冰川融化英文ppt
高中英语book-8-Unit-1-A-land-of-diversity-warming-up-人教版选修八PPT
11
Chicago, Atlanta, Washington, New York, Los Angeles
D
Los Angeles
Chicago
swhorirtte-rstory writer
50
American sports
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American football: the most popular game in the USA
bbaasskeebtablal ll
52
Muhamm ad Ali
Carl Lewis
Micha el Jordan
25
It is almost the oldest city in
the USA. It is also a center of
culture and education.
26
Many Chinese have settled in California and many of them live there.
Kentucky Fried Chicken
57
58
American company
Donald Duck
Mickey Mouse
59
American festival
ACHMpharorliiltlsohFtewmoroe'aslessDn’ (aDOya(cytht(.Ae3p12rsniltd)
New York
E
A
B
Atlanta
C
两极冰川融化(polar ice cap melting)
CAUSES
• geological changes
• seasonal changes
• global warming
geological changes
• The causes for these changes can be explained by Milankovitch Cycles. The cycles proposed by him take into account orbital shapes (eccentricity 偏心率), axial tilt轴倾角 (obliquity倾角), axial precession 岁差, apsidal precession and orbital inclination倾角. • All these factors, when combined, affect the conditions on the planet in the long term and it causes ice ages at different times. During an ice age the ice caps increase in size and they retreat when an ice age ends. These changes occur over a period ranging from thousands to millions of years.
Global Warming
There are many causes of the melting of the polar ice caps and global warming, some of which are natural. However, the activities of man are responsible for much of the rapid change that scientists are seeing. Humankind engages in a multitude of activities that have accelerated the process of global warming.
冰川融化英文ppt讲解
CAUSES
• geological changes
• seasonal changes
• global warming
geological changes
• The causes for these changes can be explained by Milankovitch Cycles. The cycles proposed by him take into account orbital shapes (eccentricity 偏心率), axial tilt轴倾角 (obliquity倾角), axial precession 岁差, apsidal precession and orbital inclination倾角.
• All these factors, when combined, affect the conditions on the planet in the long term and it causes ice ages at different times. During an ice age the ice caps increase in size and they retreat when an ice age ends. These changes occur over a period ranging from thousands to millions of years.
Adjust Your Thermostat [‘θɜrməʊstæt ] n.自动调温器, 温度调节装
置
Use Recycled Paper
Take Shorter Showers Install（安装） a Low-Flow Showerhead
全球冰川加速融化的现状因果及其对策ppt课件
变冷。有关专家认为，这可能是南极冰层总面积
还在扩大的原因。
6
这些冰川加重了海平面的上升，每年向海洋里释放的冰量相当于整个 格陵兰岛冰原，将足以让海平面上升1.2米，且冰融化速度之快远超 出科学家们的预期。
保守估计只需要几百年所有的冰川将全部融入海洋。三条主要的证据 预测了冰川的最终灭亡：流动速度的变化，海水上漂浮着的冰川量以 及它们流过的地形坡度和位于海平面下方的深度。 里戈诺特带领的研究小组讨论了这些冰川在过去40年间流动速度的日 益增加。而最新的研究则调查了另外两条证据。
3422nasa发现南极西部冰川融化不可避免1北京时间2014年5月14日消息近日美国宇航局和美国加州大学欧文分校的研究人员进行的一项最新研究发现南极洲西部一块快速融化的冰原区域似乎处于无法逆转的状态没有任何措施可以阻止这片区域的冰川融化
全球冰川加速融化的
现状、因果及其对策
）
1
随着温室效应、全球变暖、气候变化以及人类活动，加速、加强、加快了地 球上全球冰川、冰盖和冰架的融化过程，使得大量的冰川、冰架逐渐消融。
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二、北极地区冰川消融现况
北极地区及格林兰岛、斯瓦尔巴特群岛冰雪情况
（2015、12、14）
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1、北极海冰夏冬季对比图【32】
这幅图是北极海冰分布的范围，分别在夏季和冬季呈最小化和最大化的显著对比图。该图
反映了北极海冰的周期性循环，也是北极地区气候变化的重要指示器。在过去25年中，北
极海冰范围在夏末时已经显著退化，即使在冬季最高峰时，海冰也比以前更年轻、冰层更
中国南极测绘研究中心名誉主任鄂栋臣向《中国南极测》记者解释，北极是海冰， 南极是陆地冰川。与南极相比，北极的气候系统比较复杂，对于全球气候变化的响 应比较直接，海冰对于气候变化也更敏感。
全球变暖北极冰川融化英语作文
全球变暖北极冰川融化英语作文Possible English version:Global warming is causing the melting of Arctic glaciers at an alarming rate. This has significant implications for the environment, wildlife, and human activities in theArctic region, as well as for global climate and sea level rise.Q: Why are Arctic glaciers melting?A: Arctic glaciers are melting primarily because ofrising temperatures caused by the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, mainly from human activities such as burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and agriculture. This leads to a positive feedback loop of warming and melting, as less ice reflects more sunlight and absorbs more heat, further increasing the temperature and melting.Q: What are the consequences of Arctic glacier melting?A: The consequences of Arctic glacier melting are manifold. Firstly, it affects the habitat and survival of various species that depend on the ice, such as polar bears,seals, walruses, and whales. As the ice retreats, these animals have to travel longer distances to find food, mate, and rest, which can lead to population decline or migration. Secondly, it alters the physical and chemical properties of the Arctic Ocean, such as salinity, temperature, and circulation, which can affect the marine ecosystem and the global oceanic currents. Thirdly, it impacts humanactivities in the Arctic, such as shipping, fishing, and resource extraction, by opening up new routes and opportunities but also increasing risks and conflicts. Fourthly, it contributes to global climate change by releasing stored carbon and methane from the permafrost and the