chap7-2
人教版七年级英语上册期中综合素质评价 (二)含答案

人教版七年级英语上册期中综合素质评价(二)(限时:120分钟满分:120分)第一部分听力(共四大题, 满分20 分)I. 短对话理解(共5 小题; 每小题1 分, 满分5 分)( ) 1. What sport does Sara like to play?A. B. C.( ) 2. Where is the boy’s book?A. B. C.( ) 3. Who has a tidy room?A. Jack.B. Jack’s brother.C. Jack’s sister. ( ) 4. Who is the man in the photo?A. Li Ming’s father.B. Li Ming’s uncle.C. Li Ming’s brother.( ) 5. What’s the relationship (关系) between Han Mei and Lily?A. Classmates.B. Sisters.C. Friends.II. 长对话理解(共5 小题; 每小题1 分, 满分5 分)听下面一段对话, 回答第6、7 题。
( ) 6. What’s on the desk?A. A book.B. A bottle.C. A hat.( ) 7. What’s Mary’s favourite colour?A. Red.B. Green.C. Purple.听下面一段对话, 回答第8 至10 题。
( ) 8. Who is Peter?A. Lucia’s brother.B. Mr Miller’s s on.C. Ms Green’s son. ( ) 9. Which school is Lucia in?A. No. 5 Middle School.B. No. 4 Middle School.C. No. 9 Middle School.( ) 10. What’s Lucia’s cousin’s name?A. Louise.B. Louisan.C. Louisa. III. 短文理解(共5 小题; 每小题1 分, 满分5 分)( ) 11. Where does Linda sit in the photo?A. In the middle.B. On the left.C. On the right. ( ) 12. Who is Maria?A. Linda’s sister.B. Linda’s mother.C. Linda’s aunt. ( ) 13. What colour is Mike’s T-shirt?A. Blue.B. Black.C. White. ( ) 14. Who is Cookie?A. It’s a cat.B. It’s a dog.C. It’s Linda’s brother.( ) 15. How many people are there in the photo?A. Three.B. Four.C. Five.IV. 信息转换(共5 小题; 每小题1 分, 满分5 分)第二部分语言知识运用(共三大题, 满分35 分)V. 单项填空(共10 小题; 每小题1 分, 满分10 分)( ) 21. —Your glasses _______ very cool. Where did you get them?—My father bought them for me from Shanghai.A. isB. areC. beD. am( ) 22. —Is this _______ eraser, Bob?—No. It is _______.A. you; TomB. you; Tom’sC. your; TomD. your; Tom’s( ) 23. —What’s your favourite _______ at school?—I like raising the flag best.A. activityB. hobbyC. placeD. sport ( ) 24. —How do you _______ your friends in the morning?—I usually say “Hello” or “Good morning”.A. countB. greetC. startD. spend ( ) 25. The ball in Picture _______ is behind the box.A. B.C. D.( ) 26. [2024 上海浦东新区检测] Nowadays, a smartphone is _______ for young people.A. differentB. importantC. quietD. difficult ( ) 27. I _______ like to eat ice-cream after dinner. It makes me relaxed.A. hardlyB. wellC. reallyD. even ( ) 28. [2024 合肥包河区期中] Our school will _______ a sign at the school gate, saying “Greet your child with a smile, not a mobile”.A. put outB. put downC. put upD. put on ( ) 29. —Where does he _______?—He often _______ on the playground.A. exercise; exerciseB. exercise; exercisesC. exercises; exercisesD. exercises; exercise( ) 30. —Miss Gao, how about something to eat?—_______A. No problem.B. Good idea.C. That’s OK.D. You’re welcome.VI. 完形填空(共20 小题; 每小题1 分, 满分20 分)ABob likes playing soccer after class. And he always plays italone (独自). Today Miss White 31 Bob playing on theplayground.“Hi, Bob. 32 sport do you like?” Miss White asks.“Soccer, of course. I have 33 soccer balls. One is here 34 the other is at my home,” answers Bob.“I see. Why do you play it alone? You can play it 35 your classmates.”“But it’s my ball. I don’t want 36 to play it.” “Is it 37 to play alone?” Miss White asks. “No. And it’s a little boring,” Bob 38 his ball and says.“Share (分享) your 39 with your classmates. I’m sure you will have fun.”Then Bob does as Miss White says. And he really has a great 40 . He finds that sharing is fun.