专八人文知识--语言学

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专八人文知识:语言学部分精选试题

专八人文知识:语言学部分精选试题

专八人文知识:语言学部分精选试题本文是根据最新专八考试大纲针对人文知识的要求,从语言学内容精选出的考前自测试题。

1.Which of the following statements about language is NOT true? A. Language is a system B. Language is symbolic1C. Animals also have languageD. Language is arbitrary2.Which of the following features is NOT one of the design features of language? A. Symbolic B. Dual2 C. Productive D. Arbitrary3.What is the most important function of language? A. Interpersonal B. Phatic C. Informative3 D. Metalingual4.Who put forward the distinction between Langue and Parole? A. Saussure B. Chomsky C. Halliday D. Anonymous45.According to Chomsky, which is the ideal user’s internalized knowledge of his language? A. competence5 B. parole C. performance D. langue6.The function of the sentence A nice day, isn’t it? is . A. informative B. phatic C. directive D. performative7.Articulatory phonetics mainly studies . A. the physical properties of the sounds produced in speech B. the perception of sounds C. the combination of sounds D. theproduction of sounds8.The distinction between vowels6 and consonants7 lies in . A. the place of articulation8 B. the obstruction9 of airstream C. the position of the tongue D. the shape of the lips9.Which is the branch of linguistics10 which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription? A. Phonetics B. Phonology C. Semantics D. Pragmatics10.Which studies the sound systems in a certain language? A. Phonetics B. Phonology C. Semantics D. Pragmatics11.Minimal11 pairs are used to . A. find the distinctive12 features of a language B. find the phonemes of a language C. compare two words D. find the allophones of languageually, suprasegmental features include,length and pitch. A. phoneme B. speech sounds C. syllables14 D. stress13.Which is an indispensable part of a syllable13? A. Coda B. Onset15 C. Stem D. Peak14.Which is the smallest unit of language in terms ofrelationship between expression and content? A. Word B. Morpheme C. Allomorph D. Root 15.Which studies the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed?A. MorphologyB. SyntaxC. PhonologyD. Semantics16.Lexeme is . A. a physically16 definable unit B. the common factor underlying17 a set of forms C. a grammatical unit D. an indefinable unit17.Which of the following sounds does not belong to the allomorphs of the English plural18 morpheme ? A. [s] B. [iz]C. [ai]D. [is]18.All words contain a . A. root morpheme B. bound morpheme C. prefix19 D. suffix2019.The relationship between fruit and apple is A. homonymy21 B. hyponymy C. polysemy D. synonymy20.The part of the grammar that represents a speaker’s knowledge of the structure of phrases and sentences is called .A. lexicon22B. morphologyC. syntaxD. semantics21.Which of the following items is not one of the grammatical categories of English pronouns? A. gender23 B. number C. case D. voice22.The pair of words lend and borrow are A. gradable opposites B. converse24 opposites C. co-hyponyms D. synonyms2523. Big and Small are a pair of opposites. A. complementary B. gradable C. complete D. converse24.According to C. Morris and R. Carnap, which is studies the relationship between symbols and their interpreters? A. syntax B. semantics C. pragmatics D. sociolinguistics25.There are deixis in the sentence she has sold it here yesterday. A. 3 B. 4 C. 5 D. 626.In the following conversation: - Beirut is in Peru, isn’t it? - And Rome is in Romania, I suppose. The second person violates the A. Quantity Maxim26 B. Quality Maxim C. Relation Maxim D. Manner Maxim27.The maxim of requires that a participant’s contribution be relevant to the conversation. A. quantity B. quality C. manner D. relationIt is symbolic of the fighting spirit of modern womanhood.它象征着现代妇女的战斗精神。

