公共管理专业英语1
公共管理学专业英语词汇
公共管理学专业英语词汇目标 mission/ objective 内部环境 internal environment 外部环境 external environment 集体目标 group objective 计划 planning 组织 organizing人事 staffing 领导 leading 控制 controlling步骤 process 原理 principle 方法 technique经理 manager 总经理 general manager 行政人员 administrator主管人员 supervisor 企业 enterprise 商业 business产业 industry 公司 company 效果 effectiveness效率efficiency 企业家 entrepreneur 权利 power职权 authority 职责 responsibility 科学管理 scientific management现代经营管理 modern operational management 行为科学 behavior science 生产率 productivity 激励 motivate 动机 motive法律 law 法规 regulation 经济体系 economic system管理职能 managerial function 产品 product 服务 service利润 profit 满意 satisfaction 归属 affiliation尊敬 esteem 自我实现 self-actualization 人力投入 human input盈余 surplus 收入 income 成本 cost 资本货物 capital goods机器 machinery 设备 equipment 建筑 building 存货 inventory经验法the empirical approach 人际行为法the interpersonal behavior approach集体行为法 the group behavior approach 协作社会系统法 the cooperative social systems approach社会技术系统法 the social-technical systems approach 决策理论法 the decision theory approach数学法 the mathematical approach 系统法 the systems approach随机制宜法 the contingency approach 管理任务法 the managerial roles approach经营法 the operational approach 人际关系 human relation心理学 psychology 态度 attitude 压力 pressure 冲突 conflict招聘 recruit 鉴定 appraisal 选拔 select 培训 train报酬compensation 授权delegation of authority 协调coordinate 业绩performance考绩制度 merit system 表现 behavior 下级 subordinate 偏差 deviation检验记录 inspection record 误工记录 record of labor-hours lost 销售量sales volume 产品质量 quality of products 先进技术 advanced technology 顾客服务 customer service 策略 strategy 结构 structure 领先性 primacy 普遍性 pervasiveness 忧虑 fear 忿恨 resentment 士气 morale 解雇 layoff 批发 wholesale 零售 retail 程序 procedure 规则 rule规划 program 预算 budget 共同作用 synergy 大型联合企业 conglomerate 资源 resource 购买 acquisition 增长目标 growth goal 专利产品 proprietary product 竞争对手 rival 晋升 promotion 管理决策 managerial decision 商业道德 business ethics 有竞争力的价格 competitive price 供货商 supplier 小贩 vendor 利益冲突 conflict of interests 派生政策 derivative policy 开支帐户 expense account 批准程序 approval procedure病假 sick leave 休假 vacation 工时 labor-hour 机时 machine-hour 资本支出 capital outlay 现金流量 cash flow 工资率 wage rate 税收率 tax rate 股息 dividend 现金状况 cash position 资金短缺 capital shortage总预算 overall budget 资产负债表 balance sheet 可行性 feasibility投入原则 the commitment principle 投资回报 return on investment 生产能力 capacity to produce 实际工作者 practitioner 最终结果 end result 业绩performance个人利益 personal interest 福利 welfare 市场占有率 market share 创新innovation 生产率 productivity 利润率 profitability社会责任 public responsibility 董事会 board of director 组织规模 size of the organization 组织文化 organizational culture 目标管理 management by objectives 评价工具 appraisal tool 激励方法 motivational techniques 控制手段control device 个人价值personal worth 优势strength 弱点weakness 机会 opportunity 威胁 threat个人责任 personal responsibility 顾问 counselor 定量目标 quantitative objective 定性目标qualitative objective 可考核目标verifiable objective 优先 priority 工资表 payroll 策略 strategy 政策 policy 灵活性discretion 多种经营diversification 评估assessment 一致性consistency应变策略 consistency strategy 公共关系 public relation 价值 value 抱负aspiration 偏见prejudice 审查review 批准approval 主要决定major decision 分公司总经理 division general manager 资产组合距阵 portfoliomatrix 明星star 问号question mark 现金牛cash cow 赖狗dog 采购procurement 人口因素 demographic factor 地理因素 geographic factor 公司形象 company image产品系列product line 合资企业joint venture 破产政策liquidation strategy紧缩政策 retrenchment strategy 战术 tactics 追随 followership个性 individuality 性格 personality 安全 safety 自主权 latitude 悲观的pessimistic 静止的static 乐观的optimistic 动态的dynamic 灵活的flexible 抵制 resistance 敌对 antagonism 折中 eclectic 激励 motivation 潜意识subconscious 地位status 情感affection 欲望desire 压力pressure满足 satisfaction自我实现的需要 needs for self-actualization 尊敬的需要 esteem needs 归属的需要affiliation needs 安全的需要security needs 生理的需要physiological needs 维持 maintenance 保健 hygiene 激励因素 motivator 概率 probability 强化理论 reinforcement theory 反馈 feedback 奖金 bonus 股票期权 stock option 劳资纠纷 labor dispute 缺勤率 absenteeism 人员流动 turnover 奖励 reward 特许经营 franchise 热诚 zeal 信心 confidence 鼓舞 inspire 要素 ingredient忠诚 loyalty 奉献 devotion 作风 style 品质 trait适应性 adaptability 进取性 aggressiveness 热情 enthusiasm毅力 persistence 人际交往能力 interpersonal skills行政管理能力 administrative ability智力 intelligence 专制式领导 autocratic leader 民主式领导 democratic leader 自由放任式领导 free-rein leader 管理方格图 the managerial grid 工作效率 work efficiency 服从 obedience 领导行为 leader behavior支持型领导 supportive leadership 参与型领导 participative leadership 指导型领导 instrumental leadership成就取向型领导 achievement-oriented leadershipAutomated inspection 自动化检验automatic assembly system 自动化装配系统applied biomechanics 应用生物力学CAD/CAM 计算机辅助设计与制造computer integrated manufacturing system 计算机整合制造系统data structure 数据结构data base management system 数据库管理系统decision analysis 决策分析engineering economy 工程经济engineering statistics 工程统计facilities planning 设施规划factory diagnoisis and improvement method 工厂诊断与改善方法financial and cost analysis 财务与成本分析fuzzy theory and application 模糊理论与应用human-computer interaction (HCI)人因工程与计算机系统human factors engineering 人因工程human information processing 人类讯息处理human-machine system design 人机系统设计human resource management 人力资源管理human system diagnosis and improvement 人体系统诊断与改善industrial environment evaluation 工业环境评估industrial organizations and management 工业组织与管理industrial safety 工业安全information technology 信息技术intellectual property laws 智慧财产权法knowledge engineering 知识工程linear algebra 线性代数manufacturing automation 制造自动化manufacturing engineering 制造工程manufacturing management 制造管理manufacturing process 制造程序manufacturing systems and management 制造系统与管理market and marketing 市场与行销material flows automation 物流自动化mathematical programming 数学规划multicriteria decision making 多目标规划multi-criteria decision methods 多准则决策分析network analysis 网络分析numerical analysis 数值分析organization and management 组织与管理product and technology development management 产品与技术开发管理production management 生产管理production planning and control 生产计划与管制quality control 质量管理quality engineering 品质工程quality management techniques and practice 品质管理queueing theory 等候线理论reliability engineering 可靠度工程research，development and innovation management 研究发展管理semiconductor production management 半导体生产管理sequencing and scheduling 排序与排程simulation 模拟分析statistical method 统计方法stochastic processes 随机系统strategic management of technology 技术策略system analysis and design in large scale 大型系统分析与设计system performance evaluation 系统绩效评估技术system quality assurance engineering 系统品质保证工程systems engineering 系统工程systems simulation 系统仿真vision and colors 视觉与色彩work physiology 工作生理学work study 工作研究Accounting Assistant 会计助理Accounting Clerk 记帐员Accounting Manager 会计部经理Accounting Stall 会计部职员Accounting Supervisor 会计主管Administration Manager 行政经理Administration Staff 