新托福口语Task 4真题要点解析

新托福口语Task 4真题要点解析
新托福口语Task 4真题要点解析

新托福口语Task 4真题要点解析

朗阁海外考试研究中心王静

自从ETS官方颁布了新托福IBT考试以来,不少考生都为之深感头痛,尤其是对于口语单科。究其原因不止在于其机考的考试形式,更在于口语考试中6个任务的多科目结合----即考察口语的同时,也同样考察阅读和听力能力。尤其在新托福口语的Task 4中,虽说是一道口语题目,实际上则为读、听、说三门能力的综合考察。那么如何能在新托福口语的Task 4中取得理想的成绩呢?我们今天将就此部分进行深入解析。

一、正确认识Task 4

所谓“知己知彼百战百胜”,考生如果想要在Task 4中旗开得胜,首要的事情莫过于对考题100%的熟悉度。当然此熟悉并非是对当次考试所出真题的熟悉,而是对于整个Task 4考试内容和形式的熟悉。

l 考试形式

不同于Task 1和Task 2两个独立的口语话题,从Task 3开始的后面4个任务中,新托福口语考察的是考生的综合口语能力,尤其是在Task 3和Task 4中,考生需要先阅读一篇文章,接下来会听到一篇关于阅读的听力,在短暂的准备时间后,考生需将阅读及听力内容总结复述出来。这样的一种考试形式,对考生的要求是极高的。考生除了要有熟练的口语能力,也必须具备较高的听力及阅读能力。

l 主要语境

新托福口语的Task 4是一道学术类题目,因此,在此任务中,考生会接触到的语境也都会偏于学术化,语境大多来自于以下领域:

√ 社会科学

√ 物理科学

√ 生命科学

√ 人文艺术

对于很多考生来说,有些领域的内容可能会偏专业化,这在很大程度上局限了考生的口语分数。对于一个学术类语境的高熟悉度,可以让考生提前预测听力的谈论方向,对考生备考有很大的帮助。因此,考生可在业余时间多去接触一些四大领域的知识,以备不时之需。

l 阅读内容

在Task 4的阅读部分,考生将会读到有关上述四大领域的一段学术文章,此文章的长度将会在75-100字左右,通常是对于某个学术概念的大致介绍,提供足够的信息,为考生接下来听到的听力部分做好相应的准备。

l 听力内容

阅读结束后,电脑屏幕上的文章将会消失,继而代替的是一幅某位教授在讲课的课堂画面,随后考生将会听到关于阅读的一段讲座。在此讲座中,教授通常会用具体的例证来解释之前的学术文章。讲座的时长通常为60-90秒。

l 问题形式

在听力结束后,屏幕会显示考生针对Task 4需要满足的任务要求。通常情况下,题目会要求考生对阅读和听力中出现的学术概念及例证进行总结,常见要求如下:

√ Using the example discussed by the professor,explain what cognitive dissonance is and how people often deal with it

√ Explain how the examples of tying shoes and learning to type demonstrate the principle of audience effects.

考生只有在充分了解了Task 4的考察内容之后,才能做到临阵不乱,可以踏踏实实的面对会遇到的各种话题。

二、不可忽视的阅读

在了解了Task 4的考试流程之后,考生想要在此任务中拿高分,也必须要清楚此任务中听、读部分的解题技巧。在Task 4超过半数的题目要求中,是没有要求考生去总结阅读内容的,因此很多考生都会草草的扫一眼阅读之后就置之不理了。其实这是一个非常错误的做法,因为存在即合理,考官不会无缘无故的摆一篇无用的阅读在听力之前给考生浪费时间用的。就如上文所言,阅读通常是为听力做铺垫。那么,在阅读中,考生需要注意哪些方面呢?

l 正确把握学术概念

上文有提到,Task 4的阅读中,会对一个学术概念进行定义及大致的介绍,尽管大多数的题目中没有要求考生总结阅读,但是朗阁海外考试研究中心的专家还是建议考生尽可能的去用一句话把文中提到的学术概念总结出来,让整个回答中的主题更加明确。此概念一般都和阅读的标题相关。朗阁海外考试研究中心的专家在总结真题后发现,阅读中的概念与标题的关系可分为两类----概念与标题相同或概念是标题的下级分类。

1. 概念与标题相同

通常在阅读此类文章时考生会比较轻松,因为学术概念的定义一般会存在于文章的前两句中,考生在阅读时可以一目了然。如下例:

Cognitive dissonance

Individuals sometimes experience a contradiction between their actions and their beliefs---between what they are doing and what they believe they should be doing. These contradictions can cause a kind of mental discomfort known as cognitive dissonance.People experiencing cognitive dissonance often do not want to change the way they are acting,so they resolve the contradictory situation in another way. They change their interpretation of the situation in a way that minimizes the contradiction between what they are doing and what they believe should be doing.

