中国文化概况(修订版)Chapter 11 new
The Forest of Steles
• displays the largest number of steles or stone-carved books • covers steles from many dynasties
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Xi’an
Terracotta Army of Emperor Qinshihuang
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Xi’an
The Bell Tower • built in the center of the city • now a two-storey wooden structure on a square base • with a panoramic view of the city
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Xi’an
A GLIMPSE OF CHINESE CULTURE
中国文化概况
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Chapter 11
Major Tourist Cities
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学习目标
•介绍中国重点旅游城市； •熟悉中国旅游概况。
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Overview
Lead-in Activity
Chinese Tourism
Discussion & Presentation
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Hangzhou
Hangzhou’s Silk and Tea • Hangzhou being the home of silk in China • silk being famous for the soft, fine, and smooth texture • tea being famous for fragrance, luscious flavor, pleasant leaf shape, and emerald color
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Lead-in Activity
Discuss
Watch the video and discuss the following questions. 1 How do you define “food tourism”? 2 In your mind, does any country stands out at marketing the restaurants in the country? How is China doing in this area?
• built by Emperor Qinshihuang in hope of a better life in the other world • discovered by farmers in 1974 • three pits have been excavated so far
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Chinese Tourism
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Beijing
Temple of Heaven
• situated in the southern part of Beijing • a place where the Ming and Qing emperors worshipped the god of Heaven and prayed for good harvests • the structure signifies Heaven and Earth • a cultural museum which merges architecture, aesthetics, acoustics, astronomy, calendar, music and dance into a integral whole
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8 4 6 7
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Welcome Aboard: 1 Beijing 2 Xi’an 3 Hangzhou 4 Nanjing 5 Shanghai 6 Kunming 7 Guilin 8 Lhasa
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Hangzhou
West Lake • situated in the west of Hangzhou • known for its 10 famous attractions
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Beijing
Forbidden City
• a vast ancient architectural complex located in
the centre of Beijing • regarded as the finest example of traditional Chinese architecture • surround by a moat and walls • divided into two parts: the southern section (outer court) and the northern section (inner court) • 14 emperors of the Ming dynasty and 10 emperors of the Qing dynasty reined in here • listed as World Cultural Heritage Site by UNESCO
• still retain their original appearance • masterpieces of classical Chinese architecture • The big pagoda has 7 storeys and the small one has 13 storeys
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Beijing
Tian’anmen Square
• the symbol of New China • North: Tian’anmen Gate Tower Center: Monument to the People’s heroes West: Great Hall of the People East: National Museum of China
• has the longest history as China’s capital over about 10 dynasties • regarded as China’s museum of nature and history
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Xi’an
The Big and Small Wild Goose Pagodas
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Overview
Lead-in Activity
Chinese Tourism
Discussion & Presentation
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Chinese Tourism
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8 4 6 7
3 5
Welcome Aboard: 1 Beijing 2 Xi’an 3 Hangzhou 4 Nanjing 5 Shanghai 6 Kunming 7 Guilin 8 Lhasa
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Beijing
Ming Tombs
• situated at the foot of the Heavenly Longevity Mountain • 13 emperors, along with 23 empresses and other royal families and maids in the Ming dynasty were buried here • harmony and unity with nature was paid attention to • reflect the philosophy of “the unity of heaven and humanity”
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Beijing
Summer Palace
• largest imperial garden in the world • initial construction began in 1750 • commissioned by Emperor Qianlong as a birthday gift for her birthday • plundered by foreign troops in 1860 and innovated by Empress Dowager Cixi in 1886 • consists primarily of the Longevity Hill and Kunming Lade
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Chinese Tourism
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8 4 6 7
3 5
Welcome Aboard: 1 Beijing 2 Xi’an 3 Hangzhou 4 Nanjing 5 Shanghai 6 Kunming 7 Guilin 8 Lhasa
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Xi’an
Introduction
• the capital of Shaanxi province
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Hangzhou
Lingyin Temple • built by Master Huili, a monk from Western India in the Jin dynasty • with beautiful scenery and many historic relics
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Hangzhou
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Nanjing
Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge • a double-decked bridge • with a four-lane, 4589-meter-long highway and 6772-meterlong double railroad tracks
中国文化概况A Glimpse of Chinese Culture(修订版)Chapter 12--World Heritage Sites
Natural Heritage
Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas
• Located in the mountainous northwest of Yunnan province • refer to the areas where the Jinsha River, the Lancang River and the Nujiang River flow roughly parallel through steep gorges • numerous natural resources and traditional customs of multiple ethnic minorities • harbour the richest biodiversity among the temperate areas of the world
Cultural and Natural Heritage
Cultural and Natural Heritage
Mount Wuyi • Located south of Wuyishan city, Fujian province • subtropical virgin forests and many attractions of exceptional scenic quality • also known for its great historic and cultural value
Natural Heritage
Natural Heritage
Huanglong Scenic and Historic Interest Area • Located in Songpan county, northwest of Sichuan province • Its most important feature is the outstanding karst formation. • tall arbours and shrubs, vines, herbs and moss, as well as rare and endangered plants that only China has. • enjoys the reputation of “Kingdom of Cold Temperate Plants”. • boasts more than 30 species of national Grade-A and Grade-B protected animals
中国文化概况
Shadow boxing ➢ A school of Chinese popular martial arts marked for slow and gentle movements that are designed for defense, strengthening of physique and prevention of diseases.
