英语的两种修饰法：矛盾修饰法矛盾修饰法跟PUN(双关语)
英语中的修辞手法及英英释义
英语中的修辞手法及英英释义英语中的修辞手法有很多种，以下是其中几种常见的修辞手法及其英英释义：1.Metaphor（隐喻）：a figure of speech in which a word or phrase is used torepresent something that it does not literally denote in order to suggest a similarity or parallelism between the two.2.Simile（明喻）：a figure of speech in which a word or phrase is used torepresent something by comparing it to another thing, using words such as "like" or "as" to make the comparison.3.Synecdoche（提喻）：a figure of speech in which a part is used to representthe whole or vice versa, such as using the term "head" to refer to a person's entire body.4.Personification（拟人）：a figure of speech in which non-human objects orconcepts are given human characteristics or abilities, such as using words like "the night sings" to describe the darkness.5.Hyperbole（夸张）：a figure of speech in which an object or event isexaggerated or exaggerated for effect, such as using words like "I wasstarving for days" to describe a short period of hunger.6.Irony（反讽）：a figure of speech in which the intended meaning of astatement is the opposite of its literal meaning, such as using words like"nice weather we're having" when it's raining.7.Oxymoron（矛盾修饰法）：a figure of speech in which two opposite orcontradictory words or phrases are used together to create a paradoxicaleffect, such as using words like "bittersweet" to describe a mixed feeling of happiness and sadness.这些修辞手法都可以增强语言的表达力，帮助传达更深刻的意义。
英语修辞格Pun的分类比较研究
外语翻译摘要在英语中，英语修辞格Pun能够制造出多样性、多功能的修辞效果，已被广泛应用。
本文在解释Pun的基础上，从语意模糊这个视域来探索Pun的分类，并重点对同音双关（homophonic puns）和歧义双关（asteismus）等五个方面进行比较研究，为研究Pun提供新的研究视角。
关键词修辞格Pun分类比较A Classified and Comparative Study on the English Rhetorical Device Pun//Tong HaixiaAbstract In English,the English rhetorical device Pun has been widely used as it can produce diversified and multi-functional rhetorical effects.Based on the explanation of Pun,this paper ex-plores the classification of Pun from the perspective of semantic ambiguity,and focuses on the comparative study of homophonic puns and asteismus,in order to provide a new perspective for the research of Pun.Key words rhetorical device;Pun;classification and comparison1Pun在英语语言应用中，Pun是一种比较常见的修辞格，“Webster’s New World Dictionary”对Pun作了如下的解释：“the humorous use of a word,or of words which are formed or sounded alike but have different meanings,in such a way as to play on two or more of the possible applications”。
矛盾修辞格和双关语的翻译
That old man who got drunk all day lived a life of busy idleness.
The mother is undergoing the joyful pain, and painful joy of childbirth.
The Definition of Oxymoron
In oxymoron apparently contradictory terms are combined to produce a special effect.
即将两个字面意义相互矛盾甚至对立的词语紧密地 置于一处，形成修饰与被修饰或限制与被限制的关 系。处于矛盾修辞格之中的词或词组，从字面上看， 其语义自相矛盾，似乎违背逻辑和常理，但细加揣 摩却意味深长，尽在情理之中。