ocean floor, and by reducing the albedo (reflectivity)of the planet, which can amplify the warming and the feedback loop. Finally, it raises sea levels by adding more water to the ocean, which can inundate coastal areas and threaten infrastructure, economy, and public health worldwide.Q: What can we do to mitigate or adapt to Arctic glacier melting?A: There are several things we can do to address the issue of Arctic glacier melting. Firstly, we can reduce our greenhouse gas emissions by adopting cleaner and more efficient technologies, promoting renewable energy, conserving energy, and changing our lifestyle and consumption patterns. This can slow down the rate of warming and melting, and give more time for adaptation. Secondly, we can enhance our understanding and monitoring of the Arctic environment and its changes, by investing in research, observation, and data sharing, and by involving local communities and indigenous knowledge. This can help us anticipate and respond to the impacts of melting, and avoid unintended consequences. Thirdly, we can cooperate internationally and regionally to manage the risks and opportunities of Arctic development, by establishing governance frameworks, regulations, and standards, and by fostering dialogue, collaboration, and mutual respect. This can ensure that the benefits of melting are shared fairly and sustainably, and that the risks are minimized and managed. Fourthly, we can support the adaptation and resilience of Arctic and non-Arctic communities and ecosystems, by providing resources, knowledge, and capacitybuilding, and by respecting their rights, values, and cultures. This can enhance the adaptive capacity and diversity of human and natural systems, and ensure that no one is left behind. Finally, we can raise awareness and engage the public, the media, and the decision-makers, by communicating the urgency, the complexity, and the opportunities of Arctic glacier melting, and by promoting a sense of responsibility, creativity, and hope. This can mobilize the collective action and innovation needed to address one of the most pressing challenges of our time.全球变暖导致北极冰川融化的速度惊人。
南极冰川融化英语作文
The Melting of Antarctic Glaciers: A GlobalChallengeAmidst the vast expanse of the Antarctic continent, a silent yet alarming transformation is unfolding. The glaciers, once frozen solid for centuries, are now experiencing unprecedented melting rates, a phenomenon that has the potential to trigger far-reaching consequences for the global climate system.The Antarctic, known as the "final frontier" of Earth, is home to the largest ice sheet on the planet. This immense body of ice, covering an area of approximately 14 million square kilometers, holds enough frozen water to raise global sea levels by more than 50 meters if it were to melt completely. However, recent scientific studies indicate that this ice sheet is not just melting at the edges; it is also thinning and retreating at an alarming rate.The primary cause of this melting is the rise in global temperatures due to climate change. As the Earth's temperature increases, the polar regions are warming at a much faster rate. This warming leads to increased meltingof snow and ice, which in turn releases more heat-trapping gases into the atmosphere, further accelerating the process of climate change.The melting of Antarctic glaciers not only contributes to sea level rise but also disrupts the delicate ecological balance of the region. Marine life that depends on the cold Antarctic waters for survival is being forced to adapt to warmer conditions, while ice-dependent species such as penguins and seals are facing significant threats to their habitats and food sources.The impact of Antarctic glacier melting is not limited to the region itself. The resulting rise in sea levels could inundate coastal cities and islands, displacing millions of people and disrupting economies worldwide. Additionally, the melting of the ice sheet could release large amounts of fresh water into the Southern Ocean, altering the salinity and circulation patterns of the global ocean system.To address this urgent global challenge, it isessential to take immediate action to mitigate the impacts of climate change. Reducing greenhouse gas emissions,promoting renewable energy sources, and enhancing resilience to climate-related disasters are crucial steps towards preventing further melting of Antarctic glaciers and mitigating the potential consequences for our planet. **南极冰川融化：全球性的挑战**在南极洲广袤无垠的大陆上，一场无声但令人警觉的变革正在上演。
全球变暖北极冰川融化英语作文
