水电英语词汇
a round of excavation 一个开挖循环abnormal vibration 反常震动abrasion performance 耐磨性abrasion test 磨耗试验Abutment 坝肩access 交通access bridge 交通桥access gallery 交通廊道access tunnel 交通洞accessory 零件;附件;配件accumulation ofstress 应力集中accumulator 蓄能器accuracy 准确性;精度activate 激活adit 平洞adit 支洞advance 进尺advanced depth 进尺深度aerator 掺气坎afterbay dam 尾水池坝aggregate processing plant 骨料加工厂aggregate reserve 骨料储量agitator 搅拌站agreement 同意;协议air vent 通气孔allocation 分配;配制anchorage boxout 铆具槽angled beam 斜射波anti-clockwise 逆时针anticorrosion 防腐anti-corrosion 抗蚀application 申请，要求approach area 引水墙approach channel 引水渠approval 同意;批准Aqueduct 渡槽arbitration 仲裁arc strike 引弧;弧伤arc welding 电弧焊arm 支臂as-built drawing 竣工图Asia Development Bank 亚洲开发银行assemble 组装assemble schematic 装配简图Assistant 助理，助手Authorize 授权;委托automatic recorder 自动记录仪automatic welding 自动焊auxiliary facilities 附属设施auxiliary guide 副轨auxiliary powerhouse 副厂房auxiliary seal 助水封，节流器auxiliary transhrack slot 副拦污栅门槽auxiliary trashrack maintenance chamber 副拦污栅检修室auxiliary trashrack shaft 副拦污栅井azimuth 方位角back gouging 背面清根back scatter 背散射backfill 回填backing 垫板balance test 平衡试验ball valve 球阀ballast 配重ballast weight 石渣压戗barometer 气压计base line 基线base metal 母材base slab 底板batching plant 拌和楼batching plant 拌和楼battery 电池bearing 方位，象限bearing 轴承bearing box 轴承箱bearing bush 轴瓦，轴套bearing carrier 轴承座bearing collar 轴承环，推力头bearing cover 轴承盖bearing journal 轴颈Bench "马道,有用berm的"bench excavation 台阶开挖bend 弯头bend radius 弯曲半径bending strength 抗弯强度berm 马道berm 马道Bill of Quantities（BOQ) 工程量表blasting cap 起爆雷管blasting charge 爆破装药blasting explosive 炸药blended impervious blanket 混合不透水铺盖blue drawing 蓝图bolt 螺栓booster pump chamber 加压泵房bore 钻孔bore machine 镗床borrow 采料场borrow area 土料场bottom seal 底水封brace 柱子brake 制动器brake valve 制动阀breaking hole 崩落孔bridge abutment 桥台，桥肩bridge beam 横梁bridge crane 桥机bridge pier 桥墩bridge span 桥跨bubble 气泡，水准器buffer 缓冲装置build-up weldin 堆焊，补焊bulk 散装bulkhead gate 舱壁;止水闸门bus tunnel 母线洞butt joint 对接接头by-pass 旁通cable trench 电缆沟calibration block 校准试块callipers 卡尺camp 营地canteen 餐厅carbon rode 炭棒cardan shaft 万向轴carousel rail chamber 环行轨道室carpentry yard 木工房carry on 继续进行carry out 执行cartridge valve 插装阀cast 铸造centering 对中central pier 中墩certificate 合格证书chamber 室channel training wall 引水导墙characteristic test 特性试验check valve 单向阀chilled water 冷冻水chiller plant 制冷站chock 垫块chute 陡槽;泻槽circle 度盘，圆盘circular bubble 圆水准器civil work 土建工程Claim 索赔clamp 卡头，夹板cleaning agent 清洗剂clearing of fault 故障排除Client 业主client owner 业主clip 夹具，钳clip plate 压板clockwise 顺时针closure gate 封堵门coat 涂层coefficient of nonuniformity 开挖不均匀系数cofferdam 围堰coil 盘绕collimation axis 视准轴commercial manager 商务经理commissioning 试运行complete fusion 完全融合component 零部件compressed air plant 空压机concentricity deviation 同心度偏差concrete apron 混凝土护坦concrete cutoff wall 砼防渗墙concrete excavation 开挖concrete ledge 岩壁梁concrete liner 混凝土衬砌concrete plug 砼封堵concrete section 龙抬头连接段conditions of contract 合同条件conditions of contract for works of civil engineering construction 土木工程施工合同条件conditions of particular application 专用条件connect 连接consistency 稠度construction camps 施工营地construction drawing 施工图construction management 施工管理Consultant 一般为设计咨询consultant 顾问contact beam 接触剂Contigency 不可预见费contract agreement 合同协议contractor 承包商control room 控制室convey 运送conveyor 皮带机cooperation 合作coordinate point 坐标点coordination 协调coordinator 坐标仪corbel 牛腿core cutoff trench 芯墙截水槽cored beam 空心梁corner joint 角接接头correction value 矫正值corridor 走廊cost 费用cost control 成本控制cottor pin 开口销counterclaim 反索赔couplaut 偶合剂couple 连接coupling flange 联结法兰coupon 试件cover 端盖cover 盖板covered electrode 涂料焊条crank 拐臂crest access 坝顶公路crimp 褶皱cross beam 端梁cross-line 十字丝crown（vault）顶拱crushing and screening plant 破碎筛分厂Culvert 涵管cushion hole 缓冲孔cutoff dike 截渗堤cutoff trench 截水槽dam abutment 坝肩dam axis 坝轴线dam body（embankment）坝体dam crest 坝顶dam foundation 坝基dam shell 坝壳dam site 坝址damping box 阻力箱damping device 缓冲装置darcy＇s law 西定律debris 碎片de-energize 断电deep-water cofferdam 深水围堰definition 清晰度deflection 挠度delay 延误delayed sweep 延时扫描demobilization 退场density 密度department 部门depression angle 俯角derusting 除锈descale 除垢description 绘制description 使用说明书design drawing 设计图designer 设计者detect 探测detergent 去污剂developer 显像剂deviation 偏移dewatering 排水dial 刻度盘dial gauge 千分尺diaphragm 隔板diesel 柴油机diesel tank 油库differential resistance 差动电阻direct current electrode negative（DCEN）直流电极接负direct current electrode positive（DCEP）直流电极接正direct plumb line hole 正垂孔discharge channel 泄水渠displacement point 位移点distort 变形Distributary canal 支渠diversion tower 导流塔Diversion Tunnel 导流洞divider wall 隔墙dogging beam 锁定量double layer rubber sleeve 双层护套double welding 双面焊double-bevel groove weld 双斜边坡口焊缝double-j groove weld 双面J型坡口焊缝double-u groove weld 双面U型坡口焊缝double–Vee groove weld 双面V型坡口焊缝double-wall viewing 双壁透照dowel pin（setpin）定位销draft tube gate chamber 尾闸室draft tube tunnel 尾水管洞drainage curtain 排水帷幕drainage gallery 排水廊道drainage sump chamber 集水井室drainage system 排水系统drainage tunnel 排水洞drainage tunnel 排水洞drawing 图纸driven wheel 从动轮driving wheel 主动轮drum 卷筒dry test 无水试验dynamic loading test 动载试验eccentric cam 偏心凸轮eccentric hinge sector gate 偏心铰弧型闸门eccentric pin 偏心销eccentricity 偏心，偏心率，偏心度echo 回波eddy current examination 涡流检验elastic bearing 弹性轴承elastic deformation 弹性变形elastic limit 弹性极限electric works 电气工程electrode 焊条，电极electrode holder 焊钳electronic grout flow meter 电子流量计electrosgas welding 电气焊electroslag welding 电渣焊elevation angle 仰角elevator shaft 电梯井embankment 土坝embed 埋设embedded parts 预埋件emergency gate 事故门emergency gate shaft 事故门井emergency gate slot 事故门槽emergency spillway 非常溢洪道emergency spillway 非常溢洪道emulsifier 乳化剂energize 给加电engineer 工程师engineer’s representative 工程师代表engineering project 工程项目equalizer pulley 平衡滑轮equipment 设备erection 架立erection bay 安装间Escape 紧急排水口examination medium 检验介质excavation 开挖excavation pit 开挖基坑expansion 伸展expatriate 外籍职员expert 专家export 出口exposure 暴光extensometer 变位计eyepiece 目镜face left 盘左face right 盘右facility 设备;设施factory assembly 工厂装配Failure against seepage 渗透破坏Failure against sliding 滑动破坏fashioned iron 型钢fasten 扣紧fault 断层fault excavation 断层开挖federation of civil engineering contractor 土模工程承包商联合会feed pipe 供水管female end 内止口field pole 标杆field welding 现场焊缝filler metal 填充金属fillet weld 角焊缝Filter 滤光片，滤波器filter 过滤器filter 反滤层fineness 细度finish 精加工，表面光洁度fit 安装fitting allowance 装配公差fitting assembling 零件装配fitting face 配合面fixed pulley 定滑轮fixed wheel 定轮fixed wheel plane gate 定轮平面闸门flange 法兰flat welding 平焊flatness 平整度flaw 缺陷flexibility 挠性，柔性flip bucket 挑流鼻坎flow transmitter 流量传感器flowing water 动水flux 焊剂flux cored arc welding 药芯焊丝弧焊focus 集中，焦点focusing 调焦foot-screw 脚螺栓forced centering plate 强制对中盘forehand welding 左焊法forge 锻造formal 正式的foundation 基础foundation displacement indicator 基础位移指示器foundation excavation 基础开挖Foundation pit 基坑free flow chute 明流泄槽free flow tower 明流踏free flow tunnel 明流洞freeboard 安全空间，如库水位以上到坝顶。
(2021年整理)水利水电工程英文专业词汇
编辑整理：尊敬的读者朋友们：这里是精品文档编辑中心，本文档内容是由我和我的同事精心编辑整理后发布的，发布之前我们对文中内容进行仔细校对，但是难免会有疏漏的地方，但是任然希望（水利水电工程英文专业词汇）的内容能够给您的工作和学习带来便利。
同时也真诚的希望收到您的建议和反馈，这将是我们进步的源泉，前进的动力。
本文可编辑可修改，如果觉得对您有帮助请收藏以便随时查阅，最后祝您生活愉快业绩进步，以下为水利水电工程英文专业词汇的全部内容。
岸墙land wall坝顶dam crest，dam top坝踵dam heel坝趾dam toe板桩sheet pile边墩side pier，land pier变形模量deformation modulus鼻坎bucket lip毕肖普法Bishop method冰压力ice pressure剥离desquamation侧槽式溢洪道side channel Spillway沉降settlement齿墙cut-off trench冲沙闸（排沙闸）silt-releasing Sluice纯拱法independent arch method刺墙key—wall大头坝massive—head buttress dam *buttress 是扶壁的意思单宽流量discharge per unit width单曲拱坝single-curvature arch dam挡潮闸tidal sluice导流隧洞river diversion tunnel倒悬度Overhang degree底流消能energy dissipation by underflow地震作用earthquake action垫座cushion abutment动水压力hydrodynamic pressure断层fault堆石坝rock-fill dam多拱梁法multi-arch beam method阀门valve gate防浪墙wave wall防渗铺盖impervious blanket非常溢洪道emergency spillway分洪闸flood diversion sluice副坝auxiliary dam刚体极限平衡法limit equilibrium method for rigid block 拱坝arch dam拱冠梁crown cantilever拱冠粱法crown cantilever method工作桥service bridge固结灌浆consolidation grouting灌溉隧洞irrigation tunnel灌浆帷幕grout curtain管涌piping海漫apron extension横缝transverse joint虹吸式溢洪道siphon spillway蝴蝶阀butterfly valve护坡slope protection护坦apron弧形闸门radial gate滑雪道式溢洪道ski—jump spillway化学管涌chemical piping混凝土防渗墙concrete cut—off wall混凝土面板堆石坝concrete faced rock-fill dam 基本断面primary section简化毕肖普法simplified Bishop method浆砌石拱坝stone masonry arch dam浆砌石重力坝stone masonry gravity dam交通桥traffic bridge接触冲刷contact scouring接触灌浆contact grouting接缝灌浆joint grouting截水槽cut—off trench节制闸check sluice进水口water inlet进水闸inlet sluice井式溢洪道shaft spillway静水压力hydrostatic pressure均质坝homogeneous earth dam抗滑稳定分析analysis of stability against sliding 抗滑稳定性stability against sliding空腹重力坝hollow gravity dam空化cavitation空蚀cavitation erosion空注阀hollow jet valve宽缝重力坝slotted gravity dam宽尾墩flaring pier廊道gallery浪压力wave force理论计算theoretical computation拦河闸river sluice沥青混凝土asphalt concrete连拱坝multiple-arch dam流土soil flow流网法flow net method锚杆anchor rod面板face slab面流消能energy dissipation by surface flow模型试验model experiment泥沙压力silt pressure碾压混凝土坝Roller Compacted Concrete Dam 牛腿Corbel排沙隧洞silt-releasing tunnel排水drainage排水闸outlet sluice喷混凝土sprayed concrete平板坝flat slab buttress dam平面闸门plane gate破碎带crushed zone铺盖blanket砌石护坡stone pitching人工材料面板坝artificial material faced dam 人工材料心墙坝artificial material-core dam溶洞solution cavern软基重力坝gravity dam on soft foundation软弱夹层soft intercalated layer实用断面practical section试载法trial-load method双曲拱坝double—curvature arch dam水工建筑物hydraulic structure水工隧洞hydraulic tunnel，waterway tunnel水力发电隧洞hydropower tunnel水利枢纽hydro-complex水力学方法hydraulics method水平施工缝horizontal joint水闸sluice弹性模量elastic modulus挑流消能energy dissipation by trajectory jet土工膜geomembrane土石坝earth-rock dam土质斜墙坝earth dam with inclined soil wall 土质斜心墙坝earth dam with inclined soil core 土质心墙坝earth dam with soil core帷幕灌浆curtain grouting温度荷载temperature load温度控制temperature control温度应力temperature stress温度作用temperature action无压隧洞free level tunnel消力池stilling pool消力戽roller bucket消能工energy dissipater泄洪隧洞spillway tunnel泄水建筑物discharge structure泄水孔outlet hole新奥法NATM（New Austrian Tunneling Method) 胸墙breast wall扬压力uplift溢洪道spillway水垫塘plunge pool溢流坝overflow dam、翼墙wing wall应力分析stress analysis优化设计optimization design有限单元法finite element method有压隧洞pressure tunnel闸墩pier闸门gate闸门槽gate slot正槽式溢洪道normal channel spillway整体式重力坝monolithic gravity dam趾板toe slab支墩坝buttress dam重力坝gravity dam重力墩gravity abutment周边缝peripheral joint驻波standing wave锥形阀cone valve自由跌流free drop自重dead weight纵缝longitudinal joint键槽key strench伸缩缝contraction joint施工缝construction joint反弧段flip bucket拦污栅trash rack渐变段transition泄槽chute发电进水口power intake通气管air vent检修门bulkhead gate事故门emergency gate工作门service gate堰weir通气管air vent胸墙breast wall梁beam柱column回填混凝土backfill concrete 接地earth一期混凝土primary concrete 二期混凝土secondary concrete 叠梁门stoplog门机gantry crane止水waterstop钢筋reinforcement模板formwork围堰cofferdam马道bench；berm蜗壳volute水轮机turbine电站power house车间workshop发电机generator变电站transformer station副厂房auxiliary power house 安装间erection bay尾水闸门tail lock尾水渠tailrace引水渠approach channel前池fore bay导墙lead wall隔墙partition wall水利水电工程英文专业词汇接触灌浆contact grouting回填混凝土backfill concrete帷幕灌浆curtain grouting挡墙retaining wall港口harbour港口建筑物port structure船闸navigation lock船闸充水lock filling船闸充水和泄水系统locking filling and emptying system 船闸前池upper pool船闸上下游水位差lock lift船闸闸首lock head升船机ship elevator；ship lift鱼道fish canal旁通管by—pass齿槽cut—off wall。
水利水电专业英语词汇
施工总平面布置Construction general layout施工总平面布置 (施工总体布置 ) construction general layout施工组织 Consruction Programming施工组织设计 construction planning施工坐标系（建筑坐标系） construction coordinate system湿化变形 soaking deformation湿润比 percentage of wetted area湿润灌溉 wetting irrigation湿室型泵房 wet-pit type pump house湿陷变形系数soaking deformation coefficient湿陷起始压力 initial collapse pressure 湿陷系数 (湿陷变形系数 ) coefficient of collapsibility湿周 wetted perimeter十字板剪切试验 vane shear test石袋 honeycomb时均流速 time average velocity时均能量 time average energy时效硬化 (老化) age hardening (ageing) 时针式喷灌系统 (中心支轴自走式系统 ) central pivot sprinkler system实测放大图 surveyed amplification map 实腹柱 solid column实际材料图 primitive data map实时接线分析real time connection analysis实时控制 real-time control实时数据和实时信息 real time data and real time information实体坝 solid dike实体重力坝 solid gravity dam实物工程量 real work quantity实验站 experimental station实用堰 practical weir示流信号器 liquid-flow annunciator示坡线 slope indication line示误三角形 error triangle示踪模型 tracer model事故 failure (accident)事故备用容量reserve capacity for accident事故低油压 tripping lower oil pressure 事故音响信号emergency signal (alarmsignal)事故运行方式 accident operation mode 事故闸门 emergency gate事故照明 accident lighting事故照明切换屏accident lighting change-over panel势波 potential wave势流 potential flow势能 potential energy势涡 (自由涡 ) potential vortex视差 parallax视差法测距（基线横尺视差法） subtense method with horizontal staff视差角 parallactic angle视准线法 collimation line method视准轴（照准轴） coolimation axis试验处理 treatment of experiment试验端子 test terminal试验项目 Testing item试验小区 experimental block试运行 test run试运行 test run收敛测量 convergence measurement收敛约束法convergence-confinement method收缩断面 vena-contracta收缩缝(温度缝) contraction joint (temperature joint)收缩水深 contracted depth手动[自动]复归manual [automatic] reset手动[自动]准同期 manual [automatic] precise synchronization手动调节 manual regulation手动控制 manual control手动运行 manual operation手工电弧焊 manual arc welding首曲线（基本等高线） standard contour 首子午线（本初子午线，起始子午线） prime meridian受油器 oil head枢纽布置 layout of hydroproject疏浚 dredging输电系统 transmission system输电线 transmission line输入功率试验 input test输沙量 sediment runoff输沙率 sediment discharge输水钢管steel pipe for water conveyance输水沟 conveyance ditch输水建筑物 water conveyance structure 输水渠道 water conveyance canal鼠道 mole drains鼠道犁 mole plough鼠笼型感应电动机squirrel cage induction motor竖井定向测量 shaft orientation survey 竖井贯流式水轮机 pit turbine竖井联系测量 shaft connection survey 竖井排水 drainage well竖井式进水口 shaf tintake竖轴弧形闸门 radial gate with vertic alaxes数字地面模型digital terrain model （DTM）数字化测图 digitized mapping数字通信 digital communication数字图像处理 digital image processing 数字仪表 digital instrument甩负荷 load dump (load rejection,load shutdown)甩负荷试验load-rejection test (load-shutdowntest)双层布置 double storey layout双调节调速器 dual-regulation governor 双扉闸门 double-leaf gate双回线 double-circuit line双击式水轮机 cross flow turbine,Banki turbine双极高压直流系统 bipolar HVDC system 双金属标 bimetal bench mark双列布置 double row layout双母线接线 double-bus connection双曲拱坝 double curvature arch dam 双曲拱渡槽double curvature arch aqueduct双室式调压室double-chamber surge shaft双吸式离心泵 double-suction pump双向挡水人字闸门bidirectional retaining mitre gate水泵[水泵水轮机的水泵工况 ]的反向最大稳态飞逸转速steady state reverse runaway speed of pump水泵比转速 specific speed of pump水泵并联扬程曲线 head curve of parallel pumping system水泵参数与特性Parameters and characteristics of pump水泵串联扬程曲线 head curve of series pumping system水泵的最大[最小]输入功率maximum[minimum] input power of pump 水泵电动机机组 Motor-pump unit水泵反常运行 pump abnormal operating 水泵工况 (抽水工况 ) pump operation水泵工作点(水泵工况点) pump operating point水泵供水 water feed by pump水泵机械效率 mechanical efficiency of pump水泵机组 pump unit水泵类型 Classification of pumps水泵零部件 Components of pumps水泵流量 pump discharge水泵容积效率 volumetric efficiency of pump水泵输出功率 output power of pump水泵输入功率 (水泵轴功率 ) input power of pump水泵水力效率 hydraulic efficiency of pump水泵水轮机 Pump-turbine水泵无流量输入功率 no-discharge power of pump水泵效率 pump efficiency水泵扬程 (水泵总扬程 ) total head of pump水泵站 Pumping Station水泵装置 pump system水锤 (水击) water hammer水锤泵站 hydrauli cram pump station水锤波 (水击波 ) wave of water hammer 水锤波波速wave velocity of water hammer水电站 Hydroelectric Station水电站(水力发电站) Hydroelectric station (hydroelectric power station) 水电站保证出力 firm power, firm output 水电站厂房 (发电厂房 ) power house水电站厂房的类型 Types of power house of hydroelectric station水电站出力 power output of hydropower station水电站出力和发电量 Power and energy output of hydropower station水电站的水头、流量、水位 Waterhead, discharge, water lever of hydropower station水电站发电成本generation cost of hydropower station水电站发电量energy output of hydropower station水电站建筑物hydroelectric station structure水电站经济指标Economie index of hydropower station水电站类型Types of hydroelectric station水电站引用流量 quotative discharge of hydropower station水电站装机容量 installed capacity of hydropower station水电站自动化automation of hydroelectric station水跌 hydraulic drop水动力学 