( ) 31. A. lets B. knows C. sees D. helps ( ) 32. A. What B. How C. Where D. When ( ) 33. A. some B. four C. three D. two ( ) 34. A. so B. and C. but D. too ( ) 35. A. in B. to C. with D. for ( ) 36. A. you B. him C. them D. her ( ) 37. A. difficult B. interesting C. relaxing D. easy ( ) 38. A. looks for B. asks for C. listens to D. looks at ( ) 39. A. hat B. bat C. tennis D. ball ( ) 40. A. time B. friend C. computer D. phoneBI’m Dave. I study in Blue Bells School. 41 has a fine building with four floors. My classroom is on the first floor. It is a big and bright 42 . The walls of ourclassroom 43 white. I like blue 44 it makes me relax.There are thirty boys and twenty-seven girls in 45 class. There is a desk and a chair for every student. There is a big desk and a chair for the 46 . All the desks and chairs are new and very 47 . There is a blackboard 48 my classroom. On the wall we can see some 49 of well-known sayings of famous persons(名人名言) and a timetable. We clean the classroom every day, so it is clean. I 50 my classroom very much. What do you think of it?( ) 41. A. It B. He C. She D. One ( ) 42. A. class B. room C. shop D. lesson ( ) 43. A. am B. be C. is D. are ( ) 44. A. but B. because C. and D. or ( ) 45. A. their B. her C. your D. my ( ) 46. A. teacher B. student C. girl D. boy ( ) 47. A. small B. big C. nice D. bad ( ) 48. A. at B. on C. in D. for ( ) 49. A. books B. pictures C. names D. maps ( ) 50. A. like B. know C. watch D. spell VII. 补全对话, 其中有两项多余(共5 小题; 每小题1 分, 满分5 分)Jim: What’s this, Alice?Alice: 51. _________Jim: Oh, is that woman your mother?Alice: 52. _________Jim: Oh, your aunt. And what’s in your hand?Alice: 53. _________Jim: Do you like tennis?Alice: Yes, I do. 54. _________Jim: Do you have a tennis game at school?Alice: Yes. Do you want to come and watch it?Jim: Sure. 55. _________Alice: It’s on November 21st.A. It’s a tennis ball.B. When is it?C. Yes, she is.D. Where do you have a tennis game?E. It’s a photo of my family.F. I play tennis every day.G. No, she is my aunt.第三部分阅读(共两节, 满分40 分)VIII. 阅读理解(共20 小题; 每小题2 分, 满分40 分)第一节阅读下列短文, 从每小题所给的A、B、C、D 四个选项中选出最佳选项。
苏教版七上英语第二单元知识点归纳

苏教版七上英语第二单元知识点归纳一、重点单词1. wake- 动词,“醒来;唤醒”,其过去式为woke,过去分词为woken。
例如:I usually wake up at six o'clock.(我通常在六点醒来。
)2. seldom- 副词,“很少,不常”,表示频率较低。
例如:He seldom plays football.(他很少踢足球。
)3. start- 动词,“开始”,既可以作及物动词也可以作不及物动词。
例如:School starts at eight o'clock.(学校八点开始上课。
)- 还可以表示“出发,动身”,例如:We will start for Beijing tomorrow.(我们明天将动身去北京。
)4. quarter- 名词,“一刻钟;四分之一”。
例如:a quarter past three(三点一刻);Three quarters of the students in our class like English.(我们班四分之三的学生喜欢英语。
)5. exercise- 名词,“锻炼;练习”。
作“锻炼”讲时,是不可数名词,如:We need to do more exercise.(我们需要多做锻炼。
)作“练习(题)”讲时,是可数名词,如:We have a lot of math exercises to do.(我们有很多数学练习题要做。
) - 动词,“锻炼;做运动”,例如:He exercises every day.(他每天锻炼。
)6. group- 名词,“组,群”。
例如:We are in different groups.(我们在不同的组里。
)- 动词,“(使)成群,成组”,例如:Please group these books together.(请把这些书分组放在一起。
)7. chat- 动词,“聊天,闲聊”,其现在分词为chatting,过去式和过去分词为chatted。
2021-2022学年牛津译林版英语七年级上册unit4 chat词汇讲义

Unit4词汇讲义拓展chat英 [tʃæt]美 [tʃæt]第三人称单数:chats现在分词:chatting过去分词:chatted过去式:chattedchat 基本解释不及物动词聊天; 闲谈; 参加网络闲聊名词(尤指非正式的)谈话; 鸣禽; [植] 柔荑花序(如柳絮)及物动词与…攀谈; 与…搭讪(或调情)chat 相关例句不及物动词1. They chatted about the film shown last night.他们闲聊着昨夜放的电影。
名词1. They dropped in for a chat last night.他们昨晚顺便来闲聊了一会儿。