行政人员Administrative Assistant 行政助理Administrative Clerk 行政办事员Advertising Staff 广告工作人员Airlines Sales Representative 航空公司定座员Airlines Staff 航空公司职员Application Engineer 应用工程师Assistant Manager 副经理Bond Analyst 证券分析员Bond Trader 证券交易员Business Controller 业务主任Business Manager 业务经理Buyer 采购员Cashier 出纳员Chemical Engineer 化学工程师Civil Engineer 土木工程师Clerk/Receptionist 职员/接待员Clerk Typist & Secretary 文书打字兼秘书Computer Data Input Operator 计算机资料输入员Computer Engineer 计算机工程师Computer Processing Operator 计算机处理操作员Computer System Manager 计算机系统部经理Copywriter 广告文字撰稿人Deputy General Manager 副总经理Economic Research Assistant 经济研究助理Electrical Engineer 电气工程师Engineering Technician 工程技术员English Instructor/Teacher 英语教师Export Sales Manager 外销部经理Export Sales Staff 外销部职员Financial Controller 财务主任Financial Reporter 财务报告人F.X. (Foreign Exchange)Clerk 外汇部职员F.X. Settlement Clerk 外汇部核算员Fund Manager 财务经理General Auditor 审计长General Manager/ President 总经理General Manager Assistant 总经理助理General Manager's Secretary 总经理秘书Hardware Engineer 计算机硬件工程师Import Liaison Staff 进口联络员Import Manager 进口部经理Insurance Actuary 保险公司理赔员International Sales Staff 国际销售员Interpreter 口语翻译Legal Adviser 法律顾问Line Supervisor 生产线主管Maintenance Engineer 维修工程师Management Consultant 管理顾问Manager 经理Manager for Public Relations 公关部经理Manufacturing Engineer 制造工程师Manufacturing Worker 生产员工Market Analyst 市场分析员Market Development Manager 市场开发部经理Marketing Manager 市场销售部经理Marketing Staff 市场销售员Marketing Assistant 销售助理Marketing Executive 销售主管Marketing Representative 销售代表Marketing Representative Manager 市场调研部经理Mechanical Engineer 机械工程师Mining Engineer 采矿工程师Music Teacher 音乐教师Naval Architect 造船工程师Office Assistant 办公室助理Office Clerk 职员Operational Manager 业务经理Package Designer 包装设计师Passenger Reservation Staff 乘客票位预订员Personnel Clerk 人事部职员Personnel Manager 人事部经理Plant/ Factory Manager 厂长Postal Clerk 邮政人员Private Secretary 私人秘书Product Manager 生产部经理Production Engineer 产品工程师Professional Staff 专业人员Programmer 电脑程序设计师Project Staff 项目策划人员Promotional Manager 推售部经理Proof-reader 校对员Purchasing Agent 采购进货员Quality Control Engineer 质量管理工程师Real Estate Staff 房地产职员Recruitment Co-ordinator 招聘协调人Regional Manger 地区经理Research＆.Development Engineer 研究开发工程师Restaurant Manager 饭店经理Sales and Planning Staff 销售计划员Sales Assistant 销售助理Sales Clerk 店员、售货员Sales Coordinator 销售协调人Sales Engineer 销售工程师Sales Executive 销售主管Sales Manager 销售部经理Salesperson 销售员Seller Representative 销售代表Sales Supervisor 销售监管School Registrar 学校注册主任Secretarial Assistant 秘书助理Secretary 秘书Securities Custody Clerk 保安人员Security Officer 安全人员Senior Accountant 高级会计Senior Consultant/Adviser 高级顾问Senior Employee 高级雇员Senior Secretary 高级秘书Service Manager 服务部经理Simultaneous Interpreter 同声传译员Software Engineer 计算机软件工程师Supervisor 监管员Systems Adviser 系统顾问Systems Engineer 系统工程师Systems Operator 系统操作员Technical Editor 技术编辑Technical Translator 技术翻译Technical Worker 技术工人Telecommunication Executive电讯（电信）员Telephonist / Operator 电话接线员、话务员Tourist Guide 导游Trade Finance Executive 贸易财务主管Trainee Manager 培训部经理Translation Checker 翻译核对员Translator 翻译员Trust Banking Executive 银行高级职员Typist 打字员Wordprocessor Operator 文字处理操作员Aaccess discrimination 进入歧视 action research 动作研究adjourning 解散 adhocracy 特别结构administrative principle 管理原则 artifacts 人工环境artificial intelligence 人工智能工巧匠 avoiding learning 规避性学习ambidextrous approach 双管齐下策略Bbalance sheet 资产负债表 bcg matrix 波士顿咨询集团矩阵bona fide occupation qualifications 善意职业资格审查bounded rationality 有限理性 bureaucracy 官僚机构benchmarking 标杆瞄准 bounded rationality perspective 有限理性方法boundary-spanning roles 跨超边界作用Ccomputer-aided design and computer-automated manufacturing(cad/cam) 计算机辅助设计与计算机自动生产confrontation 对话 consortia 企业联合change agent 变革促进者 chaos theory 混沌理论charismatic leaders 魅力型领导者 charity principle 博爱原则coercive power 强制权 cohesiveness 凝聚力collaborative management 合作型管理 comparable worth 可比较价值competitive benchmarking 竞争性基准 confrontation meeting 碰头会constancy of purpose 永久性目标 contingency approach 权变理论corporate social performance 公司社会表现corporate social responsibility公司社会责任corporate social responsiveness公司社会反应 critical incident 关键事件current assets 流动资产 current liabilities 流动负债culture strength 文化强度 creative department 创造性部门craft technology 技艺性技术 contextual dimension 关联性维度continuous process production 连续加工生产 collectivity stage 集体化阶段clan control 小团体控制 clan culture 小团体文化coalition 联合团体 collaborative 协作网络centrality 集中性 centraliazation 集权化charismatic authority 竭尽忠诚的权力Ddecentralization 分权 democracy management 民主管理departmentalization 部门化 differential rate system 差别报酬系统dialectical inquiry methods 辩证探求法 division of labor 劳动分工downward mobility 降职流动 dynamic engagement 动态融合dynamic network 动态网络 domain 领域direct interlock 直接交叉 divisional form 事业部模式differentiation strategy 差别化战略 decision premise 决策前提dual-core approach 二元核心模式Eelectronic data-processing(edp) 电子数据处理 employee-oriented style 员工导向型风格empowerment 授权 encoding 解码end-user computing 终端用户计算系统 entrepreneurship 企业家精神equity 净资产 equity theory 公平理论espoused value 信仰价值 ethnocentric manager 种族主义的管理者expectancy theory 期望理论 expense budget 支出预算expense center 费用中心 external audit 外部审计external stakeholders 外部利益相关者 extrinsic rewards 外部奖励ethic ombudsperson 伦理巡视官 external adaption 外部适应性elaboration stage 精细阶段 entrepreneurial stage 创业阶段escalating commitment 顽固认同Ffamily group 家庭集团 financial statement 财务报表flat hierarchies 扁平型结构 flexible budget 弹性预算force-field theory 场力理论 formal authority 合法权力formal systematic appraisal 正式的系统评估 franchise 特许经营权formalization stage 规范化阶段 functional grouping 职能组合formal channel of communication 正式沟通渠道Ggame theory 博弈论 general financial condition 一般财务状况geocentric manager 全球化管理者 general manager 总经理globalization 全球化 gossip chain 传言链grapevine 传言网 global strategic partnership 全球战略伙伴关系general environment 一般环境 generalist 全面战略geographic grouping 区域组合 global company 全球公司global geographic structure 全球区域结构Hhawthorne effect 霍桑效应 heuristic principles 启发性原理hierarchy 科层制度 hiring specification 招聘细则horizontal linkage model 横向联系模型 hybrid structure 混合结构high tech 高接触 high-velocity environments 高倍速环境Iimpoverished management 放任式管理 income statement 损益表information transformation 信息转换 infrastructure 基础设施integrative process 整合过程 intelligent enterprises 智力企业internal audit 内部审计 internal stakeholder 内部相关者internship 实习 intrapreneurship 内部企业家精神intrinsic reward 内在报酬 inventory 库存, 存货internal integration 内部整合 interorganization relationship 组织间的关系intergroup conflict 团体间冲突 interlocking directorate 交叉董事会institutional perspective 机构的观点 intuitive decision making 直觉决策idea champion 构思倡导者 incremental change 渐进式变革informal organizational structure 非正式组织结构informal performance appraisal 非正式业绩评价Jjob description 职务描述 job design 职务设计job enlargement 职务扩大化 job enrichment 职务丰富化job rotation 职务轮换 job specialization 职务专业化Kkey performance