Hydrodynamics水斗 bucket水斗式水轮机 (贝尔顿式水轮机 ) pelton turbine水工建筑物 hydraulic structure水工建筑物的类别及荷载 Classification and load of hydraulic structures水工建筑物级别grade of hydraulic structure水工金属结构及安装 Metal Structures and Their Installation水工隧洞 hydraulic tunnel水工隧洞 Hydraulic tunnels水工隧洞构造 Components of hydraulic tunnel水工隧洞类型Classification of hydraulic tunnels水管冷却 pipe cooling水柜 water pool水环真空泵 liquid ring pump水灰比 water-cement ratio水窖(旱井) water callar(dry wall)水静力学 Hydrostatics水库并联运用operation of parallel-connected resertvoir水库测量 reservoir survey水库串联运用operation of serial-connected reservoirs水库调度 reservoir operation水库调度图 graph of reservoir operation 水库回水变动区 fluctuating back water zone of reservoir水库浸没 reservoir immersion水库控制缓洪controlled flood retarding水库库底清理 cleaning of reservoir zone 水库泥沙 Reservoir sediment水库泥沙防治 Prevention of sediment水库年限 ultimate life of reservoir水库渗漏 reservoir leakage水库水文测验 reservoir hydrometry水库塌岸 bank ruin of reservoir水库特征库容 Characteristic capacity of reservoir水库特征水位 Characteristic level of reservoir水库泄空排沙sediment releasing by emptying reservoir水库蓄清排浑 clear water impounding and muddy flow releasing水库淹没补偿compensation for reservoir inundation水库淹没处理Treatment of reservoir inundation水库淹没处理范围treatment zone of reservoir inundation水库淹没界线测量 reservoir inundation line survey水库淹没区 zone of reservoir inundation 水库淹没实物指标material index of reservoir inundation水库异重流 density current in reservoir 水库异重流排沙 sediment releasing by density current水库诱发地震reservoir induced earthquake水库淤积Sediment deposition in reservoir水库淤积测量reservoir accretion survey水库淤积极限 limit state of sediment deposition in reservoir水库淤积平衡比降 equilibrium slope of sediment deposition in reservoir水库淤积上延(翘尾巴) upward extension of reservoir deposition水库淤积纵剖面 longitudinal profile of deposit in reservoir水库滞洪排沙flood retarding and sediment releasing水库自然滞洪 free flood retarding水冷式空压机 water-cooled compressor 水力半径 hydraulic radius水力冲填hydraulic excavation and filling水力冲填坝 hydraulic fill dam水力冲洗式沉沙池hydraulic flushing sedimentation basin水力粗糙度 hydraulic roughness水力粗糙区 hydraulic roughness region 水力共振 hydraulic resonance水力光滑区 hydraulic smooth水力机械 Hydraulic Machinery水力机械与电气设备 HYDRAULIC MACHINERY AND ELECTRIC EQUIPMENT水力机组 hydropower unit水力机组测试 Measurement and test for hydropower unit水力机组的安装和试运行 Installation and starting operation of hydropower unit水力机组调节系统 Regulating system of hydropower unit水力机组辅助系统 Auxiliary system for hydropower unit水力开挖 hydraulic excavation水力坡降 (水力比降 ) hydraulic slope (energy gradient)水力破裂法(水力致裂法) hydro fracturing method水力侵蚀 (水蚀) water erosion水力学 Hydraulics水力要素(水力参数) hydraulic elements水力指数 hydraulic exponent水力自动闸门 hydraulic operating gate 水力最优断面 optimal hydraulic cross section水利工程经营管理management and administration of water project水利计算Computation of water conservancy水利区划 zoning of water conservancy 水利枢纽 hydroproject水利水电工程等别 rank of hydroproject 水利水电工程规划PLANNING OF HYDROENGINEERING水利水电工程技术术语标准 Standard of Technical Terms on Hydroengineering水工建筑物专业英语词汇岸墙 land wall坝顶 dam crest，dam top坝踵 dam heel坝趾 dam toe板桩 sheet pile边墩 side pier，land pier变形模量 deformation modulus 鼻坎 bucket lip 毕肖普法 Bishop method 冰压力 ice pressure 剥离 desquamation 侧槽式溢洪道 side channel Spillway 沉降 settlement 齿墙 cut-off trench 冲沙闸（排沙闸） silt-releasing Sluice 纯拱法 independent arch method 刺墙 key-wall 大头坝 massive-head buttress dam *buttress 是扶壁的意思 单宽流量 discharge per unit width 单曲拱坝 single-curvature arch dam 挡潮闸 tidal sluice 导流隧洞 river diversion tunnel 倒悬度 Overhang degree 底流消能 energy dissipation by underflow 地震作用 earthquake action 垫座 cushion abutment 动水压力 hydrodynamic pressure 断层 fault 堆石坝 rock-fill dam 多拱梁法 multi-arch beam method 阀门 valve gate 防浪墙 wave wall 防渗铺盖 impervious blanket 非常溢洪道 emergency spillway 分洪闸 flood diversion sluice 副坝 auxiliary dam 刚体极限平衡法 limit equilibrium method for rigid block 拱坝 arch dam 拱冠梁 crown cantilever 拱冠粱法 crown cantilever method 工作桥 service bridge 固结灌浆 consolidation grouting 灌溉隧洞 irrigation tunnel 灌浆帷幕 grout curtain 管涌 piping 海漫 apron extension 横缝 transverse joint 虹吸式溢洪道 siphon spillway 蝴蝶阀 butterfly valve 护坡 slope protection 护坦 apron 弧形闸门 radial gate 滑雪道式溢洪道 ski-jump spillway 化学管涌 chemical piping 混凝土防渗墙 concrete cut-off wall 混凝土面板堆石坝 concrete faced rock-fill dam 基本断面 primary section 简化毕肖普法 simplified Bishop method 浆砌石拱坝 stone masonry arch dam 浆砌石重力坝 stone masonry gravity dam 交通桥 traffic bridge 接触冲刷 contact scouring 接触灌浆 contact grouting 接缝灌浆 joint grouting 截水槽 cut-off trench 节制闸 check sluice 进水口 water inlet 进水闸 inlet sluice 井式溢洪道 shaft spillway 静水压力 hydrostatic pressure 均质坝 homogeneous earth dam 抗滑稳定分析 analysis of stability against sliding 抗滑稳定性 stability against sliding 空腹重力坝 hollow gravity dam 空化 cavitation 空蚀 cavitation erosion 空注阀 hollow jet valve 宽缝重力坝 slotted gravity dam 宽尾墩 flaring pier 廊道 gallery 浪压力 wave force 理论计算 theoretical computation 拦河闸 river sluice 沥青混凝土 asphalt concrete 连拱坝 multiple-arch dam 流土soil flow 流网法 flow net method 锚杆 anchor rod 面板 face slab面流消能 energy dissipation by surface flow模型试验 model experiment泥沙压力 silt pressure碾压混凝土坝 Roller Compacted Concrete Dam牛腿 Corbel排沙隧洞 silt-releasing tunnel排水 drainage排水闸 outlet sluice喷混凝土 sprayed concrete平板坝 flat slab buttress dam平面闸门 plane gate破碎带 crushed zone铺盖 blanket砌石护坡 stone pitching人工材料面板坝artificial material faced dam人工材料心墙坝artificial material-core dam溶洞 solution cavern软基重力坝gravity dam on soft foundation软弱夹层 soft intercalated layer实用断面 practical section试载法 trial-load method双曲拱坝 double-curvature arch dam水工建筑物 hydraulic structure水工隧洞hydraulic tunnel，waterway tunnel水力发电隧洞 hydropower tunnel水利枢纽 hydro-complex水力学方法 hydraulics method水平施工缝horizontal joint水闸 sluice弹性模量 elastic modulus挑流消能energy dissipation by trajectory jet土工膜 geomembrane土石坝 earth-rock dam土质斜墙坝 earth dam with inclined soil wall土质斜心墙坝 earth dam with inclined soil core 土质心墙坝 earth dam with soil core帷幕灌浆 curtain grouting温度荷载 temperature load温度控制 temperature control温度应力 temperature stress温度作用 temperature action无压隧洞 free level tunnel消力池 stilling pool消力戽 roller bucket消能工 energy dissipater泄洪隧洞 spillway tunnel泄水建筑物 discharge structure泄水孔 outlet hole新奥法NATM（New Austrian Tunneling Method）胸墙 breast wall扬压力 uplift溢洪道spillway水垫塘 plunge pool溢流坝 overflow dam、翼墙 wing wall应力分析 stress analysis优化设计 optimization design有限单元法 finite element method有压隧洞 pressure tunnel闸墩 pier闸门 gate闸门槽 gate slot正槽式溢洪道 normal channel spillway 整体式重力坝 monolithic gravity dam趾板 toe slab支墩坝 buttress dam重力坝 gravity dam重力墩 gravity abutment周边缝 peripheral joint驻波 standing wave锥形阀 cone valve自由跌流 free drop自重 dead weight纵缝 longitudinal joint键槽 key strench伸缩缝 contraction joint施工缝 construction joint反弧段 flip bucket拦污栅 trash rack渐变段 transition泄槽 chute发电进水口 power intake通气管 air vent检修门 bulkhead gate事故门 emergency gate工作门 service gate堰 weir通气管 air vent胸墙 breast wall梁 beam柱 column回填混凝土 backfill concrete 接地 earth一期混凝土 primary concrete 二期混凝土 secondary concrete 叠梁门 stoplog门机gantry crane止水 waterstop钢筋 reinforcement模板 formwork围堰 cofferdam马道 bench；berm蜗壳 volute水轮机 turbine电站 power house车间 workshop发电机 generator变电站 transformer station副厂房 auxiliary power house 安装间 erection bay尾水闸门 tail lock尾水渠 tailrace引水渠 approach channel前池 fore bay导墙 lead wall隔墙 partition wall接触灌浆 contact grouting回填混凝土 backfill concrete 帷幕灌浆 curtain grouting挡墙 retaining wall港口 harbour港口建筑物 port structure 船闸 navigation lock船闸充水 lock filling船闸充水和泄水系统 locking filling and emptying system船闸前池 upper pool船闸上下游水位差 lock lift船闸闸首 lock head升船机 ship elevator；ship lift鱼道 fish canal旁通管 by-pass齿槽 cut-off wall水工建筑物专业词汇岸墙 land wall坝顶 dam crest，dam top坝踵 dam heel坝趾 dam toe板桩 sheet pile边墩 side pier，land pier变形模量 deformation modulus鼻坎 bucket lip毕肖普法 Bishop method冰压力 ice pressure剥离 desquamation侧槽式溢洪道 side channel Spillway沉降 settlement齿墙 cut-off trench冲沙闸（排沙闸） silt-releasing Sluice纯拱法 independent arch method刺墙 key-wall大头坝massive-head buttress dam *buttress 是扶壁的意思单宽流量 discharge per unit width单曲拱坝 single-curvature arch dam挡潮闸 tidal sluice导流隧洞 river diversion tunnel倒悬度 Overhang degree底流消能energy dissipation by underflow地震作用 earthquake action垫座 cushion abutment动水压力 hydrodynamic pressure断层 fault堆石坝 rock-fill dam多拱梁法 multi-arch beam method阀门 valve gate防浪墙 wave wall防渗铺盖 impervious blanket非常溢洪道 emergency spillway分洪闸 flood diversion sluice副坝 auxiliary dam刚体极限平衡法limit equilibrium method for rigid block拱坝 arch dam拱冠梁 crown cantilever拱冠粱法 crown cantilever method工作桥 service bridge固结灌浆 consolidation grouting灌溉隧洞 irrigation tunnel灌浆帷幕 grout curtain管涌 piping海漫 apron extension横缝 transverse joint虹吸式溢洪道 siphon spillway蝴蝶阀 butterfly valve护坡 slope protection护坦 apron弧形闸门 radial gate滑雪道式溢洪道 ski-jump spillway化学管涌 chemical piping混凝土防渗墙 concrete cut-off wall混凝土面板堆石坝concrete faced rock-fill dam基本断面 primary section简化毕肖普法 simplified Bishop method 浆砌石拱坝 stone masonry arch dam浆砌石重力坝 stone masonry gravity dam 交通桥 traffic bridge接触冲刷 contact scouring接触灌浆 contact grouting接缝灌浆 joint grouting截水槽 cut-off trench节制闸 check sluice进水口 water inlet进水闸 inlet sluice井式溢洪道 shaft spillway静水压力 hydrostatic pressure均质坝 homogeneous earth dam 抗滑稳定分析analysis of stability against sliding抗滑稳定性 stability against sliding 空腹重力坝 hollow gravity dam空化 cavitation空蚀 cavitation erosion空注阀 hollow jet valve宽缝重力坝 slotted gravity dam宽尾墩 flaring pier廊道 gallery浪压力 wave force理论计算 theoretical computation拦河闸 river sluice沥青混凝土 asphalt concrete连拱坝 multiple-arch dam流土soil flow流网法 flow net method锚杆 anchor rod面板 face slab面流消能 energy dissipation by surface flow模型试验 model experiment泥沙压力 silt pressure碾压混凝土坝 Roller Compacted Concrete Dam牛腿 Corbel排沙隧洞 silt-releasing tunnel排水 drainage排水闸 outlet sluice喷混凝土 sprayed concrete平板坝 flat slab buttress dam平面闸门 plane gate破碎带 crushed zone铺盖 blanket砌石护坡 stone pitching人工材料面板坝artificial material faced dam人工材料心墙坝artificial material-core dam溶洞 solution cavern软基重力坝gravity dam on soft foundation软弱夹层 soft intercalated layer实用断面 practical section试载法 trial-load method双曲拱坝 double-curvature arch dam水工建筑物 hydraulic structure水工隧洞hydraulic tunnel，waterway tunnel水力发电隧洞 hydropower tunnel水利枢纽 hydro-complex水力学方法 hydraulics method水平施工缝horizontal joint水闸 sluice弹性模量 elastic modulus挑流消能energy dissipation by trajectory jet土工膜 geomembrane土石坝 earth-rock dam土质斜墙坝 earth dam with inclined soil wall土质斜心墙坝 earth dam with inclined soil core土质心墙坝 earth dam with soil core帷幕灌浆 curtain grouting温度荷载 temperature load温度控制 temperature control温度应力 temperature stress温度作用 temperature action无压隧洞 free level tunnel消力池 stilling pool消力戽 roller bucket消能工 energy dissipater泄洪隧洞 spillway tunnel泄水建筑物 discharge structure泄水孔 outlet hole新奥法NATM（New Austrian Tunneling Method）胸墙 breast wall扬压力 uplift溢洪道spillway水垫塘 plunge pool溢流坝 overflow dam、翼墙 wing wall应力分析 stress analysis优化设计 optimization design有限单元法 finite element method有压隧洞 pressure tunnel 闸墩 pier闸门 gate闸门槽 gate slot正槽式溢洪道 normal channel spillway 整体式重力坝 monolithic gravity dam 趾板 toe slab支墩坝 buttress dam重力坝 gravity dam重力墩 gravity abutment周边缝 peripheral joint驻波 standing wave锥形阀 cone valve自由跌流 free drop自重 dead weight纵缝 longitudinal joint键槽 key strench伸缩缝 contraction joint施工缝 construction joint反弧段 flip bucket拦污栅 trash rack渐变段 transition泄槽 chute发电进水口 power intake通气管 air vent检修门 bulkhead gate事故门 emergency gate工作门 service gate堰 weir通气管 air vent胸墙 breast wall梁 beam柱 column回填混凝土 backfill concrete接地 earth一期混凝土 primary concrete二期混凝土 secondary concrete叠梁门 stoplog门机gantry crane止水 waterstop钢筋 reinforcement模板 formwork围堰 cofferdam马道 bench；berm蜗壳 volute水轮机 turbine电站 power house车间 workshop发电机 generator变电站 transformer station副厂房 auxiliary power house安装间 erection bay尾水闸门 tail lock尾水渠 tailrace引水渠 approach channel前池 fore bay导墙 lead wall隔墙 partition wall接触灌浆 contact grouting回填混凝土 backfill concrete帷幕灌浆 curtain grouting挡墙 retaining wall港口 harbour港口建筑物 port structure船闸 navigation lock船闸充水 lock filling船闸充水和泄水系统 locking filling and emptying system船闸前池 upper pool船闸上下游水位差 lock lift船闸闸首 lock head升船机 ship elevator；ship lift鱼道 fish canal旁通管 by-pass齿槽 cut-off wall。
水利水电工程专业英语英文词汇
strain meter 应变计set out 放线、放样stake-line temperature sensor 温度传感器测桩线state plane coordinate system 国家平面坐标集线站terminal station其他（Others）系survey point 测点check hole 检查孔theoretical point 灌区理论点compartmenttraverse(polygon) 导线（测dense mix 浓浆量）、横断error of traverse 导线闭合差foundation uplift 基础隆起lattice traverse 网格状导线灌浆孔grout holelong side traverse instrument hole 仪器孔长导线open traverse 非闭合primary/secondary and tertiary grout holes 一导线short side traverse 短导线序、二序、三序灌浆孔traverse closure 导线闭合加密灌浆孔距spilt spacingtraverse station 导线点waste mix 弃浆traverse survey 导线测量Survey◆测量（）triangulation 测量方法及术语（Methods and Terms）三角测量triangulation network 三角网调整校正adjust 、triangulation of high order 高等级三角网adjustment 平差triangulation point 容许误差allowance 三角点三边测量backsight point 后视点trilateration程控制网basic point 基础点vertical-control net 高bench mark 水准点木桩wood pile Angular Measure）角度测量（compass 罗盘azimuth 方位角chainage(station number) 桩号象限角bearing 方位三角锁chain of triangulation 、器、水准buddle 、check 校核对照气泡圆盘circle 度盘、控制control point 点器圆水坐标点coordinate point 准circular bubbledatum 基础面轴视准collimation axis点基datum point 准十字丝cross-line(cross-hair)偏差depression angle 俯角deviationeasily identifiable point elevation angle 仰角点容易识别eyepiece(ocular) error 误差目镜量field pole(staff) 标杆一等三角测first order triangulationgeodetic foot-screw 学的大地测量脚螺栓量geodetic surveying 大地测水平角horizontal angle量合联测）mark 标志（明joint survey已知点known point 物镜objective lens面水level surface 准垂线铅垂、plumb(plummet)局local triangulation networks 准、观测sight 瞄部三角网准瞄target 国national coordination system 家坐标网目标、监视观测observe 、纬仪theodolite 经point to be located 待定点横轴tranverse axistripod 三脚架置位、定位position踏勘、选点reconnaissance 竖直角vertical angle参考点reference point vertical axis 竖轴量二等三角测second order triangulation Telescope望远镜（）1centering 对中reduced level 归化高差run back 返测盘左face leftrun out 往测face right 盘右three-wire leveling 三丝法水准focus 集中、焦点测量地形测量（Topographic Survey focusing 调焦）boundary 边界、界线index error 指标误差inverted position of telescope(reverse construction stake 施工标桩contour 等高线盘右telescope)倒镜、normal position of telescope(direct telescope)contour interval 等高距contouring 绘等高线、正镜盘右contour-length method 光学垂准器等高线延长法optical plummetcontour line 等高线round 测回control network 控制网set 套、组detail 细部、详图station 测站draw 绘图距离测量（Distance Measure）field 外业气barometer 压计fix 固定、确定base line(basic line/datum line) 基线form line 地形图电battery 池EDM(electromagnetic distance measurement) grid 格网information 注记、资料、情报电磁波测距marginal information 轮廓注记滤波器滤光片filter 、large-scale 大比例尺的laser alignment system 激光准直系统latitude 纬度、范围laser beam 激光束latitude circle 纬圈prism 棱镜latitude line range 纬线距离测程、legend 图例long range 远程location 定线、程medium range 中定位longitude 经short range 短程度longitude line 测距仪经线range findermap signal 地图、制图信号mapping 制图、测spring balance 弹簧称图、地质素描match line 拼接线卷尺tapemonument 标石invar tape 铟瓦钢卷尺、石柱object 高程测量（Height Measurement地物、目标）plan 程、高海拔平面图、略图altitude/elevationplot 近似approximate leveling 置绘图粗平平、profile 断面（图）、纵剖图准自动定平水automatic level 仪difference in altitude(difference of record 记录、资料setup 定置elevation ,height difference) 高差仪器site location error of closure in leveling 差合闭准定位水stake out 放样、定线平置、精平exact leveling 确、立桩symbol 仪（测点）准水level 符号、记号topographic detail 水level circuit 地形细部环合准闭topographic map 地形图尺垫准水level shoe◆原形观测观测仪器和设施线路准水line of level {Instrumentationand Facilities）国national geodetic vertical datum 家大地高air-entraining meter 面准基程掺气剂2Carlson-type piezometer 卡尔逊式渗压计component 零部件coordinator 坐标仪concrete strain meter 砼应变计damping box 阻尼角convergent point 收敛测点differential resistance direct plumb line 正垂线差动电阻double layer rubber sleeve earth pressure cell 土压力盒双层保护forced centering plate 强制embankment piezometer 坝体渗压计对中盘instrument lead 仪器电堤应变计缆embankment strain meterinvar wire 铟瓦丝extended wire 引张线metal ring 计金属环foundation piezometer 基础渗压plumb coordinate meter horizontal inclinometer 水平测斜仪垂线坐标仪pulley 滑轮hydraulic instrument 水力学仪器regulator 调节器水听器hydrophoneriser 立管inclinometer casing 测斜管sensor interface joint meter 界面变位传感器计spool inverted plumb line 倒垂线绕轴steel socket 钢micro piezometer 微压计底座tablet 多点位移计药片multiple position extensometertensioning weight 张拉重锤observation point 