2. The two friends sat in a corner and chatted away about the price of stocks and shares.两个朋友坐在角落里闲聊股票行情。
3. He often asked Philip to come in for a chat.他经常邀菲利浦进来闲谈。
chat 情景对话Chatting online-(网络聊天)A:Do you chat online often?你经常上网聊天么?B:No. do you ?不,你呢?A:All the time. we actually use it at work. Out boss thinks it’s a better idea to chat online than to talk on the phones.我一直聊天的,实际上我们在工作中用它,我们的老板认为网上聊天比打电话更好。
B:I guess that makes the office a quieter place to work.我想这会使办公室有一个更安静的工作环境。
Unit4词汇讲义拓展A:Definitely.确实是。
B:Do you ever chat with strangers?你曾经与陌生人聊天么?A:Sure. I usually go to some chat rooms in the evening.是的,我经常晚上到聊天室聊天。
chatglm2推理代码详解

chatglm2推理代码详解
摘要:
一、ChatGLM2 简介
二、推理代码概述
三、代码详解
1.数据准备
2.模型加载
3.推理过程
4.结果展示
四、总结
正文:
ChatGLM2 是一个基于GPT-3.5-turbo 的对话生成模型,其在智能客服、智能助手等领域有着广泛的应用。
本篇文章将详细介绍ChatGLM2 的推理代码。
首先,我们需要准备数据,包括用户输入和模型输出。
这些数据通常以文本形式存储在文件中,我们可以使用Python 中的pandas 库来读取这些数据。
接下来,我们需要加载模型。
ChatGLM2 是基于GPT-3.5-turbo 模型开发的,我们可以使用OpenAI 提供的Python 库openai 来加载模型。
在模型加载完成后,我们就可以开始进行推理了。
具体的推理过程包括以下几个步骤:
1.数据预处理:将用户输入和模型输出进行拼接,形成一个完整的对话。
2.模型输入:将对话数据输入到模型中,模型将会生成一个回答。
3.回答解析:对模型生成的回答进行解析,提取出回答的主干信息。
4.结果展示:将提取出的回答展示给用户。
在代码详解中,我们使用了Python 中的numpy 库来进行数学计算,使用了Python 中的json 库来解析模型输出。
总的来说,ChatGLM2 的推理代码包括数据准备、模型加载、推理过程和结果展示四个步骤。
优化ChatGPT性能的10个技巧

优化ChatGPT性能的10个技巧人工智能的快速发展使得ChatGPT等基于语言模型的自然语言处理工具得以问世。
ChatGPT是OpenAI开发的一种先进的自动对话系统,能够产生远超过以往模型的人类般流畅对话。
然而,使用ChatGPT时有时候可能会遇到一些性能方面的问题。
在本文中,我们将探讨优化ChatGPT性能的十个技巧,帮助读者更好地利用这一强大工具。
1. 提供清晰的上下文与ChatGPT交互时,提供清晰的上下文对其理解和回复非常重要。
确保提供足够的背景信息,以便ChatGPT能够更好地把握对话的全局意义。
这可以通过在对话开始时提供背景信息,或者使用“User:”和“AI:”来明确用户和AI的对话角色。
2. 限制对话轮数通过限制对话的轮数,可以提高ChatGPT的性能。
给定足够的对话轮数,模型可能会开始生成不一致或不相关的回复。
适当设定对话轮数有助于稳定对话质量。
3. 指定回答的格式ChatGPT会尝试生成最相关的回答,但有时候可能会产生不完整的或者不符合格式要求的回复。
为了避免这种情况,可以向ChatGPT指定期望的回答格式,并在用户提示中提醒它将回答与格式保持一致。
4. 合理设置回答长度ChatGPT在生成回答时,会倾向于生成1-2个句子的回复。
如果需要更长的回答,需要明确指定所期望的长度。
此外,如果回答内容过长,可以考虑提供一些缩写或总结信息,以便模型更好地处理。
5. 控制回答的创造力ChatGPT是一个创造性的模型,可以生成多样且富有创意的回答。
然而,在某些情况下,我们可能更希望它给出保守而可靠的回复。
通过调整“temperature”参数,我们可以控制回答的创造力,较低的温度将使回答更为保守。
6. 忽略不必要的信息有时候ChatGPT可能会受到无关信息的干扰,导致生成的回答与期望不符。
在提示模型时,尽量排除无关和冗余的内容,以免对结果产生干扰。
7. 多次尝试和平均ChatGPT的回答可能会因为不同的随机性而变化。
仁爱版初中英语七年级下册Unit5Topic2课文+单词+知识梳理

知识梳理:重点短语:1. make cards 制作卡片2. on the playground 在操场上3. in the library 在图书馆4. in the gym在体育馆5. on the shelf在书架上(shelves 复数)6. at the Lost and Found 在失物招领处7.clean the room打扫房间8.have a soccer game 举行足球比赛9. have an English class 上英语课10. write a letter 写信11. some of his photos= some photos of his 他的一些照片12. on time 准时/in time及时13. do better in sth 在某方面做得较好14. show sb. around…带领某人参观……15. at the moment“此刻,现在”= now.16. plan v.计划 plan to do sth17. be kind to sb=be friendly to sb 对某人很友好学科名词:一周名词:重点短语:1. --What are you doing?-- He is cleaning the dormitory.2.-- Are you doing your homework?--Yes, I am./No, I am not.3. --How long can I keep them?--Two weeks.4. --Thank you.--It’s a pleasure/A pleasure / My pleasure.别客气。
5. --Sorry, I don’t have any.--Thank you all the same.仍然感谢你。
重点语法:现在进行时基本结构:肯定式:am/is/are+doing(现在分词)否定式:am/is/are not +doing(现在分词)一般疑问式:Am/Is/Are + 主语 +doing(现在分词)+ 其他特殊疑问式:特殊疑问词+一般疑问式They’re having a meeting n ow. 他们现在正在开会。
高中英语必修(第二册)-必修二 Unit 4 Information technology基础练习
