2007年博士生入学考试题
25套2007年医学博士专业试题
25套2007年医学博士专业试题四川大学华西医院2007考博题局部解剖学：一、名词解释：颈动脉窦，肺根，面部危险三角区，膀胱直肠陷凹，胆囊三角，（还有一个想不起了二、问答题：（9选7）1.临床作气管切开的位置，经过的层次，切开过深可损伤的器官，过低可造成什么后果2.盆腹部消化管道的动脉血供及来源3.上、下腔静脉系的吻合支4.腹部器官、结构的体表投影（至少10个）5.子宫的位置，及影响其位置的因素6.股三角的内容、排列及交通7. 腮腺肿大可压迫那些结构8.颈根部的结构9.左右纵隔之间的血管、神经名称及位置2007年中南大学博士考试神经解剖学试题1:脑屏障构成，功能，意义。
2:脑干内与运动有关的神经核团，位置，功能。
3:大脑联合皮质概念功能。
4:与视器相关的神经的纤维成分组成，分支，支配。
5:突触的可塑性与学习记忆的关系。
2007年中山大学肿瘤医院研究生入学考试<肿瘤学>复试一、名词解释1、肿瘤标志物2、多药耐药性3、广泛切除术4、姑息性放疗5、、、（记不清了）二简答题1、肿瘤外科治疗的原则？2、细胞毒药物的主要毒副反应？3、高能电子束的剂量学特点？4、切取活检的注意事项？5、癌基因激活的方式？三论述题1、叙述良恶性肿瘤的区别？2、试述三级预防？四川大学华西医院２００７年考博病理真题１，名词解释：肉芽组织，老化，autopsy,瘘管，转移钙化，紫癜，类白血病反应，肺褐色硬化，纤维素样坏死３，简答体：肿瘤增生和非肿瘤增生的区别。
病案讨论：冠心病及其合并症有关的。
为什么说淤血总是病理性的？说出３种胃肠道的肉芽肿性炎。
说出３种病理诊断方法及其特点。
肿瘤的TNM分期，举例１个2007首都医科大学考博生理题一、名词解释:1. EPSP2. Decerebrate Rigidity(去大脑强直,大脑切除后僵硬,去大脑僵直)3. Ascending Reticular Activating System(上行网状激活系统)4. REM5. 应激系统6. 腱反射7. 允许作用8. 肺泡通气量9. 波尔效应10. 胃容受性舒张11. 肠－胃反射12. 渗透性利尿13. 血浆清除率14. 泊肃叶定律15. IP3受体16. 局部反应17. 递质的量子释放18. 超射19. 促红细胞生成素20. Rh血型二、简述1．简述皮肤痛、内脏痛、快痛、慢痛、牵涉痛？2．试述突触传递全过程3．肾脏的血液循环有何特点及意义4．简述基本电节律概念、产生机制、生理学意义5．说明NO在调节血管张力方面的作用及机制6．请结合心肌代谢和冠脉解剖特点，论述冠脉血流的影响因素及其血流量的调节西安交通大学医学院2007考博试题（药理专业课）1.抗心衰的药物分类，代表药，β受体阻断药治疗心衰的机制及新进展。
2007年同济大学博士入学考试弹性力学 (2)
2007年同济大学博士入学考试
弹性力学
1、已知应力分量和截面的方向，求截面上的F στn 、、
2、已知应变分量，问其是否为弹性变形可能的情况
3、梁上受力如图所示，用瑞利－里兹法求梁上最大挠度max ω
q
4、告诉应力函数的形式，问是否可以作为薄板的解，并画出板上荷载的情况
x
5、已知开孔板上应力分量，(12cos2)q θσθ=-、0r σ=、0r θτ= 求圆孔边界上最大应力、最小应力
q
q
x
6、推导柱形杆扭转应力解法的公式，并解椭圆受扭
7、已知一点的应力情况为012111210⎡⎤
⎢⎥⎢⎥
⎢⎥⎣⎦
，求主应力、主应变、及相应的方向
8、用瑞利－里兹法解板，（已知挠度ω的表达式） 求挠度ω表达式中的系数11c
9、推导平面应力、平面应变问题的应变能密度并比较大小
10、简述艾里应力函数的涵义。
北京大学2007年博士研究生入学考试英语试题(附绝对权威答案)
北京大学2007年博士研究生入学考试试题考试科目：英语考试时间：2006年3月17日招生专业：全校各专业研究方向：各研究方向Part One: Listening ComprehensionThere are 3 sections in this part.In sections A and B you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then choose the correct answer for each question. Mark your choices on your ANSWER SHEET.Section A: Conversations （5%）Directions: In this section you will hear several conversations. Listen to the conversations carefully and then answer the questions that follow.Questions 1 to 3 are based on the following conversation. At the end of the conversation, you will be given 15 seconds to answer the questions. Now listen to the conversation.1. What did Steve originally plan to do?[A] To do some work around the house. [B] To stay at home.[C] To see a new film. [D] To do some study.2. Maggie finally decided to go to see a film because ________.[A] the cinema was nearby [B] the weather wasn’t ideal for a walk[C] it would be easier to go to a cinema [D] Steve hadn’t seen the film yet3. Where did they plan to meet?[A] Outside the Town Hall. [B] Near the bank.[C] In Steve’s place. [D] At the cinema.Questions 4 to 6 are based on the following conversation. At the end of the conversation, you will be given 15 seconds to answer the questions. Now，listen to the conversation.4. The following details are true about the new device EXCEPT ________.[A] it has color [B] it has a moving image[C] it costs less money [D] it is not on the market5. Why didn’t Bill want one of them?[A] He wanted to buy one from Japan. [B] He wasn’t sure about its quality.[C] He thought it was for business use. [D] He thought it was expensive.6. Which of the following statements is INCORRECT about the woman?[A] She had never read the magazine herself.[B] She knew who usually read the magazine.[C] She was quite interested in the new device.[D] She agreed with Bill at the end of the conversation.Questions 7 to 10 are based on the following conversation. At the end of the conversation, you will be given 20 seconds to answer the questions. Now，listen to the conversation.7. What was the main focus of the survey?[A] Leisure sporting activities. [B] Average age of athletes.[C] Durability of sporting equipment. [D] Types of sports.8. Which sport was cited as the most popular?[A] Tennis. [B] Cycling. [C] Jogging. [D] Skiing.9. What is NOT among Jane’s marketing strategies?[A] Targeting the 18 to 26 age group. [B] Selling tennis rackets.[C] Selling more athletic shoes. [D] Working out a more appealing slogan.10. Why does Sam want to target the 46-55 age group?[A] They have more buying power. [B] They are very health-conscious.[C] They tend to enjoy sports more. [D] They have more time for sporting activities.Section B: Talks (5%)Directions: In this section, you will hear several talks. Listen to the talks carefully and then answer the questions that follow.Questions 11 to 13 are based on the following talk. At the end of the talk, you will be given 15 seconds to answer the questions. Now listen to the talk.11. In the old days dogs were used for the following purposes EXCEPT ________.[A] hunting other animals [B] driving sheep[C] guarding chickens [D] keeping thieves away12. Which of the following is CORRECT?[A] Dogs are now treated as part of a family.[B] Dogs still perform all the duties they used to do.[C] People now keep dogs for the same reasons as before.[D] Only old people are seen walking their dogs.13. The talk is mainly about ________.[A] what dogs can do [B] how to keep dogs[C] dogs and their masters [D] reasons for keeping dogsQuestions 14 to 17 are based on the following talk. At the end of the talk, you will be given 20 seconds to answer the questions. Now, listen to the talk.14. According to the talk, the working conditions in the new place are ________.[A] not yet clear [B] expected to be rather poor[C] just as adequate [D] the same as what the speaker is used to15. What is the speaker going to do in the new place?[A] Traveling. [B] Studying. [C] Settling down. [D] Teaching.16. The speaker expects ________.[A] fewer choices of food [B] many ways to do washing[C] modern lighting facilities [D] new types of drinking water17. From the talk we can learn that the speaker is ________.[A] unprepared for the new post [B] unclear about the conditions there[C] ready for all the difficulties there [D] eager to know more about the postQuestions 18 to 20 are based on the following talk. At the end of the talk, you will be given 15 seconds to answer the questions. Now, listen to the talk.18. According to the talk, when are children first expected to study hard?[A] Before 6 years of age. [B] Between 6 and 10.[C] After 10 years of age. [D] After 12 years of age.19. Parents who abuse their children tend to have the following problems EXCEPT ________.[A] religious problems [B] emotional problems[C] financial problems [D] marriage problems20. Which of the following statements is CORRECT?