观测标点thermistor 热敏电observation well 观测井阻tip 测头视optical alignment line 准线安装过程（Procession of Installation）plate strain meter 钢板计assemble 组装pneumatic piezometer 气压式渗压计couple 连接脉动压力pressure fluctuation meter 计prestressed tendon anchorage 埋设embed安装install 索dynamometer 预应力锚测力计绝缘insulate rock bolt extensometer 锚杆测力计维护计single point extensometer 单点位移maintenancespiral sensor 测扭仪监测monitor测压standpipe 管仪器保护protection of instrumentation归纳reduce 强震仪strong-motion seismograghsurface monument 表密封seal 面标点拼接temperature sensor 温度传感器splice提供终端房terminal house supplyterminal station 终端站测试testInformation资料（倾角tilt meter 计）简图计时均压力time average pressure cell assemble schematic 装配合格证书总压力盒total pressure cell certificate书说计velometer 流速使用明descriptionvertical inclinometer 垂直测斜仪维护指南maintenace guideline书震旋式渗压vibrating wire piezometer 计manual 说明振旋式沉降vibrating wire settlement sensor 理工作原operating principle作仪范围operating restraint 操序procedure 水堰量的带微压weir with micro piezometer 计程程基点工作working base point 序分trouble shooting procedure 鼓掌析zerostress-strain meter 其他（Others）计砼无应力间）Acessories and Spare Parts附件及配件（行annular space 环空coil data acquisition 盘绕数据采集 3cement mark(strength of cement /cement 数据记录data recordinggrade) 水泥标号leas drilling hole 引线孔consumptive use of water normal consistance 永久记录permanent record标准稠度用水readout device 读数设备量degree of mobilization 流动性saturated 饱和的dissolution heat ( solution heat ) 溶解热seepage isolation dike 截渗堤final set trapezoidal 梯形终凝flexural strength 抗弯强度◆水工常规试验flyash 粉煤灰砼原材料试验（Test of Raw and Processedhydration heat 水化热Material of Concrete）initial set Aggregate）初凝骨料（abrasion volume by Los Angeles rattler loss on ignition(ignition loss) 烧矢量setting time 凝结时量间洛杉机磨耗silica fume 计accumulated retained percentage 累筛余百硅粉soundness 水泥的安定性分率specific surface area 比表acicular and flaky grain in aggregate 针状与面积specific heat 量片状颗粒含比热water demand ratio 吸水alkali-aggregate reaction 碱骨料反应量比外加剂（Admixture）视密度apparent densitybubble stability 泡沫稳定性bulk density (unity weight) 容重clay lumps and friable particles in aggregate bubbling ability 起泡能力chloride content 氯化物含量块及易碎颗粒含土量黏compressive strength rate 抗压强度比软化系数coefficient of softeningcontract with dry rate crush index 压碎指标干缩率dispersing coefficient 干燥状态dry state 分散系数dispersing ability of waterexceeding and inferior grain in-reducing agent 减水剂aggregate 超逊径颗粒含量分散能力loss of slump 塌落度损失细度模数fineness modulussulphate content 硫酸盐含空隙率量gaping place ratesolid content 分计grader retained percentage 筛余百固体含分率量surface tension 颗粒级grain composition 配表面张力water-reducing rate 减水率粒径grain size水（Water）量lightweight matter in aggregate 轻物质含alkalinity 碱度量云母含mica contentcalcion 含水率钙离子moisture content(water rate)carbonic acid mud content 钙酸含泥量chlorion 有机质含organic content 量氯离子equivalent concentration 骨料潜在活性potential reactivity of aggregate 当量浓度oxygen consumption saturation 饱和的耗氧量normal solution (standard 曲线筛sieving curve 分solution) 量soft grain in aggregate 软弱骨料含标准溶液PH value PH坚固性值soundnesswater analysis 水值面含水率表surface moisture content 分析砼（水溶性硫化物water-soluble sulphide Concrete）砼拌和物（水硬性胶凝材料Mixture(Hydraulicity cementitious ）material) assurance strength of concrete 砼保证强度bleeding rate age 泌水率龄期4cement-sand ration 灰砂比砂浆（Cement）cement lime mortar 标号水泥石灰砂浆design strength of concrete 砼设计cement mortar 水泥砂浆flowability of concrete 砼的流动性cement-clay mortar 水泥黏土mix proportion (proportion of mixture) 砼配合砂浆epoxy mortar 环氧砂浆比lime mortar 石灰砂浆mixture uniformity 拌和物的均匀性plastering mortar 抹面砂浆penetration-obstruction method 贯入阻力法pointing joint mortar probability of ensuring strength of concrete 砼勾缝砂浆土（Soil强度保证率）accumulation curve (cumulative curve) 累砂率sand rate 计曲线单位用水量unit consumption of wateractivity index 活性指标water retention (water retentiveness) 保水性angle of frictionwater-cement ratio 摩擦角水灰比Atterberg limits(water content as limit) Hardened concrete 阿）硬化砼（太堡界限（界限含水量axial tensile strength 轴向抗拉强度）California bearing ratio 导热系数载重比coefficient of thermal conductivitycoarse-grained soil cooling rate 冷却率粗粒土coefficient of compressibility 压缩系数砼芯样core of concretecoefficient of cubical徐变变creep deformation (time deformation )compressibility 体积压缩系数形coefficient of curvature 曲率系数form coefficient(form factor) 形状系数compression 压缩freezing -melting circulation 冻融循环compression index frost-resistance mark 抗冻标号压缩指数compression modulus 压缩模数砼热学性能heat property of concreteconsolidated-undrained (quick) shear test height-diameter ration 高径比固结不排水剪（固结快剪）试验linear expansion coefficient 线膨胀系数consolidated-drained (slow) shear test loss of weight 重量损失固结不排水剪（慢剪）试验自振频率natural frequencyconsolidation 固结permeate 渗透consolidation coefficient 透permeated height 渗高度固结系数consolidation settlement 固结沉降permeated-resisting mark 抗渗标号consolidation stress 系固结应力透relative coefficient of permeability 相对渗continuous grading/gradation 连接级配数contraction test(shrinkage test) 收缩试验振频率共resonance frequencycore cutter method sample 试环刀法件creep curve self-grown volume deformation（砼）蠕变曲线自生体积critical slope 变形逸出坡降（临界坡降）Darcy's law 达西定律劈裂抗拉强度splitting tensile strengthdegree of consolidation 固结度static compressive modulus of elasticity 静力degree of free swelling 自由膨胀率抗压弹数direct shear test 导温系数直接剪切试验temperature conductivitydirect shear test of reiteration 反复直剪强度试抗拉弹性模tensile modulus of elasticity 量验绝热温升thermal insulation warmingdistribution curve 分极限拉应变ultimate tensile strain 布曲线drift soil (shifting soil/mass flow) 极限抗拉强度ultimate tensile strength 流土effective angle of inner friction 有效内摩擦角磨损率wear rateeffective strength envelope 有效强度抗冲磨强度wear-resisting strength 包线5expansion force 膨胀力剪（快剪）试验variable head method 变水头法expansion ration(specific expansion) 膨胀率void(pore) ratio 孔隙比渗流filtering flow(seepage flow)water replacement method 灌水法fine-grained soil 细粒土wet density 湿密度flow net(drift net) 流网其它建筑材料hydraulic slope 水力坡降钢筋（steel hydrometer method 比重计法）bending and unbending 反常水头法复弯曲hydrostatic head methodcold bending test 冷弯试验limit equilibrium state 极限平衡状态elongation test 拉伸试验liquefaction 液化nominal diameter 公称直径liquid limit 液限ratio of elongation liquidity index 液化指标伸长率relaxation test maximum dry density 最大干密度松弛试验steel strand 钢绞线method of sieving 筛分法tensile yield strength 拉伸屈服强度Mohr's stress circle 莫力应力圆ultimate tensile strength 极限抗拉强度库伦破坏Mohr-coulomb failure criteria 莫尔-Wood）准则木材（curshing strength paralled to the normal stress 法向应力（正应力）oedometer curve 顺纹抗压强度grain 压缩曲线tensile strength paralled to the 量optimum moisture content 最优含水顺纹抗拉强度涌piping 管graincrushing strength across th e plastic limit 塑限横纹抗压强度grain plasticity index 塑性指标tensile strength across to the 空隙水压力pore water pressure空隙率porosity 横纹抗拉强度grainprincipal stress 主）沥青（应力Asphalt脆化点试验Proctor compaction test 普氏击实试验brittle temperature test相对密度relative density 延伸度试验expansion testsand replacement method 灌砂法针入式试验penetration testsaturability (saturation degree/percent 软化点试验softening point testtest of aging saturation) 饱和度老化试验viscosity test 饱和容重saturated unit weight 粘滞性试验Quality Management透seepage deformation 渗变形）质量管理（average 力渗seepage force(seepage pressure) 透平均值deviation standard(error of mean 透渗seepage line 线均方差squares) 速度渗seepage speed 透deviationcoefficient(dispersion shear stress 切向应力（剪应力）离差系数缩限shrinkage limit coefficient)断级间skip(gap/jump) grading 配相关系数index of correlation土specific gravity of soil particle 粒比重界限management limit 管理steady seepage field 统计数稳定渗流场mathematic statistics 理maximum 应力路径stress path 最大值值minimum 最线包总强度total strength envelope 小布三轴压缩试验triaxial compression test 正态分normal distributionunconfined compression strength 保证量quality assurance 无侧限抗压质量强度检测质quality examinationunconsolidated undrained test regression curve 不固结不排水回归曲线 6relative dampness 相对湿度mud crack 泥痕rain print 雨痕本容量sample capacity 样orientation of bedrock 岩层产状sampling frequency 取样频率strike specimen 样品走向dip 倾向统计分析statistical analysisangle of dip (dip angle ) 倾角technical specification 技术规范fold technical standard 褶皱技术标准anticline testing circumstance 试验环境背斜syncline 向斜testing error 试验误差Monocline (homocline) 单斜testing regulation 试验规程dome 穹隆析variance analysis 方差分soft stratum ◆地质(Geology)软弱岩层zone of fracture(broken zone ) 破碎带地质年代（Geochronology of Geologicaffected zone Ages）影响带platy structure 板状构造Archaeozoic era (erathem) 太古代（界）解理cleavage Proterozoic era (erathem) 元古代（界）fracture(rupture) 断裂古生代（界）Palaeozoic era (erathem)fissure(crack/fracture) 裂隙Mesozoic era (erathem) 中生代（界））岩石类型（Rock typeCenozoic era (erathem) 新生代（界）岩石学petrology Sinian period (system) 震旦纪（系）岩igneous rock 火成寒武纪（系）Cambrian period (system)Ordovician period (system) 奥陶纪（系）岩浆岩magmatic rock火山岩lava(vocanic rock) 志留纪（系）Silurian period (system)侵入岩intrusive (invade) rock Devonian period (system) 泥盘纪（系）成石碳纪（系）Carboniferous period (system) 岩effusive rock 深成岩pypabussal rock 二叠纪（系）Permian period (system) 浅三叠纪（系）acid rock 酸性岩Triassic period (system) 侏罗纪（系）Jurassic period (system) 中性岩inter-mediate rock基性岩basic rock Cretaceous period (system) 白垩纪（系）第Tertiary period (system) 三纪（系）超基性岩ultrabasic rock第Quaternary period (system) 四纪（系）花岗岩granite斑岩Geologic Structural地质构造（）porphyryrhyolite 玢岩断层faultsyenite normal fault 正断层流纹岩逆断层reversed fault trachyte 粗面岩diorite parallel fault 平移断层闪长岩andesite 安山岩断层泥gouge擦痕stria 辉长岩gabbrojoint 理节玄武岩basaltprimary joint 理原生节细晶岩aplitesecondary joint 理次生节pegmatite 伟晶岩tension joint lamprophyre 煌斑岩理张节diabase 理卸荷节unloading joint 辉绿岩理片schistosity 橄榄岩dunite理层bedding pumice 浮岩）理（叶理板foliation 沉积岩sedimentary rock波痕ripple mark clastic rock 碎屑岩7clay rock 黏土岩quartz 石英topaz 黄玉chemical rock 化学岩corundum 刚玉biolith 生物岩diamand 金刚石砾岩conglomerateorthoclase 正长石siltstone 粉砂岩plagloclase 斜长石mudstone 泥岩biotite shale 页岩黑云母muscovite saline rock 盐岩白云母amphibole 角闪石limestone 石灰岩phroxene 辉石白云岩dolomiteolivine marl 泥灰岩橄榄石dolomite 白云石volcanic breccia 火山角砾岩kaolinite 高岭石火山块集岩volcanic agglomeratemontmorillonite 蒙脱石tuff 凝灰岩膨润土bentonite metamorphic rock 变质岩斑脱石、illite 板岩slate 伊力石garnet 石榴子石phyllite 千枚岩chlorite 绿泥石schist 片岩serpentine 蛇纹石gneiss 片麻岩pyrite 岩黄铁矿石quartzite 英marble 大理岩hematite 赤铁矿糜棱岩magnetite 磁铁矿mylonitemigmatite 混褐铁矿limonite 合岩）工程地质（cataclasite 碎裂岩Engineering Geology 技土工eotechnics ( geotechnique) 土工学（sediment(deposit) 沉积物（层）G）岩石工程术、漂石boulder 、顽石cobble 卵石岩石力学rock mechanics砾石gravel 力学soil mechanics 土岩石力学地质力学sand 砂、geomechanics engineering geological 粉siltstone 土clay 黏土地质条件conditons 工程砂质黏sandy clay 土问题engineering geological problem 工程地质clayey sand 岩体结构粘质砂土rock mass structure地形黏壤sandy loam 土、亚土geographic and geomorphic conditions土、表土浮regolith ( topsoil ) 地貌条件物理黄loess 土地质现象geophysical phenomenon 土红laterite 水文地质条件hydrogeological conditionsnatural materials 泥炭peat 天然材料海泥、ooze 软泥水库reservoir沉降Rock-forming 造岩矿物（settlement位移Minerals）displacementdeformation 变形滑石talctectonic stress 石膏gypsum 构造应力残余应力residual stress 方解石calcite内摩擦角萤石fluorite angle of internal friction凝聚力）磷灰石apatite 、cohesion 内聚力（粘聚力feldspar pressure tunnel 长石压力隧洞8underground cavern/cavity 地下洞室alluvium 冲积物（层）proluvium(diluvium) 洪积物（层）overburden 覆盖物deluvium 坡积物（层）bed rock(base rock/foundation rock) 基岩eluvium 残积物（层）firm/sound rock 坚硬岩石eolian deposit weak/soft rock 软弱岩石风积物（层）lake deposit 湖积物（层）interbed 夹层marine deposit 海积物（层）zone of fracture (broken zones ) 破碎带glacial (drift) deposit 冰川沉积物（层）homogeneity 均质性colluvial deposit (colluvium)nonhomogeneity/heterogeneity 非均质性崩积物（层）isotropy 各向同性cross-bedding 交错层geologic structure 地质构造anisotropy 各向异性geotectonics 矿物质的物理性质(Physical Character of 大地构造学graben Minerals)地堑horst 地垒hardness 硬度cordance(conformity) 整合光泽lusterdiscordance(unconformity) color 颜色非整合deceptive cordance /conformity 假整合transparencey/pellucidity 透明度地质作用(Physical Geology Action) 条痕streakweathering 风化rent/fracture 断口erosion 侵蚀crystal form 晶形transportation 搬运(Petrology) 岩石学deposition/sediment 类沉积classification 分denudation structure 构造应力剥蚀corrasion 磨蚀texture 结构corrosion fabric 腐蚀组构dissolution 成mineral composition 矿物组溶蚀landslide 滑坡crystalline 结晶质collapse(rock fall) 崩塌非晶质amorphous substance mud flow fossil 化石泥石流earthquake 地震磨圆度degree of roundingintensity 烈度degree of grains 粒度magnitude 震级(Stratum andPhysiognomy) 地层地貌◆水文盆地basin (Hydrology)ground water(subsurface water) 地下水river valley 河谷surface water 地表水河床river bedatmospheric water 地形topography 大气水runoff terrain 径流地势fresh /plain /sweet water attitude 产状淡水river flow/discharge rock base ( batholite) 河水流量岩基peak flood flow 洪峰流量rock stock 岩株flood out flow 岩流rock flow 洪水下泄流量dry season rock loccolith 岩盖枯水季wet season 丰水季岩盆rock lopolithflood (raining) season 岩墙rock dike 汛期non-flood season 岩床rock sill 非汛期5% frequency flood 20 年一遇洪水vein dyke 岩脉flood control 沉积物（层）sediment(deposit) 防汛9（二）工程施工.机电类trunion beam 支饺梁dogging beam 锁定梁◆金属结构（Hydromechanical work)启闭机（Hoist）闸门(Gate)wire rope hoist 固定卷扬式启闭机工作门service gatehydraulic hoist emergency gate 事故门液压启闭机monorail hoist 单轨启闭机maintenance gate 检修门overhead crane 桥机sector gate 弧形闸门bridge crane 偏心铰闸门桥机eccentric hinge sector gatesupport frame 机架plane gate 平面闸门reducer 减速器fixed wheel plane gate 定轮平面闸门motor 电动机trashrack 拦污栅pulley 滑轮trash rake 清污机live pulley ）动滑轮预埋件（Embedded Partsfixed pulley 底sill 砍定滑轮equalizer pulley 平衡滑轮main guide 主轨drum 卷筒副轨auxiliary guidesteel wire rope 钢丝绳reverse guide 反轨position sensor 高度传感器side guide 侧轨load sensor 荷载传感器lintel 门楣brake 制动器steel liner 钢衬hydraulic system 液压系统高压冲水管high pressure water pipeoil cylinder 油缸pressure balance water pipe 冲水水平管piston rod 活塞杆）部件（组件/Assembly/partspump station gate leaf 门泵站叶oil tank 邮箱crank 拐臂pipe 管道arm 支撑filter seal 水封过滤器accumulator 蓄能器主main seal 水封valve 阀侧水封side seallogic valve top seal 顶水封逻辑阀check valve 单向阀底bottom seal 水封ball valve 球阀节流器水封辅auxiliary seal 助、cartridge valve 插装阀clip plate 压板solenoid operated directional slide block 滑块valve 电磁换向阀side slide block 侧向滑块门式起重机（Grantry Crane）反reverse slide block 向滑块rail 轨道定轮fixed wheellifting mechanism 起升机构轮主main wheeltraveling mechanism 运行机构side wheel 侧轮inspection trolley 重配ballast 检修小车gantry 吊耳lifting ear 门架support column 拉杆门腿lifting linkprimary beam 主梁支饺trunionbridge beam 横梁铰链hingecross beam 端梁饺座hinged supportside beam 铰轴hinged shaft 边梁lifting beam 端盖cover 起吊梁10hook 吊狗progressively 逐渐地purity 纯度buffer 缓冲装置push 推rail clamping device 夹轨器reliable driving wheel 主动轮可靠的residual oil 余油driven wheel 从动轮retraction 回缩其他（Others）run abnormal vibration 反常运行震动secure activate 激活保护separately or simultaneously 单独/anti-clockwise 逆时针同时地set up anticorrosion 防腐架设setting 设置/carry on 继续进行读数shim 行薄垫片执carry outslack 松弛clockwise 顺时针static loading test 静载试验试运行commissioningstill water 静水concentricity deviation 同心度偏差switch off 切断connect 连接synchronize 同步debris 碎片tighten de-energize 拧紧断电under water head condition 探测水压作用条件下detectwet test dry test 无水试验有水试验◆焊接和无损检验（Welding and dynamic loading test 动载试验Nondestructive Testing）加电给energize ……焊接{erection 架立Welding）arc strike 引弧/伸展expansion 弧伤arc welding 扣紧电弧焊fastenautomatic welding fit 安装自动焊back gouging 背面清根flowing water 动水backing 垫板闭门gate closurebase metal gate opening 启门母材build-up welding 堆焊/补焊门位恢复gate position restorationbutt joint 空载试验对接接头idle testcarbon rode impact 碳棒碰撞complete fusion 完全融合in pressure balance condition 平压条件下……lift……into position 将起吊到位角接接头corner joint涂料焊条covered electrode 定位locate降下试件coupon lowerdirect current electrodemanual operation 手动操作直流电极接负noise 噪声negative(DCEN)direct current electrodenote 记录operating gap 直流电极接正运作空隙positive(DCEP)衬垫pack double welding 双面焊particle 微粒double-bevel groove weld 双斜边坡口焊缝执行perform 型坡口焊缝double-J groove weld 双面J型坡口焊缝双面精确定位position accurately Udouble-U groove weld型坡口焊缝精确的precise V double-Vee groove weld 双面/预置/预留pre-set 电极焊条electrode按下按钮press button electrode holder 焊钳11electrosgas welding 电气焊weldment 焊件无损检验（电渣焊Nondestructive Testing）electroslag weldingangled beam filler metal 填充金属斜射波back scatter 背散射fillet weld 角焊缝calibration block 校准试块full fillet weld 大填角焊缝cleaning agent flat welding 平焊清洗剂contact beam 接触波flux 焊剂couplaut 偶合剂药芯焊丝弧焊flux cored arc weldingcrimp 褶皱forehand welding 左焊法definition 清晰度摩擦焊friction weldingdelayed sweep full penetration weld 全融透焊缝延时扫描detergent 去污剂fusion 熔合developer 显像剂fusion line 熔合线double-wall viewing 双壁透照groove weld 坡口焊缝echo 回波heat affecter zone 热影响区eddy current