托福阅读背景知识大全
托福阅读第三篇tpo75R -3原文+译文+题目+答案+背景知识
托福阅读第三篇tpo75R-3原文+译文+题目+答案+背景知识原文 (1)译文 (4)题目 (7)答案 (13)背景知识 (14)原文Seismic Waves①Seismic waves-energy waves produced by earthquakes-permit scientists to determine the location,thickness,and properties of Earth's internal zones.They are generated when rock masses are suddenly disturbed,such as when they break or rupture.Vibrations spread out in all directions from the source of the disturbance, traveling at different speeds through parts of Earth's crust and interior that differ in chemical composition and physical properties.The principal categories of these waves are primary,secondary,and surface. All three types of waves are recorded on an instrument called a seismograph.②Primary waves,or P-waves,are the speediest of the three kinds of waves and therefore the first to arrive at a seismograph station after there has been an earthquake.They travel through the upper crust of Earth at speeds of4to5kilometers per second,but near the base of the crust they speed along at6or7kilometers per second.In these primary waves,pulses of energy are transmitted as a succession of compressions and expansions that parallel the direction of propagation of the wave itself.Thus,a given segment of rock set in motion during an earthquake is driven into its neighbor and bounces back.The neighbor strikes the next particle and rebounds and subsequent particles continue the motion.Vibrational energy is an accordion-like push-pull movement that can be transmitted through solids,liquids and gases.Of course,the speed of Pwave transmission will differ in materials of different density and elastic properties.③Secondary waves,or S-waves,travel1to2kilometers per second slower than do P-waves.Unlike the movement of P-waves,rock vibration in secondary waves is at right angles to the direction of propagation of the energy.This type of wave is easily demonstrated by tying a length of rope to a hook and then shaking the free end.A series of undulations will develop in the rope and move toward the hook-thatis,in the direction of propagation.Any given particle along the rope, however,will move up and down in a direction perpendicular to the direction of propagation.It is because of their more complex motion that S-waves travel more slowly than Pwaves.They are the second group of oscillations to arrive at a seismograph station.Unlike Pwaves, secondary waves will not pass through liquids or gases.④Both P-and S-waves are sometimes also termed body waves because they are able to penetrate deep into the interior or body of our planet.Body waves travel faster in rocks of greater elasticity,and their speeds therefore increase steadily as they move downward into more elastic zones of Earth's interior and then decrease as they begin to make their ascent toward Earth's surface.The change in velocity that occurs as body waves invade rocks of different elasticity results in a bending or refraction of the wave.The many small refractions cause the body waves to assume a curved travel path through Earth.