[A] Boys and girls are equally energetic.[B] Parents have higher expectations for boys.[C] Some parents lack skills to deal with their kids.[D] Some parents are ill-educated and ill-tempered.Section C: Spot Dictation (10%)Directions: In this section you are going to hear a presentation about trends in the milk drink markets, given by the director of the Milk Market Board. As you listen, complete the following sentences by filling in the missing words. The presentation will be read Twice. There will be a One-Minute interval between the first and the second reading. You will have another One Minute to check your work after the second reading. Put your answers on ANSWER SHEET (2).C1. The total market has ________ __________ from 280 million liters to 440 million liters.C2. The actual sector share of the four main milk products has _________ __________.C3. The full milk sector has _________ __________ from 74% to just 42%.C4. The skimmed milk sector has ________ from only 12% to 35%.C5. The long life sector has ________ from 5% to 13%.C6. The milk drinks have ________ pretty _________, just increasing by 1%.C7. The full milk sector will decline more ________ to around 40% and then fall a further 2%.C8. The skimmed milk sector should continue to rise _______ to 40% and then _______ _______ around this figure.C9. We expect long life milk to continue rising __________ so that this sector will _________ a __________ 20%.C10. We _________ a fairly marked decline in the milk drink sector, and _________ an __________ fall to just 2%.(This is the end of listening comprehension.)Part Two: Structure and Written Expression (20%)Directions: For each question decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Mark your choices on the ANSWER SHEET.21．_________ before we leave the day after tomorrow, we should have a wonderful time together.[A] Had they arrived [B] Would they arrive[C] Were they arriving [D] Were they to arrive22．_________ last year and is now earning his living as an advertising agent.[A] He would leave school [B] He left school[C] He had left school [D] He has left school23．Some people viewed the findings with caution, noting that a cause-and-effect relationship between passive smoking and cancer remained _________.[A] to be shown [B] to have been shown[C] to have shown [D] being shown24．__________ that should be given priority to.[A] It is the committee has decided[B] It is only the committee has decided[C] It is what the committee has decided[D] It is what has the committee decided25. The most interesting new cars may owe __________ the simple wisdom of hiring a fewtalented people and allowing them to work.[A] less local free-spiritedness than[B] less local free-spiritedness than to[C] to less local free-spiritedness than to[D] less to local free-spiritedness than to26. Over the years, Jimmy Connors __________ phenomenal displays of tennis and temper—andat the U.S. Open last week, he exhibited both again.[A] has treated spectators with [B] has treated spectator for[C] has treated spectators [D] has treated spectators to27. Summer holidays spent on the hot ghetto streets are __________ the time middle-classstudents devote to camps, exotic vacations and highly organized sports.[A] as hardly culturally enriching as [B] as hardly enriching culture as[C] hardly as culturally enriching as [D] hardly as cultural enriching as28. The major obstacle to the reform in New Orleans, __________, is money.[A] as is it across the country [B] as it is across the country[C] as it were across the country [D] as were it across the country29．Nearly all trees have seeds that fall to the earth, take root, and eventually __________.[A] generate new seeds [B] new seeds generated[C] generates new seeds [D] new seeds are generated30. The well-maintained facility in San Francisco _________ leagues in virtually every sport.[A] were home to [B] was the home of [C] was home to [D] was home of31. Students at these schools test far below the state average in reading, and their scores haveimproved only __________.[A] marginally [B] marvelously [C] martially [D] markably32. I was in some doubt as to whether the Corporal had __________ us accidentally on his wayout of the town or if he'd been deliberately tasked.[A] crashed on [B] bumped into [C] fallen against [D] puzzled about33. In previous time, when fresh meat was in short __________, pigeons were kept by manyhouseholds as a source of food.[A] storage [B] reserve [C] supply [D] provision34. The hospital denies there is any connection between the disciplinary action and Dr. Reid’s__________ about health problems.[A] allegiance [B] alliance [C] allegations [D] alliteration35. The organization issued a cry of alarm last week, citing “__________ evidence”that thosechildren are not receiving the same quality of education as their richer peers.[A] comparing [B] completing [C] compelling [D] composing36. Since no one could __________ his scribbling, the chief editor decided to replace him withanother columnist.[A] encode [B] decipher [C] clear [D] identify37．Many Fine Art graduates take __________ professional practice as artists, and this course encourages them to consider their role as artists in the community by providing opportunities for short-term placements outside the Faculty.[A] down [B] up [C] out [D] in38. The statement said the people of Srebrenica __________ to the presidents of the United Statesand France to help halt the offensive.[A] aroused [B] ascribed [C] acclaimed [D] appealed39. The professor stopped for a drink and then __________ with his lecture on the Indian culture.[A] proceeded [B] processed [C] preferred [D] presented40. Although the false banknotes fooled many people, they did not __________ closeexamination.[A] put up with [B] keep up with [C] stand up to [D] look up toPart Three: Reading ComprehensionI.Directions: Each of the following three passages is followed by some questions. For each question four answers are given. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each question. Mark your choices on the ANSWER SHEET. (10%)Passage OneIn science the meaning of the word “explain” suffers with civilization’s every step in search of reality. Science cannot really explain electricity, magnetism, and gravitation; their effects can be measured and predicted, but of their nature no more is known to the modern scientist than to Thales who first speculated on the electrification of amber. Most contemporary physicists reject the notion that man can ever discover what these mysterious forces “really”are. Electricity, Bertrand Russell says, “is not a thing, like St. Paul’s Cathedral; it is a way in which things behave. When we have told how things behave when they are electrified, and under what circumstances they are electrified, we have told all there is to tell.”Until recently scientists would have disapproved of such an idea. Aristotle, for example, whose natural science dominated Western thought for two thousand years, believed that man could arrive at an understanding of reality by reasoning from self-evident principles. He felt, for example, that it is a self-evident principle that everything in the universe has its proper place, hence one can deduce that objects fall to the ground because that’s where they belong, and smoke goes up because that’s where it belongs. The goal of Aristotelian science was to explain why things happen. Modern science was born when Galileo began trying to explain how things happen and thus originated the method of controlled experiment which now forms the basis of scientific investigation.41. Bertrand Russell’s notion about electricity is __________.[A] disapproved of by most modern scientists[B] in agreement with Aristotle’s theory of self-evident principles[C] in agreement with scientific investigation directed toward “how” things happen[D] in agreement with scientific investigation directed toward “why” things happen42. The passage says that until recently scientists disagreed with the idea that __________.[A] there are self-evident principles[B] there are mysterious forces in the universe[C] man cannot discover what forces “really” are[D] we can discover why things behave as they do43. The expression “speculated on” (line 4) means __________ .[A] considered [B] suspected [C] expected [D] engaged in buying and sellingPassage TwoThe concept of personal choice in relation to health behaviors is an important one. An estimated 90 percent of all illnesses may be preventable if individuals would make sound personal health choices based upon current medical knowledge. We all enjoy our freedom of choice and do not like to see it restricted when it is within the legal and moral boundaries of society. The structure of American society allows us to make almost all our own personal decisions that may concern our health. If we so desire, we can smoke, drink excessively, refuse to wear seat belts, eat whatever foods we want, and live a completely sedentary life-style without any exercise. The freedom to make such personal decisions is a fundamental aspect of our society, although the wisdom of these decisions can be questioned. Personal choices relative to health often cause a difficulty. As one example, a teenager may know the facts relative to smoking cigarettes and health but may be pressured by friends into believing it is the socially accepted thing to do.A multitude of factors, both inherited and environmental, influence the development of health-related behaviors, and it is beyond the scope of this text to discuss all these factors as they may affect any given individual. However, the decision to adopt a particular health-related behavior is usually one of personal choice. There are healthy choices and there are unhealthy choices. In discussing the morals of personal choice, Fries and Crapo draw a comparison. They suggest that to knowingly give oneself over to a behavior that has a statistical probability of shortening life is similar to attempting suicide. Thus, for those individuals who are interested in preserving both the quality and quantity of life, personal health choices should reflect those behaviors that are associated with a statistical probability of increased vitality and longevity.44. The concept of personal choice concerning health is important because __________.[A] it is essential to personal freedom in American society[B] it helps raise the level of our medical knowledge[C] personal health choices help cure most illnesses[D] wrong decisions could lead to poor health45. Sound personal health choice is often difficult to make because __________.[A] current medical knowledge is still insufficient[B] there are many factors influencing our decisions[C] people are usually influenced by the behavior of their friends[D] few people are willing to trade the quality of life for the quantity of life46. According to Fries and Crapo, sound health choice should be based on __________.[A] personal decisions [B] society’s laws [C] friends’ opinions [D] statistical evidencePassage ThreeFor gathering data about individuals or groups at different developmental levels, researchers can use two related research designs: longitudinal and cross-sectional.A longitudinal study is one that measures a behavior or a characteristic of an individual over a period of time, perhaps decades. An example of such a study is the Berkeley Growth Study begun in 1928 by Nancy Bayley. The study focused on a group of 74 white, middle-class newborns. As they grew older, extensive measures of their intellectual, personality, and motor development were recorded. The subjects were studied for more than thirty years.The longitudinal research design is a powerful technique for seeking understandings of the effects of early experiences on later development. Also, differences in or stability of behaviors or characteristics at different ages can be determined. Longitudinal studies, however, are expensive to conduct, time-consuming, and heavily contingent on the patience and persistence of the researchers. The findings of a longitudinal study may be jeopardized by relocation of subjects to another part of the country and by boredom or irritation at repeated testing. Another disadvantage is that society changes from one time to another and the subjects participating in the study reflect to some degree such changes. The methods of study or the questions guiding the researchers may also change from one time to another. If properly conducted, however, longitudinal studies can produce useful, direct information about development.A cross-sectional study is one in which subjects of differing ages are selected and compared on a specific behavior or characteristic. They are alike with respect to socioeconomic status, sex, or educational level. For example, a researcher may be interested in looking at changes in intelligence over a thirty-year period. Three groups of subjects, ages ten, twenty, and thirty, may be selected and tested. Conclusions are drawn from the test data.The cross-sectional research design has the clear advantage of being less expensive to conduct and certainly less time-consuming. The major disadvantage is that different individuals who make up the study sample have not been observed over time. No information about past influences on development or about age-related changes is secured. Like longitudinal studies, the cross-sectional methods cannot erase the generational influence that exists when subjects studied are born at different time. Psychologists are now beginning to use an approach that combines longitudinal and cross-sectional research methods.47. Which of the following is NOT one of the disadvantages of a longitudinal research?