areas 关键业务区 key result areas 关键绩效区Llabor productivity index 劳动生产力指数 laissez management 自由化管理large batch production 大批量生产 lateral communication 横向沟通leadership style 领导风格 least preferred co-worker(lpc)最不喜欢的同事legitimate power 合法权力 liability 负债liaison 联络者 line authority 直线职权liquidity 流动性 liaison role 联络员角色long-linked technology 纵向关联技术 losses from conflict 冲突带来的损失low-cost leadership 低成本领先Mmanagement by objective 目标管理 Managerial Grid 管理方格matrix bosses 矩阵主管 management champion 管理倡导者materials-requirements planning(MRP) 物料需求计划Mslow,s hierarchy of needs 马斯洛需求层次论marketing argument 管理文化多元化营销观 multiculturalism 文化多元主义multidivisional firm 多部门公司 moral rules 道德准则management by walking around(MBWA) 走动式管理matrix structure 矩阵结构 multinational enterprise(MNE) 跨国公司moral relativism 道德相对主义 mechanistic system 机械式组织middle-of-the-road management 中庸式管理 meso theory 常态理论multidomestic strategy 多国化战略mediating technology 调停技术Nna?ve relativism 朴素相对主义 need-achievement 成就需要norming 规范化 norms 规范nonprogrammed decisions 非程序化决策 nonsubstitutability 非替代性nonroutine technology 非例行技术 niche 领地Ooff-the-job training 脱产培训 on-the-job training 在职培训operational budget 运营预算 order backlog 订单储备organic system 有机系统 organizational development(OD) 组织发展orientation 定位 outcome interdependence 结果的相互依赖性outplacement services 外延服务 organization ecosystem 组织生态系统Pparadox of authority 权威的矛盾 paradox of creativity 创造力的矛盾paradox of disclosure 开放的矛盾 paradox of identify 身份的矛盾paradox of individuality 个性的矛盾 paradox of regression 回归的矛盾partial productivity 部分生产率 participative management 参与式管理path-goal model 路径目标模型 peer recruiter 同级招聘political action committees(PACs) 政治活动委员会polycentric manager 多中心管理者 portfolio framework 业务组合框架portfolio investment 资产组合投资 positive reinforcement 正强化production flexibility 生产柔性 profitability 收益率programmed decisions 程序化决策 psychoanalytic view 精神分析法paradigm 范式 personal ratios 人员比例pooled dependence 集合性依存 professional bureaucracy 专业官僚机构problem identification 问题识别 problemistic search 问题搜寻population ecology model 种群生态模型Qquality 质量 quality circle 质量圈question mark 问题类市场 quid pro quo 交换物Rrational model of decision making 理性决策模式realistic job preview(RJP) 实际工作预览reciprocal interdependence 相互依存性resource dependence 资源依赖理论routine technology 例行技术 retention 保留rational approach 理性方法 rational model 理性模型rational-legal authority 理性—合法权威Ssemivariable cost 准可变成本 sense of potency 力量感sensitivity training 敏感性训练 sexual harassment 性骚扰short-run capacity changes 短期生产能力变化 single-strand chain 单向传言链situational approach 情境方法 situational force 情境力量situational leadership theory 情境领导理论 sliding-scale budget 移动规模预算small-batch production 小规模生产 sociotechnical approaches 社会科技方法span of management 管理幅度 staff authority 参谋职权standing plan 长设计划 step budget 分步预算stewardship principle 管家原则 stimulus 刺激storming 调整阶段 strategic management 战略管理strategic partnering 战略伙伴关系 strategy formulation 战略制定strategy implementation 战略实施 strategic control 战略控制strategic contingencies 战略权变 satisficing 满意度subsystems 子系统 subunits 子单位synergy 协同 system boundary 系统边界structure dimension 结构性维度 sequential interdependence 序列性依存self-directed team 自我管理型团队 specialist 专门战略strategy and structure changes 战略与结构变革symptoms of structural deficiency 结构无效的特征Ttall hierarchies 高长型科层结构 task force or project team 任务小组或项目团队task independence 任务的内部依赖性 task management 任务型管理task-oriented style 任务导向型管理风格 total productivity 全部生产率Total Quality Management 全面质量管理 training positions 挂职培训training program 培训程序 transactional leaders 交易型领导transformational leaders 变革型领导 treatment discrimination 歧视待遇two-factory theory 双因素理论 two-boss employees 双重主管员工technical or product champion 技术或产品的倡导者Uunfreezing 解冻 unit production 单位产品Vvariation 变种子 variety 变量valence 效价 variable costs 可变成本vertical communication 纵向沟通 vertical integration 纵向一体化vestibule training 仿真培训 volume flexibility 产量的可伸缩性vertical linkage 纵向连接 venture team 风险团队value based leadership 基于价值的领导Wwin-lose situation 输赢情境 win-win situation 双赢情境workforce literacy 员工的读写能力 work in progress 在制品work flow redesign 工作流程再造成 work flow automation 工作流程自动化whistle blowing 揭发Zzero-sum 零---和zone of indifference(area of acceptance) 无差异区域(可接受区域)。
公共管理专业英语
• "The changes we propose will ensure that – but they do something else too. They will save billions of pounds which can be better spent elsewhere in the NHS." • Miliband will argue that the growing number of older people and those with chronic illnesses requires a new model of integrated care. At present social care is handled by local government but acute care by the NHS.
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• Ed Miliband has faced criticism that he is not doing enough to project a clear image of where Labour would take Britain in office. Photograph: David Cheskin/PA
2013-5-4
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• Miliband will cite figures from the Nuffield Trust that show that unless Britain improves the way services are delivered, growing care needs will leave a shortfall of up to £29bn a year by 2020 in NHS funding. • He will claim his planned reorganisation represents the reforms the NHS really wanted as opposed to the changes imposed by the former health secretary Andrew Lansley. He will claim the Lansley-Hunt reforms are putting the financial sustainability of the NHS at risk.
公共管理专业英语 顾建光 教学大纲
公共管理专业英语顾建光教学大纲全文共6篇示例，供读者参考篇1My Big Sis Goes to CollegeMy big sister Meiling just started college this year. She's studying to be something called a "public administrator" which sounds really fancy! I asked her what that means and she said it's about learning how to help run the government and make things better for everybody. Isn't that cool?Meiling showed me one of her textbooks - it's huge and has so many pages! The name on the cover says "English for Public Administration Teaching Syllabus by Gu Jianguang." I asked her who Gu Jianguang is and she said he's the teacher who wrote down everything they need to learn in her major. Let me tell you what Meiling explained it's all about!The first part is called "Basic Knowledge" and it teaches you aboutimportant ideas in public administration. There's stuff likethe history of how governments developed over time, different political systems around the world, and laws and rulesthat officials have to follow. Meiling says it's really interesting learning about how countries are organized and run.Next there's a section on "Professional Knowledge" which gets into thehands-on skills you need to actually work in public administration. This includes how to manage people and projects, use computers for official businesses, write formal documents, and communicate clearly both in speaking and writing. Meiling jokes that she'll