这篇小文章的标题为cognitive dissonance,而在文章的第二句的黑体部分,刚好就是和文章标题呼应的概念中心词。因此,考生在总结这种类型的阅读时,会比较得心应手,在开篇的时候就能够找到学术概念的定义,对考生的心里来讲也是一剂“强心针”,比较容易找到,考生也会觉得比较有信心。因此,这类小文章在读的时候一般不会有特别大的问题。

2. 概念是标题的下级分类

然而在这一种文章中,如果考生一味的认为标题即为概念的话,那么考生出现失误的情况就会比较大。通常在这种文章中,前半部分都是对于标题的相关解释,考生在大多数情况下是看不到其明显的定义的。而在后半部分,尤其是后两句中,文章中会给出一个关于标题的例子,通常这个例子会是标题概念的下级分类,同时给出的,还有此次概念的定义。如:

Social interaction

People deal with each other everyday. This interaction is at the heart of social life. The study of social interaction is concerned with the influence people have over one another’s behavior. People take each other into account in their daily behavior and in fac t,the very presence of others can affect behavior. For example,one principle of social interaction,audience effects,suggests that individuals’ work is affected by their knowledge that they are visible to others,that the presence of others tends to alter the way people behave or perform an activity.

Explain how the examples of tying shoes and learning to type demonstrate the principle of audience effects.

在以上的这篇例文中,标题所给出的social interaction在前半部分并未出现明显的定义,只是阐述了其在社会生活中的地位。因此,考生如果不熟悉这类文章出题方式的话,就会有些疑问,有些考生为了尽快完成阅读内容,也会非常牵强的找出标题所在句,直接把标题所在句当作是概念,这种做法无疑是错误的。在这种情况下,考生需要静下心来,平心静气的继续向后阅读,那么考生就会发现,在文章的后半部分,出题者用for example引出了social interaction的一个原则---- audience effects,即标题概念的一个下级分类。而在这个下级分类所在的句子中,也能明显的找到对于其的定义,如斜体部分标注。在此话题的问题中我们不难看出,题目要求考生总结的是audience effects的概念而非social effects。由此可见,考生在阅读小文章时,一定要先宏观的把握一下文章的内容方向。

l 精确总结概念定义

在清楚的知道了学术概念所处的位置之后,考生就需要用自己的语言,将学术概念的定义总结出来。我们上文有提到,通常和学术概念相关的内容会处于两句话中。由于时间的限制,考生是无法将两句话完整的抄下来的。即便能够完整的摘抄下来,如果在回答中阅读部分占用过长的时间,这就意味着考生用于总结听力的时间缩短。因此,笔者建议考生用一句话总结阅读内容。

通常我们定义一个学术概念的时候,都会用到一个主+系+表的结构,即A is B。因此,考生在总结文章中的学术概念时,需要把概念提出来,如上文提到的第一篇阅读中的cognitive dissonance。托福口语考试在很大程度上是有规律可循的,而这个规律在口语的文章中体现在,学术概念通常情况下会有一个同位语。在这篇文章中,cognitive dissonance的同

位语为a kind of mental discomfort。考生需要注意的是,同位语出现的时候通常会有一个比较明显的路标词,在此篇文章中体现出来的是known as。因此,学术概念的基本定义则为:Cognitive dissonance is a kind of mental discomfort. 之所以称之为“基本定义”是因为,考生不难发现,这个定义出自文章的第二句话的主旨,如果整个定义停在了这里,会给人以定义模糊的感觉。之前笔者有提到,一般情况下,学术概念的定义是需要从两句话中提取的。对于这篇文章而言,定义所在句还出现了一个单词:contradictions。考生不难发现,这个单词在第一句话里也有出现。因此我们可以判断,第一和第二句话是有关联的。既然部分定义不够清晰,我们就可以在其后加一个定语从句进行解释,进而将第一句话的内容融入进去。因此,完整的定义为:Cognitive Dissonance is a kind of mental discomfort people feel when they experience contradictions between their actions and their beliefs.