中国文化概况
中国文化概况
Traditional Physical Activities
Martial arts (Wushu 武术) Distinguished Chinese Martial Arts
中国文化概况
Martial arts
Wushu is also called Kong fu. According to the
formation of Chinese characters, 武 (wu) is made up of 止 and 戈. The former means “stop” while the later means “dagger-axe” or “any kind of weapon”. The combination of the two means stopping martial actions. With 术 (shu), which means strategies, together, the term means “using methods and skills to stop martial actions and activities”. Another meaning of this word is the martial activities between two people or two groups with the weapons.
中国文化概况
第一章简论1. 泰勒的文化定义：文化是包括知识、信仰、艺术、道德、法律、习俗，和任何人作为一名社会成员而获得的能力和习惯在内的复杂整体。
2. 文化结构的四个层次：（1）物态文化层：指人的物质生产活动及其产品的总和，是看得见摸的着的具体实在的事物，如人们的衣、食、住、行等。
（2）制度文化层：指人们在社会实践中建立的规范自身行为和调节相互关系的准则。
（3）行为文化层：指人们在长期社会交往中约定俗成的习惯和风俗，它是一种社会的、集体的行为，不是个人的随心所欲。
（4）心态文化层：指人们的社会心理和社会的意识形态，包括人们的价值观念、审美情趣、思维方式以及由此而产生的文学艺术作品。
3. 中国文化的特点：（1）外在特点A.统一性：中国文化在其历史发展的长河中，逐渐形成了一个以华夏文化为中心，同时汇集了国内各民族文化的统一体。
B.连续性：中国文化在历史发展中没有中断过，它是一环扣一环地连续发展的。
C.包容性：中国文化能够兼收并蓄。
D.多样性：中国文化虽然是一个完整的统一体，但因中国地域广大，民族众多，所以内部的区域文化和民族文化又呈现出丰富多彩的差异。
（2）内在特点A.中国文化突出人文主义精神，它不像西方文化那样依附于神学独断。
中国虽然也有宗教，但它并没有渗透到日常生活的各个方面。
相反，在中国人的生活里，宗法道德观念才是维系整个社会的根本纽带。
B.中国文化注重和谐与中庸。
C.中国文化富于安土乐天的情趣。
第二章地理概况1.世界屋脊：青藏高原2.四大盆地：塔里木盆地、准格尔盆地、柴达木盆地、四川盆地3.四大平原：东北平原、华北平原、长江中下游平原、珠江三角洲平原4.西藏在（元朝）归入中国的版图。
5.明代设（奴儿干都司）管理整个黑龙江流域和乌苏里江流域。
6.从秦汉到隋代实行（郡县制），从唐宋到辽金实行（道路制），元明清三代实行（行省制）。
7.汉武帝将国分为（十三刺史部（也称十三州）），属于监察性质，还不是行政区域，但却是中国行政区划史上设“州”的开始。
中国文化概况(修订版)Chapter 11 new
Beijing
Ming Tombs
• situated at the foot of the Heavenly Longevity Mountain • 13 emperors, along with 23 empresses and other royal families and maids in the Ming dynasty were buried here • harmony and unity with nature was paid attention to • reflect the philosophy of “the unity of heaven and humanity”
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Beijing
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Beijing
Forbidden City Tian’anmen Square Temple of Heaven Summer Palace Great Wall Ming Tombs
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Beijing
Introduction • China’s capital city • located in the northern part of the North China Plain • political and cultural center of China • has about 30 million permanent residents
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Beijing
Forbidden City
• a vast ancient architectural complex located in
the centre of Beijing • regarded as the finest example of traditional Chinese architecture • surround by a moat and walls • divided into two parts: the southern section (outer court) and the northern section (inner court) • 14 emperors of the Ming dynasty and 10 emperors of the Qing dynasty reined in here • listed as World Cultural Heritage Site by UNESCO
中国文化简介(英文版)课后习题答案2
中国文化简介（英文版）课后习题答案2Chapter6—chapter8Chapter 61.1) d 2) d 3) d 4) d2.5) Feng, Ya, Song, Fu, Bi, Xing6) The Classic of Poetry; The Classic of History; The Classic of Rites; The Classic of Rites; The Classic of Changes; The Spring and Autumn Annals.7) Feng (Ballads); Ya (Odes); Song (Sacrificial Songs)3.8) a. The Great Learningb. The Analects of Confucius9) a. The Doctrine of the Meanb . The Classic of History10) a. The Classic of Changesb. The Four Books and Five Classics4.11) “Confucius Way