⑤Not only are body waves subjected to refraction,but they may also be partially reflected off the surface of a dense rock layer in much the same way as light is reflected off a polished surface.Many factorsinfluence the behavior of body waves.An increase in the temperature of rocks through which body waves are traveling will cause a decrease in velocity,whereas an increase in confining pressure will cause a corresponding increase in wave velocity.In a fluid where no rigidity exists,S-waves cannot propagate and P-waves are markedly slowed.⑥Surface waves are large-motion waves that travel through the outer crust of Earth.Their pattern of movement resembles that of waves caused when a pebble is tossed into the center of a pond.They develop whenever P-or S-waves disturb the surface of Earth as they emerge from the interior.Surface waves are the last to arrive at a seismograph station.They are usually the primary cause of the destruction that can result from earthquakes affecting densely populated areas.This destruction results because surface waves are channeled through the thin outer region of Earth,and their energy is less rapidly scattered into the large volumes of rock traversed by body waves.译文地震波①地震波是由地震产生的能量波，它们使科学家能够确定地球内部区域的位置、厚度和性质。
TOEFL阅读背景知识汇总
TOEFL阅读背景知识汇总新托福阅读背景知识：石化林石化林的一点背景知识石化林存在于美国亚利桑那州的彩绘沙漠内，是广泛散布的石化木和石化树的集聚地。
来自火山灰的氧化硅溶于水并且渗入树木中，变成晶体，此时石化木便形成了。
人们现在所见到的石化木的鲜艳色彩是由其他矿物质所添加而形成的。
有些石化木看上去仿佛曾被斧子砍断以用作木柴，但它们可能是因地震断裂而形成的。
玛瑙桥(玛瑙是一种半宝石)是跨越在一条12米宽的溪流上方的单根石化木。
它在跨度上没有支撑，但两端埋在砂岩中。
宝石收藏者过去曾对石化林造成极大的破坏，如今石化木已受法律的保护，无人能再取走哪一片石头。
土著美洲人有一个解释石化林如何产生的故事。
一位女神为生火做饭集木头，但木头很湿不能燃烧。
女神很生气，便对一些木头施以恶咒语，把这们变成了石头，不能再为任何人所使用。
新托福阅读背景知识：初识芭蕾初识芭蕾芭蕾(Ballet)一词，源自意大利文Ballard，意思就是跳舞，专指“足尖舞”，是欧洲古典舞蹈的一种形式。
在其发展过程中，因常以这种舞蹈来叙述表演故事，而逐渐形成了一种特殊的演出形式。
1772年，查理·狄德罗(Charles Diderot)在法国大百科全书中说:“芭蕾系用跳舞解释行动。
特别要求剧场性的赏心悦目。
”。
帕鲁金尼(Perugino)更详细地叙述说：“芭蕾是由一位编导，运用连带哑剧的一系列独舞和群众，附加音乐和布景，去表现一种诗情画意，或一连串概念，或一个故事化的情节。
”芭蕾这种舞蹈形式一直发展到今天，形成了完整的舞剧艺术。
对于中国观众来说，芭蕾并不陌生，尤其近些年来，芭蕾受到了越来越多的观注，一股“芭蕾热”已经在几座大城市悄然兴起。
1997年的“中国歌剧舞剧年”可以说是热闹非凡，各个中外演出团体为广大观众献上了一台又一台精彩的演出，真是“你方唱罢我登场”。
从通俗的《天鹅湖》到浪漫的《吉赛尔》，从“拉丁味”的《堂·吉诃德》到充满海新托福阅读背景知识：脚尖的艺术脚尖的艺术从运动的实际需要来看，脚尖鞋的发明能够将舞者身体的重量支撑“面”经过若干倍的缩小后变成支撑“点”，从而有效地减小与地面的摩擦力，提高旋转的速度，造成风驰电掣的效果、超凡脱俗的幻觉，进而更好地为仙凡之恋这类虚幻的芭蕾题材服务。
托福阅读背景知识知多少
9、研究结果表明在农村的人大脑收缩基本上比城市里的人要早。
10、在政府部门从事简单重复工作的白领也像农场工人、公共汽车司机和商店职员一样大脑细胞容易收缩。
托福阅读背景知识知多少
6. With a team of colleagues at Tokyo National University, he set about measuring brain volumes of a thousand people of different ages and varying occupations.
1、系好安全带能够挽救性命，它能将丧生和重伤的概率减少一半以上。
2、但是司机有责任确保14岁以下的孩子不要坐在前排，除非他们系好了安全带。
3、当然，如果有以下情况你可以不系安全带：你在倒车时，或者你用一种特殊交通工具进行当地的货物运送、收集时，或者你有合法的医学证明你不能系安全带时。
4、注意你如果不这么做(系安全带)的话，你有可能被告上法庭，而且你有可能被处以罚款除非你能证明你有不带安全带的理由。
2. But it will be the driver’s responsibility to make sure that children under 14 do not ride in the front unless they are wearing a seat belt of some kind.
5. Professor Taiju Matsuzawa wanted to find out why otherwise healthy farmers in northern Japan appeared to be losing their ability to think and reason at a relatively early age, and how the process of ageing could he slowed down.