英语专八人文-最全语言学知识点

英语专八人文-最全语言学知识点

语言学* 现代语言学理论和学派1. Ferdinand de Saussure(1857-1913 瑞士):Father of modern linguistics 现代结构主义语言学创始人Course in General Linguistics《普通语言学教程》:由其学生- C. Bally & A. Sechehaye整理,现代语言学开端,19163 lines: linguistics, sociology and psychology 符号任意性理论;语言单位间的关系;语言和言语区分;共时和历时区分。

语言是符号系统。

符号是形式和意义的联合,即能指signifier和所指signified。

2. The Prague School布拉格学派:synchronic linguistics; Function1) 对语言的共时研究由于可得到全面可控的语言材料以供参考而被充分强调,同时,也没有严格理论;界限被竖立起来将之与历时语言研究相分离。

2) 强调语言的系统性这一本质属性。

3) 在某种意义上,把语言看作是一种功能,是一种有某一语言社团使用的,用来完成一系列基本职责和任务的工具。

~ Phonology and Phonological Oppositions(音位对位):Trubetzkoy–Phonetics belonged to parole whereas phonology belonged to langue. – phoneme~ Functional Sentence Perspective(FSP 句子功能前景):语言学分析理论用信息论原理来分析话语或篇章。

其基本原则就是一句话中各部分的作用取决于它对全局意义的贡献。

捷克语言学家- The point of departure is equally present to the speaker and to the hearer, which is their rallying point, the Theme.The goal of discourse presents the very information that is to be imparted to the hearer and is called the Rheme.3.The London School伦敦学派–systemic linguistics and functional linguistics Sociological approach1) J.R. Firth(1890-1960 英国):伦敦学派创始人; 学生-Malinowski & Halliday语言学的研究对象是实际使用中的语言。

专八人文知识语言学共30页

专八人文知识语言学共30页
4从任何源泉吸 收都不可耻。——阿卜·日·法拉兹
42、只有在人群中间,才能认识自 己。——德国
43、重复别人所说的话,只需要教育; 而要挑战别人所说的话,则需要头脑。—— 玛丽·佩蒂博恩·普尔
44、卓越的人一大优点是:在不利与艰 难的遭遇里百折不饶。——贝多芬
专八人文知识语言学
1、纪律是管理关系的形式。——阿法 纳西耶 夫 2、改革如果不讲纪律,就难以成功。
3、道德行为训练,不是通过语言影响 ,而是 让儿童 练习良 好道德 行为, 克服懒 惰、轻 率、不 守纪律 、颓废 等不良 行为。 4、学校没有纪律便如磨房里没有水。 ——夸 美纽斯
5、教导儿童服从真理、服从集体,养 成儿童 自觉的 纪律性 ,这是 儿童道 德教育 最重要 的部分 。—— 陈鹤琴