of the Heart”means if everyone makes strict demands onhimself/herself, and does everything according to the Confucian rites, then the relations between the king and the minister, the father and the son will eventually be harmonized, and the society will go smoothly.12) “To know something is not so good as to like it; to like it is not so good as todelight in it.” It means a person who prefers it can learn better than one who merely understands it; but a person who delights in it learns even better than one who only prefers it.5. 略Chapter 71 Multiple choice (choose the best answer).1) a 2) b 3) a 4) a2 Fill in the blanks.5)controlling flood, Yv the Great, Shun6)Pan Gu, Nv Wa, her own model, yellow clay3 Translate the following terms into English7)a. the descendants of Yan and Huang b. Yv the Great controlling the flood8)a. the Eight Immortals crossing the sea. b. Nv Wa creating man9)a. Pan Gu creating the world b.Kua Fu chasing the Sun4 Answer the following questions.10)Huang Di is resourceful in invention as well as in war and is credited with the invention of many things, like carts and boats, clothes, houses, writing and silkworm breeding and Silk weaving. Yan Di is credited with the invention of farming and medicine. He invented the wooden plow and taught people how to treat diseases. Wars urged the mixture and the assimilation of different tribes and eventually formed a tribal alliance of Huang Di and Yan Di. Traditions has it that Chinese civilization originated from the era of Huang Di and Yan Di, for they are the ancestors of the Chinese people. That is why the Chinese call themselves the descendants of Yan and Huang.11)略5 Retell the stories with the help of the following pictures.略Chapter 81.1) a 2)d 3)d 4) a2.5) the guti verse forms, jinti verse forms, classical, verse form, moder6) Shijing7) Li Sao8) Sage Poet, the greatest realist poet9) Su Shi, Li Qingzhao3.10) a. Tang Poems b. Songci11) a. yuanqu b. Chuci4.12) Yuefu originally referred to the “music bureau” in the Han Dynasty, responsible for collecting or writing poems, folk songs and ballads, and having them set to music. Later, poems, folk songs and ballads collected and compiled by yufu were given the name Yuefu.13) Ci is a kind of poetry written to certain tunes with strict tonal patterns and rhyme schemes, in fixed numbers of lines and words, originated in Tang Dynasty and fully developed in Song Dynasty.14) Apart from the above verse forms, there is also Fu, it’s something between poetry and prose, similar to rhapsody: a descriptive poem, and much cultivated from Han times to the Six Dynasties. Examples are Su Shi's “Fu on the Red Cliff”, Ban Gu’s Rhapsody on Two Capitals”, etc.5. 略。
中国文化概况A Glimpse of Chinese Culture-chapter 11
Famous Styles of Ancient Chinese Architecture
There are various architectural styles in Chinese history, of which the imperial, religious and civilian architectures have their own characteristics.
Beijing quadrangles (北京四合 院)
Quadrangle dwellings in Beijing are formed by four inward-facing houses, linked by enclosing walls. The principal room at the center is where family rituals take place and distinguished guests are welcomed. The houses all face a courtyard, connected by verandas (走廊).