TOEFL新托福阅读背景知识精选5篇
TOEFL新托福阅读背景知识精选5篇为了让大家更好的预备托福考试，我给大家整理新托福阅读背景学问汇总，下面我就和大家共享，来观赏一下吧。
新托福阅读背景学问：太空城休士顿太空城休士顿休士顿是US的第五大都市，人类第一次登上月球的阿波罗飞船11号就在这里升空，因而使它也成为全球著名的城镇。
这一城镇是在1836年当德克萨斯州自墨西哥获得独立时，随之而诞生。
通往墨西哥湾的休士顿港，是US第三大港，在那里出口的棉花和石油产品，其数量占全美第一位。
自从US国家航空太空总署NASA在近效设置太空中心以来，休士顿正在连续不断地急速进展。
阿斯托洛圆顶运动场Astrodome耗资3，100万美元，于1965年兴建完成的这一运动场是目前世界上最大的一座室内运动场，内部装有冷暖气设备。
棒球、足球、骞马，以至于马戏团表演，都可以在室内进行。
紧邻的Afterworld是一个规模极大的消遣中心，游客可以欣赏欧洲各种村落的景色，也能够观赏各类表演。
圣哈新托古战场SanJacintoBattlefield1836年，休士顿将军为了争取德州独立，率军与墨军激战的地方。
现在已成为州立公园，纪念塔高达174公尺，可乘电梯登上塔项。
塔下是历史博物馆。
距休士顿市约26公里。
US航空太空总署太空飞行中心NASAMannedSpacecraft因阿波罗11号在此升空而全球著名。
US国家航空太空总署NASA于1961年设立于休士顿东南方45公里处的克利阿湖畔。
四周有GeneralElectric和InternationalBusinessMachines等重要的电子工业企业，是名符其实的航空太空科学中心。
展览馆Exhibit Hall的一号馆中，陈设着太空飞行员使用的器具、太空食物、太空船模型、月球上采集的岩石，对一般观光客公开。
太空飞行中心内部极为宽阔，可在进入中心的问讯处索取地图，备作参考。
太空中心内也有礼品店，出售太空船模型、月球石头模型，以及阿波罗帽等。
托福考试阅读背景知识(全)
托福考试阅读背景知识（下）第二次世界大战后第二次世界大战规模空前。
战争中发生的事，如600万犹太人被屠杀，原子弹在广岛爆炸，使美国知识分子感到震惊。
他们怀疑人性是否还有善良的一面，也感到人难以控制自己制造出来的巨大物质力量。
他们对文明与进步的信念发生了极大动摇。
50年代在“冷战”、麦卡锡主义和朝鲜战争的背景下，文坛趋于沉寂；印、70年代，经过越南战争、民权运动、学生运动、女权运动、水门案件，文坛活跃起来，出现了一批爱思索的作家。
在他们眼里，美国的社会变得十分复杂，价值观念混乱。
他们普遍感到不知怎样解释这样的现实，于是便通过怪诞、幻想、夸张的方式，再现生活中的混乱、恐怖和疯狂。
他们表现的是没有目标与方向的梦境世界他们讲的是支离破碎的故事，写的是“反英雄”、甚至是不完整的形象。
这个时期，文学作品中对**(包括同性爱)的描写也更为；露骨。
战争文学战后出现的第一股文学浪潮是战争小说。
其中较好的是梅勒的《裸者和死者》(1948)和詹姆斯·琼斯的《从这里到永恒》(1951)。
两部书的共同点是通过战争，写小兵、下级军官与军事机构的矛盾，即人的个性与扼杀个性的权力机构之间的冲突。
这些小说已经触及战后整个一代文学最突出的一个主题。
“怯懦的十年”50年代，右翼保守势力向30年代激进主义传统进攻，许多人由关心社会进步转而关心个人的私利。
这10年被称为“怯懦的十年”或“沉寂的十年”。
这期间，出现了一些作品，将资产阶级描绘成正面人物，鼓吹服从权威，如《穿灰法兰绒衣服的人》(1955)。
这类作品企图维护既定价值标准和现存社会秩序，很快就失去了影响。
另一方面，阿瑟·米勒等作家抵制麦卡锡主义，继续用作品抨击社会的不正义。
“垮掉的一代”50年代沉闷的政治空气使许多青年感到窒息，他们吸毒、群居，以颓唐、放纵的生活方式来表示自己的抗议。
其中有些人把这种生活与情绪写入文学作品，这便是“垮掉的一代”文学。
这种文学发展到60年代后，在国内民主运动高涨的背景下，增加了一些政治色彩。
tpo45三篇托福阅读TOEFL原文译文题目答案译文背景知识
tpo45三篇托福阅读TOEFL原文译文题目答案译文背景知识阅读-1 (2)原文 (2)译文 (5)题目 (7)答案 (15)背景知识 (16)阅读-2 (16)原文 (16)译文 (19)题目 (23)答案 (30)背景知识 (31)阅读-3 (32)原文 (32)译文 (35)题目 (37)答案 (45)背景知识 (45)阅读-1原文The Beringia Landscape①During the peak of the last ice age,northeast Asia(Siberia)and Alaska were connected by a broad land mass called the Bering Land Bridge.This land bridge existed because so much of Earth’s water was frozen in the great ice sheets that sea levels were over100meters lower than they are today.Between25,000and10,000years ago,Siberia,the Bering Land Bridge,and Alaska shared many environmental characteristics.These included a common mammalian fauna of large mammals,a common flora composed of broad grasslands as well as wind-swept dunes and tundra,and a common climate with cold,dry winters and somewhat warmer summers.The recognition that many aspects of the modern flora and fauna were present on both sides of the Bering Sea as remnants of the ice-age landscape led to this region being named Beringia.②It is through Beringia that small groups of large mammal hunters, slowly expanding their hunting territories,eventually colonized North and South America.On this archaeologists generally agree,but that is where the agreement stops.One broad area of disagreement inexplaining the peopling of the Americas is the domain of paleoecologists,but it is critical to understanding human history:what was Beringia like?