专八翻译及人文知识语言学

专八翻译及人文知识语言学

TEM-8翻译必备,英语专业的顶起来哦~作者:邱妍(1)把握大局:grasp the overall situation (2) 摆谱儿:put on airs;keep up appearances(3)白手起家:start from scratch (4)拜年:pay New Year call (5)班门弄斧:teach one's grand ma to suck eggs (5)保质期:guarantee period(6)报销:apply for reimbursement(7)爆冷门:produce an unexpected answer(8)曝光:make public(9)奔小康:strive for a relatively comforta ble life(10)闭门羹:given cold-shoulder(11)比上不足,比下有余:fall short of the best,but be better than the best(12)逼上梁山:be driven to drastic alternatives(13)变相涨价:dis guised inflation(14)边远贫困地区:outlying poverty-stricken areas(15)边缘知识人:Marginal intellectuals(16)表面文章:Lip service;surface formality(17) 博导:Ph.D supervisor(18)补发拖欠的养脑筋:Clear up pension payments in arrears(19)不眠之夜:white night(20)菜鸟:green hand(21)产品科技含量techn oligical element of a product(22)长江三角洲:Yangtze River de lta(23)长江中下游:the middle and lower reaches of Changjian g River(24)超前消费:pre-mature consumption(25)城镇居民最低生活保障:a minimum standard of living for residents(26)城镇职工医疗保险制度:the system of medical insurance for urban w orkers(27)重复建设:buiding redundant project;duplication of similar projects(28)充值卡:rechargeable card(29)春运:pas senger transport around the Chinese lunar new year(30)打破僵局:break the deadlock/stalemate(31)电脑盲:computer illiter ate(32)点球:penalty kick(33)电视会议:video conference(34)电视直销:TV home shopping(35)定向培训:training for specifi c posts(36)动感电影:multidimensional movie(37)豆腐渣工程:jerry-built projects(38)对...毫无顾忌:make no bones about(39)夺冠:take the crown(40)政治多元化:political pluralis m(41)服务行业:catering industry(42)复合型人才:inter-disci plinary talent(43)岗位培训:on-the-job training(44)高等教育自学考试:self-study higher education examination(45)高新技术产业开发区:high and new technological industrial develop ment zone(46)各大菜系:major styles of cooking(47)各行各业:every walk of life(48)功夫不负有心人:Everything comes t o him who waits(49)各尽其能:let each person do his best(50)公益活动:public welfare activities(51)工薪阶层:state emplo yee;salaried person(52)过犹不及:going too far ia as bad asnot going far enough(53)函授大学:correspondence university(54)好莱坞大片:Hollywood blockbuster(55)核心竞争力:core competitiveness(56)虎父无犬子:A wise goose never lays a tam e leg(57)基本国情:fundamental realities of the country(58)激烈竞争:cut-throat competition(59)极限运动:maximal exerci se/X-games(60)集中精力把经济建设搞上去:go all out for econom ic development(61)加班:work extra shifts(62)嘉宾:distingui shed/honored guest(63)加快市场步伐:quicken the pace of mark etization(64)假冒伪劣产品:counterfeit and shoddy products(65)减负:alleviate burdens on sb(66)江南水乡:the south o f the lower reaches of the Yangtze River(67)教书育人:impart knowledge and educate people(68)脚踏实地:be down-to-earth(69)解除劳动关系:sever labor relations(70)扩大内需:expan d domestic demand(71)拉拉队:cheering squad(72)论文答辩:(t hesis)oral defence(73)马到成功:achieve immediate victory(7 4)三维电影/动画片:three-dimensional movie/animation(75)森林覆盖率:forest coverage(76)社会保险机构:social security ins titutions(77)社会热点问题:hot spots of society(78)社会治安情况:law-and-order situation(79)申办城市:the bidding citie s(80):身体素质:physical constitution(81)生计问题:bread-and-butter issue(82)生意兴隆:business flourishes(82)市场疲软:sluggish market(83)市政工程:municipal works/engineeri ng(84)事业单位:public institution(85)试用期:probationar y period(86)首创精神:pioneering spirit(87)手机充值:cellul ar phone replenishing(88)台湾同胞:Taiwan compatriots(89)脱贫致富:cast off poverty and set out on a road to prosperity(90)西部大开发:Development of the West Regions(91)新秀:u p-and-coming star(92)学生处:students' affairs division(9 3)舆论导向:direction of public opinion(94)招生就业指导办公事:enrolment and vocation guidance office(95)支柱产业:pill ar conerstone industry(96)中专生:secondary specialized or t echnical school student(97)专题报道:special coverage(98)《阿Q正传》:The True Story of Ah Q(99)《春秋》:Spring and A utumn Annals(100)知识产权:intellectual property rights重要概念梳理CNU 张旭 ZX第一节语言的本质一、语言的普遍特征(Design Features)1.任意性 Arbitratriness:shu 和Tree都能表示“树”这一概念;同样的声音,各国不同的表达方式2.双层结构Duality:语言由声音结构和意义结构组成(the structure of sounds andmeaning)3.多产性productive:语言可以理解并创造无限数量的新句子,是由双层结构造成的结果(Understand and create unlimited number with sentences)4.移位性 Displacemennt:可以表达许多不在场的东西,如过去的经历、将来可能发生的事情,或者表达根本不存在的东西等5.文化传播性 Cultural Transmission:语言需要后天在特定文化环境中掌握二、语言的功能(Functions of Language)1. 1. 传达信息功能 Informative:最主要功能The main function2. 2. 人际功能 Interpersonal:人类在社会中建立并维持各自地位的功能establishand maintain their identity3. 3. 行事功能 performative:现实应用——判刑、咒语、为船命名等Judge,naming,and curses4. 4. 表情功能 Emotive:表达强烈情感的语言,如感叹词/句exclamatory expressions5. 5. 寒暄功能 Phatic:应酬话phatic language,比如“吃了没?”“天儿真好啊!” 等等6. 6. 元语言功能 Metalingual:用语言来谈论、改变语言本身,如book可以指现实中的书也可以用“book这个词来表达作为语言单位的“书”三、语言学的分支1. 核心语言学 Core linguisticl 语音学 Phonetics:关注语音的产生、传播和接受过程,着重考察人类语言中的单音。