由上可见,想要准确把握学术概念的定义并不难,考生需要练就的,是找出两句话的关系,进而合乎逻辑的将两句话进行总结合并的能力。

● 关注细节,决定成败

在找到了学术概念的定义后,很多考生都会心不在焉的读完下面的文章,其实这是一种非常错误的做法。除去学术概念以外的部分,常常包含了对于学术概念的具体解释,一方面,可以为考生理解学术概念提供帮助;另一方面,在很大一部分的情况下,这些具体解释也会与听力部分有关系,除了让考生更好的理解听力内容外,也会提醒考生在听力的过程中哪一些笔记是必不可少,哪一些内容是在回答时必须融入的。如第一篇文章中的下划线部分,讲了人们在经历cognitive dissonance时的心里及解决方式,都是对其定义的进一步解释,考生稍后也会发现,其在听力部分也会有相对应的地方。因此,考生在找到定义之后,也一定要利用所剩的时间,尽可能多的理解并记录剩余的阅读部分,以便为听力及回答做准备。

三、认真聆听的听力

在阅读部分结束后,音频会提示考生接下去会听到一篇关于某话题的讲座。在此讲座中,教授通常会给出关于文章中学术概念的相关例子,有的时候是一个,有的时候是两个。不管是哪一种情况,都要求考生要尽可能多的去记录下自己听到的听力内容。当然,尽可能多不代表全部要记,考生需要有分辨哪些内容是重要点的能力。笔者建议考生去倾听两方面的内容:一是连接词后的内容,二是与阅读内容重合的部分。我们来看一下第一篇文章对应的听力:

This is a true story from my own life. In my first year in high school,I was addicted to video games. I played them all the time and I wasn’t studying enough. I was failing Chemistry that was my hardest class. So this was a conflict for me because I want ed a good job when I grew up and I believed,I knew,that if you want a good career you gotta do well in school. But I just couldn’t give up video games!I was completely torn.

And my solution was to change my perspective. See,the only class I was doing really badly in was Chemistry. In the others,I wa s OK. So I asked myself if I wanted to be a chemist when I grew up. And the fact is I didn’t. I was pretty sure I wanted to b e a sociologist.So I told myself my chemistry class didn’t matter,because sociologists don’t need to know chemistry. In other word s,I changed my understanding of what it meant to do well in school. I reinterpreted my situation. I used to think that doing well in school meant doing well in all my classes. But now I decided that succeeding in school meant only doing well in the classes that related directly with my future career. I eliminated the conflict,at least in my mind.

对于讲述经历的例子来讲,一定不能忽视的就是表示时间的连接词,因此,文中黑体部分的连接词后的内容,通常就是考生需要记录的内容。除此之外,考生会发现,文中大量出现了表示转折的连接词but和表示结果的连接词so,在高频率出现的连接词后的内容,考生也需要尽量记录下来。但是,由于回答时间有限,考生只需要记录点题的部分,例如文中事情的大致经过:沉溺电脑游戏而导致化学挂科,而不需要去记录其细节部分,如玩游戏的频率及化学是最难科目。也就是说,如果在听力中听到一些定语从句的内容,如果不是限定用的,则可以省略不计。

而文中下划线的部分,则是和阅读相对应的部分。例如,阅读中提到的People experiencing cognitive dissonance often do not want to change the way they are acting与听力中的But I just couldn’t give up video games!相对应,考生在听听力的时候,有关于教授现有的行为方式的内容,考生是需要记录下来的。而听力里的And my solution was to change my perspective.在文章中也有体现:They change their interpretation of the situation。这就要求考生在听力中需要将听到的有关于如何改变观点的过程详细记录下来。由此可见,对于连接词和阅读内容的把握,将直观的影响考生的作答。

四、仔细构思的答案

在听力结束后,考生有30秒的时间构思答案。朗阁海外考试研究中心的专家建议考生要充分利用这半分钟的时间,如果利用得当,将对考生的成绩有很大的帮助。首先考生需要结合自己的笔记,标注出答案中需要讲出来的层次。其次,将自己的笔记整合,观察有没有哪些句子可以利用一些从句的形式总结成一句。最后,如果有剩余的时间,考生可以将阅读里的学术概念完整的想一遍,回答时一个流利的开头可以给考生比较安稳的心里暗示。