[A] The subjects may become irritated at repeated testing.[B] The participants in the study may not stay in one place for many years.[C] The behavior of a subject in the study may be measured continuously for many years.[D] Social changes may be reflected in the behaviors of the subjects participating in the study.48. The word “contingent” in the third paragraph probably means __________.[A] dependent [B] consecutive [C] determined [D] continual49. Which of the following statements is true?[A] The subjects in a cross-sectional research are not of the same age group.[B] The methods of study in longitudinal research will not change over time.[C] Longitudinal research is reliable only in seeking understandings of the effects of earlyexperiences on later development.[D] Cross-sectional methods are not usually adopted in studying, for example, the changes inintelligence over a thirty-year period.50.One of the differences between cross-sectional research and longitudinal research is that__________.[A] the latter usually focuses on only one subject, while the former involves groups of subjects[B] the former can be free from the influence of social changes[C] the latter can be free from the influence of social changes[D] the former costs less money and takes less timeII.Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then explain in your own English the exact meaning of the numbered and underlined parts. Put your answers on ANSWER SHEET (2). (15%)(51) It is useful to remember that history is to the nation as memory is to the individual. As persons deprived of memory become disoriented and lost, not knowing where they have been and where they are going, so a nation denied a conception of the past will be disabled in dealing with its present and its future.History is the best antidote to delusions of omnipotence and omniscience. (52) Self-knowledge is the indispensable prelude to self-control, for the nation as well as for the individual. History should forever remind us of the limits of our passing perspectives. It should strengthen us to resist the pressure to convert momentary impulses into moral absolutes. It should lead us to recognition of the fact, so often and so sadly displayed, that the future outwits all our certitudes and that the possibilities of the future are more various than the human intellect is designed to conceive.(53) A nation informed by a vivid understanding of the ironies of history is best equipped to manage the tragic temptations of military power. Let us not bully our way through life, but let a sensitivity to history temper and civilize our use of power. In the meantime, let a thousand historical flowers bloom. (54) History is never a closed book or a final verdict. It is forever in the interests of an ideology, a religion, a race, and a nation.The great strength of history is its capacity for self-correction. This is the endless excitement of historical writing: the search to reconstruct what went before. (55) A nation’s history must be both the guide and the domain not so much of its historians as its citizens.Part Four: Cloze Test (10%)Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then fill in each numbered blank with ONE suitable word to complete the passage. Put your answers on ANSWER SHEET (2).In Microsoft’s latest attempt to reach out to bloggers, the company recently gave away expensive laptops loaded (56) __________ its new Windows Vista operating system. But the gifts generated controversy as well as good (57) __________, with some bloggers accusing Microsoft of bribery and their peers (58) __________ unethical behavior.Several bloggers reported last week that they had received Acer Ferrari laptops, which can sell (59) __________ more than $2,200, from Microsoft.A spokeswoman for Microsoft confirmed Friday that the (60) __________ had sent out about 90 computers to bloggers (61) __________ wrote about technology and other subjects that could be (62) __________ by the new operating system, like photography and, oddly, parenting.But while those on Microsoft’s mailing list initially greeted the machines with enthusiasm, many (63) __________ bloggers soon objected – not because they had been left off the list but, they said, because bloggers are bound by the (64) __________ rules as traditional journalists, who should not accept (65) __________ gifts from companies they cover.Part Five: Proofreading (10%)Directions: In the following passage, there are altogether 10 mistakes,ONE in each numbered and underlined part. You may have to change a word, add a word, or just delete a word. If you change a word, cross it with a slash (/) and write the correct word beside it. If you add a word, write the missing word between the words (in brackets) immediately before and after it. If you delete a word, cross it out with a slash (/). Put your answers on ANSWER SHEET (2).Examples:eg. 1 (66) The meeting begun 2 hours ago.Correction put on the ANSWER SHEET (2): (66) begun beganeg. 2 (67) Scarcely they settled themselves in their seats in the theatre whenthe curtain went up.Correction put on the ANSWER SHEET (2):(67) (Scarcely) had (they)eg. 3 (68) Never will I not do it again.Correction put on the ANSWER SHEET (2): (68) not(66) Prosperous alumni helped make 2006 a recorded fund-raising year for colleges and universities, which hauled in $28 billion—a 9.4 percent jump from 2005.(67) There were increases across the board, but for usual it was the already wealthy who fared best. (68) Stanford's $911 million was the most ever collected by a single university, and rose the possibility of a billion-dollar fund-raising year in the not-too-distant future.(69) "There were a set of ideas and a set of initiatives that the university is undertaking that people wanted to invest," said Martin Shell, Stanford's vice president for development. (70) "This is an unbelievably generous response from unbelievably philanthropic set of alumni, parents, and friends."