4. Better a witty fool than a foolish wit. 与其做愚蠢的智人，不如做聪明的愚人。
5. It is an open secret that the doctor and the nurse are already of one mind.
这位医生和护士情投意合已成为公开的秘密。
4.动词＋副词
副词与动词意义相悖，起修饰、限制作用， 如：
the moon shone darkly. 月亮发出黯淡的光。
5.名词＋名词
把两个语义对立的名词放在一起，或构成合成词， 或把前者作为中心词，使主体事物的矛盾性更加突 出、鲜明。这种情况下两个名词之间的主次关系不 是十分明显，往往用来形容二者之间的难以取舍， 或进退两难的境地，或者是复杂难辨的感情。如：
英语常用修辞格分类
Figures of SpeechSimile (明喻):Wrong ideas may harm man just like diseases.Her face is as white as a paper.Metaphor (暗喻):He is the soul of the team.My desk is flooded with paper.There are a few lordly poplars before the house.The charcoal fire glowed and dimmed rhythmically to the stroke of the bellows. Personification (拟人):The leaves are trembling in the cold wind.Metonymy (转喻,借代):His unfriendly tongue surprised her.The grey hair should be respect.Synecdoche (提喻，部分整体):The farms were short of hands during the harvest season.They share the same roof.England won the football.Euphemism (委婉):He unfortunately passed away last year.He is out visiting the necessary.Irony (反语):You are a fine goalkeeper, allowing the other side to score six goals. Overstatement/hyperbole (夸大的叙述):Thanks a million.She wept oceans of tears.His anger nearly burst his belly.His friends praised his daughter’s performance to the skies.She eats like a bird.Understatement (保守的陈述):“What do you think of the roast duck?” “Not bad.”He has got heart trouble, but it is nothing serious.Transferred epithet (转移修饰语):The old man put a reassuring hand on my shoulder.He crashed down on a protesting chair.Oxymoron (矛盾修饰法):She read the long-awaited letter with a tearful smile.Parting is such a sweet sorrow.Alliteration (头韵):Time and tide wait for no man.Pun (双关):They pray for you today and prey on you tomorrow.Women have a wonderful sense of right and wrong, but little sense of right and left.Customer: Waiter, will the pancakes be long? -Waiter: No, sir, round.In the window of a hearing-aid shop: “Trust us, over 5000 ears (years) of experience.”-Why can you never expect a fisherman to be so generous?-Because his business makes him sell fish (selfish).Analogy (类比):Knowledge is to the mind what nutrition is to the body.Antonomasia (换称, 专有名词代普通名词,人名、地名):He spent the whole winter in the Windy City. (Chicago)Shanghai is the New York of China.Allusion (暗示):Grammar may be his heel of Achilles.语法是他的大弱点。
英语的两种修饰法：矛盾修饰法矛盾修饰法跟PUN(双关语)
矛盾修饰法矛盾修饰法(Oxymoron)矛盾修饰法矛盾修饰法(Oxymoron)是将两个互相矛盾，互不调和，的词放在同一个短语中，产生特殊的深刻含义的一种修辞手段。
用它来状物写景，能突出事物的实质；用它来描绘人物，能使其更加鲜明；用它来表达复杂的思想感情或意味深长的哲理，能使其更强烈，更深刻。
它是一种紧缩隽语。
矛盾修饰法是将两个意思截然不同的词放在一起，结合成一个词组，而对语是通过平行结构引起两个概念的对比。
矛盾修饰法：从哲学上讲，是对立的统一；从艺术上讲，更能体现出描写主体的个性化，更具渲染力。
例如：1.a clever fool聪明的傻瓜2.a victorious defeat胜利的失败3.cruel kindness残酷的仁慈4.expressionless expression毫无表情的表情5.sick health憔悴的健康6.a living death行尸走肉7.with careful carelessness小心翼翼又漫不经心地8.bright and dark既光彩夺目，又朦胧黑暗9.dove-feather’d raven披着白鸽羽毛的乌鸦10.with her disagreeably pleasant laugh（她）自鸣得意却令人讨厌地笑起来11.an honorable villain体面的恶棍12.There was an audible stillness, in which the common voice sounded strange.(from Sister Carrie by Theodore Dreiser)这时是一片听得见的寂静，连人声听起来都是异样的。
(选自美国作家西奥多•德莱塞的长篇小说《嘉莉妹妹》)(作者用audible来修饰stillness，匠心独具地从反面烘托环境，使人耳目一新，过目难忘。
矛盾的对立面取得了高度的一致，形成了完美的统一。
英语修辞之双关——Pun