英语专八人文知识之语言学(详细简化版)

英语专八人文知识之语言学(详细简化版)

专八加油↖(^ω^)↗语言学(缩略版)1 语言的四个特征:任意性(Arbitrariness),二重性(Duality),创造性(Creativity),移位性(Displacement)2 语言的七个功能:信息功能(Informative),人际功能(Interpersonal Function),施为功能(Performative),感情功能(Emotive Function),寒暄功能(Phatic Communion),娱乐功能(Recreation Function)元语言功能(Metalingual Function)3 语言学的主要分支:语音学(Phonetics),音系学(Phonology)形态学(Morphology),句法学(Syntax),语义学(Semantics),语用学(Pragmatics),4 宏观语言学(Macrolinguistics)的分支:心理语言学(Psycholinguistics),社会语言学(Sociolinguistics),人类语言学(Anthropological Linguistics,计算机语言学(Computational linguistics)5 规定式(Prescriptive)---描述事情应该是怎样的(describe how things ought to be)描写式(Descriptive)---描述事情本是怎样的(describe how thing are)6 共时研究(Synchronic)---以某个特定时期的语言为研究对象(takes a fixed instant as its point of observation)历时研究(Diachronic)---研究语言各个阶段的发展变化(Study of a language through the course of its history)7 语言(Langue)---说话者的语言能力(the linguistic competence of the speaker)言语(Parole)---语言的实际现象或语料(the actual phenomena or data of linguistic)----索绪尔(Saussure)区分8 语言能力(Competence)---理想语言使用者关于语言的知识储备(underlying knowledge)语言运用(Performance)---真实的语言使用者在实际场景中语言的使用(Actual use ofLanguage)----乔姆斯基(Chomsk)区分9 语音学主要分支:发音语言学(Articulatory Phonetics),声学语言学(Acoustic Phonetics)。

英语专八人文常识 语言学

英语专八人文常识 语言学

词义演变(Semantic Change)
1. widening of meaning/generalization(词义扩大) 2. narrowing of meaning/specialization(词义缩小) 3. meaning shift(词义转移):
degradation(词义降格)
creativity(多产性)
displacement(移位性) interchangibility(可交替性)
cultural transmission(文化传输性)
2. prescriptive and descriptive(规定性和描述性研究) synchronic and diachronic(共时与历时研究) 3. competence and performance(语言能力与应用) 4. langue and parole (语言与言语)
语义学(Semantics)
2. semantic triangle(语义三角)
3. synonymy(同义关系) 4. antonymy(反义关系) 5. hyponymy(上下义关系) 6. polysemy(一词多义) 7. homonymy(同形/同音异义关系)
1. Leech’s seven types of meaning(利奇的七种意义)
1. Context(语境) 2. Speech Act Theory(言语行为理论): a) John Austin: Locutionary act(言内行为) Illocutionary act(言外行为) Perlocutionary act(言后行为) indirect speech act b) John Searle: representatives(阐述类) directives(指令类) commissives (承诺类) expressives(表达类) declarations(宣一、对知名的语言学家及其基本理论的重点考查