③The Beringian landscape was very different from what it is today. Broad,windswept valleys;glaciated mountains;sparse vegetation;and less moisture created a rather forbidding land mass.This land mass supported herds of now-extinct species of mammoth,bison,and horse and somewhat modern versions of caribou,musk ox,elk,and saiga antelope.These grazers supported in turn a number of impressive carnivores,including the giant short-faced bear,the saber-tooth cat,and a large species of lion.④The presence of mammal species that require grassland vegetation has led Arctic biologist Dale Guthrie to argue that while cold and dry, there must have been broad areas of dense vegetation to support herds of mammoth,horse,and bison.Further,nearly all of the ice-age fauna had teeth that indicate an adaptation to grasses and sedges;they could not have been supported by a modern flora of mosses and lichens. Guthrie has also demonstrated that the landscape must have been subject to intense and continuous winds,especially in winter.He makes this argument based on the anatomy of horse and bison,which do not have the ability to search for food through deep snow cover.They needlandscapes with strong winds that remove the winter snows,exposing the dry grasses beneath.Guthrie applied the term“mammoth steppe"to characterize this landscape.⑤In contrast,Paul Colinvaux has offered a counterargument based on the analysis of pollen in lake sediments dating to the last ice age.He found that the amount of pollen recovered in these sediments is so low that the Beringian landscape during the peak of the last glaciation was more likely to have been what he termed a"polar desert,"with little or only sparse vegetation,in no way was it possible that this region could have supported large herds of mammals and thus,human hunters. Guthrie has argued against this view by pointing out that radiocarbon analysis of mammoth,horse,and bison bones from Beringian deposits revealed that the bones date to the period of most intense glaciation.⑥The argument seemed to be at a standstill until a number of recent studies resulted in a spectacular suite of new finds.The first was the discovery of a1,000-square-kilometer preserved patch of Beringian vegetation dating to just over17,000years ago—the peak of the last ice age.The plants were preserved under a thick ash fall from a volcanic eruption.Investigations of the plants found grasses,sedges,mosses,and many other varieties in a nearly continuous cover,as was predicted by Guthrie.But this vegetation had a thin root mat with no soil formation,demonstrating that there was little long-term stability in plant cover,a finding supporting some of the arguments of Colinvaux.A mixture of continuous but thin vegetation supporting herds of large mammals is one that seems plausible and realistic with the available data.译文洞察白令地貌①在上一次冰期的高峰，东北亚地区（西伯利亚）和阿拉斯加曾由一片广阔的陆地相连，这片土地被叫做白令陆桥。
托福阅读tpo69R-2原文+译文+题目+答案+背景知识