basically be training to become a super-organized boss lady!But the biggest part is "English Language Application" since communicating in English is super important for this major. Meiling has to take classes on English reading, writing, listening, and speaking - all focused on the public administration field. She showed me some sample materials which looked pretty hard, with longofficial documents, speechesbyimportant leaders, and dialogue scripts of meetings and negotiations. No wonder English takes up so much of her studies!There are also some smaller sections likeacademic research methods to learn how to findreliable information and analyzeideas. Andsemesterprojects where the whole class has to work togetheron a public administration case study. Meiling saysthis helps prepare them for tackling realprojects after graduating.I got a little dizzy just from her explaining everything! To becomea public administration professional fluent inEnglish sure requires a TON of hard work. Meiling complains about allthe reading and assignments she has to do, but I can tellshe's reallymotivated. She keepsreminding me how this major will allowher to get a good job serving our country and community after college.I'm just awideeyed kid but learnin gabout her super intense program made me respectall the difficult yearsof education topreparemybigsisfor her dream career. I don'tenvy all her heavy textbooks andtough classes, but I totally admire her commitment! I'm alreadyso proudof Meiling eventhoughshe's juststarted.Wheneverfeelexhausted fromstudying, I hopeshe remembershowunsungpublic servants arethe realheroes improving citizens' daily lives.Eventhoughpublic administrationEnglish sounds crazy complicated withitshuge syllabus,I know my amazing sis haswhatitrequires to succeedbythetime she dons that graduation cap! I can't wait toattendher commencement and seewhere her journeyleads next.Good luck,MeiMei - I'll be cheering foryou everystepof the way!篇2Hi there friends! Today we're going to learn about a very important subject called Public Administration English. It's all about how the government works and how to communicate with people in charge. Let me tell you a fun story to help explain!Once upon a time, there was a town called Smileyville where everyone was always happy. But one day, the townsfolk realized they needed some new rules to keep things running smoothly. "We need leaders!" they all cried.So they held a big election and chose a wonderful woman named Mayor Lily to be in charge. Mayor Lily was very smart, but she didn't speak the same language as some of the people in Smileyville. This made it hard for her to understand what everyone needed.That's when a wise teacher named Mr. Gu stepped in. "I can teach Mayor Lily and her team how to speak and understand all the languages in Smileyville!" he said. "It's called Public Administration English."Mr. Gu's first lesson was on speaking clearly. He taught Mayor Lily words like "policy" for the rules she would make, and "administration" for how she would get things done. He helped her practice giving speeches so everyone could understand.Next, Mr. Gu taught about reading and writing important papers. Mayor Lily had to read lots of "reports" with information to help her make decisions. She also had to write "proposals" to share her ideas and get approval.But talking and writing weren't enough - Mayor Lily also needed to learn how to listen carefully. Mr. Gu showed her how to pay close attention when people spoke at "meetings" so she could understand what they wanted or needed.As Mayor Lily kept practicing her new skills, things in Smileyville got even better! She could communicate with all the bakers, builders, teachers and everyone else. Nobody felt left out or ignored.Some days, Mayor Lily's work was easy. But other days, it was really hard! Like when two groups couldn't agree and started arguing.That's when Mr. Gu taught about resolving conflicts through communication. Mayor Lily learned to ask lots of questions,listen patiently, and rephrase what she heard so there were no misunderstandings. Then she could suggest "compromises" or ways for both sides to be happy.There was so much more to learn in Public Administration English! Like using proper email manners when sending "correspondence." And giving clear "briefings" to share updates. And understanding all the legal "terminology" for laws and rules.Whenever things got confusing, Mr. Gu reminded Mayor Lily, "The most important thing is to communicate clearly, openly and with respect for all people. That way, you can serve the public good."With her new language skills, Mayor Lily became the best leader Smileyville could ever want! She brought the community together and helped make everyone's life better.Years later, Mayor Lily retired feeling very proud. And you know what? She decided to follow in Mr. Gu's footsteps and teach Public Administration English to future leaders!The end! So you see, learning this subject is super important for anyone who wants to work for the government and help make their community or country a wonderful place.Just like Mayor Lily, you'll learn all the words and skills to manage cities, write rules, handle disagreements, and effectively serve the public. Mr. Gu's lessons will teach you how to communicate clearly in any situation a leader might face.It won't be easy - Public Administration English takes a lot of practice. But if you study hard, one day you could be the next great mayor, governor or public servant making positive changes! Just remember to always listen to all perspectives and bring people together. That's what it's all about.I hope my story helped explain why this subject matters. Learning it will open up so many future opportunities! What did you think of my tale of Smileyville? Let me know if you have any other questions!