Imperial Architecture
Imperial mausoleums
are important examples of ancient Chinese architecture since they usually represented the highest architectural techniques of their times.
The number nine carried a special meaning in ancient China. It was deemed that odd numbers represent yang while even numbers yin. Since nine is the largest odd number under ten, it was regarded an extremely lucky number. So, emperors liked to monopolize it to symbolize their superiority. Designs related to nine appeared almost on every imperial structure.
中国文化简介(英文版)课后习题答案
中国文化简介（英文版）课后习题答案 1Chapter 1答案1.Multiple choice (choose the best answer).1)c 2) b 3) a 4) d 5) c2.Fill in the blanks.6)Sumerian, Egyptian, Chinese characters7)red, rectangular, five stars8)form, sound, meaning9)family name, the given name, xing, shi, ming, zi3.Translate the following terms into English.10)a. the Imperial palace/the Forbidden City b. nature reserve c. autonomousregion d. special administrative region11) a. the Han nationality b. ethical tradition c. social status d. Chinese character4.Explain the following in English.12)paper making, printing, the compass and gunpowder.13)甲骨文，钟鼎文，小篆，隶书，楷书5.Answer the following questions.14)Chinese characters mainly have four ways of formation, namely pictographs,indicatives, ideographs and pictophonetic.15) A person ' nsing and zi were normally given by his or her elders. Hao wasdifferent from both ming and zi in that it was chosen by oneself rather than by others. A person often had more than one hao. Hao was not used to address one another but as a signature in one' poetic and artistic works. Hao usually revealed one ' s aspirations and moral values.16) A Chinese surname is generally composed of one character or syllable, such asZhang, Wu, Li, or Yang. There are also two-syllable, three-syllable or even four- syllable surnames, such as Ouyang, Zhuge, Sima, Gongsun, Zhukehun,Buliugu, Houmochen and Jingjiangliushi.Chapter 2答案1.Multiple choice (choose the best answer).1)c 2) d 3) a 4) d 5) a2.Fill in the blanks.6)221 B.C.7)Silk Road, Chang'an, Xinjiang, Mediterranean Sea8)Opium War9)Sun Yat-sen, feudal monarchical system3.Translate the following terms into English.10)a. the Paleolithic Era b. the Neolithic Age c. slave society d. Dream of RedMansions11)a. painted pottery b. the spring and Autumn Period c. socialist market economyd. Opium War4.Explain the following in English.12)During the reign of Emperor Wudi (Liu Che, r. 140-87 B.C.), the Han regimereached the period of its greatest prosperity: The emperor conquered theXiongnu nomads, and sent Zhang Qian as envoy to the Western Regions (Central Asia), and in the process pioneered the route known as the "Silk Road" from the Han capital Chang'an (today's Xi'an, Shaanxi Province), through Xinjiang and onward, finally reaching the east coast of the Mediterranean Sea.13)During the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods, philosophy and otherbranches of scholarship were unprecedentedly thriving, with therepresentatives of various schools vying with each other in writing books to discuss politics and analyze society. Hence the appearance of a situation in which "a hundred schools of thought contended."5.Answer the following questions.14)The Opium War was the turning point in Chinese history in that it marked theclose of the ancient period and the beginning of the modern history.15)The reason why the construction of the Dujiang Dam was so important inChinese ancient times is that it made possible rationalized irrigationsupply, flood diversion and sand discharge.16)During his reign, Qin Shi Huang standardized the script, currencies, andweights and measures, established the system of prefectures and counties, and constructed the world-renowned Great Wall as well as a large palace,mausoleum and temporary regal lodges respectively in Xianyang, Lishan andother places. In addition, the life-size terracotta horses and armoredwarriors excavated from sites near the mausoleum of Qin Shi Huang are known as the eighth wonder of the world.Chapter 3答案1．