专八人文知识:语言学部分精选试题(附答案)

专八人文知识:语言学部分精选试题(附答案)

专八人文知识:语言学部分精选试题(附答案)专八人文知识:语言学部分精选试题本文是根据最新专八考试大纲针对人文知识的要求,从语言学内容精选出的考前自测试题。

1.Which of the following statements about language is NOT true?A. Language is a systemB. Language is symbolicC. Animals also have languageD. Language is arbitrary2.Which of the following features is NOT one of the design features of language?A. SymbolicB. DualC. ProductiveD. Arbitrary3.What is the most important function of language?A. InterpersonalB. PhaticC. InformativeD. Metalingual4.Who put forward the distinction between Langue and Parole?A. SaussureB. ChomskyC. HallidayD. Anonymous5.According to Chomsky, which is the ideal user's internalized knowledge of his language?A. competenceB. paroleC. performanceD. langue6.The function of the sentence "A nice day, isn't it?" is .A. informativeB. phaticC. directiveD. performative7.Articulatory phonetics mainly studies .A. the physical properties of the sounds produced in speechB. the perception of soundsC. the combination of soundsD. the production of sounds8.The distinction between vowels and consonants lies in .A. the place of articulationB. the obstruction of airstreamC. the position of the tongueD. the shape of the lips9.Which is the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription?A. PhoneticsB. PhonologyC. SemanticsD. Pragmatics10.Which studies the sound systems in a certain language?A. PhoneticsB. PhonologyC. SemanticsD. Pragmatics11.Minimal pairs are used to .A. find the distinctive features of a languageB. find the phonemes of a languageC. compare two wordsD. find the allophones of language/doc/5b8851066.html,ually, suprasegmental features include,length and pitch.A. phonemeB. speech soundsC. syllablesD. stress13.Which is an indispensable part of a syllable?A. CodaB. OnsetC. StemD. Peak14.Which is the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content?A. WordB. MorphemeC. AllomorphD. Root15.Which studies the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed?A. MorphologyB. SyntaxC. PhonologyD. Semantics16.Lexeme is .A. a physically definable unitB. the common factor underlying a set of formsC. a grammatical unitD. an indefinable unit17.Which of the following sounds does not belong to the allomorphs of the English plural morpheme ?A. [s]B. [iz]C. [ai]D. [is]18.All words contain a .A. root morphemeB. bound morphemeC. prefixD. suffix19.The relationship between "fruit" and "apple" isA. homonymyB. hyponymyC. polysemyD. synonymy20.The part of the grammar that represents a speaker's knowledge of the structure of phrases and sentences is called .A. lexiconB. morphologyC. syntaxD. semantics21.Which of the following items is not one of the grammatical categories of English pronouns?A. genderB. numberC. caseD. voice22.The pair of words "lend" and "borrow" areA. gradable oppositesB. relational oppositesC. co-hyponymsD. synonyms23."Big" and "Small" are a pair of opposites.A. complementaryB. gradableC. completeD. converse24.In the following conversation:- Beirut is in Peru, isn't it?- And Rome is in Romania, I suppose.The second person violates theA. Quantity MaximB. Quality MaximC. Relation MaximD. Manner Maxim25.The maxim of requires that a participant's contribution be relevant to the conversation.A. quantityB. qualityC. mannerD. relationCACAA, BDBAB, BDDBA, BCABC,DBBBD。