1、Pun[pʌn]Definition：The pun, also called paronomasia, is a form of which suggests two or more meanings, by exploiting multiple meanings of words, or of similar-sounding words, for an intended humorous or rhetorical effect.Typology(or types)1、The homophonic pun（谐音双关）.The homophonic pun, a common type, utilizes the exploitation [,eksplɔi'teiʃən] of word pairs which sound alike (homophones) but are not synonymous.A homophonic pun exploits words which are spelled the same (homographs) but possess different meanings and sounds. Because of their nature, they rely on sight more than hearing, contrary to homophonic puns. They are also known as heteronymic puns.a common type, uses word pairs which sound alike (homophones) but are not synonymous(the meaning is diffirent).Examples：①In George Carlin's phrase "Atheism is a non-prophet institution", the word "prophet 'prɔfit] " is put in place of its homophone "profit'prɔfit] ", altering the common phrase "non-profit institution".②"Pinky and the Brain" cartoon film series: "I think so, Brain, but if we give peas a chance, won't the lima beans feel left out?" which plays with the similar - but not identical - sound of "peas" and "peace".③Seven days without water makes one week(weak)2、The homographic pun（同形异义双关）exploits words which are spelled the same (homographs) but possess different meanings and sounds. Because of their nature, they rely on sight more than hearing, contrary to homophonic puns. They are also known as heteronymic puns.Examples：Douglas Adams's line "Y ou can tune a guitar, but you can't tuna fish. Unless of course, you play bass." (Bible)The phrase uses the homophonic qualities of "tune a" and "tuna", as well as the homographic pun on "bass", in which ambiguity is reached through the identical spellings of /ˈbeɪs/ (a string instrument), and /ˈbæs/ (a kind of fish).3、Homonymic puns(同音异义双关语), another common type, arise from the①exploitation of words which are both homographs and homophones.The statement "Being in politics is just like playing golf: you are trapped in one bad lie after another" puns on the two meanings of the word lie as "a deliberate untruth" and as "the position in which something rests".②a joke repeated by Isaac Asimov gives us "Did you hear about the little moron who strained himself while running into the screen door?", playing on 'strained' as "to give much effort" and "to filter".4、compound pun is a statement that contains two or more puns.Examples:①a complex statement by Richard Whately includes four puns: "Why can a man never starve in the Great Desert? Because he can eat the sand which is there. But what brought the sandwiches there? Why, Noah sent Ham, and his descendants mustered and bred."[8]This pun uses "sand which is there/sandwiches there, "Ham/ham", "mustered/mustard", and "bred/bread".5、A recursive pun is one in which the second aspect of a pun relies on the understanding of an element in the first.Examples:① the statement "π is only half a pie." (π radians is 180 degrees, or half a circle, and a pie is a complete circle).②"Infinity（无限大）is not in finity（有限的）," which means infinity is not in finite range.③"A Freudian slip is when you say one thing but mean your mother."[9] Finally, we are given "Immanuel doesn't pun, he Kant（康德）" by Oscar Wilde.6、Visual puns are used in many logos, emblems, insignia, and other graphic symbols, in which one or more of the pun aspects are replaced by a picture. In European heraldry, this technique is called canting arms.Visual and other puns and word games are also common in Dutch gable stones as well as in some cartoons Examples:① Visual and other puns and word games are also common in Dutch gablestones;② In some cartoons such as Lost Consonants and The Far SidePuns in comedies、jokes、literatureIn