全球变暖北极冰川融化英语作文English: The melting of Arctic glaciers due to global warming is a phenomenon that has serious consequences for both the environment and human populations. As the Earth's temperature continues to rise, the polar ice caps are gradually disappearing, leading to rising sea levels and extreme weather patterns. The loss of Arctic ice also has a significant impact on wildlife, such as polar bears, seals, and walruses, who rely on the ice for hunting, breeding, and resting. Furthermore, the melting of glaciers releases large amounts of freshwater into the ocean, disrupting global ocean currents and potentially affecting weather patterns worldwide. In addition to environmental concerns, the melting of Arctic glaciers also poses a threat to communities living in coastal regions, as they are at risk of flooding and displacement. It is crucial for countries to come together to address the root causes of global warming and take action to mitigate its effects before it is too late.中文翻译: 由于全球变暖，北极冰川的融化是一个对环境和人类群体都产生严重后果的现象。
自然地理冰川融化笔记 Melting glaciers and ice sheets
Definition：Process：1.Both surface melting and under water melting2.Accumulation: the build-up of the glacier due to snow being added to the glacier, inwinter/colder period.3.Ablation: the melting of ice, in summer/warmer period.4.Moulins (Cryoconite): due to increasing surface deposition of airborne particles ofmineral cryoconite which mainly come from Central Asian desert, the ice is becoming darker, decreased the albedo or the reflectivity of the ice, which increases the abortion of heat and in turn increase the rate of the melting, and creates moulins, result in the ice sheets to melt from its base.5.Albedo-reflectivity of sun radiation (causes a positive feedback loop, melt ice, less ice,more dark ice, lower albedo)Key definition:1.Glacier: A body of ice formed on land and in motion, confined by terrain, mostcommonly in valleys.2.Ice sheets: Vast masses of ice not confined to valleys. Have large tracks of landbeneath them. Greenland and Antarctica are the two most significant.3.Mass balance: The difference in volume of ice between accumulation and ablation ina single year, can be positive or negative.4.Glacier retreating: wherever melting exceeds accumulation. Most alpine glaciers havebeen retreating since about 1850.Characteristics of place facing melting glaciers and ice sheets (human and natural)Natural1.Ice sheets typically form in high-latitude regions that are very cold and subject tolong harsh winters, short summers and very little intense solar radiation.2.Region with ice must be sufficiently cold all year round.3.Snow is generally deposited in cold/humid periods and does not melt entirely inwarm/dry periods.mon in high latitudes, which is above 60°N and 60°S of the equator, and highaltitude.5.Strong spatial association with two polesHumanIce sheets and glaciers are generally existing in area with almost no human activities.Global distribution (Unevenly distributed)Every continent on earth contains glaciers except Australia. 198000 glaciers covering approximately 726800 km2 of varies sizes in mountain regions of North America, South America, Europe, Asia, Africa and Antarctica.Two major ice sheets are found in polar region at the opposite of the earth. The Antarctica isthe largest, it covers most of the Antarctica of an area of 13 million km2, which is 9% on the earth’s surface. The Greenland is the second largest, it covers 85% of the island of an area of 2 million km2, which is 1% of the earth’s surface.Causes (human and natural)Natural:1.Variation in solar energy. The solar energy received by earth is not constant. This isdue to the elliptical orbit of the earth is subject to three independence cycles of change that alter the distance between the earth and the sun every 26000, 41000, 100000 years thereby producing our planet’s periodic natural climatic cycles of global glaciation and warming. This process is called Milankovitch cycle.2.Volcanic activity. Volcanic activity can cause significant amounts of the dust andgasses to be injected into the atmosphere. This leads to mainly cooling events for the climate, reduces average global temperature, slow down the rate of melting glaciers and ice sheets For example, in 1963, the volcanic eruption in Bali produced enormous quantities of air-borne ash thereby blocking out sufficient incoming solar radiation to reduce earth average temperature 0.5°C in the next two years.Human:1.Alteration of the composition of gases in the atmosphere. It is considered to be thegreatest cause of global warming. Industrialisation has meant the increased injection of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxides into the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide has increased form 288ppm before industrial revolution to 391ppm, and methane has increased from 848ppb to 1800 ppb nowadays.Increase in greenhouse gases causes earth traps more heat in the atmosphere, increase the average temperature, hence cause more ice to melt.2.Cryoconite, due to increasing surface deposition of airborne particles of mineralcryoconite which mainly come from Central Asian desert, the ice is becoming darker, decreased the albedo or the reflectivity of the ice, which increases the abortion of heat and in turn increase the rate of the melting, and creates moulins, result in the ice