TPO69阅读-2Pacific Ecosystems原文 (1)译文 (2)题目 (4)答案 (8)背景知识 (9)原文Pacific Ecosystems①The Pacific Ocean accounts for one-third of Earth’s surface and half of the world’s ocean area.It has about25,000islands,of which about7,500are oceanic,being relatively far from a continental shore.The great majority of all Pacific islands were born barren of life:hard,dense,volcanic rock pimples on the sea's surface.New Zealand is the chief exception;it is among the continental islands of the western Pacific,together with Fiji,the Solomons,and others to the west.②Life arrived on most other islands by accident or by drift.Some plants arrived by air transport;seeds carried in the digestive tracts of birds account for nearly40 percent of Hawaii's early plants.The first invaders were either creatures that could float well enough,in air or water,to cross stretches of ocean,or those whose seeds could survive a voyage in some bird's gut.At times of lower sea level,land bridges linked,or nearly linked,many islands in the far western Pacific,so some species colonized these islands without being notably good floaters or stowaways.In the eastern Pacific(Easter Island,for example)only the best floaters and travelers arrived and survived.Consequently,the western islands have far more species and far greater biodiversity than do the eastern islands of Polynesia.Mammals found it hard to get anywhere in the island Pacific;only bats and rats successfully colonized east of New Guinea.Almost all species derive from Asia;the early Pacific was an Asian lake,with only a tiny proportion of species from the Americas.As a rule of thumb,the further from Indonesia,the more impoverished the plant and animal life and,in consequence,the less stable and resilient in the face of disturbance. This attenuation is strong for land species,less strong for marine species,and nonexistent for oceanic birds,although fairly strong for land birds.③Pacific ecosystems evolved in relative(but differential)isolation from the continental crucibles of biological evolution.This meant opportunities for speciation:the development of new species occupying ecological niches that elsewhere were already filled.The finches described by the naturalist Charles Darwin on the Galapagos Islands—birds that divided into different species,each specialized for a narrow niche—are the classic example.On islands that had no mammals,reptiles and birds took their place.Thus the Galapagos have giant tortoises,and New Zealand once had giant birds that functioned more or less like browsing or grazing mammals.Throughout most of the Pacific,the paucity of grazing animals meant that plants developed no defenses,such as spines, poisonous chemicals,or bitterness.The remoter islands had a very high proportion of endemism—that is，of species that existed only there.In the case of Hawaii,as many as99percent of the species were endemic.All this led to a certain biological vulnerability among the terrestrial island species,should they ever be obliged to compete for niche space with the winners of the more intense continental competitions for survival.This vulnerability increased toward the east and toward the remoter corners of the Pacific along a gradient defined chiefly by the degree of isolation.