Multiple choice (choose the best answer).1.d 2) b 3) a 4) b 5) d2.Fill in the blanks.6)3000, 727)li, yi, yi8)Mo Zi9)Xun Zi, nature, materialism, atheism3.Translate the following terms into English.10)a. Confucianism b. ( Sun Wu’s ) the Art of War c. Confucian analects d. Second Sage11)a. the feudal landlord class b. conservatism c. the policy of benevolence d. the nine-squarefield system4.Explain the following in English.12)The six documents (The Six Classics) under Confucius compilation include Shi (The Book ofSongs), Shu (Collection of Ancient Texts), Li (The Rites), Yue (The Music), Yi (I Ching, or The Classic of Changes), andChun Qiu (The Spring and Autumn Annuals), which are considered as the classics of Confucianism.13)Mencius believed that human beings are good by nature. He held that this goodnessis innateand can be acquired without learning or thinking; one’ s natural goodness is presented by the exercise of benevolence, righteousness, proprieties and prudence. Evil comes into being when one rejects their natural goodness.5.Answer the following questions.14)According to Mencius, the ideal moral personality is that one should never be “ corruptedby neither riches nor honors, shaken by neither peorvty nor adversity, faltered by neither threats nor force ”.15)Han Feizi argued that human nature is basically selfish, and thus the social order can bemaintained only when the ruler imposes rules and his subjects must obey withoutquestioning and enforces them with strict punishments. As a moral and ethical system,“isrtehne ” central theme of Confucius Analects, which focuses on human love that is hierarchical and differentiated. Thus Confucius created his version of humanism. In his idea, human nature is partially good and partially evil. Based on “ ren ” , Confucoibujsected to the fantastic powers that confused the human spirit.16)As one of the greatest thinkers and educators in the history of China, Confucius contributionslie in the following three aspects. Firstly, he compiled and preserved literary works of three generations. The six documents (The Six Classics) under his compilation, including Shi (The Book of Songs), Shu (Collection of Ancient Texts), Li (The Rites), Yue (The Music), Yi(I Ching, or The Classic of Changes), and Chun Qiu (The Spring and Autumn Annuals), areconsidered as the classics of Confucianism. Secondly, Confucius established a system of philosophical thoughts with “ ren ” (benevolenaces)its fundamental virtue. Thirdly, Confucius established private schools and founded a systematic educational framework.Chapter 4答案1.Multiple choice (choose the best answer).1) d 2) d 3) b 4) b 5) c2.Fill in the blanks.6)naturalistic, primitive7)the simplicity, true nature, selfishness, desire8)Old Master9)the social order, individual freedom3.Translate the following terms into English.10)a. prehistoric times b. pessimism c. Taoism d. men-cosmos correspondence11)a. Chinese martial arts b. astrology c. Chinese alchemy d. social order4.Explain the following in English.12)compassion, moderation, and humility13)Mount Longhu (Mount Dragon and Tiger) in Jiangxi Province, Mount Qingcheng in Sichuan Province,Mount Wudang in Hubei Province, and Mount Qiyun in Anhui Province.5.Answer the following questions.14)The core of Lao Zi ' thought is "Tao'(the Way), by which he refered to the condition of theuniverse before the creation of the heaven and the earth. Therefore, it is from Tao that all the elements of the universe are derived. Reversal enables Tao to have a circular movement, that is, when the development of anything brings it to one extreme, a reversal to the other extreme takes place.15)Taoism is one of the most important religions in China, which refers to a variety of relatedphilosophical and religious traditions and concepts. These traditions have influenced East Asia for over two thousand years and some have spread to the West. As the native religion of China, Daoism, together