sheets to melt from its base. In 2019, glaciers and ice sheets are already being darkened by dust, the albedo would further reduced, accelerate ice melting.Global impact1.Melting glaciers and ice sheets have large impact on rising sea-levels, compare to thelast Glacial Maximum 18000-21000 years ago, sea level has risen 100 m, scientists estimate that melting ice sheets and glaciers contribute 52% of the total global sea-level rising. Nowadays, see level is increasing at a rate of 3mm/year, and by the end of this century, sea level could rise a further 1m. The rising sea level can cause great threat to the low-lying cities and countries, including many mega cities like Tokyo and Shanghai, and high density cities, like Male. Increase in sea level would bring higher flooding and stronger storm, and potentially result the world to lose millions of dollar, tens and thousands of people will become homeless. Maldivians government even formed a ‘sovereign wealth fund’, to make sure if the country isoverturned by flooding, residents can use money to migrate to India, or countries have similar culture to them.2.Antarctica’s melt is also increasing, it lost 252 billion tons of ice in 2019.Global response: Paris Agreement (ESTABLISHED IN 2015)Aim: To keep a global temperature rise this century well below 1.5°C-2°C above the pre-industrial levels, hence to slow down the speed of ice melting. It is a goal of UNFCCC.Overview: This agreement is established in 2015, it requires all countries to put forward their best efforts through nationally determined contributions (NDCs) and to strengthen these efforts in the year ahead. NDCs will be revised at least every 5 years to representing progress beyond the last NDCs.ImportanceAdvantage1.185 countries ratified, many of the countries use this opportunity to contribute theireffort for reduce temperature rising and set high NDCs. For example, China’s target is to peak emission by 2030 and to the carbon to lower the carbon intensity of gross domestic product (GDP) by 60%-65% below 2005 level by 2030. Europe Union (EU) pledged target of 40% below 1990 levels by 2030.2.Encourage countries to pay more attention to global warming, sea-level rising andmelting glaciers and ice sheets.3.Try to link all countries together to reduces sea-level rising, For example, theagreement suggests the developed countries should provide USD 100 billion/year to 2025 to developing countries to help them meet the goal they set, and ask developed countries must report their support provided twice a year.Limitation:1.There is no enforcement for counties to set NDCs nor how much money must commitfor this agreement. Means country can potentially contribute nothing and withdraw or only contribute very little and still will not be punished although it signed the agreement. For example, US left the agreement in 2017, although it has the highest CO2 emission/ capita.2.It is not a ‘safe belt’ for low-lying countries like Fiji, because the overall contributionby each country is still not enough, 2of the Himalayan glaciers is very likely to melt3by 2100. Huge quantity of water from Himalaya will cause stronger flooding and storm to threat low-lying countries.3.Even though the most ambitious goal of Paris Agreement of keep temperature rise1.5℃above the pre-industrial level, 1of the glaciers would lose.3Ways for evaluation: The agreement achieve its aim or not.Case Study: GreenlandCountry overview:Greenland is the world’s largest island located between the Arctic Ocean and Atlantic Ocean. Found between 60°and 83°latitude North of the equator, above 60°North means high latitudes and colder. Consider to be part of the North America continent. Greenland has just over 56000 residents making its population density the lowest in the world. Residents are Inuit, who rely on fishing, fish products and some sheep farming to make a living. There are few roads in Greenland and most travel between settlements by boat, helicopter or dogsled. 80% of the island covered by ice, and these ice reflects much of the sun’s energy back into the space, and moderates temperature, it is known as the “albedo effect”. Could link to environmental impact.Rate of melting glaciers and ice sheets:Over the last 30 years, there has been an escalating trend in the rate of ice melting at the margins of the ice sheet near the Greenland coast. Between 1993-1998, the ice was melting at a rate of 7.3 km³/year, at 2002, the ice was melting at a rate of 44km³/year, at 2006, the ice was melting at a rate of 249km³, at 2019, the ice was melting at a rate of 375km³, the fastest rate in the past 350 years.New Data:1.On August 1, 2019, 12.5 billion tons of ice, more than any day since researchersstarted recording ice loss in 1950.2.The scale of melting in Greenland this year was extraordinary. From July 30 toAugust 3, melting occurring across 90% of the continent’s surface, dumping 55 billion tons.Factors contribute for melting ice