Actions of SL(n,Z) on homology spheres
(完整版)药学英语第五版原文翻译
Introduction to PhysiologyIntroductionPhysiology is the study of the functions of living matter. It is concerned with how an organism performs its varied activities: how it feeds, how it moves, how it adapts to changing circumstances, how it spawns new generations. The subject is vast and embraces the whole of life. The success of physiology in explaining how organisms perform their daily tasks is based on the notion that they are intricate and exquisite machines whose operation is governed by the laws of physics and chemistry.Although some processes are similar across the whole spectrum of biology—the replication of the genetic code for or example—many are specific to particular groups of organisms. For this reason it is necessary to divide the subject into various parts such as bacterial physiology, plant physiology, and animal physiology.To study how an animal works it is first necessary to know how it is built. A full appreciation of the physiology of an organism must therefore be based on a sound knowledge of its anatomy. Experiments can then be carried out to establish how particular parts perform their functions. Although there have been many important physiological investigations on human volunteers, the need for precise control over the experimental conditions has meant that much of our present physiological knowledge has been derived from studies on other animals such as frogs, rabbits, cats, and dogs. When it is clear that a specific physiological process has a common basis in a wide variety of animal species, it is reasonable to assume that the same principles will apply to humans. The knowledge gained from this approach has given us a great insight into human physiology and endowed us with a solid foundation for the effective treatment of many diseases.The building blocks of the body are the cells, which are grouped together to form tissues. The principal types of tissue are epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscular, each with its own characteristics. Many connective tissues have relatively few cells but have an extensive extracellular matrix. In contrast, smooth muscle consists of densely packed layers of muscle cells linked together via specific cell junctions. Organs such as the brain, the heart, the lungs, the intestines, and the liver are formed by the aggregation of different kinds of tissues. The organs are themselves parts of distinct physiological systems. The heart and blood vessels form the cardiovascular system; the lungs, trachea, and bronchi together with the chest wall and diaphragm form the respiratory system; the skeleton and skeletal muscles form the musculoskeletal system; the brain, spinal cord, autonomic nerves and ganglia, and peripheral somatic nerves form the nervous system, and so on.Cells differ widely in form and function but they all have certain common characteristics. Firstly, they are bounded by a limiting membrane, the plasma membrane. Secondly, they have the ability to break down large molecules to smaller ones to liberate energy for their activities.生理学简介介绍生理学是研究生物体功能的科学。