with Confucianism and Buddhism, comprises the main body of traditional Chinese culture. Daoists, in pursuit of the ideal of becoming immortals by practicing Dao, made great efforts to transcend conventional wisdom about life and knowledge and thus helped both to define ancient science in China and to advance it through a great number of inventions. Chinese alchemy, astrology, cuisine, several Chinese martial arts, Chinese traditional medicine, fengshui, and many styles of qigong breath training disciplines have been intertwined with Daoism throughout history.16)Lao Zi ' s “ruling by non-action or inaction reflects the exploration of an intellectual forthe ultimate solution of the social order and individual freedom. His pursuit of vacuity and action through non-action echoes the reality of his time, a period torn by ceaseless wars among states. Lao Zi used the term broadly with simplicity and humility as key virtues, often in contrast to selfish action. On a political level, it means avoiding wars, harsh laws and heavy taxes. For him, it was more important to “see the simplicity, to realize one ' s true nature, to castselfishness, and to temper desireChapter 5答案1.Multiple choice (choose the best answer).1)c 2) c 3) a 4) a 5) d2.Fill in the blanks.6)the Han Dynasty, the Sui and Tang7)Confucianism, Taoism8)Wutai, the “ roof of northern China ”9)Buddhist temples, 76 temples, first3.Translate the following terms into English.10)a. Buddhism b. meditation c. Confucianism d. Buddhist temple11)a. the Great Buddha Hall b. Buddhist scripture c. joss stick d. summer resort4.Explain the following in English.12)The Four Wonders of Mount Emei are the “GolderSummit Sunrise " ：' Seof Clouds” ,“Buddha' s Halo " and the “Holy Lamp” .13)The Ten Schools of Chinese Buddhism are as follows:a.Reality School or Kosa School or Abhidharma School.b.Satysiddhi School or Cheng-se School.c.Three Sastra School or San-lun School.d.The Lotus School or T'ien-t'ai School.e.The Garland School or Hua-yen.f.Intuitive School or Ch'an School or Dhyana School.g.Discipline School or Lu School or Vinaya School.h.Esoteric School or Chen-yien School or Mantra School.i.Dharmalaksana School or Ch'u-en School or Fa-siang School.j.Pure-land School or Sukhavati School or Ching-t'u School.5.Answer the following questions.14)The cornerstone of Buddhist philosophy is the view that all life is suffering.15)the doctrine of Four Noble Truths refers to: life is suffering, the cause of suffering isdesire, the answer is to quench desire, and the way to this end is to follow the Eight-Fold Path, which consists of right knowledge, right thought, right speech, right behavior, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness and right concentration.16)When Li Bai, famous Chinese poet of the Tang Dynasty, was invited to Mount Jiuhua, he wasoverwhelmed by the scene of nine peaks that look like lotus blooms from heaven. Out of admiration he composed the lines: "Twcforces preserve between the World and the Heaven; Nine lotuses blossom on the Jiuhua Mountain. "Since then the mountain has been attracting men of letters throughout the ages, and thus Jiuhua obtained its fame.第二章中国文史小常识1、谥号是古代对死去的人按其生平事迹评定后，给予褒贬或屿的称号，谥号可与庙号结合，或为全称的组成部分，也可独立使用。
中国文化概论-2024鲜版
使用规范
遵循国家语言文字工作委员会发布的《现代汉语通 用字表》、《普通话异读词审音表》等规范标准， 注意避免使用生僻字和异体字，正确使用标点符号 等。
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03
哲学思想与宗教信仰自由政策
Chapter
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儒家思想体系及其影响
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儒家思想的核心观念
仁、义、礼、智、信等。
经典剧目欣赏
各剧种都有其经典剧目，如京剧《穆 桂英挂帅》、豫剧《花木兰》、越剧 《红楼梦》等。
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传统美术创作理念和代表作品
传统美术创作理念
注重意境的表现和情感的传达，追求笔墨的韵味和画面的诗意。
代表作品
中国传统美术作品丰富多样，如山水画、花鸟画、人物画等，代表作品有《清明上河图》、《富春山居图》等。
天文图谱与星表 古代中国天文学家编制了多种天文图谱和星表，如《石氏 星表》、《步天歌》等，为天文研究提供了重要资料。
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医学理论体系构建及治疗方法探讨
中医理论体系
中医以阴阳五行学说为 基础，构建了独特的医 学理论体系，包括脏腑 经络学说、病因病机学 说、诊法治则学说等。
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中药与方剂
地域性