接下来,我们来看一篇高分答案:

Cognitive Dissonance is a kind of mental discomfort people feel when they experience contradictions between their actions and their beliefs. The professor uses his own experience to illustrate this phenomenon. When he was in high school,he was addicted to video games. He didn’t do well in study and even failed in chemistry. He knew he should study well in order to find good jobs and have a good career. But he just couldn’t give up video games. And this was his conflict. His solution was to change his perspective.Chemistry was the only class he did badly. He was pretty sure that he wanted to be a sociologist and being a sociologist doesn’t need to be well in chemistry. So he reinterpreted his understanding of doing well in school. Initially,he thought he should do well in all subjects to be successful in school. But then,he thought he should only do well in the subjects that are directly related to his future career. So he changed his belief to eliminate the conflict.

在上述的高分答案中,我们不难发现,该考生也大量的运用了一些连接词来使自己的答案更加的连贯顺畅,也使自己的答案更加有条理。同时,斜体部分的内容是对听力原文斜体部分的高度总结,把原文中的四句话浓缩成了答案中的两句话。因此,考生在备考的时候需要注意,一定要有意识的去培养自己的总结能力,并有意识的加一些连接词去提升自己答案的连贯性。

五、其他注意事项

当然,只是单纯的去总结阅读和听力里的内容是不够的。考生如果想要在Task 4的部分拿高分,需要有意识的将原文中读到或者听到的内容,适当进行词汇和语法的替换。托福官方评分标准显示,哪怕是进行一个词汇的替换,也是一个有效的替换方式。如可将听力中的change my perspective换成alter my understanding。由于考生在作答期间精神高度紧张,

可能想不到要去替换,笔者建议考生可在记笔记的时候就将听到的词汇进行转换,将所听到的词汇的同义词记录下来。或者在30秒的准备时间里,将记下的词汇进行转换,把其同义词标注在旁边。

综上所述,如果想要在Task 4拿到理想的成绩,考生需要具备较高的阅读、听力及总结的能力。同时,考生还需要较高的词汇量和较好的临时应变能力。而所有的一切都基于考生持之以恒的练习。熟能生巧,考生需要不懈的努力。

-2018托福独立口语真题汇总

1: Do you think it is a good idea to let students keep pets in dorms Task 2: Do you agree that celebrities are good examples for young people 1: Which one of the following history courses should be added 1. history of science 2. art history 3. modern history of the 20th century Task 2: Some people prefer to make a plan with their friends about social activities, while others prefer to decide about what to do when they meet their friends. Which do you prefer 1: Which of the following volunteer jobs would you like to choose 1. clean up the park 2. plant trees 3. build a bicycle lane Task 2: Do you agree that universities are successful because of experienced professors 1: What hobby would you recommend to a friend who is busy with work Task 2: Which is more important to the success of an artist: natural talent or hard work 1: What are the disadvantages of moving to new places for work or education Task 2: Do you agree that schools should encourage students to be creative and imaginative in order for them to be successful 1: What is the biggest challenge for university students and why Task 2: Do you agree that it is more important to maintain the relationship with family members than with friends 1: Which one of the following should be done in order to improve the quality of life and study for the students 1. repairing the swimming pool 2. building a new cafeteria 3. improving laboratory equipment Task 2: Some people tend to judge a person on the basis of the first observation, while other people believe that it takes a long time to know a person well. Which do you think is better 1: If you are a member of a tutor group, which of the following places would you like to take the students to go on a field trip 1. a science museum 2. a local farm 3. a theater Task 2: Do you agree that students should be allowed to take additional courses to graduate as soon as possible 1: What do you think of the school you went to for the first time Was it a good school and why Task 2: Some students prefer to study alone, while others prefer to study with a group of students. Which do you prefer 1: Describe one of the most popular websites in your country.

iBT新托福口语真题答案集(3.0版)【无老师力荐】

TOEFL的网络考、机考、纸考三种考分的分段对照表 表1 TOEFL写作的网络考、机考、纸考三种考分的分段对照表

表2 TOEFL听力理解的网络考、机考、纸考三种考分的分段对照表

表3 TOEFL阅读理解的网络考、机考、纸考三种考分的分段对照表

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