑟(1663-1728)和乔纳森。

爱德华兹(1703-1758)等。

随着工业、贸易和民族意识的增涨,宗教自由的呼声提高,请教主义的神权统治走向衰亡,为人本主义与自由民主等民族独立的意识所代替。

诊歌创作北美出版的第一部诗集《海湾圣诗》是以民歌形式写成的圣诗。

迈克尔?威格尔斯沃思的诗全是解释加尔文教的教义,成了宗教性的普及读物。

女诗人安妮?布拉兹特里特写的也是宗教生活,不过多少以世俗的笔调抒写妇女的心情。

生前只发表过挽诗的牧师爱德华?泰勒反映了严格的清教主义的衰落。

在这些诗人身上,英国的影响也是明显的,布拉兹特里特得益于斯宾塞,泰勒的诗里看得出约翰?多思和乔治?赫伯特的影响。

独立革命至南北战争时期美国民族文学形成于独立革命时期。

这场斗争产生大量的革命诗歌,并且造就了美国头一批重要的散文家和诗人。

政治上的独立促进文化上的独立。

战争结束之后,美国作家的作品陆续增多,逐渐摆脱英国文学的垄断局面。

年轻的民主共和国使人们满怀信心,并吸引着旧世界更多的人们奔向新的大陆。

这样的社会条件促使19世纪上半叶的文学创作具有浪漫主义的色彩。

作家们吸取欧洲浪漫派文学的精神,对美国的历史、传说和现实生活进行描绘,美利坚民族内容逐渐丰富和充实起来。

从20、30年代到南北战争前夕,是浪漫主义运动的全盛时期,各种不同风格的作家泉涌而出,作品从内容到形式都具有鲜明的民族特色。

批评家们称这一时期为美国文学“第一次繁荣”。

到了世纪中叶,浪漫主义文学的基调由乐观走向疑虑,迫切的社会矛盾,如蓄奴制,又使某些作家采取现实主义的创作方法。

民族文学的诞生独立革命是美国民族文学诞生的背景。

早在战争爆发之前,美国殖民地人民在欧洲启蒙主义学说影响之下,已经具有民族独立的意识。

富兰克林世俗的格言比爱德华兹清教,主义的教诲更能吸引广大群众。

富兰克林用清晰、幽默的文体传播了科学文化,激发自力更生的精神,他的爱国热情和关于自学、创业的言论,对于美国人民的人生观、事业观和道德观产生了深远的影响。

独立革命期间充满反抗与妥协之间的尖锐斗争,迫使作家们采取政论、演讲、散文等简便而又犀利的形式投入战斗。

发表“不自由毋宁死”这一名言的演说家舶特里克?亨利,象战鼓那样鼓动战士奋勇杀敌的托马斯?潘恩,行文朴质无华却字字击中要害的托马斯?杰斐逊,都是无畏的战士,他们为了战斗的需要锤炼自己的语言艺术。

