天津外国语学院2006年基础英语汉语

天津外国语学院2006年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目：基础英语、汉语（注意：答案必须写在答题纸上）（考试时间180分钟总分150分）I. Choose the one answer that best completes the sentence. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)1. The New Historicists in America and their ______ in Britain, the “Cultural Materialists”, have produced a substantial body of work on Renaissance literature and society.A. counterpartsB. dichotomiesC. allegiancesD. antagonists2. For______, it was a painful time: They had to quit using drugs because they could not get any. It was not easy to make them see the harm of drug abuse.A. drug traffickersB. addictsC. dependentsD. money launderers3. People were confused when Howard Dean, the ______of the Donkey tried to sell his plan which sounded so much Republican.A. pastorB. public servantC. liaisonD. archbishop4. When the resort could not get the life working again, ski patrollers rescued the stranded passengers by traversing the cable using rescue equipment in a ______one witness likened to something out of a James Bond movie.A. sceneB. featC. honeD. phantom5. Koizumi chose to ______ Sino-Japanese relations so as to create domestic conditions for the diplomacy overhaul.A. aggregateB. pleaseC. exacerbateD. alleviate6. There is no evidence that properly cooked poultry or eggs can be______.A. a source of infectionB. poisonous to lifeB. located as harmful D. determined contagious7. Seven-eight years old Wilson lost his life when approaching a whirlpool formed by the flooding of water and sewage in Havana, Cuba, after the devastating ______ of Hurricane Wilma.A. passageB. roundC. routeD. assault8. Voices of the media, especially of the mainstream media, have represented the common perspective of society‟s elite, but few analyses have gone deep into the problem and the repeated stresses on self-examination turn out______.A. to be stereotypesB. to be a wailC. to be nonsenseD. to be clichés9. They have long maintained that any solution to the current problems in the Middle East should be based on the demands and aspiration of local people and it is unreasonable to ______ any program unacceptable to regional countries.A. advertB. reverseC. imposeD. veto10. As part of the extensive revamping in preparation for the 2008 summer Olympics, a total of sixWorld Cultural Heritage sites will get a ______, to restore their ancient luster.A. plastic surgeryB. faceliftC. reshapingD. facilitation11. The ______ nationalism is nationalism without brakes: in the name of loving the country, itsdemands are unrestrained, devoid of any kind of universalistic considerations.A. invidiousB. sheerC. trivialD. impeding12. Language anxiety is ______ occurring when a learner is expected to perform in the second orforeign language.A. comprehensionB. apprehensionC. tranquilityD. nonchalance13. His interest in ______ activities took him to islands in the Bahamas and to icy mountainstreams.A. physicalB. intellectualC. dexterousD. piscatorial14. Liu‟s antics eventually brought ______ to ______ that astonished the whole nation.A. a rumor, allegianceB. the murder, affirmationC. a fraud case, lightD. the stage, wonderland15. A red tide of ______ algae was found for the first time in Bohai, China‟s inland sea, on June11.It has proved to be the most serious ______ yet discovered in the country.A. devouring, contaminationB. toxic, occurrenceC. malicious, red tideD. relinquish, catastrophe16. Russia‟s environmental watchdog said the ______ could reach the first Russian ______ in thenext two to three days, while the Emergencies Ministry said it could start affecting the city of Khabarovsk by December10---12.A. earthquake, villageB. flood, victimsC. mud-slide, frontierD. spill, settlement17. Beijing has tried to ______ on unsafe conditions nationwide, but authorities say local officialsleave many ______ mines open in order to raise profit.A. crack down, questionableB. harness, smallC. close, dangerousD. issue policies, private18. In China, tea is drunk not only as a ______ to keep colds and coughs away in winter, but alsoas a ______ providing ______ for the body in dry, hot weather.A. medicine, tenderizer, lubricationB. remedy, tonic, energyC. antibiotic, brewer, lubricationD. way, soother, energy19. A national campaign has been ______ recently to raise the moral standards of the youngergeneration, but we have failed to ______ to improving their parents‟ manners.A. spotted, place necessary emphasisB. launched, attach equal importanceC. witnessed, value the significanceD. discovered, look into the issue20. According to industry analysts, the stipulation which requires that all land used forconstruction must be auctioned will both ______ illegal land exchange and ______ thosedevelopers not out for the ______ reality of real estate.A. deter, weed out, cut-throatB. punish, warn, severeC. wipe out, hinder, prominentD. stunt, impede, exorbitantII. Read carefully the following passage (which for your convenience has been divided into three sections) and then answer the questions. (20 points)[A]There are three factors of awe-inspiring magnitude facing those who seek adventure among the highest peaks. They are this matter of vertical scale, the climatic conditions and the climbing difficulties. Let us look at altitude first.The rarefied air surrounding the upper part of Everest obviously makes movement, even over easy ground, much more difficult. Lack of oxygen also