examination 涡流检验横焊horizontal weldingemulsifier 乳化剂lap joint 搭接接头examination medium 检验介质machine welding 机器焊exposure 暴光manual welding 手工焊inage quality indicator overhead welding 象质显示器仰焊inspector 检验师oxyfuel gas cutting(OFC) 氧燃料气割liquid penetrants testing 渗液检验oxyfuel gas welding(OFW) 氧燃料气焊magnetic particle testing 磁粉检验partial penetration weld 非全融透焊缝mass spectrometer 质普仪焊道passnondestructive inspection peening 锤击无损探伤penetrameter 等离子弧焊透度计plasma arc weldingpenetrant plug weld 塞焊渗透剂radiographic testing 射线检验气孔porosityscan postheating 后热扫描scratch 焊后热处理postweld heat treatment 划痕search unit 探头preheating 预热single-wall viewing 电阻焊resistance welding 单壁透照sniffer seal weld 密封焊缝嗅探器straight beam 直射波缝焊seam weldingstreak 条纹半自动焊semi-automatic weldingultrasonic instrument 超声仪单斜边坡口焊缝single-bevel groove weldultrasonic testing 超声波检验型坡口焊缝J single-J groove weld 单面visual testing 目测、外观检验型坡口焊缝单面single-U groove weld Uwheel search unit 轮式探头V单面single-Vee groove weld 型坡口焊缝夹渣slag inclusion X-ray machine X-射线仪）点焊spot welding ◆水轮机（Hydraulic Turbine直坡口焊缝水轮机hydraulic turbine square groove weldreaction turbine 反击式水轮机埋弧焊submerged arc weldingimpulse turbine 冲击式水轮机定位焊tack welding混流式水轮机咬边undercut francis turbine立焊vertical welding axial turbine 轴流式水轮机焊道weld head prototype turbine 原型水轮机12rated head 额定水头inertia 惯性flywheel effect 飞轮效应effective head 有效水头time constant 时间常数net head 净水头mandoor 进入门maximal head 最大水头pit liner 最小水头机坑里衬minimal head elastic layer 弹性垫层spiral case 蜗壳turbine pit 机坑stay ring 座环feedback 反馈wicket gate 导叶main distributing valve main shaft 主轴主配压阀solenoid 主轴密封shaft seal 线圈relay 继电器coupling flange 连接法兰transfer function 传递函数runner 转轮◆runner crown 转轮上冠机械通用词汇abrasion performance 耐磨性runner band 转轮下环abrasion test 磨耗试验runner cone 转轮泄水锥accessory 附件、配件、零件runner blade/bucket 转轮叶片accuracy 准确性、精度head cover 顶盖anti-corrosion 抗蚀底环bottom ringbalance test 平衡试验discharge ring 基础环bearing 轴承draft tube 尾水管bearing box draft tube cone 尾水锥管轴承箱bearing bush 轴瓦、轴套尾水肘管draft tube elbowbearing carrier governor 调速器轴承座bearing collar 轴承环、推力头调速器柜governor cubicle/cabinetbearing cover 轴承盖oil pressure tank/vessel 压力油罐bearing journal 轴颈回油箱oil sump tankbend 弯头gate ring 控制环bend radius 弯曲半径distributor 导水机构bending strength shear pin 剪断销抗弯强度bolt 螺栓筒形阀ring gatebore 钻孔servomotor 接力器bore machine 效率efficiency 镗床brake valve output 出力制动阀by-pass 旁通流量dischargecallipers 卡尺sir admission system 补气系统cardan shaft 万向轴涡流检验vortexcast special tool 专用工具铸造characteristic test auxiliary equipment 特性试验辅助设备chock damper/absorber/cushion 减震器、阴尼器楔子、垫块clamp runout 卡头、夹板摆度clearing of fault 水击water hammer 故障排除clip 导轴承guide bearing 夹具、钳coat operation condition 运行工况涂层correction value 矫正值开度openingcottor pin 开口销空蚀cavitationcoupling flange 抗磨涂层erosion resistant coating 联结法兰damping device 负荷load 缓冲装置13deflection 挠度monkey wrench 活动扳手nail 钉子density 密度nipple 管接头derusting 除锈nut 螺母descale 除垢o-ring O 偏差形环deviationoperating condition 运行情况dial 刻度盘pretreatment 预处理dial gauge 千分尺process 流程、工艺distort 变形screw cap 螺帽dowel pin (setpin) 定位销spigot 偏心凸轮套管、止口eccentric camstroke 偏心销eccentric pin 行程valve 偏心、偏心率、偏心度阀门eccentricityelastic bearing 弹性轴承verticality 垂直度弹性变形elastic deformation washer 垫圈elastic limit 弹性极限楔子板wedgeElectrical Equipment 电气设备及元器件（◆facility 设备、设施）& Element Partsfactory assembly 工厂装配发电机generator 型钢fashioned ironfeed pipe 供水管电动机motor3-phase squirrel-cage asynchronous motor female end 内止口field welding 现场焊缝三相鼠笼式电动机三相绕线式电动表面光洁度、精加工finish 3-phase wind asynchronous机fitting allowance 装配公差电枢motor armature fitting assembling 零件装配fitting face 配合面电刷brush线圈、绕组coil 法兰flangeflatness 平整度energizing coil 励磁线圈stator 缺陷flaw 定子stator core 定子铁芯flexibility 挠性、柔性forge stator winding 定子绕组锻造foundation 基础rotator 转子transformer 变压器摩擦friction隔离变压器isolating transformer gauge 规、计、表互感器齿轮gear mutual inductor globe valve 球阀电流互感器current transformer(CT)grade 电压互感器potential transformer(PT) 等级hardness 硬度高压电器high-voltage equipment热处理heat treatment breaker 断路器interface 分界面、接触面、接口isolating switch 隔离开关bushing 接头、接缝、连接、焊接joint套管结合面、接缝面joint face 绝缘子insulator 润滑剂、润滑材料lubricant 悬式绝缘子suspended insulatorlubrication circuit 润滑管道column-type insulator 支柱绝缘子lubrication oil 润滑油reactor 电抗器电容器机加工machine capacitorlightning rod 机床machine tool 避雷针（器）外止口male end low-voltage electric appliance 低压电器14knife switch 刀开关wiring terminal 接线端子terminal block 接线板、接线盒fuse 熔断器illuminator 照明automatic switch 自动开关lamp 灯contactor 接触器lightning distribution box(board) 触点照明配电箱contact constant close contact 常闭触点screw socket 螺口灯头fluorescence lamp 常开触点日光灯constant open contactbuld 灯泡starter 启动器socket 插座overtravel-limit switch 行程开关grounding 接地changeover switch 转换开关grounding resistance 接地电阻controller 控制器grounding switch 接地开关resistor 电阻器ground connector light resistor 光敏电阻接地体galvanized flat steel 变阻器镀锌扁钢varistorground wire 电磁铁electromagnet 接地线working grounding 母线工作接地busprotection grounding bare bus bar 裸母线保护接地others 其他cable 电缆master switch power cable 电力电缆主令开关induction coil 感应线圈control cable 控制电缆magnetic coil 电磁线圈armored cable 铠装电缆stabilizator 稳压器cab-type cable 橡皮绝缘软电缆bell 电铃电缆夹cable clampIPC cable connector 电缆接头共控机local control unit (LCU) 现地控制单元cable core 电缆芯programmable logic电缆卷筒cable drumcontroller(PLC) 可编程控制器电缆挂钩cable hangerprogrammer 编程器cable rack 电缆架motor valve 电缆终端cable terminal end 电动阀electromagnetic valve 电磁阀H cable 屏蔽电缆◆电气通用词汇裸线bare wirealternation current(AC) 交流电ammeter 电流表allowed value 容许值欧姆表ohmmeter ampere voltmeter 电压表安培automatic operation 电度表kilowatt-hour meter 自动操作bridge megger 兆欧表电桥cabling diagram 继电器relay 电缆连接图capacity of storage battery over current relay 过流继电器蓄电池容量欠流继电器under current relay charging 充电time relay (timer) 时间继电器charging current 充电电流thermal relay 闭合热继电器closeshortdown relay 常闭触点constant close contact 断路继电器constant open contact 蓄电池battery 常开触点battery charger 蓄电池充电器control circuit 控制电路盘屏pannel 电流强度current intensitydirect current (DC) 配电盘swithboard 直流电分线（配电）盒distributing cabinetde-energise (deenergize) 切断、断电15dynamic test 动态试验transient current 瞬时电流transient voltage 瞬时电压electric arc 电弧volt 伏（特）electric leakage 漏电voltage 电压flash test 高压闪络试验wiring scheme generator active power 发电机有功功率接线图withstand voltage test 耐压试验发电机效率generator efficiency◆计算机监控系统（generator reactive power 发电机无功功率Computer Supervisoryinput 输入（量）and Control System）A/D converter 绝缘涂层模数变换器insulating coatinganalog control loop 模拟控制回路insulation grade 绝缘等级automatic-restoration 自恢复insulation test 绝缘试验automatic element 自动化元件interlocker(interlocking) 联锁装置block diagram 方框图kilowatt-hour 千瓦小时、度coaxial cable 同轴电缆leakage protection 漏电保护command 指令line-to-line short circuit 线间短路communication 通信malfunction 误动作compatibility manual operation 手动操作兼容性console 控制台megohm 兆欧current transducer 电流变送器mis-operation 误操作cursor （显示器）光标欧姆ohmD/A converter 数模变换器outlet 引出线、电源插座data bus 数据总线outlet box 引出盒、接线盒database 输出线路数据库outlet linedigital signal 输出量output 数字信号digital screen 显示屏overcurrent protection 电流过载保护electric quantity transducer 电量变送器并联电路parallel circuiteletromagnetic interference power factor 功率因数电磁干扰fiber optic cable 光纤电缆电源power supplyfloppy disk 一次电路软盘primary circuitflowchart rated current 额定电流流程图。
水力发电 英语
水力发电英语水力发电在英语中被称为"Hydropower"，是指通过水流的能量来产生电力的一种能源形式。
以下是与水力发电相关的一些常用术语：1.Hydropower:•水力发电2.Hydroelectric Power Plant:•水力发电厂3.Dam:•水坝4.Reservoir:•水库5.Turbine:•水轮机6.Generator:•发电机7.Head:•水头（水位差，即水的下落高度）8.Penstock:•输水管道9.Powerhouse:•发电厂建筑10.R un-of-River Hydropower:•河流发电（不蓄水的水力发电）11.P umped Storage Hydropower:•抽水蓄能式水力发电12.I mpoundment:•蓄水池13.F ish Ladder:•鱼梯（为了让鱼类迁徙而设计的结构）14.E nvironmental Impact Assessment (EIA):•环境影响评估15.R enewable Energy:•可再生能源16.S edimentation:•沉积作用17.R unoff:•径流（指降雨或融雪后从地表流出的水）18.T idal Power:•潮汐能（潮汐引起的水能）19.W ave Energy:•波浪能20.M icro Hydropower:•微水力发电这些术语可用于描述水力发电过程的不同方面，从水坝和水库的建设到水轮机和发电机的运行，以及水力发电对环境的影响等。
水电英语词汇
电英语词汇关键词：水电英语Minute - Minute of Progress Meeting 会议纪要Claim - 索赔、进度付款(Progressive claim)Contigency - 不可预见费Lump Sum - 总价，与单价项目对应Client - 业主，有时用Employer很少Consultant - 一般为设计咨询, Advisor比Consultant 更高一级的咨询Supervisor - 监理人员fault - 断层Bench - 马道，有用berm的Diversion Tunnel 导流洞Saddle Dam - 副坝Piping - 管涌Packer Test -压水试验 Lugeon值是帷幕灌浆的主要参数倒虹吸 - SiphonCulvert - 涵管Aqueduct - 渡槽Chainage - Residual Distance （R.D.）桩号Grout - 浆液\\灌浆Grout mix - 混合浆液Take of grout - 吃(耗)浆量Setting - 混凝土凝固，养护-curingTest fill - 碾压试验Seepage - 渗透Failure against seepage - 渗透破坏Failure against sliding - 滑动破坏Abutment - 坝肩Foundation pit - 基坑Joint - 节理（地质），接缝（设计）Hose - 软（皮）管Embankment - 土坝。
也可用作堤防（levee，dyke）Main canal - 主渠Distributary canal - 支渠Water course - 斗渠Escape - 紧急排水口Gate - 闸门Metalled road - 碎石铺面的道路，不是金属路面Siphon-倒虹吸convey运送contractor承包商joint venture联营体emergencyspillway 非常溢洪道uncontrolled crest spillway无闸门控制的溢洪道 afterbay dam 尾水池坝conveyor皮带机plan 计划，平面图issuedforapproval 待批准description 绘制excavation 开挖coordinate point 坐标点weir堰valley峡谷stockpiling堆料berm马道adit平洞backfill 回填intake进水口high intake slope 进口高边坡intake deck 进水口平台yard 码，场地permanent永久的chilled water 冷冻水accumulation ofstress 应力集中batching plant 拌和楼compressed-air plant 空压机pumpedstorage power plant 抽水蓄能电站workshop车间sino-中国的blasting explosive 炸药blasting cap 起爆雷管blasting charge 爆破装药magazine 炸药库chute 陡槽，泻槽borrow采料场corridor走廊tile 瓦片brace柱子rolling machine 碾压机tube管子welding rods 电焊棒bulk散装diesel 柴油机diesel tank 油库laboratory实验室temporary临时的laundry洗衣店camp营地canteen餐厅labour劳工labour bureau劳动局park停车场grouting灌浆gantry crane 门机trashrack拦污栅outline 轮廓，大纲darcy＇s law 达西定律freeboard - 安全空间，如库水位以上到坝顶。
水电工程英语词汇
一、基础词汇access --------------------------------------------------------- 交通agreement ---------------------------------------------------- 同意协议allocation ----------------------------------------------------- 分配配制approval ------------------------------------------------------ 同意批准arbitration ---------------------------------------------------- 仲裁Asia Development Bank ----------------------------------- 亚洲开发银行Assistant ------------------------------------------------------ 助理助手Authorize（delegate）------------------------------------- 授权委托Bill of Quantities（BOQ）-------------------------------- 工程量表civil works --------------------------------------------------- 土建工程claim ---------------------------------------------------------- 索赔comment ------------------------------------------------------ 评论意见commercial manager ---------------------------------------- 商务经理conditions of contract --------------------------------------- 合同条件general conditions ------------------------------------------- 通用条件conditions of particular application----------------------- 专用条件special conditions of contract ----------------------------- 特别条件conditions of contract for works of civil engineering construction----------------------------------------------------------------- 土木工程施工合同条件construction management ---------------------------------- 施工管理consultant ----------------------------------------------------- 顾问contract agreement ------------------------------------------ 合同协议contractor ----------------------------------------------------- 承包商cooperation --------------------------------------------------- 合作coordination -------------------------------------------------- 协调cost ------------------------------------------------------------ 费用cost control --------------------------------------------------- 成本控制counterclaim ------------------------------------------------- 反索赔delay ---------------------------------------------------------- 延误demobilization ----------------------------------------------- 退场department --------------------------------------------------- 部门designer ------------------------------------------------------- 设计者drawing ------------------------------------------------------- 图纸shop drawing ------------------------------------------------- 车间图design drawing ---------------------------------------------- 设计图as-built drawing --------------------------------------------- 竣工图blue drawing ------------------------------------------------- 蓝图transparent drawing ----------------------------------------- 透明图construction drawing --------------------------------------- 施工图electric works ------------------------------------------------ 电气工程employer（client owner） -------------------------------- 业主engineer ------------------------------------------------------- 工程师engineer’s representative ----------------------------------- 工程师代表engineering project ------------------------------------------ 工程项目international project ----------------------------------------- 国际工程overseas project --------------------------------------------- 海外工程equipment ---------------------------------------------------- 设备expatriate ----------------------------------------------------- 外籍职员expert --------------------------------------------------------- 专家export --------------------------------------------------------- 出口federation of civil engineering contractor --------------- 土木工程承包商联合会formal --------------------------------------------------------- 正式的hydromechanical works ------------------------------------ 金结工程import --------------------------------------------------------- 进口in charge of --------------------------------------------------- 负责主管informal ------------------------------------------------------- 非正式的institution of civil engineers（ICE） -------------------- 土木工程师协会instrument ---------------------------------------------------- 仪器器械insurance ----------------------------------------------------- 保险labour --------------------------------------------------------- 劳务layout --------------------------------------------------------- 布置leading company -------------------------------------------- 牵头公司责任公司liability （responsibility obligation） ------------------ 责任义务lump sum ----------------------------------------------------- 总包machinery ---------------------------------------------------- 机械manpower ---------------------------------------------------- 人力资源manufacturer ------------------------------------------------- 制造商material ------------------------------------------------------- 材料measure ------------------------------------------------------- 办法措施take effective measures ------------------------------------- 采取有效措施measurement ------------------------------------------------- 测量计量memorandum ------------------------------------------------ 备忘录mobilization -------------------------------------------------- 进场objection ------------------------------------------------------ 反对payment ------------------------------------------------------- 支付plant ----------------------------------------------------------- 设备point of view（opinion）---------------------------------- 观点意见prequalification ---------------------------------------------- 资格预审procurement -------------------------------------------------- 采购profit ---------------------------------------------------------- 利润progress control --------------------------------------------- 进度控制project manager --------------------------------------------- 项目经理quality control ----------------------------------------------- 质量控制request（application）------------------------------------- 申请要求review --------------------------------------------------------- 审查risk ------------------------------------------------------------ 风险river closure -------------------------------------------------- 截流river diversion ----------------------------------------------- 导流safety ---------------------------------------------------------- 安全signature ------------------------------------------------------ 签名site ------------------------------------------------------------- 现场site engineer -------------------------------------------------- 现场工程师specification -------------------------------------------------- 规格规范staff ------------------------------------------------------------ 职员subcontractor ------------------------------------------------- 分包商submission --------------------------------------------------- 提交supervise ------------------------------------------------------ 监督监视supplier ------------------------------------------------------- 供货商the