篇3Hello friends! Today I want to tell you about a really cool class I'm taking at university. It's called "Public Administration English" and it's taught by Professor Gu Jianguang. He seems like a nice guy with glasses and a friendly smile.The first week, Professor Gu gave us the syllabus which is a big list of everything we're going to learn about this semester. I have to be honest, some of the words were really hard for me tounderstand at first! But I'll do my best to explain it in simple terms.Basically, public administration is all about how the government works and makes decisions to help people. In this class, we'll learn lots of important English vocabulary related to government, economics, law, and public policy. That way if we get jobs working for the government someday, we'll know all the right English words to use!One of the first units we'll cover is about the structure and functions of government. We'll learn words like "legislation," "judiciary," and "executive branch." Those all refer to different parts of government that make laws, interpret laws, and enforce laws. It's kinda like learning about the different parts of a big machine!Then we'll move on to discussing public policy issues. Professor Gu says we'll read lots of articles and have debates about hot topics like environmental protection, healthcare, education reform, and more. We'll need to learn vocabulary related to those different policy areas. I'm most excited about the environmental unit because I really care about taking care of the planet!Another major part of the class will be economic and financial vocabulary. We'll cover economic concepts like GDP, inflation, taxation, and government budgeting. I have to admit, those economic terms already have my head spinning a bit! But Professor Gu promises to explain everything clearly. Apparently understanding money and finances is really important for public administration.Later in the semester, we'll dive into public management principles. That means learning about how to effectively lead and manage operations within a government organization. Some of the key vocabulary will be related to organizational structure, human resources, performance evaluation, andethics/accountability. Those all seem like important things for future government leaders to know about.One whole unit will focus on international relations and global governance structures. With so much happening between different countries and organizations worldwide, public administrators need a strong grasp of geopolitical vocabulary in English. We'll read about the United Nations, multinational companies, international trade agreements, and more. It sounds fascinating but also pretty complex!Towards the end of the course, we'll have opportunities to practice our new vocabulary through case study analysis, policy memo writing, and simulated meetings/negotiations. Professor Gu says those practical exercises will prepare us for real-life public administration scenarios where we'll need to use precise English terminology.Whew, I think that covers most of the major topics we'll be learning! As you can probably tell, this Public Administration English class will take a lot of hard work and brain power. But I'm really excited to build my English skills and learn so much about how governments operate.Professor Gu seems like he'll be an awesome teacher to guide us through everything. And who knows, maybe someday I'll have an important government job helping create policies to make the world a better place! But first I need to study really hard in this cool class. Wish me luck!篇4Mr. Gu's Fun Class for Learning About Helping People!Hi everyone! My name is Gu Jianguang, but you can call me Mr. Gu. I'm really excited to teach you all about public administration this year. That's a big fancy word that meanslearning how to manage things that help communities and societies.In my class, we're going to learn so many cool and important things! We'll talk about laws and rules that keep people safe. We'll explore how governments make decisions on important issues. And we'll see how hard-working people in public service jobs help make our towns, cities and countries better places.Get ready for an awesome year of learning, games, activities and even some field trips! Here's what we'll be covering:Unit 1: What is Public Administration?We'll start by understanding just what public administration means. It's all about managing public policies, programs, resources and employees for the greater good of the public. We'll learn the difference between the public and private sectors too.Unit 2: The Role of GovernmentGovernments play a huge part in public administration. We'll examine how governments at the local, regional and national levels operate. We'll discuss voting, democracy, public decision-making and the branches of government like the courts, legislature and public agencies.Unit 3: Public Policies and ProgramsThere are so many policies and programs run by governments to help citizens. We'll explore areas like education, healthcare, transportation, environment, public safety and more. We'll see how these policies get created and implemented to address public issues.Unit 4: Managing Public ResourcesGovernments have to be really careful about managing money, materials, buildings and other resources that are funded by taxes from citizens. We'll learn principles of budgeting, finance, procurement and asset management so resources are used properly.Unit 5: The Public WorkforceLots of hard-working people are employed by the government to serve the public good. We'll study topics like public personnel systems, employee training, workplace rules, motivation and public service values. We want public employees to do their jobs well!Unit 6: Performance MeasurementIt's important to check that public policies and programs are working effectively. We'll discover ways to analyze data, measureoutcomes and ensure accountability so administrations can continuously improve their performance.Unit 7: Ethics and AccountabilityPublic servants have a duty to be ethical, transparent and accountable to the people they serve. We'll go over principles like integrity, impartiality, professionalism and respect for things like human rights and the environment.Unit 8: Modern ChallengesFinally, we'll examine some of the big challenges facing public administrations today and in the future. This could include technology, globalization, social equity and sustainable development among other critical issues.Wow, that's going to be such an fascinating year! I'll use all kinds of fun activities to make this topics engaging. We'll have group projects, interesting guest speakers, field trips and interactive games and debates. We may even take a field trip to visit some local government offices.My goal is for you to really understand the important work of public service and administration. The policies, decisions and work done by governments and public agencies impacts every part of our lives. With the knowledge from this class, somedaysome of you may even want to become public leaders and civil servants yourselves!I'm super excited to explore this all with you. Get ready for an amazing journey into the world of public administration. If you have any other questions, just let me know. Let's make this the best class ever!