(71) Harvard ranked two in fund-raising last year with $595 million.(72) National, donations from alumni rose 18.3 percent from 2005, according to figures released yesterday by the Council for Aid to Education. (73) Alumni donations account about 30 percent of giving to higher education. (74) Giving from other groups, such as corporations and foundations, increased by much small amounts.(75) Survey director Ann Kaplan said the strong economics played a role, but universities also were asking more aggressively as part of formal fund-raising campaigns.Part Six: Writing (15%)Directions: Read the following paragraph and then write a response paper of about 250 to 300 words. Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET (2).Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is a lawful institution in China and is still very popular. The Chinese government has a department in charge of TCM and there are a lot of TCM hospitals and pharmaceutical factories in the country. Yet TCM is never short of opponents, including fierce opponents calling for its abolition. Please comment on the controversial status of TCM.Key-真题07Listening: (0.5 each)1-5 D B D C C 6-10 B A D B C11-15 D A D B D 16-20 A C B A BC1: grown substantiallyC2: changed radicallyC3: fallen dramaticallyC4: rocketedC5: risenC6: remained stableC7: graduallyC8: steadily level offC9: moderately represent significantC10: p roject forecast eventualStructure and Written Expression: (1 point each)21-25 D B A C D 26-30 D C B A C31-35 A B C C C 36-40 B B D A CReading: (1 point each)41-45 C C A D C 46-50 D C A A DParaphrasing: (3 points each)51. It is helpful for us to remember that history is very important to a country just as memory isvery important to a person. / If we remember that history is just as important to a country as memory is to a person, it will be very helpful to us.52. To know oneself very well is the necessary first step before one can control oneself. This istrue for both the nation and the individual.53. A nation that is fully aware of the twists and turns of history has the power to resist usingmilitary power, which will bring tragic results.54. History is never final but open to revision. People can always rewrite history.55. Not only people who study history should take a nation’s history as their guideand field of study, but the ordinary citizens should also do so.Cloze: (1 point each)56. with 57. will 58. of 59. for 60. company61. who 62. affected 63. other 64. same 65. expensiveProofreading: (1 point each)(66) recorded record (67) for as(68) rose raised (69) invest (in)(70) from (an) unbelievably (71) two second(72) national(ly) (73) account (for) about(74) small(er) (75) economics economyWriting: (15 points)。
2007年同济大学博士研究生入学考试试题
同济大学2007年博士研究生入学考试试题编号：101 考试科目：英语答题要求：答案一律写在答题纸上。
1． Vocabulary(10%)Directions：For each of the following sentences there are four choices. Choose the best one to complete the sentence. Mark your choices on the answer sheet.1．The man had a good disguise, but as soon as he spoke he ______himself．A．exposed B．revealed C．betrayed D．disclosed2. The leaders of the two countries feel it desirable to ______funds from armaments to health and education．A．derive B．deprive C. dispatch D．divert3．Democratic government is a phrase that is notoriously hard to ________.A．credit B．defy C．modify D．define4. I reject absolutely the _____that privatization is now inevitable in our industry．A. perception B．notion C．impression D．concept5. With the economy of the county going strong，the ______mood is one of optimism．A．presiding B，circulating C．floating D. prevailing6. The panel will consider whether or not Mr．Wilson has been ________serious professional misconduct.A．wary of B．guilty of C．confronted with D．reduced to7. It is a ____of our company to give refunds if goods are faulty.A．policy B．discipline C．decision D．determination8. He had always been _______ the way Ruth looked, and had never once paid her a complimentA．unaware of B．cautious about C．oblivious to D. subject to9．Since a circle has no beginning or end，the wedding ring is a symbol of _______love．A．constant B．infinite C．prolonged D．eternal10．Dick，who had failed the math test，was sitting．on a bench in the corner, ______over his disappointment．A．brooding B．mediating C．apologizing D．complaining11. Last week the seamen＇s strike led to the _______closure of the whole vast dock area．A．actual B．virtual C．factual D．local12．In the garden bees moved from _________flowers to purple ones．A．colorful B．prosperous C．scarlet D．brilliant13．Professor Smith has already retired but his teachings still _____a strong influence on his students.A．perform B．exhibit C．exert D. execute14．When they asked him about it，he said it was no ______ of theirs and wouldn＇t tell them anything.A．concern B．relation C. connection D．relevance15．The hunter knows quite well that wild animals go seeking the their _______ in the jungle．afterdark．A．victim B．favorite C．prey D．sacrifice16．I have absolutely no ______of ever meeting him before．A．reminiscence B．reminder C．recall D．recollection17. They agreed to take their disputes before the committee and ______ by its decisions.abideobserve C.D.precedeA.standB.18. Every weekend when I came back from school, Mother prepared meals ______ enough for a Sahara-bound camel and made me eat them up.A. adequateB. deliciousC. proficientD. substantial19. As the fat man sat down, the folding chair ______ under him, with a loud noise of tearing canvas.sustainedA.distorted D.yielded B.collapsed C.20. Modern artists often need financial support but they have difficulty in finding wealthy ______.millionaires D.patrons C.volunteersA.admirers B.II. Reading Comprehension (50%)Direction: For each of the following passages there are five questions or unfinished is followed by five statements. For each of them there are four choices, choose the best one to answer the question or complete the statement.Passage 1In managing information resources, the medium may be the key to an effective system. The medium is a vehicle, a tool, or a container for holding information; the information itself is the thing of value.There popular categories of information media are paper, film, and electronic system. The media choice must not be viewed as a choice among these three, however, it must be viewed as an opportunity to select from a multitude of media possibilities in combinations, that