international chamber of commerce ----------------- 国际商会unit price------------------------------------------------------ 单价variation（change）---------------------------------------- 变更world bank --------------------------------------------------- 世界银行工程施工类（一）工程施工、土建类开挖与支护明挖 ----------------------------------------------------------- （open excavation）bench excavation -------------------------------------------- 台阶开挖concrete excavation ----------------------------------------- 砼开挖fault excavation ---------------------------------------------- 断层开挖foundation excavation -------------------------------------- 基础开挖local excavation --------------------------------------------- 局部开挖mass（bulk）excavation ---------------------------------- 大面积开挖protective layer excavation -------------------------------- 保护层开挖rock excavation ---------------------------------------------- 岩石开挖slope excavation --------------------------------------------- 边坡开挖soft ground excavation ------------------------------------- 软基开挖soil excavation ----------------------------------------------- 土方开挖structural excavation ---------------------------------------- 结构开挖tooth excavation --------------------------------------------- 齿槽开挖unclassified material excavation -------------------------- 不分类开挖coefficient of nonuniformity ------------------------------- 开挖不均匀系数cutoff trench-------------------------------------------------- 截水槽dewatering（drainage） ----------------------------------- 排水excavation pit ------------------------------------------------ 开挖基坑intensity of excavation ------------------------------------- 开挖强度overexcavation（overbreak） ---------------------------- 超挖pump sump --------------------------------------------------- 水泵坑underexcavation（underbreak） ------------------------- 欠挖underbreak treatment --------------------------------------- 欠挖处理洞挖及地下开挖-------------------------------------------- （tunnel and underground excavation）a round of excavation --------------------------------------- 一个开挖循环adit ------------------------------------------------------------ 支洞advance ------------------------------------------------------- 进尺advanced depth ---------------------------------------------- 进尺深度breaking hole ------------------------------------------------ 崩落孔cushion hole -------------------------------------------------- 缓冲孔drift ------------------------------------------------------------ 掏槽bottom drift -------------------------------------------------- 底部掏槽center drift ---------------------------------------------------- 中心掏槽side drift ------------------------------------------------------ 边部掏槽top drift ------------------------------------------------------- 顶部掏槽drilling -------------------------------------------------------- 钻孔driving（progress）rate ----------------------------------- 进尺率easer ----------------------------------------------------------- 掏槽孔erecting supports for the roof and side wall ------------- 对顶拱及边墙进行支护full face excavation ----------------------------------------- 全断面开挖heading and bench excavation ---------------------------- 导洞与台阶开挖loading and hauling muck（mucking）----------------- 装拉渣loading（charging） --------------------------------------- 装药perimeter hole ----------------------------------------------- 周边孔pilot tunnel --------------------------------------------------- 导洞removing dust ------------------------------------------------ 除尘removing ground water ------------------------------------- 清除地面积水shooting the explosive（blasting） ---------------------- 放炮爆破top heading excavation ------------------------------------- 上导洞开挖ventilation ---------------------------------------------------- 通风钻孔爆破 ----------------------------------------------------- （drilling and blasting）abandoned hole ---------------------------------------------- 废孔average hole depth ------------------------------------------ 平均孔深average quantity used in unit volume blasted ----------- 平均单耗blasting result ------------------------------------------------ 爆破结果blockness ----------------------------------------------------- 块度controlled perimeter blasting ------------------------------ 周边控制爆破data of explosive filled ------------------------------------- 装药参数data of holes drilled ----------------------------------------- 钻孔参数delayed blasting --------------------------------------------- 延时爆破exploratory hole --------------------------------------------- 探孔explosive quantity ------------------------------------------- 药量explosive quantity in a sound------------------------------ 单响药量handing misfire ---------------------------------------------- 处理哑炮light charge --------------------------------------------------- 少量装药loosening blasting ------------------------------------------- 松动爆破pattern --------------------------------------------------------- 布孔方式distance between holes ------------------------------------- 孔距distance between rows -------------------------------------- 排距post shearing blasting --------------------------------------- 微差爆破prespliting blasting ------------------------------------------ 预裂参数quantity of holes --------------------------------------------- 孔数smooth blasting ---------------------------------------------- 光面爆破岩石支护 ----------------------------------------------------- （rock support）expansion shell rock bolt ----------------------------------- 胀壳式张拉锚杆feature rock anchor ----------------------------------------- 随机锚索feature rock bolt --------------------------------------------- 随机张拉锚杆feature rock dowel ------------------------------------------ 随机砂浆锚杆feature rock reinforcement --------------------------------- 随机加固lattice girder -------------------------------------------------- 钢珩架格构大梁pattern cement grouted rock dowel ----------------------- 系统水泥砂浆锚杆pattern resin grouted rock dowel -------------------------- 系统树脂浆锚杆pattern rock dowel ------------------------------------------ 系统砂浆锚杆pattern rock reinforcement --------------------------------- 系统加固permanent rock support ------------------------------------ 永久支护post-tensioned cement grouted tendon rock anchor ------------- 后张拉水泥浆锚索rebound material -------------------------------------------- 回弹料return rock bolt ---------------------------------------------- 回头张拉锚杆return rock reinforcement ---------------------------------- 回头加固shotcrete anchorage ----------------------------------------- 喷锚shotcrete with wire mesh ----------------------------------- 挂网喷砼steel fabric shotcrete ---------------------------------------- 钢纤维喷砼steel rib ------------------------------------------------------- 钢拱架temporary rock support ------------------------------------- 临时支护tensioned resin grouted rock bolt ------------------------- 树脂张拉锚杆土石料的填筑及碾压-------------------------------------- （working sequence）backfill -------------------------------------------------------- 回填blend ---------------------------------------------------------- 混合compact ------------------------------------------------------- 碾压controlled sprinkling ---------------------------------------- 控制性洒水cut the slope -------------------------------------------------- 削坡dump ---------------------------------------------------------- 卸料exploit --------------------------------------------------------- 开采level ----------------------------------------------------------- 整平load ------------------------------------------------------------ 装料moisture condition ------------------------------------------ 分水调节place and spread --------------------------------------------- 摊铺remove -------------------------------------------------------- 清除replace -------------------------------------------------------- 重新填筑retread（do the work again）----------------------------- 返工scarify --------------------------------------------------------- 翻松刨毛screen and wash --------------------------------------------- 筛分和冲洗take sample ------------------------------------------------ 取样test ------------------------------------------------------------- 测试transport ------------------------------------------------------ 运输treat ------------------------------------------------------------ 处理trim ------------------------------------------------------------ 修整缺陷 ----------------------------------------------------------- （defects）calcium particles -------------------------------------------- 礓石contaminated material -------------------------------------- 受污染料declination of the boundary -------------------------------- 料界偏差dry ------------------------------------------------------------- 干燥lack of compaction ------------------------------------------ 漏压lump ----------------------------------------------------------- 结块muddy --------------------------------------------------------- 泥泞oversize material -------------------------------------------- 超粒径料pocket --------------------------------------------------------- 囊穴seepage ------------------------------------------------------- 渗流separation ----------------------------------------------------- 分离shear area ----------------------------------------------------- 剪力区lens ------------------------------------------------------------ 透镜体其他 ----------------------------------------------------------- （others）bonding surface ---------------------------------------------- 结合面byproduct ----------------------------------------------------- 副产品controlling parameter --------------------------------------- 控制参数fill placement record ---------------------------------------- 填筑记录frog area ------------------------------------------------------ 蛙夯区required embankment--------------------------------------- 必要填方subzone ------------------------------------------------------- 分区混凝土 -------------------------------------------------------- （concrete）air-entrained concrete（aerated concrete）------------- 加气混凝土asphalt concrete --------------------------------------------- 沥青混凝土blinding concrete -------------------------------------------- 垫层混凝土cast-in-site（site -------------------------------------------- place）concrete 现浇混凝土plastic concrete ---------------------------------------------- 塑性混凝土fibrous concrete --------------------------------------------- 纤维混凝土first stage concrete ------------------------------------------ 一期混凝土foamed concrete --------------------------------------------- 泡沫混凝土high-performance concrete -------------------------------- 高性能混凝土high-strength concrete -------------------------------------- 高强混凝土intrusion concrete ------------------------------------------- 压浆混凝土lean concrete（poor concrete） -------------------------- 贫混凝土lightweight aggregate concrete ---------------------------- 轻骨料混凝土mass concrete ------------------------------------------------ 大体积混凝土non-fines concrete ------------------------------------------- 无砂混凝土non-plastic concrete ----------------------------------------- 干硬性混凝土non-shrinkage concrete ----------------------------------- 无收缩混凝土normal concrete --------------------------------------------- 常态混凝土plain concrete ------------------------------------------------ 素混凝土porous concrete ---------------------------------------------- 多孔混凝土prestressed concrete ----------------------------------------- 预应力混凝土reinforced concrete ------------------------------------------ 钢筋混凝土pump concrete ----------------------------------------------- 泵送混凝土roller compacted concrete（rollcrete） ----------------- 碾压混凝土second stage concrete --------------------------------------- 二期混凝土作业 ----------------------------------------------------------- （activity）clearance（cleaning） ------------------------------------- 清理concrete pouring（placement ----------------------------- casting）混凝土浇筑curing --------------------------------------------------------- 养护membrance curing ------------------------------------------ 薄膜养护moist curing -------------------------------------------------- 湿润养护normal curing ------------------------------------------------ 标准养护stream curing ------------------------------------------------ 蒸汽养护repairing ------------------------------------------------------ 修补scabbling（chipping ---------------------------------------- roughening）凿毛greencutting -------------------------------------------------- 冲毛surface finishing --------------------------------------------- 收面vibrating ------------------------------------------------------ 振捣缺陷 ----------------------------------------------------------- （defects）bug hole （pitted surface）------------------------------- 麻面cavity ---------------------------------------------------------- 狗洞cold joint ----------------------------------------------------- 冷缝crack ---------------------------------------------------------- 裂缝deformation -------------------------------------------------- 变形depression ---------------------------------------------------- 坑洼fire-damaged concrete -------------------------------------- 火损坑formwork shifting（moving）---------------------------- 跑模grout leakage ------------------------------------------------- 漏浆（挂帘）honeycomb --------------------------------------------------- 蜂窝incomplete vibration ---------------------------------------- 不完全振捣漏振irregularity --------------------------------------------------- 不规则segregation（bleeding）----------------------------------- 离析stair（staggered joint）------------------------------------ 错台tie rod hole --------------------------------------------------- 拉杆孔water leakage ------------------------------------------------ 漏水water seepage ------------------------------------------------ 渗水外加剂 -------------------------------------------------------- （admixture）accelerator ---------------------------------------------------- 速凝剂air-entraining agent ----------------------------------------- 引气剂bloating（bulking ------------------------------------------- expansion）agent 膨胀剂bulge --------------------------------------------------------- 外凸coloring admixture ------------------------------------------ 着色剂early-strength admixture ----------------------------------- 早强剂gas-forming admixture ------------------------------------- 发气剂fluidizer ------------------------------------------------------- 塑化剂retarding agent ----------------------------------------------- 缓凝剂set-controlling admixture ---------------------------------- 调凝剂super-plasticizer --------------------------------------------- 增塑剂高效减水剂surface-active agent ----------------------------------------- 表面活性剂water-reducing agent --------------------------------------- 减水剂accelerating water reducer --------------------------------- 速凝型减水剂retarding water reducer ------------------------------------- 缓凝型减水剂waterproof agent -------------------------------------------- 防水剂指标 ----------------------------------------------------------- （ind e xes）compressive strength --------------------------------------- 抗压强度compressive stress ------------------------------------------ 压应力concrete class ------------------------------------------------ 混凝土等级final strength ------------------------------------------------- 终凝强度graduation ---------------------------------------------------- 级配graduation curve --------------------------------------------- 级配曲线impermeability----------------------------------------------- 抗渗性initial setting strength --------------------------------------- 初凝强度mix design ---------------------------------------------------- 配合比设计resistance to freezing and thaw ing ------------------------ 抗冻融性shear strength ------------------------------------------------ 抗剪强度slump ---------------------------------------------------------- 坍落度specific weight/gravity ------------------------------------- 比重stability against sliding ------------------------------------- 抗滑稳定性strain ---------------------------------------------------------- 应变surface finish ------------------------------------------------- 表面平整度tensile strength ----------------------------------------------- 抗拉强度tensile