sheets and glaciers:Overall, melting ice sheets and glaciers in Greenland is mainly caused by global warming. For example, in 2016, increasing air pressure brought drier and wetter conditions along the western coast, raising its temperatures up to 2℃higher than average for the summer, caused the region increase in warmer period and shorter colder period, accelerating the ice sheet melting.Key statistics:1857-2010 human 25% natural 75%;1990-2010 human 69% natural 31%Last glacial maximum of ice coverage of Greenland 100%Recent ice coverage of Greenland: 81%Global temperature have increase 0.75℃since industrial revolutionHuman factor:Natural factor：Impacts (positive and negative)Positive:Social condition:1.Construction industry expected to get a boost due to mining and ice sheets melting,more roads and streets and increase in public transport could increase the accessibility for the residents live in the Greenland, they no longer need to heavily rely on helicopter or dogsled, they can travel faster and more convenient.2.Increase opportunity for farming, farmers nowadays can grow can grow tomatoesand cabbage in the island.3.Increase the employment rate, as mining and associate services require a lot of localworkers, for example Greenland Minerals and Energy promise to provide 400-600 local jobs when it starts mining. when people start working, many social problems like drinking beers, going around like zombies with noting to do can effectively being reduced.Economic activity:1.When more ice melted, rocky surfaces exposed to the surface, and Greenlandcontains 50% of the total world’s rare earth, meanwhile allowed people to access to48 billion barrels of oil reserves off the coast and 10.5 million tonnes of rare earthmetals, this resources worth several billion US dollars, sold these resources can help insignificantly in crease country’s GDP, and less rely on Danish government.2.The mining project would bring a lot of foreign rich skilled worker to Greenland, forexample London Mining brought invest $US 2.35 billion to bring thousands of Chinese workers to build the mine in the next 5 years. These workers can drive the economy by purchasing worth millions of goods and services.3.In 2019, through more ice melts, sand mining is possible, and the price of sand marketis increase. The sand delivered to Greenland’s coast each year has a value of more than half of Greenland gross domestic product, worth $2.22 billion, and this valued expected to double within the next 25 years if the global sand prices continue to increase.Environmental:1.Clear the land for mining???Negative:Social condition:1.Greenland iceEconomic activity:Environmental:National response: Oceans Melting Greenland (OMG)Aim: To clarify how Greenland itself contributes to sea level rising, but also apply the knowledge to the study of much larger region of Antarctica.Overview: Oceans Melting Greenland started it 5-year mission in 2016. The main reason is higher seas are already creating more dangerous storm surges, IPCC said costa erosion from US to China. Some low-lying island nations, such as Fiji, have moved coastal communities to higher ground. Meanwhile, melting ice is currently contributing 1mm each year to the global se a level rising, according to NASA, that’s enough to fill 115 million Olympic-sized swimming pools. Hence it is essential to investigate the relationship between melting ice sheets and rising sea-level.Ocean survey-summer, 250 AXCTD probs, measure the temperature and saltiness of water around Greenland.Ice survey-spring, GLINSTIN-A radar, deployed to NASA’s G-III plane, the plane flies 80 lines over Greenland’s more than 200 glaciers to measure the heights of the glaciers.Importance:Advantage1.The speed of melting in Greenland is more than any other region, OMG can help togather a lot of primary and unique data, and also to create high resolution maps of the coast and continental shelf.2.Provide stakeholders up-to-date data, as it is the only project that investigate theinterconnection between sea level rising and melting ice sheets in Greenland currently.These data can be useful for decision makers to manage climate change and sea level rising.Limitation:1.The final aim is to apply the knowledge of Greenland ice melting to investigateAntarctica. However, Greenland ice is mostly above sea level, whereas Antarctica’s ice sheets are mainly below the sea level. These different distributions of ice may result the data collect in OMG become useless for Antarctica.2.OMG is very expensive, as this project used a lot of disposable advanced technology,such as about 250 AXCTD probs in summer, for measuring sea temperature each year.3.The project is very dangerous, for collecting data, aircraft for measuring need to travellike at a speed of 460 miles/hour on a two-line highway.4.There was no similar project in the past, OMG involves a lot of uncertainty, the sciencebehind the project is also not too clear, which means