2019北师必修二Unit 4 Information technology课本语法填空等Lesson 1 用P8-9文章的信息完成短文(P11)Avatars are digital 1 that you use to represent yourself online. You can choose an avatar from 2_ of ready-made images, or 3 Although avatars haven't been around for long, they are widely used.Avatars let you 4 and give you 5 . But the use of avatars has also caused 6 . Some users worry that they are spending too much time 7 that they are becoming afraid of meeting people in the real world. The use of several avatars can also be 8 , as people can use avatars to9 . However, many people see avatars in 10 .Lesson 3用下列的词填空(P17)Some people believe that the Internet has many negative aspects. Talking to people 1 or having a 2 with someone you only talk to on the Internet isn't a replacement for 3 communication. While it can connect you with other people who use a 4 face-to-face contact with others is important to help you maintain healthy relationships. This argument is thought-provoking because it shows that people still need face-to-face communication with others today. In addition, spending too much time on the Internet can make you 5 because you can become obsessed with popularity and gaining followers. Finally, you need to be careful with various 6 because you can never be 1007 sure that 8 you read online is true.Check your progress (P24) 适当形式填空The development of information technologyInformation technology has developed in ways that people would never have imagined. In the 1980s, telephones started to become popular in daily life. Nobody at that time imagined that 20 years later people 1 (have)phones in their pockets and 2 (use)them for many functions other than just making calls. In 1983, there were only 200 computers connected to the Internet. At that time, even scientists didn't realise that one day people 3 (be able to)connect with family and friends anywhere through video chats. And most certainly, people back in the 1980s 4 (not understand)that clothing and delicious food 5 (be send)to their homes by simply using an app on the phone.适当形式填空(P24)In our class, every student has more than two avatars, which are images used as 1 online. There are a wide 2 of forms and uses of avatars among our classmates. Most students choose avatars from a 3 of ready-made images, but some students design avatars in their own 4 . More than half of the students want to show different aspects of their 5 through their avatars. Our classmates mainly use avatars for web 6 , 7 and in 8 games. But some classmates expressed9 about online 10 when using avatars. This issue is something that we need to pay attention to in the future.用下面短语的适当形式填空(P25)In the survey among our classmates, all students use software applications(called apps 1 ).They typically use apps on smartphones or 2 . Students agree that apps can help them take part in a whole range of activities. They usually use apps to search for learning resources, find popular restaurants, 3 taxis, to certain places, and order food.Educational apps are the type of apps most frequently used among our classmates. They allow them to learn at their own pace anywhere. They can choose online teachers and subjects according to their5 . Also, they can share6 with other users of the same app.Nearly one third of the students have tried apps with 7 like VR, AR and MR. They believe that new technologies can be used to help people 8 . What students dislike is that in order to use apps these days, they are often required to 9 an account and 10 personal information. They worry about the safety of this.