篇5Hi friends! Today I want to tell you all about this really cool class I'm taking called English for Public Administration. It's taught by Professor Gu Jianguang, who is super nice and really good at explaining things.The first thing we learned about is what public administration actually means. It's all about how the government works and makes decisions to serve the people. The professor said public administration is like the brain that runs the body of the government! Pretty neat, right?We spent a few weeks talking about the history of public administration and how it has changed over time. Way back in ancient China, there were already government officials and systems in place to manage things like taxes, construction projects, and laws. Can you imagine being a kid back then andhaving to take notes with a brush and ink instead of a pencil? No thanks!Then we learned about public administration in other parts of the world too, like ancient Greece and Rome. Those crazy Romans really knew how to build roads and aqueducts. The professor showed us pictures and everything. We even got to look at replicas of old government documents - so cool!But of course, a lot has changed since those ancient times. Now we have modern governments with elaborate bureaucracies and civil services. We talked about how public policies get made, implemented, and evaluated nowadays. There sure are a lot of processes and procedures involved!The professor also taught us about important theories in public administration like scientific management, bureaucratic theory, and New Public Management. I'll be honest, some of those theories gave me a headache trying to understand them at first. But Professor Gu is really patient and would explain things again in a simpler way when we got confused.You know what was fun though? Doing role-playing activities where we pretended to be government officials having meetings and making decisions. We got to practice our English speaking and writing skills while learning about publicadministration concepts like budgeting, human resources, and organizational behavior. Definitely brought the lessons to life!Another big part of the class was comparing public administration in different countries and regions. We looked at case studies from the US, UK, China, and other places to see the similarities and differences in how their governments operate. Made me appreciate how diverse the world is!One of my favorite units was on digital governance ande-government services. It was mind-blowing learning about all the ways technology is transforming how the public sector operates and delivers services nowadays. Websites, apps, AI, big data - it's like living in the future!We also covered some global issues in public administration like environmental policies, crisis management, and how different countries cooperate on things that affect the whole world. Yeah, it got a little heavy at times, but I feel like I have a much better understanding of how interdependent we all are on this planet.Throughout the whole class, we were constantly practicing our English skills - reading articles and reports, writing policy memos and briefings, giving presentations, you name it.Professor Gu really emphasized how vital English proficiency is for anyone wanting a career in this field.Oh, and I can't forget to mention the group project we did at the end of the term! Our team had to analyze a real public administration issue and propose a policy solution, all while writing reports and communicating with each other in English. It was a ton of work but also crazy fun.I learned sooooo much from this class. Not just about public administration concepts, but how to think critically, conduct research, communicate effectively, and work collaboratively. Professor Gu really made the topics come alive in an engaging way.If any of you kids out there are interested in how governments work and want to make a positive difference in your community, I highly recommend taking this English for Public Administration course when you're older. Who knows, you might even grow up to become an awesome public servant one day!Okay, that's all for my extremely detailed and fascinating summary (or maybe not, haha!). Thanks for reading, friends! Time for me to go play some video games and be a kid again. Bye!篇6Hi kids! Today we're going to learn about a really cool class that some big kids take called "Public Administration English" taught by Professor Gu. It's all about how to use the English language to help make our communities and government work better for everyone!First up, we'll learn about the different jobs people can have working for the government. There are leaders like mayors and governors who help make important decisions. There are public servants who do things like teach at schools, put out fires, keep people safe as police officers, and collect trash. We'll learn the English words for all these roles.Next, we'll practice how to read and write different kinds of official documents and letters in English. Things like policies, reports, meeting notes, and emails that government workers use every day. It's important to communicate clearly so everyone understands!Then we get to dive into how the government operates at different levels - from your local city all the way up to the national government. We'll learn fancy words like "municipal", "provincial", "federal", and more. We'll discuss the differentdepartments that focus on areas like education, transportation, healthcare, and the environment.One of the most interesting units is about public policy. That means the plans and laws that leaders put in place to support things that benefit everyone, like parks, libraries, roads, and social services. We'll look at examples of good public policies and think about how we could make them even better.Another fun part is learning how to give professional presentations in English. You'll practice speaking clearly and making slides with information to share your brilliant ideas for improving our communities. Public speaking can benerve-wracking, but with practice it gets easier!Throughout the class, we'll read real documents from government agencies and watch videos of leaders giving speeches. We'll have big group discussions about important issues our cities and countries are facing. We can debate different solutions and think critically about what is fair for all people.There will be lots of opportunities to practice your English writing too. You might have to write letters, essays, reports and more - just like grown-up government workers do. Don't worry,Professor Gu will give you plenty