build effective systems. In many instances the person responsible for information-resource management is not the person who determines the medium in which information will be created. In such a case, the manager of a firm＇s information resources faces a challenge in making a significant contribution to the organization＇s objectives.For effective management of information resources, media conversion may be necessary. examples include keying or scanning paper documents to convert them to electronic media. Other processes convert electronic media from one format to another. For example, disk files created on one system may not be compatible with another system. Various hardware and software combinations can be used to convert files to formats that equipment will accept. For information generated within organizations, this necessity of making systems compatible may be eliminated by cooperative planning. However, very little control can be exercised over the media used to generate information that comes to your organization from the outside.The medium for information may be selected to satisfy. a need that excite when information is created and communicated. For example, a paper record may be created because of its portability and because no special equipment is necessary for later references to that information; electronic transmission may be selected because it is the fastest means of communicating information. A firm may use electronic mail because a network already exists for on-line computercommunication. The additional application may cost less than postage to mail paper memos.21. Which of the following can best sum up the passage?A. Media Selection in Managing Information Resources.B. The Importance and Necessity of Media ConversionC. Three Categories of Information Media.D. Various Means of Communicating Information22. The first paragraph aims telling the reader ______.A. the importance of information resources managementB. the relationship between the medium and informationC. the great variety of media for holding informationD. the numerous resources of information23. According to the author, ______.A. paper is the best storage deviceB. people have three choices in selecting information mediaC. it is better to let the person responsible for information-resource management determine the mediumD. the manager should build an effective system by selecting a good combination of different media24. For effective management of information resources, the manager should ______.A. convert all paper documents to electronic mediaB. make media conversion when necessaryC. control the media used to generate information both inside and outside his organizationD. use one format in processing information25. The main idea of the last paragraph is ______.A. paper record is the most convenient medium for later referenceB. electronic mail costs less than postage to mail paper memosC. different media for information may be selected for different purposesD. by using different media, a firm can create various in formation for its objectives Passage 2＂digital, digital, digital＂ continues to grow in volume worldwide. Digital ofchantThecameras, digital video camcorders, video CD players, DVD, cellular phones, and a host of computer peripherals are moving the trend along at a breathtaking rate. For the average person, it may seem like a remote and puzzling phenomenon meant only for the technologically adept.Virtually every aspect of our lives could be affected by the digital revolution. Here is a hypothetical scenario to show the possibilities: A real estate agent in Seattle uses a digital still camera to take some pictures of a house she＇s trying to sell., She transfers them to her computer, digitally retouches and enhances them, and posts them on her company＇s Internet Web site. In Singapore, a buyer sees the pictures and asks via electronic mail for more information. The agent replies via e-mail and attaches the text and a digital video clip to her message. Later the buyer flies to Seattle, inspects the property, and seals the deal.One of the biggest marketing surprises of the current age is the digital still camera. Once prohibitively expensive, these cameras have radically dropped in price while gaining in resolutionand other features. Although they often resemble traditional cameras, they don＇t use film. Instead, they store images on either a small removable memory card or on the memory chip inside the camera.The beauty of digital photography is that while you＇ll spend relatively more for a digital camera, you＇ll save a lot on film processing costs, because there aren＇t any. You can also discard digital pictures and keep shooting. Better yet, you can use software to enhance or alter the image. In quality, the images consumer-level digital cameras produce do not compare to ones you＇d get from a 35mm camera. For the most part, though, digital photos are meant to be viewed on a computer monitor, and so their resolution is more than acceptable. In a world where the speed at which you distribute information often means the difference between success and failure, and immediacy supersedes quality in importance, may people are finding a use for digital camera.26. From the first paragraph we know the average person thinks ____.A. the digital age is far awayB. digital is too complicated for himC. digital age is dreadfulD. both a and b27. In the second paragraph the writer used an example to show that _____.A. any real estate agent should use digital still cameraB. digital still camera should be used together with Internet WebC. digital age is gaining momentumD. house dealing can be made easier28. _____ could be the best summary of the last two paragraphs.A. Digital still camera and traditional cameraB. Pros and cons of digital still cameraC. Capturing the world digitallyD. The way to use digital still camera29. All the following are the advantages of digital still camera EXCEPT ______.A. no need of filmB. easy to carryC. the image can be changedD. high resolution30. Which of the following best summarizes the passage?A. New Digital Age of InteractivityB. Digital Still CameraC. One Application of ComputerD. Goodbye Analog, Hello DigitalPassage 3In the days immediately following hurricane Andrews deadly visit to South Florida, Allstate Insurance hastily dispatched more than 2,000 extra clang adjusters to the devastated area to assist the 200 stationed there. Many of the reserves rived in convoys of motor homes. Others flew in from as far away