stress -------------------------------------------------- 拉应力ther mal stress ------------------------------------------------ 温度应力water-cement ratio ------------------------------------------ 水灰比working stress ----------------------------------------------- 工作应力其他（others）acceptance ---------------------------------------------------- 验收age ------------------------------------------------------------- 龄期aggregate ----------------------------------------------------- 骨料fine aggregate ------------------------------------------------ 细骨料coarse aggregate --------------------------------------------- 粗骨料air pocket ----------------------------------------------------- 气囊airtightness --------------------------------------------------- 气密性alternative ---------------------------------------------------- 替代物替换方法apply ---------------------------------------------------------- 应用施加bending moment --------------------------------------------- 弯矩block ---------------------------------------------------------- 仓号binding strength --------------------------------------------- 黏结强度calibration ---------------------------------------------------- 标定cement anchor ----------------------------------------------- 锚固卷concrete plug ------------------------------------------------- 混凝土塞concrete precast element ----------------------------------- 混凝土预制件concrete release sheet --------------------------------------- 发料单construction joint -------------------------------------------- 施工缝contamination/pollution ------------------------------------ 污染conversion（reconstruction） ---------------------------- 改建coverage ------------------------------------------------------ 覆盖范围curing agent -------------------------------------------------- 养护剂delivery sheet ------------------------------------------------ 运料单direct discharge ---------------------------------------------- 直接入仓elevation ------------------------------------------------------ 高程正视图epoxy mortar application ----------------------------------- 环氧砂浆抹面existing ------------------------------------------------------- 现有的expansion joint ---------------------------------------------- 伸缩缝facilitate ------------------------------------------------------ 使容易使便利gabion --------------------------------------------------------- (gab瞎扯+i爱+on在铅丝笼上)铅丝笼humidity ------------------------------------------------------ 湿度identify -------------------------------------------------------- 识别标志ingredient ----------------------------------------------------- 成分配料inspection ----------------------------------------------------- 视察检查验收preliminary inspection -------------------------------------- 初验final inspection ---------------------------------------------- 终验appearance inspection -------------------------------------- 外观检查intact ------------------------------------------ (in +tact在老练的人那里) 未被触动的完整的inter-tower joint --------------------------------------------- 塔间缝introduce into ------------------------------------------------ 将穿入+ isolate ------------------------------------------------------- 隔离laitance-------------------------------------------------------- 乳浆皮layer（lift）height ------------------------------------------ 层高meet design requirement ----------------------------------- 满足设计要求moment of inertia ------------------------------------------- (摁那虾)惯性距pocket（box out preset hole）---------------------------- 预留孔post-cooling -------------------------------------------------- 后冷却post tensioning ----------------------------------------------- 后张拉pre-cooling --------------------------------------------------- 预冷却pre-stressing -------------------------------------------------- 预应力pre-tensioning------------------------------------------------ 先张拉pull-off test --------------------------------------------------- 拉拔试验reinforcement cover ----------------------------------------- 钢筋保护层remark -------------------------------------------------------- 备注section area --------------------------------------------------- 截面面积shearkey ------------------------------------------------------ 抗剪键key groove --------------------------------------------------- 键槽shotcrete dry-mix process ---------------------------------- 干喷砼生产shotcrete wet-mix process --------------------------------- 湿喷砼生产simplify ------------------------------------------------------- 简化simultaneously----------------------------------------------- (三毛儿天!你呀是哩) 同时的spacer --------------------------------------------------------- 水泥垫块spacing -------------------------------------------------------- 间距stress concentration ----------------------------------------- 应力集中symmetry ----------------------------------------------------- (sym+me+try——same?我来试一试) ----------------------------------------------------------------- 对称technical data ------------------------------------------------ 技术参数temperature control ----------------------------------------- 温度控制temperature difference -------------------------------------- 温差。
水电站专业英语精简
一、英翻中1、At the end of 2011,cumulative global photovoltaic (PV) installation surpassed 69 GW,an increase of almost 70%,and PV power stations are commonplace in Germany,Italy,and Spain.2011年底全球的光电装机容量已超过690亿W，增长近70%，光电站在德国、意大利、西班牙十分普遍。
2、It can act as a transformer with inherent current limitation due to its lower coupling between the primary and the secondary winding,which is unwanted in most other cases.由于在一次绕组和二次绕组之间有降低的耦合，这种变压器可做限流变压器用，这种功能在大多数其他情况下很少使用。
3、Extra voltage tappings are sometimes included,but to earn the name ‘isolating transformer it is expected that theywill usually be used at 1:1 ratio.有时也包括额外的电压抽头，但人们期望这种变压器的常用变比识1:1，故将其命名为“隔离变压器”。
4、The voltage used is appropriate for the shorter distance and varies from 2300V to about 35000V depending on utility standard practice,distance,and load to be served.他使用的电压适用于较短的距离，其变化为2300~35000V，电压值的大小取决于电力公司操作标准、传输的距离和负荷的大小。
水利水电工程专业英语英文词汇
水利水电工程专业英语英文词汇strain meter 应变计set out 放线、放样stake-line temperature sensor 温度传感器测桩线state plane coordinate system 国家平面坐标集线站terminal station其他（Others）系survey point 测点check hole 检查孔theoretical point 灌区理论点compartmenttraverse(polygon) 导线（测dense mix 浓浆量）、横断error of traverse 导线闭合差foundation uplift 基础隆起lattice traverse 网格状导线灌浆孔grout holelong side traverse instrument hole 仪器孔长导线open traverse 非闭合primary/secondary and tertiary grout holes 一导线short side traverse 短导线序、二序、三序灌浆孔traverse closure 导线闭合加密灌浆孔距spilt spacingtraverse station 导线点waste mix 弃浆traverse survey 导线测量Survey◆测量（）triangulation 测量方法及术语（Methods and Terms）三角测量triangulation network 三角网调整校正adjust 、triangulation of high order 高等级三角网adjustment 平差triangulation point 容许误差allowance 三角点三边测量backsight point 后视点trilateration程控制网basic point 基础点vertical-control net 高bench mark 水准点木桩wood pile Angular Measure）角度测量（compass 罗盘azimuth 方位角chainage(station number) 桩号象限角bearing 方位三角锁chain of triangulation 、器、水准buddle 、check 校核对照气泡圆盘circle 度盘、控制control point 点器圆水坐标点coordinate point 准circular bubbledatum 基础面轴视准collimation axis点基datum point 准十字丝cross-line(cross-hair)偏差depression angle 俯角deviationeasily identifiable point elevation angle 仰角点容易识别eyepiece(ocular) error 误差目镜量field pole(staff) 标杆一等三角测first order triangulationgeodetic foot-screw 学的大地测量脚螺栓量geodetic surveying 大地测水平角horizontal angle量合联测）mark 标志（明joint survey已知点known point 物镜objective lens面水level surface 准垂线铅垂、plumb(plummet)局local triangulation networks 准、观测sight 瞄部三角网准瞄target 国national coordination system 家坐标网目标、监视观测observe 、纬仪theodolite 经point to be located 待定点横轴tranverse axistripod 三脚架置位、定位position踏勘、选点reconnaissance 竖直角vertical angle参考点reference point vertical axis 竖轴量二等三角测second order triangulation Telescope望远镜（）1centering 对中reduced level 归化高差run back 返测盘左face leftrun out 往测face right 盘右three-wire leveling 三丝法水准focus 集中、焦点测量地形测量（T opographic Survey focusing 调焦）boundary 边界、界线index error 指标误差inverted position of telescope(reverse construction stake 施工标桩contour 等高线盘右telescope)倒镜、normal position of telescope(direct telescope)contour interval 等高距contouring 绘等高线、正镜盘右contour-length method 光学垂准器等高线延长法optical plummetcontour line 等高线round 测回control network 控制网set 套、组detail 细部、详图station 测站draw 绘图距离测量（Distance Measure）field 外业气barometer 压计fix 固定、确定base line(basic line/datum line) 基线form line 地形图电battery 池EDM(electromagnetic distance measurement) grid 格网information 注记、资料、情报电磁波测距marginal information 轮廓注记滤波器滤光片filter 、large-scale 大比例尺的laser alignment system 激光准直系统latitude 纬度、范围laser beam 激光束latitude circle 纬圈prism 棱镜latitude line range 纬线距离测程、legend 图例long range 远程location 定线、程medium range 中定位longitude 经short range 短程度longitude line 测距仪经线range findermap signal 地图、制图信号mapping 制图、测spring balance 弹簧称图、地质素描match line 拼接线卷尺tapemonument 标石invar tape 铟瓦钢卷尺、石柱object 高程测量（Height Measurement地物、目标）plan 程、高海拔平面图、略图altitude/elevationplot 近似approximate leveling 置绘图粗平平、profile 断面（图）、纵剖图准自动定平水automatic level 仪difference in altitude(difference of record 记录、资料setup 定置elevation ,height difference) 高差仪器site location error of closure in leveling 差合闭准定位水stakeout 放样、定线平置、精平exact leveling 确、立桩symbol 仪（测点）准水level 符号、记号topographic detail 水level circuit 地形细部环合准闭topographic map 地形图尺垫准水level shoe◆原形观测观测仪器和设施线路准水line of level {Instrumentationand Facilities）国national geodetic vertical datum 家大地高air-entraining meter 面准基程掺气剂2Carlson-type piezometer 卡尔逊式渗压计component 零部件coordinator 坐标仪concrete strain meter 砼应变计damping box 阻尼角convergent point 收敛测点differential resistance direct plumb line 正垂线差动电阻double layer rubber sleeve earth pressure cell 土压力盒双层保护forced centering plate 强制embankment piezometer 坝体渗压计对中盘instrument lead 仪器电堤应变计缆embankment strain meter invar wire 铟瓦丝extended wire 引张线metal ring 计金属环foundation piezometer 基础渗压plumb coordinate meter horizontal inclinometer 水平测斜仪垂线坐标仪pulley 滑轮hydraulic instrument 水力学仪器regulator 调节器水听器hydrophoneriser 立管inclinometer casing 测斜管sensor interface joint meter 界面变位传感器计spool inverted plumb line 倒垂线绕轴steel socket 钢micro piezometer 微压计底座tablet 多点位移计药片multiple position extensometertensioning weight 张拉重锤observation point 观测标点thermistor 热敏电observation well 观测井阻tip 测头视optical alignment line 准线安装过程（Procession of Installation）plate strain meter 钢板计assemble 组装pneumatic piezometer 气压式渗压计couple 连接脉动压力pressure fluctuation meter 计prestressed tendon anchorage 埋设embed安装install 索dynamometer 预应力锚测力计绝缘insulate rock bolt extensometer 锚杆测力计维护计single point extensometer 单点位移maintenancespiral sensor 测扭仪监测monitor测压standpipe 管仪器保护protection of instrumentation归纳reduce 强震仪strong-motion seismograghsurface monument 表密封seal 面标点拼接temperature sensor 温度传感器splice提供终端房terminal house supplyterminal station 终端站测试testInformation资料（倾角tilt meter 计）简图计时均压力time average pressure cell assemble schematic 装配合格证书总压力盒total pressure cell certificate书说计velometer 流速使用明descriptionvertical inclinometer 垂直测斜仪维护指南maintenace guideline书震旋式渗压vibrating wire piezometer 计manual 说明振旋式沉降vibrating wire settlement sensor 理工作原operating principle 作仪范围operating restraint 操序procedure 水堰量的带微压weir with micro piezometer 计程程基点工作working base point 序分trouble shooting procedure 鼓掌析zerostress-strain meter 其他（Others）计砼无应力间）Acessories and Spare Parts附件及配件（行annular space 环空coil data acquisition 盘绕数据采集 3cement mark(strength of cement /cement 数据记录datarecordinggrade) 水泥标号leas drilling hole 引线孔consumptive use of water normal consistance 永久记录permanent record 标准稠度用水readout device 读数设备量degree of mobilization 流动性saturated 饱和的dissolution heat ( solution heat ) 溶解热seepage isolation dike 截渗堤final set trapezoidal 梯形终凝flexural strength 抗弯强度◆水工常规试验flyash 粉煤灰砼原材料试验（Test of Raw and Processedhydration heat 水化热Material of Concrete）initial set Aggregate）初凝骨料（abrasion volume by Los Angeles rattler loss on ignition(ignition loss) 烧矢量setting time 凝结时量间洛杉机磨耗silica fume 计accumulated retained percentage 累筛余百硅粉soundness 水泥的安定性分率specific surface area 比表acicular and flaky grain in aggregate 针状与面积specific heat 量片状颗粒含比热water demand ratio 吸水alkali-aggregate reaction 碱骨料反应量比外加剂（Admixture）视密度apparent densitybubble stability 泡沫稳定性bulk density (unity weight) 容重clay lumps and friable particles in aggregate bubbling ability 起泡能力chloride content 氯化物含量块及易碎颗粒含土量黏compressive strength rate 抗压强度比软化系数coefficient of softeningcontract with dry rate crush index 压碎指标干缩率dispersing coefficient 干燥状态dry state 分散系数dispersing ability of waterexceeding and inferior grain in-reducing agent 减水剂aggregate 超逊径颗粒含量分散能力loss of slump 塌落度损失细度模数fineness modulussulphate content 硫酸盐含空隙率量gaping place ratesolid content 分计grader retained percentage 筛余百固体含分率量surface tension 颗粒级grain composition 配表面张力water-reducing rate 减水率粒径grain size水（Water）量lightweight matter in aggregate 轻物质含alkalinity 碱度量云母含mica contentcalcion 含水率钙离子moisture content(water rate)carbonic acid mud content 钙酸含泥量chlorion 有机质含organic content 量氯离子equivalent concentration 骨料潜在活性potential reactivity of aggregate 当量浓度oxygen consumption saturation 饱和的耗氧量normal solution (standard 曲线筛sieving curve 分solution) 量soft grain in aggregate 软弱骨料含标准溶液PH value PH坚固性值soundnesswater analysis 水值面含水率表surface moisture content 分析砼（水溶性硫化物water-soluble sulphide Concrete）砼拌和物（水硬性胶凝材料Mixture(Hydraulicity cementitious ）material) assurance strength of concrete 砼保证强度bleeding rate age 泌水率龄期4cement-sand ration 灰砂比砂浆（Cement）cement lime mortar 标号水泥石灰砂浆design strength of concrete 砼设计cement mortar 水泥砂浆flowability of concrete 砼的流动性cement-clay mortar 水泥黏土mix proportion (proportion ofmixture) 砼配合砂浆epoxy mortar 环氧砂浆比lime mortar 石灰砂浆mixture uniformity 拌和物的均匀性plastering mortar 抹面砂浆penetration-obstruction method 贯入阻力法pointing joint mortar probability of ensuring strength of concrete 砼勾缝砂浆土（Soil强度保证率）accumulation curve (cumulative curve) 累砂率sand rate 计曲线单位用水量unit consumption of wateractivity index 活性指标water retention (water retentiveness) 保水性angle of frictionwater-cement ratio 摩擦角水灰比Atterberg limits(water content as limit) Hardened concrete 阿）硬化砼（太堡界限（界限含水量axial tensile strength 轴向抗拉强度）California bearing ratio 导热系数载重比coefficient of thermal conductivitycoarse-grained soil cooling rate 冷却率粗粒土coefficient of compressibility 压缩系数砼芯样core of concrete coefficient of cubical徐变变creep deformation (time deformation )compressibility 体积压缩系数形coefficient of curvature 曲率系数form coefficient(form factor) 形状系数compression 压缩freezing -melting circulation 冻融循环compression index frost-resistance mark 抗冻标号压缩指数compression modulus 压缩模数砼热学性能heat property of concreteconsolidated-undrained (quick) shear test height-diameter ration 高径比固结不排水剪（固结快剪）试验linear expansion coefficient 线膨胀系数consolidated-drained (slow) shear test loss of weight 重量损失固结不排水剪（慢剪）试验自振频率natural frequency consolidation 固结permeate 渗透consolidation coefficient 透permeated height 渗高度固结系数consolidation settlement 固结沉降permeated-resisting mark 抗渗标号consolidation stress 系固结应力透relative coefficient of permeability 相对渗continuous grading/gradation 连接级配数contraction test(shrinkage test) 收缩试验振频率共resonance frequencycore cutter method sample 试环刀法件creep curve self-grown volume deformation（砼）蠕变曲线自生体积critical slope 变形逸出坡降（临界坡降）Darcy's law 达西定律劈裂抗拉强度splitting tensile strengthdegree of consolidation 固结度static compressive modulus of elasticity 静力degree of free swelling 自由膨胀率抗压弹数direct shear test 导温系数直接剪切试验temperature conductivity direct shear test of reiteration 反复直剪强度试抗拉弹性模tensile modulus of elasticity 量验绝热温升thermal insulation warmingdistribution curve 分极限拉应变ultimate tensile strain 布曲线drift soil (shifting soil/mass flow) 极限抗拉强度ultimate tensile strength 流土effective angle of inner friction 有效内摩擦角磨损率wear rate effective strength envelope 有效强度抗冲磨强度wear-resisting strength 包线5expansion force 膨胀力剪（快剪）试验variable head method 变水头法expansion ration(specificexpansion) 膨胀率void(pore) ratio 孔隙比渗流filtering flow(seepage flow)water replacement method 灌水法fine-grained soil 细粒土wet density 湿密度flow net(drift net) 流网其它建筑材料hydraulic slope 水力坡降钢筋（steel hydrometer method 比重计法）bending and unbending 反常水头法复弯曲hydrostatic head methodcold bending test 冷弯试验limit equilibrium state 极限平衡状态elongation test 拉伸试验liquefaction 