Romeo and Juliet when Mercutio begs Romeo to dance, Romeo refuses.Unlike Mercutio’s shoes with “nimble soles,” Romeo says that he has a “soul of lead.” At one point, Romeo asks for a torch, saying “being heavy [sad], I will bear the light.”Captain Aubrey: "Do you see those two weevils, Doctor?...Which would you choose?"Dr. Maturin: "Neither. There's not a scrap of difference between them. They're the same species of Curculio."Captain Aubrey: "If you had to choose. If you were forced to make a choice. If there were no other option."Dr. Maturin: "Well, then, if you're going to push me. I would choose the right-hand weevil. It has significant advantage in both length and breadth."Captain Aubrey: "There, I have you!...Do you not know that in the Service, onemust always choose the lesser of two weevils?"Other great works of literature have included puns as well. Poet John Donne, whose name rhymed with “done,” often punned his name in his own poetry. In one of his hymns, he even puns the name of his wife Anne More, with the line “Thou hast not done, For I have more.”Our Bible reveals to us the character of our God with minute andremorseless exactness ... It is perhaps the most damnatorybiography that exists in print anywhere. It makes Nero an angelof light and leading by contrast. [Msark Twain]Falling in love is not at all the most stupid thing that people do —but gravitation can not be held responsible for it. [AlbertEinstein]Prediction is very difficult, especially about the future. [NielsBohr]Essentially, all models are wrong, but some are useful. [George E.P. Box]The best material model of a cat is another, or preferably thesame, cat. [Norbert Wiener]As a child, I received instruction both in the Bible and in theTalmud. I am a Jew, but I am enthralled by the luminous figure ofthe Nazarene. [Albert Einstein]One morning I shot an elephant in my pajamas. How he got intomy pajamas I'll never know. » [Groucho Marx]Puns often are used in the titles of comedic parodies. A parody of a popular song, movie, etc., may be given a title that hints at the title of the work being parodied, substituting some of the words with ones that sound or look similar. Such a title can immediately communicate both that what follows is a parody and also which work is about to be parodied, making any further "setup" (introductory explanation) unnecessary.Examples would include the Star Trek: V oyager episode entitled "False Profits" (a pun on the saying 'false prophets') or the episode of Psych entitled "The Polarizing Express" (spoofing The Polar Express and the definition of polarization, which means 'to break into factions')Non-humorous puns were and are a standard rhetorical and poetic device in English literature. Puns and other forms of word play have been used by many famous writers, such as Alexander Pope, James Joyce, Vladimir Nabokov, Robert Bloch, Lewis Carroll, John Donne, and William Shakespeare, who is estimated to have used over 3,000 puns in his plays.[citation needed]Here is an example from Shakespeare's Richard III:"Now is the winter of our discontent made glorious summer by this son of Y ork"(Son/sun)Shakespeare was also noted for his frequent play with less serious puns, the "quibbles" of the sort that made Samuel Johnson complain, "A quibble is to Shakespeare what luminous vapours are to the traveller! He follows it to all adventures; it is sure to lead him out of his way, sure to engulf him in the mire.It has some malignant power over his mind, and its fascinations areirresistible."