专八考试知识语言学部分

专八考试知识语言学部分
语素morpheme的定义:the smallest meaningful unit of language.
语素可以分为自由语素free morpheme 和粘着语素bound morpheme. 自由语素可以单独出现或单独构成词语,比如 pleasant, cell. 粘着语素必须与其他语素一起出现,不能独立成词,比如 dis- ex- con-
上下义:例如animal-the pole bear, kangaroo, crocodile。其中animal是上义词super ordinate, 剩下的词叫下义词 hyponyms.
句子之间的语义关系semantic relations between sentences 有以下几种:1、蕴含entailment 例如:A.他去了中国。B.他去了亚洲。A蕴含于B。A entails B. 判断方法:A真B真,B假A假,A假B不一定,B真A不一定。 2.、预设 presupposition 例如:A.我的自行车需要修理。B.我有自行车。A预设于B。A presupposes B. 判断方法:其中的一个句子以另一个为前提条件。A真B真,A假B还真。
is called ______. (2008) A. hyponymy. B. synonymy. C. polysemy. D. homonymy. 考点:考察词汇之间的涵义关系sense relations.
记忆:涵义关系有5个:同义关系synonymy, 反义关系antonymy, 一词多义
①① 语用学 1. The speech act theory was first put forward by ______. (2005) 2. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is the notion of
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第一章概述一、什么是语言?1.Definition of language (语言的定义)Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.(语言是人类用来交流的一套具有任意性的声音符号系统。

)2.Design/distinctive feature of language(语言的定义/本质特征)1)2)3)4)(移位性指语言可以让使用者谈论不在说话之时、说话之地存在的物体、事件和观点)例如:我们在中国可以谈论美国的物体和事件。

5)Cultural transmission(文化传播/文化传递性)Language is passed on from generation to generation through teaching and learning rather than instinct.(文化传播指语言是靠文化传播的,而不是靠父母遗传。

虽然人类的语言能力是天生的,但是语言系统的细节不是靠遗传传递,而是靠学习掌握的。

)二、什么是语言学?Linguistics is a scientific study of language.(语言学是对语言的科学研究)语言学的研究对象不是某特定的语种,而是人类所有的语言,在考察分析大量语言现象的基础上总结语言规律。

语言学家想要回答的基本问题是:什么是语言?语言的机制是什么?人们是如何使用语言实现各种目的的。

三、语言学的重要概念1.descriptive vs. prescriptive(描述性与规定性)描述性研究是现代语言学家采取的基本立场,注重观察分析语言中的事实,目的通常是描述人们一般是怎么说话、写作的。

规定性研究注意总结语言中的标准,目的通常是规定人们应该如何说话、写作。

例如:规定只能用单数、复数2.synchronic vs. diachronic(共时性与历时性)synchronic: the study of a language through the course of its history(共时研究以某个特定时期的语言为研究对象)例如:莎士比亚时代语言研究diachronic: takes a fixed instant as its point of observation(历时研究则研究语言各个阶段的发展变化,研究语言的历史发展规律)ngue vs. parole(语言与言语)该区分是现代语言学鼻祖Saussure提出的。

着重从社会的角度来研究语言。

langue: abstract linguistic system(语言指某个语言区域所有成员共享的抽象的语言体系,是一个相对比较稳定的整体)parole: actual realization of langue(言语指某个个体在实际语言使用环境中说出的具体话语,是随时间、地点变化的、偶然性很大的实体)petence vs. performance(语言能力与语言运用)这个是由转换生成语法的创始人Chomsky提出的一对概念。

着重从语言使用者的知识构成来看待语言。

competence: user’s knowledge of rules about the linguistic system(语言能力指理想语言使用者关于语言规则的知识储备)performance: the actual realization of this knowledge in concrete situations(语言运用指真实的语言使用者在实际场景中的语言使用)四、语言学的研究范围按研究范围分为microlinguistics(微观语言学)和macrolinguistics(宏观语言学)微观语言学:研究语言内部的问题宏观语言学:研究语言与外部世界的关系五、语言学的分支语言学家通常从语音、词汇、句法、意义等层面研究,于是就有了普通语言学的各个主要分支。