选词填空(P25)Yuanyuan is a senior secondary school student. She never liked chatting with people online. She thought 1 communication wasn't worth spending time on and it made people more 2 . All her friends seemed to spend about 90 3 of their time talking to friends on the Internet and only about 10 percent talking to them in real life. Yuanyuan couldn't understand it at all. Her best friend Tingting agreed with her and felt that 4 communication is important.Then, 5 happened that changed how she felt about online communication. Yuanyuan moved to Canada with her family and her 6 became her most valuable possession. By chatting to each other online and using a video chat app, Yuanyuan and Tingting could 7 their friendship even though they were thousands of miles apart. From then on, neither of them criticised 8for having online friendships.WorkbookLesson 1 选词填空(P78)I read an article about avatars on a web 1 yesterday. It was very informative and interesting. agree with it saying that your choice of avatars says a lot about your 2 . I chose my avatarfrom a 3 of ready-made 4 . She is one of my favourite cartoon 5 . I like her because she is kind and helpful.My cousin Wang Ming is very creative. He finds that avatars give him lots of room for 6 . He has created several avatars for different occasions. He dressed them in 7 clothes with beautiful 8and they all act more or less like him. But the article warns that the use of several avatars can be a 9of risk.then, she has been addicted to the Internet, using different kinds of software applications on her mobile1 . She spends a lot of time each day exploring websites and2 . with other people online. She has set up her own email3 and she does most of the shopping online through an4 . Instead of going to supermarkets, nowadays she just5 a button and then her orders are6 the next day. At first, my father had some concerns that she was spending too much time in7 worlds, but now he sees how happy she is. She even8 some materials that can help my father with his work, so now he's very happy, too! We are all very proud of her as she has proven that it's never too late to learn a new skill.用下列的适当形式填空(P79)From the time I met Alicia Tang. I knew she 1 the next big thing in the technology world. A fifteen-year-old app developer, she was confident that her first app 2 one 4 the biggest selling in the world. Now at only eighteen, she has accomplished her goal as her onine shopping comparison app has millions of downloads. "I felt it was going to be a success because I knew that people 3 the fact that they 4 spend so much time searching for products they wanted," says Alicia. "When I was going to launch the app. I spoke to lots of experts and app developers who gave me great advice and guidance. Because I had the support of so many people, I knew I 5 make a successful app," she says.Translate the sentences into English. (P80)1. 在网络世界,你可以创设自己的形象,并且拥有新的个性。
聊天英语怎么说
聊天英语怎么说聊天也是有很多技巧的,要注意说话的方式和时机。
而在网上聊天又是另一番天地,是用心灵去杜撰感情。
那么你知道聊天用英语怎么说吗?下面来学习一下吧。