[14] Elsewhere, Johnson disparagingly referred to punning as "the lowest form of humour".[citation needed]In the poem A Hymn to God the Father, John Donne, married to Anne More,reportedly puns repeatedly: "Son/sun" in the second quoted line, and twocompound puns on "Donne/done" and "More/more". All three arehomophonic, with the puns on "more" being both homographic andcapitonymic. The ambiguities serve to introduce several possible meanings into the verses."When Thou hast done, Thou hast not done / For I have more.that at my death Thy Son / Shall shine as he shines now, and heretoforeAnd having done that, Thou hast done; / I fear no more."。
双关与Pun的对比
双关与Pun的对比双关与Pun的对比摘要：双关和Pun是英汉两种语言当中相对应的一种修辞格，在各种场合下，只要应用得当，都能够巧妙曲折的表达出相应的内容。
但两者也有很大的区别。
文章主要就双关和Pun的定义、分类、手段进行对比，分析两者的不同。
关键字：双关；Pun；对比在英语中，与双关相对应的是Pun。
双关是一种很常见的修辞格，它言此及彼，使得语言幽默，语义含蓄，耐人寻味。
现代，除了在文学作品中和人们的日常对话中以外，双关作为一种幽默、辛辣的语言，在广告和新闻报刊、杂志等领域也被广泛运用，展示着其独特魅力。
但是，由于中外各种因素的影响，两者并不能完全等同。
以下就定义、分类、手段和功能进行对比，分析两者的相同和不同之处。
一、定义的对比根据《辞海》的定义，双关语即修辞学上辞格之一，利用语言文字上同音或多义的关系,使一个词或一句话关涉到两件事。
而朗文词典对Pun的解释是(Longman Dictionary of American English)对pun 的解释为：“also play on words. An amusing use of a word or phrase that has two meanings, or words with the same sound but different meanings.”韦氏三版新国际英语词典(Webster’s Third New International Dictionary)给pun下的定义为：“The humorous of a word in such a way as to suggest different meanings or applications or of words having the same or nearly the samesound but different meanings: a play on words.”通过定义的对比，不难看出，汉语的双关侧重的是双重的含义，涉及到的是两件事。
双关与pun的对比
Ｗａｌｋｅｒ的遗产；二指她继承了祖传的撒谎本领；
Ｂｅｎｊａｍｉｎ Ｆｒａｎｋｌｉｎ（你的论点响当当，除声音响亮之
三指她的钩鼻子；四指她特殊的习惯——说话时
总是钩起手指点着自己的鼻子。此处的“Ｈｏｏｋ— ｅｙ”是狄更斯运用ｐｕｎ的一个精彩例子，一词四 关。可见，这里的ｐｕｎ与汉语中的“双关”是不对 应的。 二、分类对比 国内的修辞学者一直把双关分为两种：谐音 双关和语义双关。谐音双关是利用音同或音近的 条件使词语或句子语义双关。例如：
ｏｒ
ｏｆ
ｍｏｒｅ ｗｏｒｄｓ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ ｓａｍｅ
ｎｅａｒｌｙ ｔｈｅ
ａｓｔｏ
ｓａｍｅ ｓｏｕｎｄ ｗｉｔｈ ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔ ｍｅａｎｉｎｇｓ，ＳＯ
ｐｒｏｄｕｃｅ
ａ
ｈｕｍｏｒｏｕｓ ｅｆｆｅｃｔ．”（用一个词去暗示两
种或两种以上的意义或引起不同的联想，或者用 两个或两个以上发音相同或相近而又意义不同的 词，以产生一种幽默效果。） 汉语的“双关”在语言结构上表现为双指，在 语义上表现为双重性，即具有词汇意义和情境意 义，但后者才是双关的重点。修辞者希望传达的 是隐藏在词汇意义下的情景意义。但不管从“双 关”的命名，还是从它的缘起来看，“双关”都是“双 重含义”或“关涉两种事物”［１］（ｐ１０¨。在这一点
（７）第二天，又上课了。几个相当用功的学生兴 冲冲的给老师送上了几个答题的卷子。一…・ “你们算了！”老师笑着说，“算了！算了！” “我们算了。算了。我们算出来了！”（徐迟《哥德
巴赫猜想》）
ｗｅｉｇｈｔ”字面上是“扛重物”，同时又喻
指“挑起生活重担”，所以也是双关型隐喻。 可见，比喻也是英、汉语构成双关的重要手段 之一，这种“双关型隐喻”多见于文学作品。 （二）汉语特有的双关手段 １、彼此双关 彼此双关是汉语自己独特的双关形式。它的 音、形、意三者都是一致的，只是借此事说彼事而 已。例如：
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矛盾修饰法矛盾修饰法(Oxymoron)矛盾修饰法矛盾修饰法(Oxymoron)是将两个互相矛盾，互不调和，的词放在同一个短语中，产生特殊的深刻含义的一种修辞手段。
用它来状物写景，能突出事物的实质；用它来描绘人物，能使其更加鲜明；用它来表达复杂的思想感情或意味深长的哲理，能使其更强烈，更深刻。
它是一种紧缩隽语。
矛盾修饰法是将两个意思截然不同的词放在一起，结合成一个词组，而对语是通过平行结构引起两个概念的对比。
矛盾修饰法：从哲学上讲，是对立的统一；从艺术上讲，更能体现出描写主体的个性化，更具渲染力。
例如：1.a clever fool聪明的傻瓜2.a victorious defeat胜利的失败3.cruel kindness残酷的仁慈4.expressionless expression毫无表情的表情5.sick health憔悴的健康6.a living death行尸走肉7.with careful carelessness小心翼翼又漫不经心地8.bright and dark既光彩夺目，又朦胧黑暗9.dove-feather’d raven披着白鸽羽毛的乌鸦10.with her disagreeably pleasant laugh（她）自鸣得意却令人讨厌地笑起来11.an honorable villain体面的恶棍12.There was an audible stillness, in which the common voice sounded strange.(from Sister Carrie by Theodore Dreiser)这时是一片听得见的寂静，连人声听起来都是异样的。
(选自美国作家西奥多•德莱塞的长篇小说《嘉莉妹妹》)(作者用audible来修饰stillness，匠心独具地从反面烘托环境，使人耳目一新，过目难忘。
矛盾的对立面取得了高度的一致，形成了完美的统一。
)"How you shot the goat and frightened the tiger to death," said Miss Mebbin,with her disagreeably pleasant laugh.──Saki: Mrs. Packletide's Tiger该句中的disagreeably pleasant就是矛盾修饰法，把disagreeably和pleasant两个意义截然相反的词放在一起，揭示了Miss Mebbin企图抓住Mrs. Packletide的虚荣心进行敲诈时那种既讨厌又得意的神态。