那个时期的诗歌也具有强烈的政治性,大量的革命歌谣出自民间。

菲利普?弗瑞诺是当时著名的革命诗人,他的创作开创了美国诗歌的优秀传统。

早期浪漫主义文学19世纪初,一些以美国为背景、美国人为主人公的作品开始出现,初具美利坚民族的特色。

欧文致力发掘北美早期移民的传说故事,他的《见闻札记》开创了美国短篇小说的传统。

库珀在《皮袜子故事集》中以印第安人部落的灭亡为背景,表现了勇敢、正直的移民怎样开辟美国文明的途径。

诗人布莱思特笔下的自然景色完全是美国式的,他歌颂当地常见的水乌和野花,而且通过它们歌颂人与人之间的和谐。

这些作家的作品满怀乐观向上的时代精神。

色彩阴暗的爱伦?坡在诗歌、短篇小说和理论批评方面达到新的水平,标志着民族文学的多样性和在艺术上的发展。

超验主义与后期浪漫主义19世纪30年代以后,东北部沿海的美国文化中心新英格兰地区成了最早的工业区。

杰克逊总统的民主主义路线又使国内的民主空气增涨。

这在意识形态上造成两方面的后果:一方面出现了超验主义者团体,另一方面使一些作家产生不少疑虑,浪漫主义文学的基调由乐观转向怀疑和消极。

超验主义是一场思想解放运动,先表现为宗教,哲学思想中的改革,后扩展到文学创作领域。

以爱默生为首的超验主义者为了据弃加尔文教派“以神为中心”的思想,吸取康德先验论和欧洲浪漫派理论家的思想材料,提出人凭直觉认识真理,因而在一定范围内人就是上帝。

这一派思想的出发点是人文主义,即强调入的价值,反对权威,祟尚直觉,主张个性解放,打破神学和外国教条的束缚,对美国作家产生不小的影响。

到了50年代,随着工业化引起的种种社会问题的出现,作家们敏锐地感受到民主制的弊病。

梭罗侧重超验主义中人的“自助”精神,主张回返自然,保持纯真的人性,因此与资产阶级社会秩序发生冲突。

在霍桑与梅尔维尔身上,这种矛盾以抽象、神秘的形式表现出来。

霍桑深受加尔文教派的影响,又想有所摆脱,于是转向对人类状况与命运的探索,如《红字》(1850)。

梅尔维尔同霍桑一样,把他所感觉到的社会矛盾归结为抽象的“恶”,而“恶”的强大与不可理解使《白鲸》(1851)等作品蒙上神秘、悲观的气氛。

“婆罗门”婆罗门”是指这一时期新英格兰地区一批有高度文化教养的作家,或称“绅士派诗人”。

朗费罗、洛威尔(1819-1891)和霍姆斯(1809-1894)都是知识界的名流。

他们出于资产阶级民主主义和人道主义,歌颂爱国主义精神,反对蓄奴制,同情印第安人,也对社会流弊提出一些批评。

由于他们的出身地位和文化教养,他们的观点和情绪一般较为温和。

废奴文学19世纪30年代之后,北部进步人士掀起越来越高涨的废除黑奴运动。

黑人的处境激起许多作家的同情,从爱默生、朗费罗到惠特曼都写过反对蓄奴的诗篇。

影响最大的作品是斯托夫人的小说《汤姆叔叔的小屋》(1852),林肯称她为“发动了一次战争的小妇人”。

诗人惠蒂埃抗议蓄奴制的诗篇数量最多,反映了19世纪废奴运动历次重大的斗争。

废奴文学虽限于道义上的谴责,却推动了废奴斗争,在文学史上也是19世纪现实主义创作的先声。

伟大的民主诗人怠特曼美国19世纪的民主精神在惠特曼的《草叶集》(1855)里得到充分发挥。

他以丰富、博大、包罗万象的气魄反映了广大劳动群众在民主革命时期的乐观向上精神。

他歌颂劳动,歌颂大自然,歌颂物质文明,歌颂“个人”的理想形象;他的歌颂渗透着对人类的广泛的爱。

诗人以豪迈、粗犷的气概蔑视蓄奴制和一切不符合自由民主理想的社会现象。

他那种奔放的自由诗体,同他的思想内容一样,也是文学史上的创新,产生了广泛的影响。

南北战争到第一次世界大战从南北战争结束到第一次世界大战,美国文学总的倾向是现实主义的兴起、发展和浪漫主义的衰微。

南北战争结束后的20、30年内,资本主义处于自由竞争阶段,民主、自由的理想鼓舞着人民和作家,文学创作中乐观的情绪处于主导地位。

80年代以后,经过几次经济危机,社会动荡不安,人们怀疑民主制度是“人人自由、幸福的天堂”。

80、90年代以后,批判现实、揭露社会黑暗的作品增多,主题涉及农村的破产,城市下层人民的困苦,劳资斗争,不少作品揭露种族歧视、海外侵略和政府与大企业的勾结,也有些作品表现了空想社会主义的情绪。

乡土文学与马克吐温乡土文学最先出现于19世纪20、30年代,南北战争后进一步发展。

这种文学描绘本乡本土的传说与现实生活,地方色彩浓厚,基调是乐观的、抒情的,如描写西部矿工生活的布雷特?哈特(1836-1902),或者是幽默的、机智的,如裘维特(1849-1909),这是战后美国健康、活泼生活情趣的反映。

马克。

吐温的创作活动持续近50年,是这时期主要的作家,代表作是《哈克贝里?费思历险记》(1884)。

他早期的短篇小说吸取西部乡土文学中幽默故事的特点,采用诙谐、滑稽的夸张手法表现美国的社会生活。

他对战后美国社会的批评包括政治腐败、种族歧视、教育制度、宗教生活等方面。

这些批评都是温和的、善意的。

80年代以后,随着他对美国民主制的认识深化,讽刺成分增多,后期发展到愤怒的抗议甚至悲观失望。

马克?吐温是幽默艺术的大师。

他在滑稽中含有讽刺,逗趣中有所针砭,创造了独特的艺术风格。

心理分析小说家亨利詹姆斯出身高贵、深受欧洲文化影响的亨利?詹姆斯是描写上层资产阶级精神面貌的代表作家。

他的风格高雅、细致,讲究表现形式,与粗犷、诙谐、富于生活情趣的马克?吐温适成对比。

詹姆斯虽然崇拜欧洲文化,但在道德情操方面更偏向于文化修养不高的美国人。

美国人心地纯真、善良;比欧洲人(或常任欧洲的美国人)可爱,这是他的《贵妇人的画像》(1881)等小说中常出现的主题。

他开创了心理分析小说的先河,他的作品,尤其是后期作品如《鸽翼》(1902),不厌其详地发掘人物“最幽微、最朦胧的”思想与感觉,把“太空中跳动的脉搏”转化为形象。

在心理分析精微细致这一点上,詹姆斯达到前所未有的境界,为小说艺术的表现力开辟了新的途径。

现实主义文学的兴起80、90年代以后,随着垄断资本的逐步形成,以劳资矛盾为焦点的各种社会问题尖锐化、表面化,作家们对社会的前景感到忧虑和失望。

威?迪?豪威尔斯抛弃早期那种廉价的乐观主义,开始表现社会矛盾。

在欧洲现实主义与自然主义文学的影响下,一批新兴的作家从许多方面反映社会消极的一面。

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