there is a chance that these data eventually can become meaningless.Ways for evaluation: The project achieve its aim or notLocal response：Mining NarsaqAim:Overview:Importance:Positive impactsSocial condition:1.The employment rate would increase and the general well-being of the Narsaqresidents can be improved. In recent years, many local fishing industries closed, the population of Narsaq also decreased 10% between 2009-2014 (according to BBC) mainly due to lack of job opportunity in Narsaq. The people who left over and did not have a job were generally heavily drinking and gambling all the time, However, currently, Greenland Minerals and Energy promises to provide 400-600 local jobs, which is around 40% of the population in Narsaq (1500 people village),2.Improve general well-being. Nar saq’s economy has historically been dependent onfishing, but due to global prices for cod, the local processing factory shut down in 2010, eliminating 100 jobs and Narsaq already facing high rates of suicide and economic difficulty. Between 2009-2014, Narsaq’s population decreased 10%, people who left behind and did not have job were generally heavily drinking and gambling all the time. However, currently, Greenland Minerals and Energy promises to provide 400-600 local jobs, which is around 40% of the population in Narsaq (1500 people village), which would significantly raise the employment rate, and very likely to reduces many of the metal problems brought by poor economic and unemployment.3.Bring world’s focus back again to Narsaq, as it pos sibly contains 50% of the rare earthminerals, make the local people feel a sense of pride, and less rely on Danish government.Economic activity:1.Mining can bring a lot of foreign workers to the town, and hence boost the averagepurchasing power in Narsaq, promote the local economic growth. For example Greenland Minerals and Energy is an Australian company, it brought many wealthy Australian engineers to Narsaq, these people could potentially spent money in Narsaq.In the new future, more and more foreign investments will come into Narsaq, it is expected more money would spend in Narsaq.2.Narsaq contains significant amount of minerals, worth $1.59 billions of dollars in 2018,once these minerals being excavated, it could help Narsaq become one of the richest regions in Greenland.Environmental:1.The mining process is environmental friendly. Large company such as GreenlandMinerals and Energy have spent much time to assure local residents that mining is safe, it also promised that it can take best environmental standards like Canada and France where also have uranium mining.Negative impactsSocial condition:1.Mining would cause huge “mental pollution”, currently Narsaq residents are heavilyrely on traditional way of living, such as travel by dogsled, subsistence fishing, and hunting deer. When mining started, local average temperature would increase, the rate of ice melting will increase, deer will be dying out and fish will travel further towards the heart of the Greenland, then local people would lose their traditional way of life, and force to find alternative way of living.Economic activity:1.Resources in Narsaq is finite, with mining becoming increasingly common on Narsaqin the past 5 years, it is likely that the scale of the mining will increase significantly in the near future. This could deplete Narsaq of resources by the end of the century, and if by the time Narsaq can not find alternative more sustainable method to create wealth, the local economy will break up quickly.Environmental:1.Mining degrades the landscape. Pollutants from the mining industry are resulting ina decline of biodiversity, including fish which is significant because fishing accountsfor 40% of Greenland’s exports. Greenland is also home to the world’s largest national park (North East Greenland National Park) and their pollutants for mining in Narsaq can degrade the landscape of the national park,Ways for evaluation: Sustainability-not sustainableUse of spatial technologyGLISTIN-A radar and AXCTD probes are all spatial technologies using in Greenland to record spatial data by NASA. NASA uses these technologies to measure sea temperature, saltiness, and height of glaciers by deploys probs into the sea, and uses radar to scan glaciers. Hence help to produce high resolution maps of the coast and continental shelf and could use them to analysis how Greenland itself contributes to sea level rising. In the future, NASA may also use these data to investigate melting glaciers and ice sheets in Antarctica.。
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Oceans
• The NRDC(美国自然资源保护委员会 )notes on its website that the melting Arctic ice caps could have an impact on the Earth‘s sea levels. As ice sheets （覆盖物）and glaciers（冰川）melt, oceans around the world rise. Rising sea levels could have a devastating（毁灭性的） impact on island nations and cities such as Shanghai that are at or near sea level.