ActivityTheory活动理论
多重声音思想
多重声音思想认为各种不同观点的话语都要被融合接纳与利用， 而在传统的课堂中，一切学习活动目标与过程都已经被预先设定， 难以倾听学习者的多重声音，难以考虑学习者的不同差异，无法包 含多种持有不同理解、不同观点的主体与共同体，也就无法相互争 论、协商与融合。活动理论关注的不是知识传递，而是人们参与的 学习活动的过程，所以应该充分给予学生表达自己观点的机会，并 且构建课程学习活动共同体，建立教师之间、师生之间、学生之间 互助的学习共同体，通过沟通学习的模式，分享经验、表达观点， 促进多元声音融合。
理解：在拓展性学习中，学习者所学习的知识时并不是固定的， 先前就已经存在的，而是学习者通过集体活动，一边创造知识一 边学习知识，随后再将习得的知识运用于实践。这与一般意义上 的学习是有较大差别的。一般我们所说的学习的知识是比较固定 的，并且已经被他人证明过是正确且合理的。而拓展性学习主要 是探索“未知领域”，根据自己的实践总结出知识并学习。比如 说，陶行知先生所提出的“生活教育”就提倡拓展性学习。
举例：
在课堂中，老师正在讲解新课，突然有两个学生发生了争执。在 这种情况下，学生的争执就是进入课堂教学这个活动系统的新因素， 打破了原先正常教学的“平衡”，产生了矛盾。这时，活动系统就 因为这个矛盾而发生变化，从先前的讲课活动转化为处理学生争执 的活动。
媒介工具
从活动理论看，工具是学 习者和学习内容的中介，是学 习内容的制品，工具改变学习 活动中知识传递、呈现、处理 等的方式。工具是支持活动开 展的条件，在活动中使用媒介 工具，不仅使学习者获取知识， 也能培养他们的思维方式和价 值观念。如电化教学，慕课等 的推广，不仅帮助学生获取记 忆知识，而且也能使他们意识 到科技在生活中的作用。
拓展性学习
高三英语人类学研究单选题40题
高三英语人类学研究单选题40题1.Anthropology is the study of human beings in all aspects including their biology, culture and history. What is the main method used in anthropology?A.ExperimentationB.ObservationC.Hypothesis testingD.Mathematical modeling答案：B。
本题主要考查人类学的研究方法。
选项A“Experimentation”实验法在自然科学中常用，但人类学主要采用观察法。
选项B“Observation”观察法是人类学研究人类行为和文化的主要方法之一。
选项C“Hypothesis testing”假设检验在某些科学研究中会用到，但不是人类学的主要方法。
选项D“Mathematical modeling”数学建模在一些定量研究中使用，但不是人类学常用方法。
2.Which of the following is NOT a branch of anthropology?A.Physical anthropologyB.Cultural anthropologyC.Social anthropologyD.Biological chemistry答案：D。
本题考查人类学的分支。
选项A“Physical anthropology”体质人类学、选项B“Cultural anthropology”文化人类学、选项C“Social anthropology”社会人类学都是人类学的重要分支。
选项D“Biological chemistry”生物化学不属于人类学分支。
3.In anthropology, the study of human languages is called?A.LinguisticsB.SociolinguisticsC.Anthropological linguisticsD.Psycholinguistics答案：C。
TPO11阅读(1)(2)(3)整理
学生名字：贺泽华做题日期：7/12/2015做题耗时：19min篇章套数：TPO11（1）错第____6、11、13________题共____14___ 题，错__3___道。
问题总览：写出错题题型、错题原因、相应题型答题步骤1.第6题，错选D。
修辞目的题。
向前找论点时理解错误。
答题步骤：读题干，读懂原段中信息所在句，找论点（先往前2.第11题，错选A。
词汇题。
看太快，将imagine看为image（图像）。
3.第13题，错选C。
插句题。
句意上成立，但没有表现出“in fact”的转折关系。
答题步骤：读懂插入句，判断（指代关系、逻辑、总分），读原文（从第一黑框前一句到最后黑框后一句）段落大意：1.古埃及艺术创作的原因和意义2.古埃及雕塑和建筑的几何意义3.雕塑的材料和其作用4.雕塑在生活中的用处生词：Squat v.蹲n.蹲坐Pegged v.（用钉子）固定学生名字：贺泽华做题日期：7/12/2015做题耗时：16min篇章套数：TPO11（2）错第____3、6、14________题共____14___ 题，错__3___道。
问题总览：写出错题题型、错题原因、相应题型答题步骤1.第3题，错选B。
复述题。
B项没有讲关于有云时的情况。
答题步骤：精读原句、找出主干，读选项，看选项是否符合原句主干意思，检查选项（修饰的正确性，宁缺毋滥）句子翻译：他于是将星椋鸟关在笼子里做实验，然后发现了它们飞行的方向。
事实上，它们有一定的迁移方向，除了天空都是云的时候，因为这个时候会使它们骚动不安，活动就没有了清楚的方向。
2.第6题，错选A。
细节题。
A选项在文中有对应，但是与问题的题干无关。
答题步骤：看题干，在原文定位，读一片信息（上下文），找选项（在原文中有对应并且符合题干）3.第14题，错选ACE，归总题。
E选项在文中没有说，属于自己yy（忘了怎么yy出来的）。
答题步骤：读题干，看全文，选出可以概括段落大意的选项，且要与文意符合，不能选细节。
支序系统学的原理和方法
Character states(性状状态） = one of two or more forms of a character (e.g., “red,” “white”).