聊天英语说法1:chat聊天英语说法2:chitchat聊天的相关短语:在线聊天 Online Chat ; chat online ; Live Chat ; WebChat聊天方式 Messenger Online ; QQ Online ; Me enger Online 在线聊天 live chat ; chat on line ; on-line talking ; chat即时聊天 Live Chat ; immediate chat ; Galaxie Chat ; Gtalk群组聊天 Group Chat ; Chat Groups ; Huddle ; Palringo Group Messenger聚合聊天 Miranda IM ; Meebo IM ; LCG Slick ; Slick messenger 闲暇聊天 Small Talk in the Office聊天功能 Instant Messaging ; Gmail chat ; facebook chat聊天的英语例句:1. MSN chat software chat monitoring software and complete code examples.MSN聊天软件聊天记录监控软件,完整的实例代码.2. Chat record is used to aftertaste the conversation you have just finished.聊天记录用来回味你们刚完成的谈话.3. How to MSN chat logs encryption?如何给MSN聊天记录加密?4. Could not fetch buddy chat log.不能提取好友聊天记录.5. QQ local input landing window users can see the number of users chatting records.输入本地QQ登陆窗口中用户号码即可查看该用户的聊天记录.只限本机.6. The Chat Log is a record of messages sent to you by other players.在聊天记录的发送给您的消息被其他玩家.7. Then, and only use the system to see accounts opened after the chat.这样, 只有使用这个系统账户打开后才能查看聊天记录了.8. Spokane Skytower: You can create a record in Second Life.目前好像第二人生,没有这样记录聊天内容的功能.9. Simple network chat, you can send message, receive message and displays the contents of Record chat.简单的网络聊天功能, 可以发送消息, 接收消息,并显示聊天的的内容记录.。
人教版七年级下英语说课稿《Unit 4 Period2 Section A (2a-2d)》
人教版七年级下英语说课稿《Unit 4 Period2 Section A (2a-2d)》一. 教材分析人教版七年级下英语教材《Unit 4 Period2 Section A (2a-2d)》主要讲述了日常生活中的动词短语以及如何运用它们进行交流。
本节课的主要内容是学习动词短语“go shopping”, “play sports”, “visit friends”, “watch movies”等,并能够运用这些短语进行简单的对话。
通过对这些动词短语的学习,学生可以更好地掌握日常交流的表达方式,提高他们的口语能力。
二. 学情分析七年级的学生已经具备了一定的英语基础,能够进行简单的口语交流。
但他们在使用动词短语时,常常出现搭配错误和时态错误。
因此,在教学过程中,需要注重引导学生正确使用动词短语,并加强对他们听说能力的培养。
三. 说教学目标1.知识目标:学生能够掌握动词短语“go shopping”, “play sports”, “visitfriends”, “watch movies”等,并了解它们的意思和用法。
2.能力目标:学生能够运用所学的动词短语进行简单的对话,提高他们的口语表达能力。
3.情感目标:通过学习本节课的内容,学生能够激发对日常生活的兴趣,增强对英语学习的热情。
四. 说教学重难点1.重点:学生能够正确使用动词短语进行交流。
2.难点:学生能够灵活运用动词短语在不同场景中进行对话。
五. 说教学方法与手段本节课采用任务型教学法,通过情景模拟、小组讨论、游戏等活动,激发学生的学习兴趣,提高他们的参与度。
同时,利用多媒体课件和实物教具,帮助学生更好地理解和记忆动词短语。
六. 说教学过程1.导入:通过播放一段日常生活的视频,引导学生关注动词短语在日常交流中的重要性。
2.呈现:教师展示动词短语“go shopping”, “play sports”, “visit friends”,“watch movies”等,并用实物或图片进行辅助教学。
chat2db原理
chat2db原理Chat2DB原理及应用一、引言Chat2DB是一种将聊天记录转化为数据库的技术,它的原理是通过自然语言处理和文本分析的方法,将聊天对话中的信息提取出来,并将其存储到数据库中,以便后续的数据分析和应用开发。
本文将介绍Chat2DB的原理及其应用领域。
二、Chat2DB原理Chat2DB的原理主要包括以下几个步骤:1. 数据采集:首先,Chat2DB需要从聊天记录中获取数据。
可以是从即时通讯应用、社交媒体平台、邮件等渠道获取。
获取到的数据可以是文本格式或者是结构化数据。
2. 数据清洗:获取到的数据通常包含很多无用的信息,比如表情符号、链接、广告等,需要对数据进行清洗和过滤,保留有用的文本信息。
3. 自然语言处理:Chat2DB使用自然语言处理技术,对聊天文本进行分词、词性标注、命名实体识别等处理,以便后续的信息提取和语义分析。
4. 信息提取:Chat2DB通过文本分析技术,提取出聊天记录中的关键信息,比如用户的姓名、电话号码、地址、时间、地点等。
5. 数据存储:Chat2DB将提取出的信息存储到数据库中,可以使用关系型数据库或者非关系型数据库进行存储,以便后续的数据分析和应用开发。
三、Chat2DB的应用Chat2DB的应用非常广泛,可以应用于以下几个方面:1. 智能客服:Chat2DB可以将用户的聊天记录存储到数据库中,用于智能客服系统的数据分析和模型训练。
通过对用户的聊天记录进行分析,可以提取出用户的需求和问题,从而提供更准确和个性化的服务。
2. 营销分析:Chat2DB可以将用户在社交媒体平台上的聊天记录存储到数据库中,用于营销分析。
通过分析用户的聊天记录,可以了解用户的兴趣和偏好,从而制定更有针对性的营销策略。
3. 舆情监测:Chat2DB可以将用户在社交媒体平台上的聊天记录存储到数据库中,用于舆情监测。
通过对用户的聊天记录进行分析,可以了解用户对某个话题的态度和情感倾向,从而及时了解和应对舆情事件。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性,平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益,请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间:9:00-18:30)。
不 变
光
两明两暗 两明 两明 且暗方位 两暗 两零 与未插 /4波片 λ/4波片 时同 线 偏 偏 光 光 偏光 光 光
两明两暗 但暗方位 与未插 /4时 λ/4时 不同 偏光
光
Homework 7.2 Page 202 4
1. 晶体的双折射概念 2.光在单轴晶体中的波面图 3.用惠更斯原理确定反射和折射光传播方向
第七章 光在晶体中的传播
Lecture 2 §7.2 晶体光学器件
尼科耳棱镜 波晶片 格兰—汤普森棱镜 — 格兰—傅科棱镜
§7.3 偏振光的获得和检验
1.晶体光学器件 1.晶体光学器件
1.1 偏振片与马吕斯定律
L = (no ne )d.