1.phonetics(语音学)Phonetics studies how speech sounds are articulated, transmitted and received.(语音学是研究语言语音的学科,包括语言的产生,也就是研究语言语音实际上是如何发出、传播与接收的。

)2.phonology(音系学)Phonology studies the rules governing the structure, distribution, and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables.(音位学研究语音如何排列并在交际中使用,研究支配语音结构、分布的规则,以及语音序列和音节形成的规则,是语言学研究语音系统的分支。

)phonetics与phonology的区别:meaning(是否研究和表达意义有关的语音)3.morphology(形态学)1)定义:Morphology is concerned with the internal organization of words. It studies theminimal units of meaning—morphemes and word-formation processes.简单定义:a study of word-formation(构词)(形态学是研究词素以及构词过程的学科。

它研究识别意义的最小单位—词素,并研究词素组合成词的方式。

)2)基本概念:词素morpheme: the most basic element of meaning in language3)词素的分类:free morphemes vs. bound morphemes(自由语素和粘附语素)Free morphemes: those that may constitute words by themselves.(可以独立成词的)例如:boy,girl,table,nationBound morphemes: those that can’t occur alone例如:dis-,un-,-s粘附语素的分类:Derivational morpheme vs. Inflectional morpheme(派生语素和屈折语素)Derivational morpheme: change the lexical meaning(改变词汇的意义)例如:改变词义:dis- /un-/multi-/micro-改变词性:en-/-full/-mentInflectional morpheme: change the grammatical meaning(改变语法的意义)例如:改变名词的性,数,格:-ess/-s改变动词的时,态,体:-ing/-ed改变形容词的级:-re/-est4)词的构成方法compounding(合成)deviation(派生)conversion(转化)合成词就是由两个自由语素组成的词例如:landlady greenhouse uplift等5)词的分类按功能分:语法词和词汇词按开放与否分:open class words(开放词类)和closed class words(封闭词类)按重要性:主要词类和次要词类4.syntax(句法学)1)定义:Syntax is about the combination of words into phrases, clauses and sentences. (astudy of sentence-formation)(句法学是研究词语如何组成句子及支配句子结构的规则的学科[句法学研究句子的构成]。

)2)句子分类simple sentence(简单句)coordinate sentence/compound sentence(并列句)complex sentence(复杂句)区分三种句子的方法:看连词并列句(and, or ,but)复杂句(if, when, because, though)5.semantics(语义学)1)定义:Semantics studies how meaning is encoded in a language.(语义学是研究语言的意义的学科。

)2)基本概念:reference(指称):how language refers to the real physical word(语言指代外部物质世界)sense(涵义):inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is abstract and themeaning dictionary compliers are interested in.(语言形式的内在意义)例如:狗的sense就是犬类的哺乳动物;reference就是白、黑、花狗3)五种语义关系:sense relationa)Synonymy(同义):sameness or similarity of meaning. Words that are close in meaning arecalled synonyms.dialectical synonym(地域同义):秋天,美国称之为fall,英国称之为autumnstylistic synonym(风格同义):警察有很多说法,例如:police, copcollocational synonym(搭配同义词):accuse of; charge with; rebuke foremotive synonym(情感同义):accomplice和collaborator; statesman和politiciansemantically different synonym(语义稍有不同的同义):surprise和astonish;blame和rebukeb)hyponymy(上下义)上义词hypernym(animal)下义词hyponym(dog)c)antonymy(反义)等级反义gradable antonymy(young, old)互补反义complementary antonymy (live, dead)反向反义converse antonymy (buy, sell)d)polysemy(一次多义)e)homonymy(同音/同形词)例如:ball—球;ball—舞会*如何区分同音同形和一词多义如果一个词有多重意义,看这些意义之间有无关系。

有关系的是一词多义,无关系的是同音/同形异义词。

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