类群是分类上一类生物的集合，可以是科、属、种或者其它阶元， 在一个已知分类系统中都有相应的阶元位置，具有容易识别的共同 性状。
Character（性状） = a feature or attribute of a taxon (e.g., “petal color”)
性状是生物体在形态、行为、生理、生态、遗传、生化等多方面的 表现，是一个或者一群生物体可以观察到或通过实验得到的属性。
☆An outgroup is closely related, but not part of the group being examined (the ingroup).
☆ If a character is found in both the study group and the outgroup, it is considered ancestral for the study group.
1. 化石顺序：较早地层中的化石具有的特征一般比较晚地层 中的化石特征更为祖态。
2. 外类群比较：所谓外类群就是研究的类群（内群）关系较 近但一般相对古老的生物类群。它们往往具有更多的祖征。 因此，将某一特征与其比较后可得到演化的极向。
Polarity is determined by using outgroup comparison.
the spheres of living阅读理解
the spheres of living阅读理解This article is selected from Feng Yu-Lan's A Short History of Chinese Philosophy, aiming to discuss the function of traditional Chinese philosophy from the perspective of living spheres.The Spheres of Living人生的境界What is the function of philosophy? In chapter one I suggested that, according to Chinese philosophical tradition, its function is not the increase of positive knowledge of matters of fact, but the elevation of the mind. Here it would seem well to explain more clearly what I mean by this statement.哲学的任务是什么？在第一章里我说，按照中国哲学的传统，哲学的任务不是为了人对客观实际增加正面的知识，而是为了提高人的心智。
这里正是对这句话加以说明的一个好机会。
In my book, The New Treatise on the Nature of Man, I have observed that man differs from other animals in that when he does something, he understands what he is doing, and is conscious that he is doing it. It is this understanding and self-consciousness that give significance for him to what he is doing. The various significance that thus attaches to his various acts, in their totality, constitute what I call his sphere of living. Different men may do the same things, but according to their different degrees of understanding and self-consciousness, these things may have varying significance to them. Every individual has hisown sphere of living, which is not quite the same as that of any other individual. Yet in spite of these individual differences, we can classify the various spheres of living into four general grades. Beginning with the lowest, they are: the innocent sphere, the utilitarian sphere, the moral sphere, and the transcendent sphere.在我所著《新原人》（人性新论）里，我说过自己的看法：人与其他动物不同，在于当他做什么事时，他知道自己在做的是什么事，并且自己意识到，是在做这件事。
William_jennings_bryan全文
The second time(1900) :approved anti-imperialism(反帝国主义) McKinley won the electoral college with a count of 292 votes compared to Bryan's 155.
The third time (1913):He lost the electoral college 321 to 162, his worst defeat yet.
Fundamentalism :a religious movement of conservative Protestants in the U.S.A. in the early 1920s;
Its purpose : to maintain the traditional Christian view of the Bible and to assert the literal interpretation of the Biblical narrative
Three times of Presidential election
In1896,at the age of 36, Bryan became (and still remains) the youngest presidential nominee of a major party in American history.
politician—democrat， the 41st United States Secretary of State
one of the best known orators
a Presbyterian(长老教会员)t(禁酒主义者)
代数拓扑学习题(英文)
(b) X is the graph which is the suspension of n points and f is the suspension of a
cyclic permutation of the n points.
cylinder Mf is a CW complex. [The technique of cellular approximation described in §4.1 can be applied to show that the cellularity hypothesis can be dropped.]
3. Show that the n skeleton of the simplex ∆k has the homotopy type of a wedge
sum of
k n+1
n spheres.
Section 1.1.
1. If x0 and x1 are two points in the same path component of X , construct a bijection between the set of homotopy classes of paths from x0 to x1 and π1(X, x0) .
9. (a) Show that a finite CW complex, or more generally one with a finite 1 skeleton,
has finitely generated fundamental group.
(b) Show that a map f : X→Y with X compact and Y a CW complex cannot induce an
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1 0 0 0
0 0 0 1
0 0 1 0
This notation is unconventional, but it will simplify matrix multiplication by reducing it to the standard procedure of multiplying permutations. Also, let I and −I be the identity matrix and the negative identity matrix respectively.