中国文化具有鲜明的地域特色，不同地域的文化在饮食、建筑、 艺术等方面表现出多样性。
民族性
中国文化是多元一体的，由56个民族共同创造，各民族的文化 相互交融、相互影响。
包容性
中国文化具有强大的包容性，能够吸收和融合外来文化，形成独 特的文化景观。
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历史传承与发展脉络
历史传承
中国文化具有悠久的历史传承，自古至今，文化传承从未中断，形成了独特的文化传统。
《中国文化概论》课后习题答案
《中国文化概论》课后习题答案中国文化概论(修订版)张岱年第一章中国文化的历史地理环境 (2)第二章中国文化植根的经济基础(2)第三章中国文化依赖的社会政治结构(3)第四章中国传统文化的发展历程 (3)第五章中国的多民族文化融合与中外文化交汇(5)第六章中国语言文字(5)第七章中国古代科学技术 (6)第八章中国古代教育(7)第九章中国古代文学 (7)第十章中国古代艺术(8)第十一章中国古代史学(8)第十二章中国传统伦理道德(8)第十三章中国古代宗教 (10)第十四章中国古代哲学(11)第十五章中国文化的类型与特点 (11)第十六章中国文化的基本精神 (12)第十七章中国传统文化的价值系统 (13)第十八章中国传统文化向近代的转变(15)第十九章建设社会主义的中国新文化(15)绪论一为什么说文化就就是“自然的人化”？文化的实质性含义就是指:人化或人类化,即人类主体通过社会实践活动,适应、利用、改造自然界客体而逐步实现自身价值观念的过程。
其体现即有自然面貌、形态、功能的不断改观;也有人类个体与群体素质的不断提高与完善。
二怎样理解广义文化与狭义文化的联系与区别？广义的文化,着眼于人类与一般动物,人类社会与自然界的本质区别,着眼于人类卓立于自然的独特的生存方式,其涵盖面非常广泛,所以又被称为大文化。
狭义的文化排除人类社会——历史生活中关于物质创造活动及其结果的部分,专注于精神创造活动及其结果,主要就是心态文化,又称“小文化”。
书本绪论为什么说文化就就是“自然的人化”三文化结构的四层次包括哪些内容？对文化的结构解剖,有两分说,即分为物质文化与精神文化;有三层次说,即分为物质、制度、精神三层次;有四层次说,即分为物质、制度、风俗习惯、思想与价值。
有六大子系统说,即物质、社会关系、精神、艺术、语言符号、风俗习惯等。
(注意:这里还就是记住为好,六大系统可简记为:社语俗物精艺)四怎样认识与评价中国传统文化？中国传统文化就是中华民族历史的结晶,具有历史性与现实性,不就是博物馆里的陈列品,传统文化所蕴含的、代代相传的思维方式、价值观念、行为准则、一方面具有强烈的历史性、遗传性;另一方面具有鲜活的现实性、变异性,它无时无刻不在影响着今天的中国人,为我们开创新文化提供历史的根据与现实的基础。
中国文化概况中英版
中国文化概况中英版An Overview of Chinese Culture (English Version)I. IntroductionChinese culture, with its long history and profound essence, is the sum of material and spiritual cultures created and passed down by the Chinese nation throughout its historical development. Chinese culture emphasizes humanism, focusing on moral values, etiquette, family, and social order.II. Main Contents1. History and EvolutionChinese culture boasts a rich history spanning thousands of years, from the Xia, Shang, and Zhou dynasties to the Spring and Autumn period, the Warring States period, and then to the Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties. It has continuously absorbed and integrated foreign cultures, forming a unique cultural system.2. Traditional ValuesConfucianism is one of the cornerstones of Chinese culture, emphasizing virtues such as benevolence, filial piety, loyalty, and etiquette, which have profoundly influenced the behavior and values of the Chinese people. Taoism emphasizes the harmony between man and nature, advocating a natural and non-interventionist approach. Buddhism, on the other hand, emphasizes compassion and self-sacrifice, having a significant impact on Chinese religion and philosophy.3. Cultural Characteristics- Festival Culture: China has many traditional festivals, such as the Spring Festival, Mid-Autumn Festival, and Dragon Boat Festival, each with unique celebration methods and cultural connotations.- Clothing Culture: Traditional Chinese clothing, such as Hanfu and Tangzhuang, reflects the unique aesthetic concepts and cultural characteristics of the Chinese nation.- Architectural Culture: Traditional Chinese architecture, including palaces, temples, and gardens, is renowned for its distinctive styles and exquisite craftsmanship.- Cuisine Culture: Chinese cuisine, known for its rich flavors and exquisiteculinary techniques, is an important representation of China's cultural charm.4. Influence on the WorldThe values and ideological systems of Chinese culture have had a profound impact on the world, especially Confucianism, which has influenced Asia and beyond. Traditional Chinese arts and forms of expression, such as calligraphy, painting, and Peking Opera, are also deeply loved and admired by people around the world.III. ConclusionChinese culture is a treasure of the Chinese nation, embodying unique charm and value. Through learning and understanding Chinese culture, we can gain a deeper understanding of the history, traditions, and spiritual outlook of the Chinese people, further enhancing our sense of national pride and self-confidence. At the same time, Chinese culture has also made significant contributions to the diversity and development of world culture.中国文化概况中英版一、引言中国文化，源远流长，博大精深，是中华民族在长期历史发展过程中所创造并传承下来的物质文化和精神文化的总和。