shows down and blurs the mental processes. Beyond a certain point life it is no longer possible. On the other hand, it is now sufficiently established that the ill-effects of altitude in the climber may at least be retarded by a careful regimen of what we call acclimatization, a gradual getting used to increasing height over a certain period of time. Individual performances on a mountain naturally vary, but it may be said that those among us who are best adapted to climb high mountains, provided they follow this policy of gradualness, can reach an altitude of at least 21000 feet and remain there without serious detriment---at any rate long enough to make a supreme final effort to reach a higher point, provided it is not too far above.Trouble begins above that height, which is one main reason why the really high peaks---those of 26000 feet and over---are in a different category of difficulty from any lesser ones. The policy of gradualness breaks down, for the muscle tissues begin to deteriorate fairly rapidly and the climber‟s resistance to cold, his fortitude in the face of wind and weather, are weakened. He tends to lose the promptings of appetite and thirst and he is denied the relaxation of normal sleep. In fact, from about 21000 feet onwards, he really needs greatly to speed up the rate of his progress and employ …rush‟ tactics.[B]But this he cannot do. On the contrary, he is increasingly handicapped by the height as he climbs and his progress becomes painfully slow; the mental effort, like the physical, is infinitely greater. If this is true of easy ground, it is the more so when difficulties arise, even minor ones which would not deter a moderate performer at l lower at a lower height. A slight change of gradient may be a straw which will break the camel‟s back. Considering that Everest is over 29000 feet and that some 8000 feet have to be climbed above this established level of successful acclimatization, one aspect of our problem becomes clear. It would be very desirable, in order to minimize the factor of physical deterioration, to climb those 8000 feet in a day, or at most two; but this is clearly quite out of the question. For so slowly dose the climber move by his own unaided efforts, that four or five days would be required to get up, quite apart from the subsequent descent, and by about the fourth day at latest, he would already be so weakened mentally as well as physically, that he would be unlikely to have the strength or the determination for the last lap---just when he needs it most. This is what had happened before at about the 28000-foot level.But the problem is much more complex than this. These days above 21000 feet involve the establishment of a number of high camps, and these in turn represent tents, sleeping-bags, mattresses, food, cooking equipment and fuel, as well as climbing gear. All this must be carried up,and because of the need to provide even a modicum of comfort and---more important---protection against the cold, some of this baggage id inevitably fairly heavy. The loads would be far beyond the capacity of those destined to climb to the top, which should be carried up by others in a supporting role. Moreover, in order to keep the size and stocks of these high camps to a minimum, the baggage parties must be staggered in time; the loads in turn is likely to be protracted because the amount any man can carry at high altitude is so small.And in the final stages particularly, the saving of time is vital, not only because of physical deterioration but also because of another factor, the most important of all---weather.[C]On all but the smallest mountains, or those on which no serious difficulties are met, the weather obviously plays a big part in mountaineering plans. It imposes a serious handicap on the climber‟s ability to negotiate difficult ground; it slows his progress and exposes him to cold and wind. He may lose his way and tray on to even more difficult territory, and he may become benighted. The periods when weather conditions may be fair enough to permit a serious attempt on the summit of Everest are not only brief and few in any one year; they appear to be rare as assessed over a number of years. Throughout the winter, from November to march, a fierce gale blows fairly constantly from the north-west. It is strong---wind speeds of at least seventy to eighty knots are probable---and it is desperately cold. It scours the northern flanks of the range and deposits snow on the southern faces; and snow thus overlaid on the existing layer is usually unstable and dangerous, for it is apt to peel off in avalanches.In the early summer a countering element comes up from the south-east in the form of the monsoon. This warm, damp wind from the Bay of Bengal deposits heavy snow on the higher flanks of the mountain barrier; it is particularly intense in the south-east part of the Himalaya, on which it unleashes its force boon after reaching the head of the Bay, and it is in this area that Everest is situated. Monsoon conditions normally continue to prevail in this region until towards the end of September. Some climbing may be done during this period, but the difficulty of climbing all high peaks, particularly in the south-east Himalaya, is greatly increased by the handicaps and dangers of the deep new snow. The chance to get up Everest is probably limited to the gap, or lull, between the departure of the one Fury and