方解石波片
o光e光的相位差为: δ = 2π (n n )d. 光的相位差为: o e
λ
(1)波长片( (1)波长片(或λ片) 波长片 当
δ=
2π
λ
(no ne )d = 2 jπ ,
( j = ±1, ±2L )
即
jλ d= 时,称为波长片 no ne (全波片). 全波片)
θ0
正向入射光 B
IF
θ(λ)
第二偏振片
法拉第旋光片
I
第一偏振片
1.2.尼科耳棱镜 作用与偏振片同.) 1.2.尼科耳棱镜 (作用与偏振片同
光轴
进入晶 体发生 双折射
冰洲石, 冰洲石, 负单晶
48
0
e
e
钠光自然光, 钠光自然光, 710 平行入射 680
线偏 振光
o
涂黑
特点: 特点: 1.出射光只有一束线偏振光 2.不适合紫外
单色自 然光 方解石
e
线偏振光
o
涂黑 格兰—汤普森棱镜 格兰 汤普森棱镜
1.55 1.658
o
格兰格兰-汤普森棱 镜原理图
缺点:不适用于紫外
1.55 1.486
1.48 6
e
e
光轴
o
钠光自 然光
线偏振光
e
光轴
格兰格兰-傅科棱镜
全反角
i0=37, ie=42
π
2
3π δ= 4
δ =π
5π δ= 4
3π δ= 2
7π δ= 4
δ = 2π
x(e)
2.3偏振光的获得与检验 偏振光的获得与检验
各种偏振光通过波片偏振态的变化 各种偏振光通过波片偏振态的变化
光轴 Ae θ A Ao y(o) d
将入射光在波片的前表面分解为o光和e (1) 将入射光在波片的前表面分解为o光和e光,o 光的振幅A 光e光的振幅Ao,Ae和相位差 δ0 由入射光的偏振态 来确定. 来确定 光过波片后振幅不变, (2) o 光 e 光过波片后振幅不变 , 相位差变为 δ′=δ0+δ,其中δ=2π(no - ne)d λ,出射光的偏振 +δ,其中δ=2π(n δ=2π( δ′来确定 来确定. 态由A 态由Ao,Ae和相位差 δ′来确定.
步骤一
步骤二
C P
步 骤 光强 两明 变化 两零 线偏 振光 步 骤
把检偏振器入λ/4片 在检偏器前插入λ/4片, 再旋转检偏器
在检偏器前插入λ/4片 在检偏器前插入λ/4片,并使光 轴对着暗方位, 轴对着暗方位,再旋转检偏器
光强 两明 变化 两零 判 断 偏 振 光
光轴 A θ Ae Ao
d
2.偏振光的获得和检验 2.偏振光的获得和检验
2.1光的偏振态 2.1光的偏振态
1)自然光 2)完全偏振光
(1) 线偏振光 (2)圆偏振光 (3) 椭圆偏振光
3)部分偏振光
2.2完全偏振光的合成 完全偏振光的合成
r E = Ax cos(ωt)i + Ay cos(ωt +δ ) j
P 1
自然光
P 2
线偏光
P 1
P 2
线偏光
Aθ o Ao cosθ
马吕斯定律: 马吕斯定律:
Iθ = I cos θ
2
其中 I = A
2
当P1||P2,出射光强最强, 当P1⊥P2 , 出射光强为零. 我 们称观察到的这种现象为 “两明两零”. P2称为检 偏器.
两个偏振片
P1
P2
应用实例: 应用实例:偏振相关光隔离器
电气石的二向色性
这种二向色性晶体叫做偏振片. 这种二向色性晶体叫做偏振片. 偏振片
自然光过偏振片后, 自然光过偏振片后, 变为振动面平行于偏振片光轴 透振方向),强度为自然光一半线偏振光. 因此, ),强度为自然光一半线偏振光 (透振方向),强度为自然光一半线偏振光. 因此,偏 起偏器. 振片可作为起偏器 振片可作为起偏器.
圆偏振 任何位置 椭圆偏振 e轴o轴与椭圆主轴一致 椭圆偏振 其它位置
判断方法: 判断方法:δ=δ入±π/2
用一片已知透振方向的偏振片和一片已知光轴方 向的λ/4波片可以将前面所讨论过的 波片可以将前面所讨论过的7 向的λ/4波片可以将前面所讨论过的7种偏振态的光 进行鉴别和检验,鉴别的方法列于下表中. 进行鉴别和检验,鉴别的方法列于下表中.