再如：The Major again pressed to his blue lips the tips of the fingers that were disposed on the ledge of the wheeled chair with careful carelessness.句中的careful carelessness这两个词似乎是矛盾的，既然是carelessness为什么又careful 呢？但若推敲一下，我们不难发现作者把careful和carelessness用在一起是有其用意的，他所要表达的正是少校那种既小心翼翼又漫不经心的矛盾心理。
矛盾修饰法的特点决定了它的构成，一般有以下几种：形容词＋名词如：tearful joy, proud humility, beautiful tyrant, orderly chaos等等。
副词＋V-ing如：deliciously aching, changelessly changing等等。
副词＋形容词如：dully bright, mildly magnificent, conspicuously absent, mercifully fatal等等。
动词＋副词如：hasten slowly, groan loudly, shine darkly等等。
形容词＋形容词如：bitter sweet memories, bad good news, poor rich guys, cold pleasant manners等等。
动词分词＋名词如：a living death, wolfish-ravening lamb, loving hate, a dammed saint等等。
英语矛盾修饰法有以下几种修辞作用：1.形成鲜明生动的对比，给人以深刻的印象。
Juliet: O serpent heart, hid with a flowering face!Did ever dragon keep so fair a cave?Beautiful tyrant! fiend angelical!Dove-feather'd raven! wolvish ravening lamb!Despised substance of divinest show!Just opposite to what thou justly seem'ist.A dammed saint, an honorable villain!──Shakespeare: Romeo and Juliet这是Juliet听到她的表哥Tybalt已被Romeo杀死后说的一段话，作者用了一系列的词意矛盾的词语：用beautiful(美丽的)修饰tyrant(暴君)，用angelical(天使般的)修饰fiend(魔鬼),用dove-feather'd(披着白鸽羽毛的)修饰raven(乌鸦)，用wolvish-ravening(豺狼一样残忍的)修饰lamb(羊羔)，用dammed(万恶的)修饰saint(圣人)，用honorable修饰villain(奸徒)，对比鲜明生动，充分表现了Juliet极其复杂的矛盾心情，给人留下深刻的印象。
再如：He sat in the square and watched them, so changelessly changing, so bright and dark, so grave and gay.changelessly与change是意思相反的两个词，表面上看来好像风马牛不相及，但经推敲后，我们不但不觉得矛盾，反而觉得入情入理，作者需要描写的正是这种"既始终如一，又变化多端"的景色。
生动自然，形象具体。
2.加强语势，起强调作用。
构成矛盾关系的两个词一般属于修饰和被修饰的关系，所以往往强调了被修饰词。
例如：An atmosphere of dangerous calm could be felt throughout the mining region.为了渲染气氛，加强语势，作者用dangerous来修饰calm，给人以一种很不平静的感觉，从而使这种"平静"得到了强调，给人以一种亲临其境的强烈感受。
再如：Here is much to do with hate, but more with love;Why then, O brawling love! O loving hate!O anything, of nothing first create!O heavy lightness! Serious vanity!Misshapen chaos of well-seeming forms!──Shakespeare: Romeo and Juliet这里brawling修饰love, loving修饰hate, heavy修饰lightness, serious修饰vanity都是互相矛盾的关系。
吵吵闹闹和相爱，亲亲热热和怨恨，沉重和轻浮，严肃和轻浮，词义都是彼此矛盾的，用在一起更加衬托出爱恨、轻浮和狂妄的程度。
3.言简意赅，起概括作用。
矛盾修饰法对复杂的概念起概括作用，常常语言精练出奇，意思含蓄深刻。
例如：So there he is at last. Man on the moon. The poor magnificent bungler. He can't even get to the office without undergoing the agonies of the dammed, but give him a metal, a few chemicals, some wire and twenty or thirty billion dollars and there he is up on a rock a quarter of a million miles up in the sky.──Russell Baker: New York Times这是美国专栏作家Baker为《纽约时报》写的一篇专栏文章中的一段，作者用The poor magnificent bungler的矛盾修饰法，非常简洁生动地概括讽刺了美国政府花费几百亿美元用于航天事业，从而使人登上了月球，但却忽视了美国最基本的社会问题──改善生活质量的问题。
含义深刻，寓意明确。
再如：Better a witty fool than a foolish wit.PUN一、“pun”与“双关”的定义比较(一)“pun”的定义及其对应例证1、《牛津英语词典》(The Oxford English Dictionary. 1989. Oxford: Clarendon Press. V o1.xII.P832)给“pun”下的定义：“The use of a word in such a way as to suggest two or more meanings or different associations, or the use of two or more words of the same or nearly the same sound with different meanings, so as to produce a humorous effect.”(用一个词去暗示两种或两种以上的意义或引起不同的联想，或者用两个或两个以上发音相同或相近而意义不同的词，以产生一种幽默效果。
)例(1) Ask for me tomorrow and you shall find me a grave man.明天你来找我，你就将发现我已经是个坟墓中的人了。
句中grave有两义，可作“坟墓”或“严肃的”、“重大的”解。
例(2) Learn some craft when young, that when old you may live without craft.趁年轻时学一点手艺，以便在年老时可不靠行骗为生。