of feedback to help you improve.One of the biggest challenges will be learning all the specific vocabulary related to public administration and organizational management. Words like "policy", "jurisdiction", "constituency", and "municipal" can be tongue-twisters at first! But keeping a vocabulary journal and using the new words repeatedly will make them stick.My favorite part of the class is the field trips! You might visit a mayor's office to see how city decisions get made. Or a police station to learn about law enforcement. Or even attend a town hall meeting where citizens can voice their opinions. It's so cool to see real-life public administration in action.By the end of Professor Gu's class, you'll know how to communicate clearly about all the different parts of public service that keep our communities running smoothly. You'll be ready to go out and be a leader - whether that's student council president or maybe even the future mayor of your town!I know that was a ton of information, but don't be overwhelmed. Professor Gu makes it all super interesting and fun. As long as you come to class ready to learn, participate in the activities, and do your homework, her Public AdministrationEnglish course will be a blast. Who's ready to go out and change the world?!。
《公共管理专业英语》部分课文翻译
1.1Opening Administration to the Public政务公开Citizens of Bengbu City, Anhui Province, now have the opportunit y to be a visitor at municipal government meetings, thanks to the gov ernment’s recent efforts to open its administration-adopting the Mea sures for Inviting Citizens to Listen to the Administrative Meeting, which came into effect on December 16, 2001.得益于2001年11月16日生效的政府最近实施的邀请市民旁听政府会议的行政事务公开改革措施,安徽省蚌埠市的市民现在有机会参加市政府会议。
Ten citizens are invited to be present at each meeting on admini strative affairs. The number of citizen listeners invited to very imp ortant meeting can vary. The listeners can be deputies to the city’s people’s congress, members of the local committee of the Chinese Peo ple’s Political Consultative Conference, personages of democratic, m embers of the Association of Industry and Commerce and others. They m ust be at least 18 years of age, and willingly to be a visitor at the meeting.每次行政事务会议邀请10名市民参加。
[考试]公共管理专业英语第一单元课文翻译
![[考试]公共管理专业英语第一单元课文翻译](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/f20f1e717f1922791688e8b8.png)
[考试]公共管理专业英语第一单元课文翻译Lesson 1The Practice and Discipline of Public Administration SomeDefinitions公共行政，像许多人的努力，是很难界定的。
然而，我们有一种感觉它是什么，应该如何进行，虽然我们可能不同意深刻。
在某种程度上，这是因为公共管理涵盖了大量的活动。
公共管理工作的探索外层空间清扫街道。
一些政府公务人员是受过良好教育的专业人士，他们可能会在他们的专业领域的前沿，其他拥有不同的技能，他们从海量的风向标。
一些公共管理政策，在全国范围内的影响，并可能惠及亿万人，其他人几乎没有任何决策和责任进行世俗政府的任务，如文字处理，存档，并保持记录。
公共管理是医生，律师，科学家，工程师，会计师，budgeters，政策分析家，人事人员，管理人员，文员，keyboarders，体力劳动者和个人从事其他职业的主机和功能。
但我们知道公共管理做什么不能解决的问题，界定什么是公共管理。
乍一看，人们可能会倾向于公共管理的定义忽视的问题。
有人指出，前一段时间，任何一个段落或一个句子的公共管理的定义，必然要证明暂时的思维瘫痪*。
这是因为，公共管理作为一类是抽象的，多样的，它只能说是含糊，笼统，无定形的，有些竞争*。
然而，一些关注的定义是很重要的。
首先，有必要建立一般的界限，传达的纪律性和公共管理实践的主要问题。
第二，公共管理的定义可以放置在更广泛的政治，经济和社会背景*领域。
第三，考虑到公共管理的定义表明，有三个不同的领域的基本方法。
多年来学者和从业者强调，这些方法中的一种或另一种的趋势，促进了混乱，因为每个方法往往会强调不同的价值观，不同的组织安排，不同的方法发展信息，并从根本上截然不同的意见的公民个人。
人们可以找到各种各样的公共管理的定义，但下面是其中最严重和最有影响力的努力定义字段。
1。
“公共行政是政府行动的一部分，政府的宗旨和目标实现的手段，*。
公共管理专业的英语
公共管理专业的英语As a student majoring in Public Administration, I have found that the English language plays a crucial role in my studies and future career. The ability to effectively communicate in English is essential for understanding and analyzing global public policy issues, as well as for collaborating with international organizations and partners. Therefore, it is important for students in the field of public administration to have a strong command of the English language in order to excel in their academic and professional endeavors.One of the main reasons why English is important for public administration students is the global nature of the field. Public administration deals with the management of public policies and programs, which often haveinternational implications. As such, being able to communicate and understand the nuances of the English language is crucial for engaging with a diverse range of stakeholders, including government officials, non-governmental organizations, and international agencies. Moreover, many of the key texts and resources in public administration are written in English, making proficiencyin the language essential for accessing and comprehending important academic and professional literature.In addition to the practical reasons for mastering English, there are also broader cultural and socialbenefits to being proficient in the language. English is widely considered to be the global language of business, politics, and academia, and as such, proficiency in English can open up a wide range of opportunities for public administration students. Whether it is participating in international conferences, conducting research with global relevance, or pursuing career opportunities abroad, a strong command of English can greatly enhance a student's prospects in the field of public administration.Furthermore, the ability to communicate effectively in English is also important for building relationships and fostering collaboration with individuals and organizations from diverse cultural backgrounds. Public administration isinherently a field that requires working with people from different countries and cultures, and being able to communicate in a common language can help bridge cultural gaps and facilitate mutual understanding. This isparticularly important in the context of global challenges such as climate change, poverty alleviation, and public health, where international cooperation and coordinationare essential.Moreover, English proficiency is also important for public administration students in terms of personal and professional development. The process of learning a new language can help students develop critical thinking skills, improve their cognitive abilities, and enhance theiroverall academic performance. Additionally, being able to communicate in English can also boost a student'sconfidence and self-esteem, as it allows them to engagewith a wider audience and participate in global conversations about important public policy issues.In conclusion, the importance of English for students majoring in public administration cannot be overstated.From practical considerations such as accessing academic resources and engaging with international stakeholders, to broader cultural and personal benefits, proficiency in English is essential for success in the field of public administration. As a student in this field, I am committed to continuously improving my English language skills in order to maximize my academic and professional potential in the global arena of public policy and administration.。