液化nominal diameter 公称直径liquid limit 液限ratio of elongation liquidity index 液化指标伸长率relaxation test maximum dry density 最大干密度松弛试验steel strand 钢绞线method of sieving 筛分法tensile yield strength 拉伸屈服强度Mohr's stress circle 莫力应力圆ultimate tensile strength 极限抗拉强度库伦破坏Mohr-coulomb failure criteria 莫尔-Wood）准则木材（curshing strength paralled to the normal stress 法向应力（正应力）oedometer curve 顺纹抗压强度grain 压缩曲线tensile strength paralled to the 量optimum moisture content 最优含水顺纹抗拉强度涌piping 管graincrushing strength across th e plastic limit 塑限横纹抗压强度grain plasticity index 塑性指标tensile strength across to the 空隙水压力pore water pressure空隙率porosity 横纹抗拉强度grainprincipal stress 主）沥青（应力Asphalt脆化点试验Proctor compaction test 普氏击实试验brittle temperature test 相对密度relative density 延伸度试验expansion testsand replacement method 灌砂法针入式试验penetration test saturability (saturation degree/percent 软化点试验softening point testtest of aging saturation) 饱和度老化试验viscosity test 饱和容重saturated unit weight 粘滞性试验Quality Management透seepage deformation 渗变形）质量管理（average 力渗seepage force(seepage pressure) 透平均值deviation standard(error of mean 透渗seepage line 线均方差squares) 速度渗seepage speed 透deviationcoefficient(dispersion shear stress 切向应力（剪应力）离差系数缩限shrinkage limit coefficient)断级间skip(gap/jump) grading 配相关系数index of correlation土specific gravity of soil particle 粒比重界限management limit 管理steady seepage field 统计数稳定渗流场mathematic statistics 理maximum 应力路径stress path 最大值值minimum 最线包总强度total strength envelope 小布三轴压缩试验triaxial compression test 正态分normal distributionunconfined compression strength 保证量quality assurance 无侧限抗压质量强度检测质quality examinationunconsolidated undrained test regression curve 不固结不排水回归曲线 6relative dampness 相对湿度mud crack 泥痕rain print 雨痕本容量sample capacity 样orientation of bedrock 岩层产状sampling frequency 取样频率strike specimen 样品走向dip 倾向统计分析statistical analysisangle of dip (dip angle ) 倾角technical specification 技术规范fold technical standard 褶皱技术标准anticline testing circumstance 试验环境背斜syncline 向斜testing error 试验误差Monocline (homocline) 单斜testing regulation 试验规程dome 穹隆析variance analysis 方差分soft stratum ◆地质(Geology)软弱岩层zone of fracture(broken zone ) 破碎带地质年代（Geochronology of Geologicaffected zone Ages）影响带platy structure 板状构造Archaeozoic era (erathem) 太古代（界）解理cleavage Proterozoic era (erathem) 元古代（界）fracture(rupture) 断裂古生代（界）Palaeozoic era (erathem)fissure(crack/fracture) 裂隙Mesozoic era (erathem) 中生代（界））岩石类型（Rock typeCenozoic era (erathem) 新生代（界）岩石学petrology Sinian period (system) 震旦纪（系）岩igneous rock 火成寒武纪（系）Cambrian period (system)Ordovician period (system) 奥陶纪（系）岩浆岩magmatic rock火山岩lava(vocanic rock) 志留纪（系）Silurian period (system) 侵入岩intrusive (invade) rock Devonian period (system) 泥盘纪（系）成石碳纪（系）Carboniferous period (system) 岩effusive rock 深成岩pypabussal rock 二叠纪（系）Permian period (system) 浅三叠纪（系）acid rock 酸性岩Triassic period (system) 侏罗纪（系）Jurassic period (system) 中性岩inter-mediate rock基性岩basic rock Cretaceous period (system) 白垩纪（系）第Tertiary period (system) 三纪（系）超基性岩ultrabasic rock 第Quaternary period (system) 四纪（系）花岗岩granite斑岩Geologic Structural地质构造（）porphyryrhyolite 玢岩断层faultsyenite normal fault 正断层流纹岩逆断层reversed fault trachyte 粗面岩diorite parallel fault 平移断层闪长岩andesite 安山岩断层泥gouge擦痕stria 辉长岩gabbrojoint 理节玄武岩basaltprimary joint 理原生节细晶岩aplitesecondary joint 理次生节pegmatite 伟晶岩tension joint lamprophyre 煌斑岩理张节diabase 理卸荷节unloading joint 辉绿岩理片schistosity 橄榄岩dunite理层bedding pumice 浮岩）理（叶理板foliation 沉积岩sedimentary rock波痕ripple mark clastic rock 碎屑岩7clay rock 黏土岩quartz 石英topaz 黄玉chemical rock 化学岩corundum 刚玉biolith 生物岩diamand 金刚石砾岩conglomerate。
水电站英语词典
水电站（Hydroelectric power station）是利用水力发电的设施，它通过水轮机将水能转换为机械能，再通过发电机将机械能转换为电能。
以下是一些与水电站相关的英文词汇和短语，可以视为一个简化的“水电站英语词典”：
1. Dam -挡水坝，用于拦截水流并形成水库。
2. Reservoir -水库，储存用于发电的水。
3. Turbine -水轮机，将水能转换为机械能的设备。
4. Generator -发电机，将机械能转换为电能的设备。
5. Penstock -引水渠，将水从水库引向水轮机的管道。
6. Powerhouse -发电站，包含水轮机和发电机的建筑。
7. Transformer -变压器，用于升高或降低电压的设备。
8. Substation -变电站，用于接收、分配和传输电能的设施。
9. Transmission lines -输电线路，用于将电能从水电站输送到用户。
10. Distribution lines -配电线路，用于将电能从输电线路输送到最终用户的线路。
11. Hydropower -水力发电，利用水能发电的技术。
12. Renewable energy -可再生能源，指不会耗尽的能源，如太阳能、风能和水能。
13. Efficiency -效率，指水电站转换能量过程中的有效性。
14. Output -输出，指水电站产生的电能。
15. Capacity -容量，指水电站的最大发电能力。
这些词汇和短语是水电站的基本组成部分和相关的技术术语，有助于理解水电站的运作和相关的英语表达。
水利水电工程专业英语
Specialized EnglishforGraduates of 2011Contents1 HYDROPOWER PLANT (1)1.1 Hydropower (1)1.2 Advantages of Hydropower (1)1.3 Disadvantage of a Hydroplant (2)1.4 Multi-Purpose Uses (2)1.4.1 Irrigation (2)1.4.2 Flood control (2)1.4.3 Navigation (2)1.4.4 Recreation (2)1.4.5 Fish Breeding (3)1.5 Typical Components of a Hydroelectric Plant (3)1.5.1 Dam or Barrage (3)1.5.2 Water-Conduit System (3)1.5.3 Power House (3)1.5.4 Tail Race (3)1.5.5 Electrical Power Transmission (4)1.6 Classification of Hydroelectric Plants (4)1.6.1 Base-Load and Peak-Load Plants (4)1.6.2 Plants can also be classified as follows: (4)1.6.3 Classification on the Basis of Available Heads (7)2 HYDRAULIC TURBINES (10)2.1 Introduction (10)2.1.1 Sub-systems of a Water Turbine (10)2.2 Classification of Water Turbines (10)2.3 Pelton Turbine (12)2.3.1 Injector (12)2.3.2 Runner (12)2.3.3 Number of Nozzles (13)2.3.4 Distributor (14)2.3.5 Casing (15)2.3.6 Jet Brake (16)2.3.7 Tail Water Depressor System (16)2.4 Francis Turbine (17)2.4.1 Main Components (18)2.4.2 Scroll Case (18)2.4.3 Stay Vanes Ring (18)2.4.4 Guide Vanes Mechanism (19)2.4.5 Runner (19)2.4.6 Draft Tube (21)2.4.7 Head Cover (22)2.4.8 Bottom Ring (22)2.4.9 Shaft (23)2.4.10 Turbine Pit Liner (23)2.4.11 Dewatering of Turbine (23)2.5 Propeller and Kaplan Turbine (23)2.5.1 Introduction (23)2.5.2 Improvement in Efficiency (24)2.5.3 Main Components of the Runner (24)2.5.4 Location of Servomotor (26)2.5.5 Scroll Case (26)2.5.6 Automatic Air Valves (27)2.5.7 Shaft of the Hydrounit (27)2.5.8 Over-speed Protective Devices (27)2.6 Deriaz Turbine (27)2.6.1 Introduction (27)2.6.2 Servomotor (29)3 HVAC (30)3.1 Background (30)3.2 Heating (31)3.3 Ventilation (33)3.3.1 Mechanical or forced ventilation (33)3.3.2 Natural ventilation (34)3.3.3 Airborne Illnesses (34)3.4 Air conditioning (34)3.5 Energy efficiency (36)3.5.1 Heating energy (36)3.5.2 Geothermal Heat Pump (37)3.5.3 Ventilation Energy recovery (37)3.5.4 Air conditioning energy (37)3.6 Air Filtration and Cleaning (37)3.6.1 Clean Air Delivery Rate and Filter Performance (38)3.7 HVAC industry and standards (38)3.7.1 International (38)3.7.2 North America (USA) (38)3.7.3 Europe (United Kingdom) (39)3.7.4 Australia (40)3.7.5 Asia (India) (40)1 HYDROPOWER PLANT1.1 HydropowerIt is the power generated by using water as the energy-supplying agent. In this case, water is allowed to flow from a higher level to a lower level through a turbine where the potential energy of water is converted into kinetic energy and the turbine, in turn, rotates a generator to produce electricity.Hydropower generation depends upon the availability of rainwater. Clouds are formed because of the heating of seawater by the sun. They move towards the land, where low-pressure zones are formed and as they get cooled, moisture starts precipitating. The rainwater starts moving towards lower levels becauseof gravity, through a system of natural drains consisting of nullahs, rivulets, rivers and so on. This water can be stored in reservoirs created on the rivers, by construction of dams and can be used to generate power. After generation, the water is let out into the river and gradually travels further and ultimately reaches the sea. Here it is heated up by the sun to start the next cycle. Therefore, hydropower is nothing but conversion of solar energy into electricity through a circuitous route.1.2 Advantages of HydropowerHydropower generation is non-wasting self-replenishing and non-polluting.It is a physical phenomenon and no chemical change is involved. Water come out unchanged from the turbine after imparting its energy and can be used again either for power generation or for irrigation. In fact, this is done in multi-purpose river-valley schemes like the Chambal Valley development in India and the Tennessee Valley development in U.S.A. In the case of the Chambal Valley development, power is generated with the help of the same water in three powerhouses, situated one after another on the river, before being released into irrigation canals. As against this, coal, oil or nuclear fuel can only be used once.The supply of water is automatic and the water utilized in one season is replenished by nature in the next season. The water reaches the powerhouse site on its own-no mining operations and transportation are involved as in the case of coal or oil.Waterpower is clean as it does not produce any pollutants, whereas in the case of thermal or nuclear power generation pollution is inevitable, as toxic by-products are emitted.The hydropower plants have very high efficiencies. The turbine efficiency is above 90 percent and the overall efficiency can be above 80 percent which is much higher than that of thermal plants. The hydro-plants are long lasting and many plants are still in service even 40 years after commissioning. The percentage of outages is very low, as shutdowns for repairs and maintenance are fewer. The plants are available for instant loading and a set can start taking full load within five minutes, starting from the standstill position, whereas thermal plants may take about five to six hours.1.3 Disadvantage of a HydroplantThe initial investments are very heavy and the specific cost is high compared to a thermal plant. The time needed for construction is quite long and it affects the economy adversely as returns start flowing in late. When a lake is formed, land submergence creates its own problem.As the availability of water varies from year to year, in low rainfall years the plant capacity is under-utilized.Anyway the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages.1.4 Multi-Purpose UsesAs already started earlier, a number of additional benefits can be obtained from water stored besides generating power, such as irrigation, flood control, navigation and so on. The multi-purpose use of water gives much better returns on investment and there is marked improvement in the cost-benefit ratio.1.4.1 IrrigationThe water being discharged from a powerhouse can be fed into a canal network to provide irrigation facilities to land situated down stream. As a matter of fact, in many multi-purpose projects in India, water is stored predominantly for irrigation purposes with power generation playing a secondary role.1.4.2 Flood controlCreation of lake on a river has the inherent possibilities of flood moderation. The flood waters may be fully or partly absorbed in the lake and only regulated quantities of water are allowed to pass downstream, protecting the lower areas from floods. This aspect assumes great importance in the case of rivers, which go on devastating large tracts of fertile land and valuable property year after year.1.4.3 NavigationThe formation of storage reservoir increasesthe normal water level in a river. Many pools and shallow stretches of the river get submerged underwater and a sufficient depth of water becomes available for ship to navigate these stretches. Thus facilitates economic transport of cargo and passengers.The multi-purpose development of the river Danube in Europe is a typical example of combining navigation with power generation. It 'li s nking up with the river Rhine has allowed the ships to pass from the North Sea to the Black Sea. Barrages have been constructed at a number of points in the river increasing the upstream water levels and power is being generated at these places. The only additional construction needed is to provide navigational locks at the sites of the barrage for the uninterrupted movement of a ship.1.4.4 RecreationCreation a reservoir of water considerably enhances the beauty and charm of surrounding areas and tourist resorts and picnic spots are being developed in these areas.1.4.5 Fish BreedingIt can take place on a large scale and fish can be made available economically to the populati on liv ing in the n eighbori ng areas.1.5 Typical Components of a Hydroelectric PlantThe mai n comp onents are (Fig.1.1): (i) The dam, (ii) The water-c on duit system, (iii) The powerhouse, (iv) The tail-water system, (v) The switchyard, and (vi) The transmission lin es.1.5.1 Dam or BarrageA dam or a barrage is con structed on the river course result ing in an in crease in the upstream water level because of the formatio n of a reservoir whose storage capacity is decided by the water requireme nt for power gen erati on.1.5.2 Water-Conduit SystemWater-c on duit system carries water from the reservoir to the power stati on .It may con sist of a pressure tunnel an d/or pipes called pen stocks which may be laid above ground or un dergro und. One pen stock may feed a nu mber of turb in es, where a nu mber of bran ches have to take off. Flow-c on trol valves may be provided before water is admitted to the turb in es. A surge tank is occasi on ally provided to restrict the effects of water hammer.Fig.1.1 Typical layout of a high head hydroelectric pla nt1.5.3 Power HouseThe powerhouse accommodates the turb ines and gen erators, the con trol equipme nt and in some cases the tran sformers. Its locatio n can be either at the surface or un dergro und and it may be away from, at the foot of, or in the body of, the dam.1.5.4 Tail RaceThe water, after pass ing through the turb in e, is discharged into the tailrace which, in tur n, carries it to a river.The tailrace can be an ope n cha nnel as in the case of a surface powerhouse, or a tunnel as in the case of an underground powerhouse. The discharge from all the turbines is collected in the tail race at its beginning by means of branch channels. The tailrace may discharge into the original river itself or, in rare cases, some other river when there is an inter-basin transfer of water.1.5.5 Electrical Power TransmissionThe electrical power generated by the generators is fed to the step-up transformers by means of cables as the generating voltage may be much less than the transmission voltage. The power is then supplied to the transmission network via a switchyard where the switchingand protective equipment is installed. The switchyard is located within a short distance of the powerhouse.Transmission lines take off in different directions to supply power to the consumers.In the case of combined hydropower and irrigation multi-purpose projects, a canal network is established downstream of dam.1.6 Classification of Hydroelectric PlantsThey can be classified on the basis of the operating heads, the output or some other important features, such as the nature of duty.1.6.1 Base-Load and Peak-Load PlantsEvery hydro-plant is an individual entity and no two plants are identical as regards the head, availability of power and so on. A hydro-plant works as a base-load plant if there is continuous power generation. This is especially the case if the flow through the river has to be maintained constant for meeting the irrigation or navigation requirements.If the conditions prevailing at the power station permit regulated releases, the plant can be used to generate peak power. For example, the Roseland plant (France) is designed to meet the peak winter demand from water largely stored during the summer period.1.6.2 Plants can also be classified as follows:(a) Conventional hydro-plants with valley storage.(b) Run-of-the-river plants.(c) Diversion type of plants.(d) Pumped storage plants.(e) Tidal-power plants.Valley storage plantsIn the case of conventional hydro-plants, a reservoir has to be created on the river to store sufficient rainwater, for power generation throughout the year by construction of a dam. These types of plants are sub-divided into high-head plants, medium-head plants, and low-head plants (Fig.1.2).It is difficult to lay down exact ranges. However, the following limits are recommended (they are arbitrary and are as good as any other arbitrary ranges recommended):(i) High-head pla nts - hav ing heads of more tha n 250 m.