the onset of the other; these lulls may occur in May and early October, that is, just before the monsoon sets in, and when it dies away. These two factors, the altitude and the weather, tend separately and together to defeat the climber. The height weakens, slows him down; it forces him to spend days and nights in the course of his assault on the summit; the weather, besides adding to the demands on his energy and moral fortitude, conspires to deny him the time he needs to complete his mission. Whereas in lower mountains and on easy ground the weather may be no more than a handicap, in the high Himalaya it is decisive, regardless of terrain.The deduction to be drawn from these two factors was clear enough. We must either so fortify ourselves that we could continue, without detriment, to live and have our being above the limit of natural acclimatization, or, better still, we must solve the problem of speed. It was desirable; in fact that we should meet both these requirements and thus give to those chosen to attempt the summit and to their supports some measure of insurance against the vagaries of the weather, for safety in mountain climbing is as much a matter of swiftness as of sureness of foot. Either or both could be achieved only by the administration of oxygen in sufficient quantities to make up for the deficiency in the air, and for the duration of the upward journey above the limit of successfulacclimatization.After reading each of the following questions, choose the one correct answer, and indicate it by writing down the letter that stands for it. In all questions only one answer is correct. This is stressed in some questions, but remembers that the rule applies to all of them.From Section A1. Most readers will be surprised to read thatA …easy ground‟ exists at all on the upper part of Everest (5---6)B lack of oxygen …slow down‟ thinking (7)C …beyond a certain point life it is no longer possible‟ (8)D …individual performances on the mountain…vary‟ (12---13)E …trouble begins‟ above 21000 feet (19)2. …Retarded‟ (10) meansA preventedB slowed downC reducedD held backE halted3. The main purpose of the first paragraph (1---4) is toA rouse interest in the readerB summarize the main points of the following paragraphsC ask questions that later paragraphs will answerD stress the one most important difficulty in climbing EverestE praise the achievement of those who climbing Everest4. The main idea of the second paragraph (5---8) is that the rarefied airA makes climbing at this height very difficultB handicaps climbers, though they can be gradually accustomed to heights up to 21000 feetC affects climbers‟ minds as well as their bodiesD has very different effects on different peopleE prevents severe physical effort by mountaineers5. You may not know the word …regimen‟ (10), but you should be able to deduce that it meansA programme of exercisesB approach to the problemC prescribed way of lifeD control over one‟s habitsE planning of one‟s diet6. …Detriment‟ (17) meansA declineB weakeningC harmD hardshipE degeneration7. Which ONE of the following remarks about comparisons is not true?A in 5---7 the effect of rarefied air is compared to vision becoming indistinctB in 25 the effect of wanting food is compared to the arrangement for reminding an actor whoforgets his wordsC in 30 the effect of height on climber is compared to the system by which a particularracehorse carries more weightD in 33 certain types of difficulties are compared to the certain keys in musicE in 35 a slight extra problem is compared to the last small addition which makes a camel‟s loadtoo heavy8. The main idea of the third paragraph (19---28) is thatA the peaks above 26000 feet are much harder to climb than peaks a little lowerB there are several reasons why the very high peaks are so difficult to climbC the difficulties from high winds and bitter weather increaseD small changes of gradient may cause major problemsE above 21000 feet slow acclimatization does not work9. The main idea of the fourth paragraph (29---48) is that a climberA has no lime to reach the peak of Everest before deterioration sets inB is physically incapable of dealing with unexpected problemC wishes he could climb the last 8000 feet of Everest very quicklyD needs to summon up his resolution for a final effortE ought to climb the last 8000 feet in a day or two10. The main reason why the last 8000 feet cannot be climbed quickly is thatA the slopes become steeper towards the topB a climber needs to leave considerable energy for the descentC climbers who attempted Everest in the past lacked resolutionD the rarefied air slows down climbers physicallyE several previous climbers have successfully reached a point about 28000 feet up11. …Established‟ (9) meansA agreedB acceptedC demonstratedD believedE proved12. “Fortitude” (24) meansA perseveranceB enduranceC luckD courageE survivalFrom Section B13. The main idea of this section is thatA the baggage must be carried up by others, not the eventual climbersB climbing Everest takes a long time but must be completed before the weather worsenC the baggage needed on the mountain is often heavyD the intense cold creates serious problemsE the physical fitness of mountaineers on Everest soon deteriorates14. “Modicum” (6) meansA bare minimumB small quantityC meager allowanceD drop in the oceanE ungenerous supply15. …Protracted‟ (14) meansA endlessB tediousC lengthenedD exaggeratedE