公共管理专业英语 Microsoft PowerPoint 演示文稿
Its jurisdiction encompasses public schools all across the country. In addition, it not only affects the education of the children, but also the lives of working parents. 它的管辖范围包括全国各地的公立学校。此 外，它不仅会影响孩子的教育，而且会影响 工作的父母的生活。 Jurisdiction：n.管辖权 Jurisdiction：n.管辖权 Encompass：v.包围，环绕，包含或包括某 Encompass：v.包围，环绕，包含或包括某 事物
Relying heavily on appraisals of efficiency and effectiveness, government agencies are incorporating systems of user-pay basis, userincreasing competition by allowing companies to bid for contracts, developing resultresult-oriented budgets, and offering incentives to public servants to improve work performance. 严重依赖效率和效益的评估，政府机构都纳 入到以用户支付为基础，通过使企业竞投合 约来增加竞争，发展结果为导向的预算，并 提供激励措施使公务员提供工作绩效的系统。
The lack of competition for governments, as opposed to the anti-monopoly laws faced by anticompanies, also affects how public projects are managed. 和企业所面临的反垄断法律相反，政府之间 缺乏竞争，也影响了公共项目的管理 the anti-monopoly laws：反垄断法律 antilaws：反垄断法律
公共管理专业英语 李柱国编
公共管理专业英语李柱国编（中英文版）Title: Public Management Major English: Li Zhuguo EditionIn recent years, the study of public management has become increasingly important in the field of social sciences.As a vital part of this field, Public Management Major English, edited by Li Zhuguo, aims to provide students with the necessary skills to navigate the global landscape of public administration.近年来，公共管理研究在社会科学领域变得越来越重要。
作为这一领域的重要组成部分，《公共管理专业英语》李柱国编著，旨在为学生提供必要的技能，以应对公共行政的全球环境。
This book is designed to equip students with the knowledge and skills required to understand and analyze public management issues from an international perspective.It covers a wide range of topics, including public administration, public policy, and governance, all of which are essential for students pursuing a career in public service.本书旨在为学生提供理解和分析国际公共管理问题的必要知识和技能。
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discipline 纪律; 学科 Their sense of discipline is greatly enhanced. 他们的纪律性大大增强了。 You've got to make sure that people work together across disciplines. • 你必须确保让那些出身不同学科的人一起共事。
hold together--push apart We always hold together in times of crisis. 我们在危难中总是团结一致。 He believes conflict over faith threatens to push the world's peoples apart. • 他认为信仰的冲突会带来威胁把世界各民族分开。
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奥陶纪（Ordovician）距今4.8亿年前~4.4亿年前 原始的脊椎动物出现 志留纪（Silurian）约开始于4.4亿年前，结束于4.1亿年前 陆生植物中的裸蕨植物首次出现，植物终于从水中开始向 陆地发展，这是生物演化的又一重大事件。 • 泥盆纪（Devonian）约开始于4.1亿年前，结束于3.5亿年 前 • 在泥盆纪晚期，由鱼类进化而来的两栖类登上陆地，标志 着脊椎动物开始了脱离水体并最终征服陆地的演化历程。
• interact 相互作用；互动 • interplay • Going back to school can help you advance your career and give you a chance to interact with like-minded people.
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sort out 理顺；（从…中）区分出来、辨别出来 I just need to sort out my schedule. 我只是需要安排我的时间。 How do we sort out fact from fiction? 我们如何将事实与虚构区分开呢？
• continent 大陆 • American Continent 美洲大陆； Antarctic Continent 南极 大陆；African Continent；Eurasia 欧亚大陆） • archipelago 群岛 • peninsula 半岛 • isthmus地峡（the Kra Isthmus；the Central American Isthmus）
• amount to 共计、意味着 • equal; be equal to; be equivalent to • Obama's policies amount to an effort to redistribute wealth.
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initial 最初的 first; earliest; original; incipient（时间上） aboriginal; primitive; （发展程度上） indigenous; native；（空间上） inborn; innate; inherent; intrinsic（内在上） Their initial gush of sympathy gradually dried up. 他们最初怀有的深切同情渐渐地消失了。
• 寒武纪（Cambrian）距今约5亿4千2百万年前—4亿8千8百 万年 • 寒武纪生命大爆发（Cambrian Explosion）：被称为古生 物学和地质学上的一大悬案，自达尔文以来就一直困扰着 进化论等学术界。大约6亿年前，在地质学上称做寒武纪的 开始，绝大多数无脊椎动物们在几百万年的很短时间内出 现了。
management. We too, ought to have our own big
questions that we discuss and debate when we get
together.
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publish 出版；发行 issue release Local and national governments often publish free data. 当地和国家政府经常发布免费数据。 With the board 's blessing, Google will issue a new nonvoting class of shares to existing shareholders. • 谷歌将在董事会的许可下向现有股东发行一种没有投票权 的新股。
修改 revise;modify;amend;alter It is necessary to revise the original plan. 原计划须加以修改。
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forge 努力干成；伪造 She forged a new career in the music business. 她在乐坛上另创一番新事业。 Strategic alliances are being forged with major European companies. • 与欧洲主要公司之间的战略同盟正在设法建成。 • He's getting good at forging his mother's signature. • 他把母亲的签名伪造得越来越惟妙惟肖了。
• These are the questions on which we ought to focus our
research. These are the questions we ought to seek data
and devise clever methodologies to answer. These big
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boson玻色子 lepton轻子 quark夸克 photon 光子 electron电子 neutrino中微子 baryon重子 proton质子 neutron中子 meson介子
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• preordained 注定的 • destined；predestined；foreordained • He was preordained to be our leader. • 他注定要当我们的领袖。
alternative 备选项 substitute; option There are alternative sources of nutrition to animal meat. 存在替代肉类的其他营养来源。
• 连读法 • 辅音+元音 • 辅音（b,p,d,t,g,k）+辅音
• composition 成分；（音乐、文学、美术）作品 • This composition was probably rushed out overnight.这篇 作文像是熬夜赶制的。 • compose; composer; composed; composite(混合物)
• continent 节制的 • self-restrained; temperate; moderate; • abstinent; abstemious
• homo • 人，人类（学名）; 〈美俚〉同“homosexual” • evolve 逐渐形成；进化 • The company has evolved into a major chemical manufacturer. • Each school must evolve its own way of working.
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后代 descendant; offspring; progeniture; posterity; 祖先 ancestor; forefather; progenitor; ancestry;
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prolific 多产的 productive; fruitful; fecund; The mountainous area is prolific in valuable minerals. 这一山区有丰富的宝贵矿石。
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British Columbia (Vancouver, Victoria) Alberta (Edmonton, Calgary) Saskatchewan (Regina) Manitoba (Winnipeg) Ontario (Toronto, Ottawa) Quebec (Quebec, Montreal)
questions ought to define the field of management.
• devise 设计 • design; project; plan; • White supremacists devise new methods to disenfranchise Negroes. • 白人至上论者想出新的方法以剥夺黑人的公民权。
widely accepted by some cosmologists, that it is called
“the standard model”.
• bang v.砰地砸、关、摔、撞. n 巨响
• • • • I banged my elbow on the corner of the table。 我的胳膊肘撞着桌子角了。 I didn't expect to bang into him there. 我没料到会在那儿碰见他。
• address 解决 • deal with；handle；solve；tackle • Specific groups may be formed to address specific issues. • 可能会组成特别小组去解决特定问题。
• The same ought to be true for scholars of public