(ii) Medium-head pla nts - hav ing heads betwee n 50 m and 250 m.(iii) Low-head pla nts - hav ing heads less tha n 50 m.Fig.1.2 The Geheya n valley storage pla nt (Chi na)Today, the plant capacities range from a few hundred kilowatts to thousands of megawatts with in dividual unit capacities ranging from few hun dred kW to 700,000 kW and it is rather difficult to classify the plants on capacity basis.Run-of-the-river plantsFig.1.3 Chief Joseph Dam n ear Bridgeport, Wash ington, USA, is a major run-o f-the-riverstati on without a sizeable reservoirThese pla nts gen erate power on rivers with a con ti nu ous flow throughout the year with minor seasonal variations. Such conditions prevail mainly in colder countries but rarely in tropical regions. The storage needed is minor and can be created by building a barrage across the river, which raises the water level creat ing some head for power gen erati on. The site chosen should be on a stable reach of the river with stable bed and banks. The maximum flood an ticipated should have a low value and water should not carry muchsedime nt. Creati ng a small pool does not create problems of land acquisiti on and does not substantially alter the original topography along the banks of the river as submergence is low. This pool may also be useful for n avigati on (Fig.1.3).Such pla nts are quite popular in Europe. A cha in of such pla nts have bee n con structed on the Danube to fully utilize its power and navigation potential.Diversion Canal PlantsThese diversi on type of pla nts can gen erate power, tak ing adva ntage of the level differe nce on a curved mean deri ng stretch of a river with a steep bed-slope.A divers ion canal with a flat slope in which the flow from the river is diverted takes off from the higher reaches of the main river. A weir is constructed at the end of the canal to create a small pool of water, called the forebay. The water from the forebay is fed by means of the pen stocks to the powerhouse situated in the low reach of the river (Fig.1.4).Pumped Storage Plants A pumped-storage pla nt uses two reservoirs, one located at a much higher elevati on tha n the other. During periods of low dema nd for electricity, such as ni ghts and weeke nds, en ergy is stored by revers ing the turb in es a nd pump ing water from the lower to the upper reservoir. The stored water can later be released to turn the turb ines and gen erate electricity as it flows back into the lower reservoir.* ju IntakeFig.1.4 Diversio n hydropower plantThese are peak load pla nts where water is pumped up to a higher level duri ng off peak periods to gen erate peak power duri ng the high dema nd period.Gantry CraneRepEbM F^jmp-turbrieFig.1.5 Pumped storage pla ntTidal Power PlantsThese depend on tides for generating power. This source is unconventional and a lot of importa nee is being give n to this type of pla nt.1.6.3 Classification on the Basis of Available HeadsThere are various classificati ons of hydroelectric power pla nts. Based on the total head of water available the hydroelectric power pla nts are classified in to three types: low head hydroelectric power plants, medium head hydroelectric power plants, and high head hydroelectrci power pla nts.163.1 Low head hydroelectric power plantsFig.1.6 Cross-sectio n of a typical low head pla ntThe low head hydroelectric power plants are the ones in which the available water head is less than 30 meters. The dam in this type of power plants is of very small head may be eve n of few meters only. In certa in cases weir is used and in other cases there is no dam at all and merely flowing water in the river is used for generation of electricity. The low head types of hydroelectric power pla nts cannot store water and electricity is produced only when sufficient flow of water is available in the river. Thus they produce electricity only duri ng particular seas ons whe n abundant flow of water is available. Since the head of water is very small in these hydroelectric power plants, they have lesser power produci ngcapacity .In such pla nts Fran cis, Propeller or Kapla n types of turb ines are used. Also no surge tank is required.163.2 Medium head hydroelectric power plantsThe hydroelectric power plants in which the working head of water is more than 30 meters but less tha n 300 meters are called medium head hydroelectric power pla nts. These hydroelectric power pla nt are usually located in the mountainous regi ons where the rivers flows at high heights, thus obtaining the high head of the water in dam becomes possible. In medium head hydroelectric plants dams are constructed behind which there can be large reservoir of water. Water from the reservoir can be take n to the power gen erati on system where electricity is gen erated. The turb ines used are Fran cis type of the steel en cased variety.Fig.1.7 Cross-sectio n of a typical medium head pla nt1.6.3.3 High head hydroelectric power plantsIn the high head hydroelectric power plants the head of water available for producing electricity is more than 300 meters and it can extend even up to 1000 meters. These are the most commonly constructed hydroelectric power plants. In the high head hydroelectric power pla nts huge dams are con structed across the rivers. There is large reservoir of water in the dams that can store water at very high heads. Water is mainly stored duri ng the rainy seas onsand it can be used throughout the year. Thus the high head hydroelectric power pla nts can gen erate electricity throughout the year. The high head hydroelectric power pla nts are very importa nt in the n ati onal grid because they can be adjusted easily to produce the power as per the required loads.Whe n con struct ing the high head types of hydroelectric power pla nts a nu mber of factors especially those related to the environment and natural ecosystem of the land and water should be con sidered. The total height of the dam depe nds upon a nu mber of factors like qua ntity of available water, power to be gen erated, surro unding areas, n atural ecosystem etc.Mainly in these plants pressure tunnel is provided before the surge tank, which in turn conn ected to pen stock. A pressure tunnel is take n off from the reservoir and water brought to the valve house (not show n in picture) at the start of the pen stocks. The pen stocks are huge steel pipes which take large qua ntity of water from the valve house to the power house. The valve house contains main sluice gates and in additi on automatic isolati ng valves which come into operati on whe n the pen stock bursts, cutt ing further supply of water. Surge tank is an ope n tank and is built just in betwee n the begi nning of the pen stocks and the valve house. In abse nee of surge tank, the water hammer can damage thefixed gates. Normally the high head pla nts are 500 meters above and for heads above 500 meters Pelt on wheels are used.Fig.1.8 Cross-secti on of a typical high head pla nt2 HYDRAULIC TURBINES2.1 IntroductionHydraulic turbines are machines which convert water energy into mechanical energy. So they can be considered as motors run by water. Water stored in a reservoir at higher level flows through the turbine to the tail race channel situated at a lower level imparting potential energy to the turbine.The theoretical foundations of the modern turbine were laid by Euler. The first practical turbines were made by Fourneyron and Bourdin. Forneyron installed a 40 H.P. turbine at St. Blassius, France in 1835. Other prominent names in the field are Pelton, Francis and Kaplan. The impulse turbine is named after Pelton who contributed a lot to its development. The mixed flow reaction turbine is named after Francis, who built the first well designed unit in 1849. The movable blade propeller type turbine is named after Kaplan.The function of a water turbine is to rotate the generator coupled to it to produce electricity. The conversion of energy to the electrical form is necessary because electrical energy can be transmitted over long distances with proportionately very small losses compared to mechanical or hydraulic energy.2.1.1 Sub-systems of a Water TurbineEssentially any water turbine must have the following sub-systems:(i) Guide passages to admit water to the rotating element with minimum loss of energy. (ii) A governing mechanism to instantaneously adjust the quantity of water being admitted, to match the load fluctuations.(iii) A rotating element or a runner where the conversion of energy takes place. A torque is developed which rotates the generator coupled to the turbine.(iv) Passages to lead the water out of the turbine body.In the case of water turbines, the density remains constant while water is passing through all above stages. In steam turbines and gas turbines the density varies. Hence their construction differs materially from water turbines.2.2 Classification of Water TurbinesThe water turbines are divided into two main categories: the impulse type and reaction type (Fig.2.1). In the impulse type, water flows out of a nozzle in the form of a jet such that all the pressure energy is converted into kinetic energy. This jet hits one of a series buckets mounted on a runner. Because of the impact, the runner is rotated about the axis. Therefore the turbine is called the impulse turbine. The water comes out of the nozzle at atmospheric pressure. Hence the pressure throughout the turbine is atmospheric, i.e., constant. Therefore the turbine is also called a constant pressure turbine.bucketstationarynozzleFig.2.1 Prin ciple of the basic impulse turbi ne (left) and react ion turbi ne (right)The reacti on type of turb ine works on the prin ciple of react ion. Water en ters the turbi ne at high pressure and low velocity in the guide passage. Some pressure energy is conv erted in to kin etic en ergy and water the n en ters the runner (rotor) and pressure en ergy is successively con verted into kin etic en ergy. As the water flow ing through the runner is accelerated, it creates a reaction on the runner vane and the runner is rotated (Fig.2.2). As the static fluid pressure acts on both sides the vane, it does not do any work. Work is en tirely done due to con vers ion of en ergy into kin etic form. It is to be no ted that relative velocity goes on in creas ing from inlet to outlet though the absolute velocity decreases. In a reaction turbine water is under pressure and the turbine is filled with water when work ing. Therefore, the turb ine must be en closed in a cas ing which should be able to withstand the pressure. In the case of an impulse turbine, the casing protects the runner and does not allow the water to splash out. It does not serve any hydraulic function. In a reaction turbine, water can be admitted all over the runner at one time. Therefore, it is sometimes called a full admissi on turb ine.Fluid inletFig.2.2 Francis turbi ne (react ion type)Only three turb ines have served the test of time. They are Pelt on turb ines of the impulse type and Francis and Kapla n turb ines of the react ion type.Therefore, these three will be discussed in some detail. Rece ntly, ano ther type of turb ine known as Deriaz turb ine or diag onal flow turb ine has bee n developed which is a cross between a Francis turbine and a Kaplan turbine.2.3 Pelton TurbineThe Pelt on turbi ne (Fig.2.3) is an impulse type of turb in e. It was n amed after L.A.Pelo n (1829-1908) who in 1880, patented and improved the form of impulse wheels. In impulse turbine, water flows out of a nozzle in the form of a jet in the atmosphere, converting hydraulic energy into kinetic energy. The jet delivers an impact to one of a series of blades mounted on the runner, which starts rotating. As the pressure is atmospheric and constant, this turbine is also called constant pressure turbine. This turbine is essentially a high head turb ine and is curre ntly being used for a head range of 300 m to 1800 m. The specific speed range is from Ns=4 to Ns=70.The turb ine esse ntially con sists of three comp onen ts: (i) the in jector (ii) the runner and (iii) the cas ing.2.3.1 InjectorThe fun cti on of the injector are (a) to direct the water received from the pen stock at the proper an gle on the runner (b) to vary the quality of water to suit in sta ntan eousload con diti ons, thereby gover ning the turb ine.The injectors are located either at the end of a bend fitted to the pen stock of in the case of multi-nozzle turbines, or at the end of the distribution branches.The injector consists of (a) a nozzle (b) a spear rod also called a needle and (c) a deflector. The spear rod slides coaxially in the nozzle. Its movement controls the area of the nozzle opening and therefore the quantity of water being admitted to the runner.Fig.2.3 Cross sect ion of a Pelt on turb ine2.3.2 RunnerThis consists of a cylindrical disc with the blades mounted on its periphery (Fig.2.4).The blades, also called buckets, look like twin hemi-ellipsoided cups joined in the middle by means of a ridge. This shape is give n to obta in maximum efficie ncy con diti ons. The jet of water enters the bucket in the center, bifurcates into two portions and travels over the bucket and leaves at the outlet tips. This bifurcation counter balances any axial thrust developed.Fig.2.4 An in tegrally cast Pelt on turbi ne runnerThe jet is deflected at an an gle of 168o to 176o, such that it just clears the back of the succeed ing bucket.For the most efficient conditions, the jet should hit the bucket perpendicularly. But this is not always possible as each bucket intercepts the jet at an angle of 2 n/n (where n = nu mber of buckets). For the jet to hit the bucket perpe ndicularly for the maximum time, the buckets are inclined backwards to the radius, the inclination varying from 10to 18oA notch is provided at the tip of the bucket, so that the succeeding bucket does not interfere with the jet hitting the previous bucket.The nu mber of bucket is decided by two con diti ons:(i) The nu mber must be adequate to the in tercept the jet at all times and no water should go to the tail race directly without imparting energy to the runner.(ii) The nu mber of buckets provided curre ntly varies from 18 to 24, though the extreme limits may be from 14 to 30.2.3.3 Number of NozzlesThe Pelt on turb in e can have either a horiz on tal axis or a vertical axis layout. If the axis is horizontal, the runner can be fed either by one nozzle or by two nozzles (Fig.2.4). Sometimes the turbi ne may have twin runners placed side by side or alter natively, the gen erator may be drive n by two turb ines placed on either side.In the vertical shaft disposition, there is only one runner, the number of nozzles varying from 2 to 6, though most of the turb ines have either 4 or 6 no zzles (Fig.2.5).Fig.2.5 Distributor of a six no zzle Pelt on turbi ne2.3.4 DistributorTo feed water to these no zzles a distributor is provided which a pipe attached to the end of pen stock. For a two-no zzle horiz on tal shaft layout, the distributor is Y-shaped with bends being attached to the two arms of the bifurcate for mounting of the injectors (Fig.2.6). The angle of the Y varies between 70cTo 90oFig.2.6 A two-no zzle horiz on tal shaft layout with Y-shaped distributorFor the vertical shaft layout, the simplest type of distributor consists of annular pipe starti ng from the pen stock with successively decreas ing cross-sectio nal area and with a runner of arms project ing in side for fitti ng of the no zzles (Fig.2.5).。