continuous16. It is important to save time in the ascent of the final 8000 feet for all the following reasonswith the ONE EXCEPTION thatA the climbers will weaken if they stay over 21000B the weather is likely to deteriorateC baggage is difficult to carry at this heightD oxygen has to be used by the climberE the loads cannot be carried by the eventual climbersFrom Section C17. The main idea of the first paragraph (1---17) in this thatA bad weather makes it harder for the mountaineer to continue difficult climbsB the snow on Everest is unusually treacherousC the days are so short that the climber is often overcome by darkness unawaresD mountaineers need a more efficient meteorologicalE for most of the year bad weather makes Everest impossible to climb18. The action of the wind on the north side of the Himalaya is such that itA clears the mountain sidesB attacks themC freezes themD erodes themE sweeps them19. …Countering‟ (18) meansA balancingB conflictingC opposingD recoilingE resisting20. “Regardless of terrain”(40---1) meansA being more important than the difficulties of the slope, etcB ignoring the inhospitability of the mountain sideC because of steeper gradientsD even in easy groundE despite the nature of the groundIII. Fill in each blank with an appropriate word to complete the following passage. Writeyour answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Plato stands alone and unsurpassed among all writes of philosophic dialogues, before and __1___ him. The Platonic philosophy both completes and extends Socratic philosophy. Socratic had only sought the conceptual knowledge but had not attempted to gain a whole from scientifically combined concepts. It was Plato who first expanded the Socratic philosophy into a __2___. He was the first of the Greek philosophers who not merely knew and made use of his predecessors, but consciously completed their principles by means of each other, binding them all together into one higher principle, thus using the __3__ achievements of other philosophy by ethics, Plato has accomplished one of the greatest __4__ creations ever known. Though his successors, represented by Aristotle, tried to make essential alteration in the __5__ of his master, the later systems that sought to reproduce the system of Plato were self-deceived. Plato was able to give the progress of philosophy an impulse so powerful and so transcending the __6__ of his own system that, despite all his scientific deficiencies, deserves the __7__ honor of forever conferring philosophic glorification on those in whom that principle lives. Whereas Socrates confines himself to a search for concepts, the cognition of which is for him moral __8__, Aristotle extends induction and demonstration, purely in the interests of science, over all the Actual, the special __9__ of Plato is that moral education, intellectual teaching and the formation of concepts and their development are internally held together and __10__ by their common aim.IV. Paraphrase the underlined sentences. Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 point)1. War or no war, as the generations passed, it became increasingly difficult for our young people to accept standards pf behavior that bore no relationship to the bustling business medium in which they were expected to battle for success. The war acted merely as a catalytic agent in this breakdown of Victorian social structure.2. For the great majority of automobile workers, the only meaning of the job is in the pay check, not anything connected with the work or the product. Work appears as something unnatural, a disagreeable, meaningless and stultifying condition of getting the pay check, devoid of dignity as well as of importance.V. Briefly explain or provide an example for each of the following terms. Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)1. Alliteration2. Babel Tower3. Paradox4. Prometheus5. WatergateVI. There are two sections in this part. For Section 1, you are asked to translate two of the three underlined sentences in the passage into Chinese. For Section 2, you are asked to translate the underlined five parts in the paragraph into English. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)Section 1[1] It is as though some giant‟s hand were squeezing the trunks of the trees, forcing the sap up and along the branches, for the blossom seems to squirt into the air.There have been other Mays in other years, but never has there been so much blossom. The bees are bewildered by it. A few small bush-apples which were as austere as walking sticks when Iplanted them only two months ago are now in full flower, and look like little girls just off to a carnival.Peach, cherry, plum and apple strain into the air; [2] all the trees in the orchard are out together, and for once, no clumsy wind has shorn or rain washed their frail, enameled, fine petals down into the lecherous hands of grass.[3]What flower is there as delicate as this flower that grows out of a gnarled old tree with its trunk all twisted and its bark all blistered? It is a paradox. Beauty is always a paradox.V ocabularyBlister: a bump or swelling appearsEnamel: a substance like glass that can be heated and put onto metal, glass or pottery in order to decorate or protect it.Lecher: a man who is continually thinking about sexSection 2[1]西方文化以宗教为本，从希腊神话到拉美神话的叙事传统，[2]人界之外还有神界的深厚资源和广阔空间，魔幻的力量诱人至深，[3]今天风靡天下的《哈利波特》和《星球大战》，更把这一传统在高科技的参与下发挥广大。