(2)二分之一波片( (2)二分之一波片(或λ/2片) 二分之一波片 /2片 当
δ=
2π
(2 j +1) λ 称为二分之一波片. 时,称为二分之一波片 即 d= (no ne ) 2
(3)四分之一波片 /4片 (3)四分之一波片 (或λ/4片)
λ
(no ne )d = (2 j +1)π ,
δ=
某些双折射晶体(例如电气石) 某些双折射晶体(例如电气石)对于光振动垂直于光轴的线 偏振光强烈吸收, 偏振光强烈吸收,对于光振动平行与光轴的线偏振光吸收很 吸收o 通过e ),这种对线偏振光的强烈的选择吸 少(吸收o光,通过e光),这种对线偏振光的强烈的选择吸 收性质,叫做二向色性 二向色性. 收性质,叫做二向色性. 光轴 光轴 自然光
Ax, Ay为两线偏振光的振幅, δ为两线偏振光在z=0平 为两线偏振光的振幅, 为两线偏振光在z=0 z=0平 面的位相差. 它们决定了合成偏振光的偏振态. 面的位相差. 它们决定了合成偏振光的偏振态.光沿 正方向传播。 着z正方向传播。
下图是不同的位相差对应的偏振态
正椭圆偏振
δ =0
δ=
π
4
δ=
1.658
方解石制成的罗 匈棱镜
钠光自然光
o e
玻璃和方解石 制成的偏振器
钠光自然光
o
n = ne
e
1.5. 波晶片
将单轴晶体切成的有一定厚度的晶体片, 将单轴晶体切成的有一定厚度的晶体片,使其 光轴平行于表面,叫做波片. 光轴平行于表面,叫做波片.当光垂直通过波 片时,在波片内分解为o 片时,在波片内分解为o光e光,因在晶体内垂 直于光轴传播,所以o 光的传播速度不同, 直于光轴传播,所以o光e光的传播速度不同, 这样,传播到波片的后表面o 这样,传播到波片的后表面o光e光就有了附加 的相位差. 的相位差. 波片产生的位相差与波片的厚 主折射率n 有关. 度d、主折射率no和 ne有关. 光程差
1.4. 渥拉斯顿棱镜
加拿大 树胶或其它
方解石
光线1 光线1
钠光自 然光
e o
e o
光线2 光线2
光线1 光线1:no(1)> ne(2) 远法线出射
no=1.685
1.55
1.458
ne=1.486 e
光线2:ne(1)< no(2) 光线2 (1)< 近法线出射
o
1.55
d=
(no ne )d = (2 j +1) , λ 2 (2 j +1) λ 时,称为四分之一波长片. 称为四分之一波长片.
no ne 4
2π
π
光在波片内被分解为o光和e 光在波片内被分解为o光和e光,经过波片后可以认为 强度没有变化,但位相差发生变化, 强度没有变化,但位相差发生变化,因此光过波片后可 能要引起偏振态的变化. 能要引起偏振态的变化.
加拿大树胶, 加拿大树胶,对钠黄光的折 O光全反射 介于方解石的 射率为1.55, 1.55,介于方解石的 射率为1.55, !o=1.658和ne=1.486 n 被涂黑 的界面吸 之间. 之间. 收
汤普森棱镜和格兰—傅科棱镜 1.3.格兰—汤普森棱镜和格兰 傅科棱镜 格兰 汤普森棱镜和格兰
光轴
辨别光过波片偏振态变化的步骤是: 辨别光过波片偏振态变化的步骤是:
(1) 将入射光在波 片的前表面分解 光和e ,o光 为o光和e光,o光e 光的振幅A 光的振幅Ao,Ae和 相位差 δ0 由入射 光的偏振态来确 定.
光轴 A θ Ae Ao
d
光过波片后振幅不变, (2) o光e光过波片后振幅不变, 相位差变 +δ,其中δ=2π( δ=2π(n 为δ′=δ0+δ,其中δ=2π(no - ne)d λ,出射光 的偏振态由A δ′来确定 来确定. 的偏振态由Ao,Ae和相位差 δ′来确定.
x(e)
2.3偏振光的获得与检验 偏振光的获得与检验
各种偏振光通过λ/4波片偏振态的变化 各种偏振光通过λ/4波片偏振态的变化 入射光
线偏振 线偏振 线偏振
光轴 Ae θ A Ao y(o) d
λ/4片位置
e轴或o轴与偏振方向一致 e轴o轴与偏振方向成450 其它位置
出射光
线偏振 圆偏振 正椭圆偏振 线偏振 线偏振 椭圆偏振
第七章 光在晶体中的传播
Chap.7 Optical Propagation in Crystals
第七章 光在晶体中的传播
理解o光和e光概念 熟悉光在晶体的传播规律 掌握常见的偏振晶体元件的功用 熟悉偏振光的干涉 了解光弹性效应、电光效应和旋光现 象