④A second source of vulnerability,perhaps more decisive,arose from the arrival of humankind in the Pacific.Island animals evolved with no experience of the ways of humankind,or indeed of any large terrestrial predators.As a result,they had no immunities to predators or the effects of human action.Pacific animals were often unwary and easy prey.At the extreme,again the Galapagos,Darwin found many birds almost tame,so naively trusting that they would allow him to get within arm’s reach.Pacific plants had little experience with fire,because natural fires were very rare,except in a few places.Thus few plants were well adapted to fire,and most proved vulnerable to it.In contrast,continental species that had evolved in the presence of humankind,or in places where natural fire is much more common, could recover easily after burns,and some could flourish as a result of fire.In short, Pacific ecosystems were different from continental ones on account of their isolation.They were well adapted to their circumstances but very vulnerable to alien invasion and human impact.译文太平洋生态系统①太平洋占地球表面的三分之一，占世界海洋面积的一半。
TOEFL新托福阅读背景知识汇总
TOEFL新托福阅读背景知识汇总TOEFL新托福阅读背景学问汇总为了让大家更好的预备托福考试，我给大家整理新托福阅读背景学问汇总，下面我就和大家共享，来观赏一下吧。
新托福阅读背景学问：现代派文学的兴起两次世界大战之间从第一次世界大战到其次次世界大战，是US文学的其次次富强时期。
20年月，各种流派相继消失，表现了高度进展的资本主义社会的种.种冲突和精神世界方面的问题。
30年月基本上是左翼文学占主导地位，从30年月后期起，文学界分化成各个流派，又消失了纷坛多样的局面。
总的来说，现代派文学与左翼文学是这个时期两股最大的文学思潮。
从这个时期起，US文学开头发生世界性的影响。
1930年后，US作家间续得到诺贝尔文学奖金。
现代派文学的兴起20世纪初，US的经济有了很大进展。
垄断资本进一步集中，大城市人口密集，工农运动规模越来越大。
社会面貌与人的精神面貌，已非19世纪传统现实主义手法与惠特曼式的风格所能精确反映。
大战前的最初10年为孕育新的风格、新的流派作了预备。
欧洲的现代派文艺不断介绍到US。
19世纪下半期US的诗歌处于过渡阶段，继惠特曼后只消失了一个重要诗人艾米莉·狄更生。
她一反浮夸的浪漫主义诗风，以不规章的韵律、奇怪的对比和自由的联想，打开了通向US现代诗的道路。
1912年，《诗刊》在芝加哥创办，标志着现代派文艺的开头。
《诗刊》的头3卷里，消失了庞德(1885-1973)、韦·林赛(1879-1931)、艾·洛威尔(1874-1925)、威·卡·威廉斯(1883-1963)、桑德堡(1878-1967)、沃·斯蒂文斯(1879-1955)、艾·李·马斯特斯(1868-1950)、玛·莫尔(1887-1972)等人的作品。
这些人后来都成为US有成就的诗人。
其中有意象主义者，有接近劳动人民的芝加哥诗派，有20世纪的田园诗人，有新的乡土主义者，有抽象哲理派诗人。
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托福阅读背景知识大全
托福考试中，阅读每篇文章篇幅在700字左右，总共3-4篇。
托福阅读是托福考试中相当重要的一个科目，而它涵盖的题材又十分广泛。
如果在考场上，同样的考题，考生熟悉并掌握了阅读文章的背景知识，做起题来就会非常轻松，做题的速度和准确率也会提高很多。
虽然托福阅读并不考察背景知识，但背景知识又绝对是需要备考的资料之一。
本篇文章雷哥托福小托君就带领大家一起来看看托福阅读中常常出现的背景知识。
一、历史
历史背景知识在托福阅读中出现得还是比较多的，历史是一个很宽泛的概念，它包括不同国家的发展进程，从文化、政治到生活、社会等等。
比如说，在欧美近代史中，工业革命占据着特别重要的位置。
从托福TPO中出现的有关工业革命的文章可以看到，它也会涉及工业革命中的农业发展、铁路建设等，还涉及那个时期的人口增长等方方面面。
工业革命起源于英国，它的发展包括了当时的棉花、运输、钢铁、汽车等等产业。
大家在进行阅读备考的时候，可以留意一下文章内容。
除了工业革命之外，还有诸如美国发展史、民族融合、文化融合等等。
二、地理
地理学题材包括地球的构成、地理现象、降雨降雪、冰川的形成、河流森林等。
三、文学
一般文学都是与历史分不开的，文学就是在记录历史。
研究文学就是重温历史。
托福阅读中常常出现诸如美国文学作品的介绍，包括作者生平、文学流派等。
比如，各种古希腊罗马神话故事作品、史诗文学、自传等等；有黑人文学、男方作家、纽约作家以及诗歌流派等。
四、天文学
涉及宇宙、银河、八大行星、日食月食极光天文现象、火星上有水、雷电现象等。
五、社会
社会生活中大家比较关心的问题以及比较有争议的问题等，比如说，男女平等、抑郁症的治疗、节日庆典、人际交往、社会群体、社交媒体、交通问题、教育问题、城市规划等等。
六、动植物
此题材属于托福阅读必考题材。
涉及到的内容通常涵盖某种动物的起源、某地植物的起源、乌龟的习性、鹿群数量的变迁、植物与矿物等。
七、其他类
包括艺术（陶器、瓷器、音乐、绘画、玻璃艺术、手工艺）、建筑、生物科技、经济金融等。
托福阅读的背景知识包罗万象，以上属于相对比较常见的方面。
那这些背景知识究竟应该如何去积累呢？小托君建大家在平时的备考过程中，利用空闲时间看看《国家地理杂志》、纪录片等，没有必要记住细节，只需了解即可。
毕竟托福阅读不是考察记忆或者要求上知天文下知地理。
但同时，大家可以通过这样的过程将托福备考变成一个有趣的学习知识、拓展眼界的机会，也是为出国留学提前打一下文化基础，为今后更好的融入国外学习生活做好铺垫。
来源：雷哥托福。