as Alaska and California. Since the storm had knocked out telephone lines, Allstate rushed to set up its own communications system. Allstate expects to pay out $1.2 billion to cover more than 121,000 damage claims as a result of Andrew.All told, U.S, property and casualty insurers have been hit with more than $8 billion in Andrew-related claims, making the hurricane the most costly single calamity to strike the industry since the San Francisco earthquake and fire in 1906 ( cost: $6 billion, after inflation). With claims continuing to pour in, Andrew threatens to take a painful toll on the already battered property-casualty insurance industry and its 100 million policy-holders. The final bill, analysts predict, is likely to top $10 billion. While most well-capitalized insurers are expected to weather the storm, less anchored firms are in danger of being blown away, leaving U.S. consumers stuck with the tab. Says Sean Mooney, senior researcher at the Insurance Information Institute: ＂It will take years before the industry digs itself out from the wreckage left by Andrew. Some (companies) will be buried by it?Hurricane Andrew is the latest in a string of mishaps to plague the American insurance industry this year. In April an over flowing Chicago River flooded the city＇s downtown district, costing insurers $300million in claims. A month later, Los Angles was rocked by the worst civilian riot in the U.S. since the Civil War. The insurance toll: $1 billion. Then came a series of major hailstorms in Texas. Florida and Kansas. They cost insurers a combined $700 million. And two weeks after Andrew, another lethal hurricane, Iniki, smashed into Hawaii, causing $ 1.4 billion in damages. In all, property and casualty insurers have paid out a record $13 billion in claims so far this year, far surpassing the previous high of $7.6 billion in 1989, the year of Hurricane Hugo and California＇s Bay Area earthquake. Just as in that year, when those catastrophes were followed by substantial increases in insurance premiums, insurers are already lobbying for rate relief.31. According to the passage. ＂Allstate Insurance＂most likely refers to ____.A. one of the property and casualty insurers in the U.S.B. the only insurance company responsible for the damage claims by AndrewC. the insurance industry as a wholeD. the biggest insurance company in the U.S.32. As is stated in the second paragraph, the result of hurricane Andrew is likely to _______.A. lead to inflation throughout the U.S.B. make the largest insurers suffer the mostC. put the industry in South Florida out of actionD. cause insurers with insufficient funds to go bankrupt33. Using context clues, we may infer that ＂stuck with the tab＂most probably means _____.＂caught in the hurricane＂A.＂exposed to natural disasters＂B.＂trapped in financial difficulties＂C.＂extremely vulnerable to further damages＂D.35. The main purpose of the passage is to _____.A. show the severe damages and heavy losses caused by Hurricane AndrewB. suggest that U.S. insurers are virtually unable to cover the damage claims any moreC. tell about the difficult situation faced by the insurers throughout the U.S.D. prove that disasters tend to cause ever worsening devastation as time goes on.Passage 4Steve Courtney wrote historical novels. Not, he was quick to explain, over colorful love stories of the kind that made so much money for so many women writer, but novels set, andcorrectly set, in historical periods. Whatever difference he saw in his own books, his readers didnot seem to notice it, and his readers were nearly all women. He had studied at university, but hehad not been a particularly good student, and he had never afterwards let any academic knowledgehe had gained interfere with his writing.Helen, his wife, who did not have a very high opinion of her husband's ability as a novelist,had been careful to say when she married him that she was not historically minded.Above all, Helen was doubtful whether her relationship with Steve would work at all in thevillage of Stretton, to which they had just moved. It was Steve who had wanted to move to thecountry, and she had been glad of the change, in principle, whatever doubts she was now havingabout Stretton as a choice. But she wondered whether Steve would not, before very long, wantto live in London again, and what she would do if he did. The Stretton house was not a weekendcottage. They had moved into it and given up the London flat altogether, partly at least, she suspected, because that she Steve's idea of what a successful author ought to do. However, she thought he was not going to feel like a successful author half as much in Stretton ashe had in London. On the other had, she supposed he might just start dashing up to London forthe day to see his agent or have lunch with his publisher, leaving her behind in Stretton, andshe thought on the whole she would like that.36. What was Steve＇s attitude towards women who wrote love stories?A. He would have liked to earn as much money as they did.B. He was afraid of being compared unfavorably with themC. He did not think he could write about the same subjectsD. He had a low opinion of the kind of books they wrote37. What did Helen have to be careful to hide?A. Her lack of interest in historyB. Her low opinion of her husband＇s writingC. Her dislike of her husband＇s writingD. Her inability to husband＇s admirers.38. What were Helen＇s feelings about the move from London to Stretton?A. She wanted to remain in the countryB. She had been unwilling to leave LondonC. She thought it was time to return to undon39. Helen thought Steve might not be content in Stretton because ______.A. he would not be able to write so well in the countryB. he would not feel so important in StrettonC. his relationship with Helen was changingD. he would not be lonely without all his London friends40. The passage as a whole suggests that Steve＇s novels were _____.A. popular but unimportantB. serious works of literatureC. admired for their historical truthD. written with women readers in mindPassage 5The sixties have been misunderstood. It was not a radical decade, as the term radical is commonly used in connection with those years. It was not a decade of the left ascendant. Rampant, perhaps but not ascendant. Rather, the decade was radical radicalizing, which, subsequent decades have shown, is different. Politically, the sixties invigorated the right more than the left. But of course politics is not everything. In fact, three decades down the road, the