国外认知心理学课件5-CH 10

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Perceiving Words
phonemes shortest segment of speech (e.g. /b/,/i/,/t/) change it and the meaning of the word changes (e.g. bit..bat..sat..sad) morphemes smallest unit of meaning (e.g. hat)
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Consistency across levels
•l •could be l or I or 1 •lo •could be lo or Io or 10 •lof •now you’re sure it was an L; consistent within the level of letters •i slept in the lof •LOF didn’t make sense as a word until you popped up the hierarchy to the level of sentences, and stories, and that helped you fill in the final letter
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How to Parse?
syntax first approach: grammatical structure determines parsing late closure - each new word is considered part of last phrase Because he always jogs a mile seems like a short distance to him. The student knew the answer to the question was wrong. garden path sentence
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How to Parse?
interactionist approach: both syntactic and semantic information used as we read the sentence Tanenhaus et. al (1995) Put the apple on the towel in the box. eye movement data tells us about the thought process within context
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Humans were made to want to communicate
Michael Tomasello -The Cultural Origins of Human Cognition Human infants, from early on, always try to share attention with other humans. The only animals other than humans that truly want to share attention with others, are dogs Monkeys can follow you pointing, they can produce complex team behavior, but they do not have the need to share attention like humans (or dogs) "People’s need to communicate is so powerful that when deaf children find themselves in an environment where there are no people who speak or use sign language, they invent a sign language themselves" - GoldinMeadow
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Understanding Words
Properties context effect: less time to process sentence that ‘flows’ lexical ambiguity: context clears up ambiguous words lasts about 200 ms (lexical priming)
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Syntax and Semantics
semantics = meaning syntax = rules/structure/grammar
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What does it all mean?
parsing: mental grouping of words in a sentence into phrases syntactic ambiguity: structure interpreted multiple ways ‘the spy saw the man with the binoculars’
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Biology
where is more important than how prewired Broca’s = next to motor cortex for vocal control Wernicke’s = close to auditory cortex for comprehension
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Hierarchies!
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Hierarchy in language
letters phonemes words sentences paragraphs documents
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Psycholinguistics
Skinner (1957) everything is reinforcement, including language “say ma-ma” : “ma-ma” : “good girl!” Chomsky (1959) its all in the genes ‘poverty of the stimulus’ but... Perfors & Tanenbaum (2007) not arbitrary set of rules (MDL, Bayesian)
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Humans were made to want to communicate
5000 different languages across cultures children begin to communicate very early on (first 2 years of life) all languages share commonalities (nouns and verbs, rules)
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Importance of communication
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What is it?
‘system of communication using sounds or symbols that enables us to express our feelings, thoughts, ideas, and experiences’
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Understanding Words
Properties word $equency effect: respond more rapidly to highfrequency words that to low frequency words lexical decision task - is it a word or not? look at less frequent words longer surprise!
Language
Part 1 Chapter 10 03/24/09
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McGurk
http://www.media.uio.no/personer/arntm/ McGurk_large.mov
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Topics
Why language? Perceiving words Understanding words and sentences
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Perceiving Words
Properties phonemic restoration effect: ‘fill in’ missing phonemes based on context of sentence and portion of word speech segmentation: although speech signal is continuous we have no problem saying where word boundaries are Context is key!
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Cognitive Science Journal
174 language 167 memory 82 perception 86 attention 52 decision making
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Why Language?
Makes us uniquely human efficient mode of communicating information "Humans are the Informavores Rex of the current era.”— Peter Pirolli ‘we pick up, carry, process, filter, mutate, and transfer information all throughout our lives’
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Evolutionarily Necessary
• Patrick Grim: Evolution of Communication • Constructed a matrix of individuals; each individual has input/output states: • Input States: may be hurt by predator or fed by foபைடு நூலகம்d, may hear sound 1 or sound 2 • Outputs/Actions: may open its mouth to feed, may hide from predator, may make sound 1 or sound 2 • Based on this, there are 81 possible strategies (e.g never make a sound, but open your mouth when a neighbor makes sound 1, hide when hear sound 2) • a perfect communicator would respond by hiding to the same sound as it would make if it was hurt, and respond by opening its mouth to the same sound as it would make if it was fed