1
Introduction
In this paper, we study the actions of SL(n, Z) on spheres and, more generally, actions on homology spheres. The group SL(n, Z) acts on the (n − 1)dimensional sphere via the linear action on vectors in Rn . This action is minimal in the following sense. Theorem 1.1. Any continuous action of SL(n, Z), where n > 2, on a r dimensional mod 2 homology sphere factors through a finite group action if r < n − 1. Since all spheres are mod 2 homology spheres, any continuous action of SL(n + 2, Z) on a n-dimensional sphere factors through a finite group action. This result supports the following conjecture of Farb and Shalen (see [FS]). Conjecture. Any smooth action of a finite-index subgroup of SL(n, Z), where n > 2, on a r -dimensional compact manifold factors through a finite group action if r < n − 1. This conjecture is an analogue of a special case of one of the central conjectures in the Zimmer program (see [Zi]). Theorem 1.1 may also be viewed as a (partial) generalization of Witte’s theorem in [Wi]. 1
arXiv:math/0504189v1 [math.GT] 10 Apr 2005
Actions of SL(n, Z) on homology spheres
Kamlesh Parwani January 25, 2004.
Abstract Any continuous action of SL(n, Z), where n > 2, on a r -dimensional mod 2 homology sphere factors through a finite group action if r < n − 1. In particular, any continuous action of SL(n + 2, Z) on the n-dimensional sphere factors through a finite group action.
2
For example, we have the following −1 0 0
matrices in SL(4, Z). 0 0 , (1, 2)(3, 4) = 0 1
0 1 0 0
2
Almost simple groups and SL(n, Z)
Definition 2.1. An element g in a group G is central if g commutes with every element in G. A subgroup H of the group G is central if every element of H is central. Also let Z denote the center, the subgroup of all central elements. It will be clear from the context what is meant by Z . For example, G1 /Z and G2 /Z are factor groups obtained when the groups G1 and G2 are quotiented by their respective centers. Definition 2.2. A group G is almost simple if every normal subgroup is either finite and central, or has finite index in G. The Margulis normal subgroups theorem (see [Mg]) asserts that an irreducible lattice in a semi-simple Lie group with R-rank ≥ 2 is almost simple. In particular, SL(n, Z) is almost simple for n ≥ 3. The following lemma follows easily from Margulis’ Theorem and the definition of an almost simple group. Lemma 2.3. Let φ : SL(n, Z) → H be a homomorphism where n ≥ 3. If φ(g ) = 1 for some non-central element g , then the kernel of φ is a finiteindex subgroup, and therefore, φ factors through a homomorphism of a finite group. So to prove Theorem 1.1, it suffices to show that a finite-order, non-central element acts trivially. In the next section we prove that there always exists an involution which acts trivially. Now we show that subgroups containing non-central involutions always exist. 3
Theorem 1.2 (Witte). If Γ is a subgroup of finite index in SL(n, Z) with n ≥ 3, then every continuous action of Γ on the circle factors through a finite group action. We cannot obtain our result for finite-index subgroups because we rely heavily on the existence of finite order elements in SL(n, Z), and there are subgroups of finite index in SL(n, Z) that have no elements of finite order (see Corollary 6.13 in [Rg]). The paper is organized in the following manner. In section 2, we prove the existence of certain desirable finite-order elements in SL(n, Z) and reduce the problem to a problem of a finite group action. In section 3, we use some classical results from the theory of compact transformation groups to prove that certain groups cannot act effectively (faithfully) on homology spheres and show that these results imply Theorem 1.1. In section 4 we observe that the action of SL(n, Z) is trivial on lowdimensional spheres. This result is analogous to the following theorem by Weinberger (see [We]). Theorem 1.3 (Weinberger). The discrete group SL(n, Z), with n ≥ 3, can act smoothly on the torus T m , m < n, only trivially.
Definitions and Notation