Effects of melting
• ClimateResearch carried out by scientists at NASA(美国国 家航空航天局) shows that melting ice caps have an effect on the Earth's climate. The polar ice caps that cover the top and bottom of the Earth reflect sunlight into space. When the ice caps recede due to melting, the sunlight is absorbed by the ocean and land instead of being reflected back to space. As a result, the planet becomes warmer, more ice melts and the cycle repeats itself.
CAUSES
• geological changes
• seasonal changes
• global warming
geological changes
• The causes for these changes can be explained by Milankovitch Cycles. The cycles proposed by him take into account orbital shapes (eccentricity 偏心率), axial tilt轴倾角 (obliquity倾角), axial precession 岁差, apsidal precession and orbital inclination倾角.
Ecosystems
• The melting polar ice caps have a wide-ranging impact on ecosystems. Migratory（ 迁移的） animal species that depend on the Arctic as a place to feed and reproduce（繁殖） are negatively affected by a loss of sea ice. Species that are native to the Arctic, such as polar bears and seals, are particularly hard hit by sea ice reduction.
seasonal changes
• They are medium-term changes and they occur every year. Every year with the coming of the winter season, the ice caps begin to expand but they melt again with the coming of the summer seasons.
So please take into consideration what we have discussed, and try to do your part. After all, it will be our next generations that will feel and suffer from the effects.
• All these factors, when combined, affect the conditions on the planet in the long term and it causes ice ages at different times. During an ice age the ice caps increase in size and they retreat when an ice age ends. These changes occur over a period ranging from thousands to millions of years.
Adjust Your Thermostat [‘θɜrməʊstæt ] n.自动调温器, 温度调节装
置
Use Recycled Paper
Take Shorter Showers Install（安装） a Low-Flow Showerhead
Air Dry Your Clothes
Bring Cloth Bags to the Market...
polar ice cap polar ice cap melting
causes effects solutions
How do they form?
• At higher latitudes, the earth doesn’t receive much sunlight and, therefore the temperatures remain low for most part of the year, thus the water can’t remain in liquid form and it solidifies(使凝固) water turns into ice.In case of our own planet: the northern and the southern poles are where the ice caps are located.
Advices for individuals
There are many simple things you can do in your daily life — what you eat, what you drive, how you build your home — that can have an effect on your immediate surrounding . we can do many things to make a difference .
• The Ice Is Melting
• By BAN KI-MOON
• Published: September 17, 2009 New York Times
• Two weeks ago, I visited the Arctic. I saw the remains of a glacier that just a few years ago was a majestic(宏伟的) mass of ice. It had collapsed. Not slowly melted — collapsed. I traveled nine hours by ship from the world’s northernmost settlement to reach the polar ice rim. In just a few years, the same ship may be able to sail unimpeded（畅通无阻的） all the way to the North Pole. The Arctic could be virtually icefree by 2030.
Global Warming
There are many causes of the melting of the polar ice caps and global warming, some of which are natural. However, the activities of man are responsible for much of the rapid change that scientists are seeing. Humankind engages in a multitude of activities that have accelerated the process of global warming.
Extra Effort From Students
Recycle Educate Your Parents No Waste at School Meals Plant Trees Start a Club about Environmental Protection...
If everybody make a little change and contribution to prevent global warming, we would be doing a great thing.
• I was alarmed by the rapid pace of change there. Worse still, changes in the Arctic are now accelerating global warming. Thawing permafrost is releasing methane, a greenhouse gas 20 times more powerful than carbon dioxide. Melting ice in Greenland threatens to raise sea levels.