nation＇s political discourse may be driven by conservatives, but they, although by many measures triumphant, seem aggrieved because politics seems peripheral to, and largely impotent against, cultural forces and institutions permeated with what conservatives consider the sixties sensibilities.Treating a decade as a discrete entity obviously makes the assumption that history during that decade had an obliging tidiness, opening with a decisive and tone-setting episode and closing with a suitably climatic event. History rarely accommodates that assumption. Such a treatment of a decade also makes the equally dubious assumption that the decade in question had a clearly dominant tone or profile. So the 1920s was the decade of jazz., flappers, the birth of the sports celebrity (Babe Ruth, Red Grange, Jack Dempsey), the Lost Generation, Sacco and Vanzetti and ...Warren Harding, Calvin Coolidge, and Herbert Hoover.Let us stipulate this, then: A decade, even one as intensely felt at the time and as hotly debated afterward as the sixties was and is, can come to seem, when recollected in tranquility, quite unlike the decade as it was felt at the time, and unlike the decade as it is portrayed by people with an emotional or political investment in portraying it a particular way.It is arguable that we should think of the sixties as beginning in November 1963 and ending in October 1973. That is, the years we connect with the tumultuousness associated with the phrase ＂the sixties＂ began with the assassination of a president and ended with the Yom Kippur War and the energy crisis. The assassination shattered (or at least many people say it did ) the nation＇s sunny postwar disposition; it supposedly ＂ended American innocence.＂ It is unclear how innocent was this nation that had been made possible by Puritans, had been founded by such innocents as Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and James Madison, had been born in the bloodshed of what actually was not only the American Revolution but also America＇s first civil war, had been preserved by the worst civil war the world had until then seen...you get the picture. The sixties as a decade of ＂lost innocence＂? Please. The 1973 oil embargo, which produced a sense of national vulnerability and pervasive limits, did seem to bring down a curtain on something. But on what?41. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. A radical period in American historyB. Different events in the sixtiesC. The true picture of the sixtiesD. Real radicals in the sixties42. Which of the following features describes the sixties according to the passage?RadicalA.AscendantB.WithdrawingC.RampantD.43. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?A. The sixties should not be judged separatelyB. It is impossible to make assumptions about any decadeC. People tend to misunderstand some events in historyD. History presents many confusing phenomena to people44. It can be inferred from the passage that people regard the sixties asdangerousA.peacefulB.chaoticC.unbearableD.45. It can be most safely concluded from the passage that the 1973 oil embargo _____.A.America＇s weaknessreflectedAmerica＇s great power in the worldB.showeddidn＇t affect America at allC.D.America＇s position in the worldchangedIII． Translation (20%)Direction: Translate the following passage in to Chinese. Write your translation on the answer sheet.It is not enough to know what is right and what is wrong. One must also be able to apply this knowledge to actual, concrete situations. For that, the virtue of prudence is essential.St Thomas Aquinas referred to prudence as the ＂rudder virtue＂ the one that ＂steers＂the others. Without it, we are like someone adrift in a boat, tossedin this direction or that by the wind, the waves, and the current. Unfortunately, the virtue of prudence has too often been confused with caution. Thus, the ＂prudent＂person is one who never ＂rocks the boat＂and is especially careful to aroid is the wisest and most moral course of action to take.The word that actually come closest to fulletining as a synonym for prudence is ＂discernment＂. The prudent person is one who can ＂size Up a situation and decide. What is the, what is the wisest and most moral course of action to take.prudencedoesn＇t answer the question, ＂What is the right thing in principle to Accordingly,do? Rather, ＂What is the right thing for me (or for us) to do in this situation?＂The prudent person fully examines a situation and seeks advice from others. (Reaching out to others for counsel before acting is one of the classic marks of a prudent person.) A judgment is made in the light of this examination and advice, and then a decision is made.IV. Writing (20%)Directions: Read the following sentences carefully and write a composition of 250-300words according to the requirement. Write your composition on the answer sheet.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Face-to-face communication is better than other types of communication, such as letters, e-mail, or telephone calls. Use specific reasons and details to support your answer.Key to Paper AI. Vocabulary (10%)1-10: C D D B D B A C D A11-20: B C C A C D C D B BII. Reading comprehension (50%)21-30: A B D B C D C C B A31-40: A D C A C D B D B A41-45: C D A C AIII. Translation (20%)只知道什么是对，什么是错，这还不够，还必须能把这一知识运用于实际的具体情况．为此，审慎这一美德便是必不可少的。
北京航空航天大学2007年博士研究生入学考试英语试题答案及解析
北京航空航天大学2007年博士研究生入学考试英语试题参考答案及解析Part ⅠListening Comprehension(略)PartⅡReading ComprehensionPassage 121．【答案】D【解析】原文第一段第一句明确指出“the noise level for potential hearing loss begins at about 70 decibels”。
因此A、B、C三个选项均不正确。
22．【答案】D【解析】根据第四段最后一句“Aircraft are increasingly being required to use reduced power flights around airports”可知，D选项正确，其他选项未被提及。
23．【答案】B【解析】本文在第三段明确指出“There are two common means for control”，并一一加以介绍，因此本题答案为B项。
24．【答案】B【解析】根据第四段第三句“More and more towns are passing zoning ordinances that try to segregate noisy factories or airports from residential areas”可知，现在越来越多的城镇通过分区条例，计划将噪声污染严重的工厂和机场与居民区分开。
那么未来机场可能会建在离居民区远的地方，即无人居住的地区。
因此正确答案是B。
25．【答案】A【解析】根据第五段最后一句“The new jumbojets...they are more powerful and carry twice as many passengers”可知，新式的大型喷气机能量更高，并且能够装载更多的旅客。
这说明，新式飞机噪声污染低而运输效率高。
因此A项正确。
其他选项不是拿喷气机举例的目的。
2007年博士研究生入学考试—专业综合
2007年博士研究生入学考试课程名称：专业综合课材料科学基础（每题20分，选做5题）1.简述有色金属材料退火热处理制度的种类及其在材料加工过程中的应用。
2.简述超塑性变形的基本原理、实现超塑性变形的工艺条件及超塑性成型的应用。
3.简述两种获得纳米材料的制备技术与工艺特点。
4.按增强体形貌金属基复合材料可以分为哪几类？简述它们的制备方法。
5.简述1-2种你熟悉的材料设计与材料组织演变模拟方法。
6.常用的材料连接方法有哪些？它们各有什么工艺特点与使用范围？7.晶体缺陷的种类有哪些？它们对材料的性能有什么影响？8.细化晶粒是提高材料强度与韧性的重要手段，实现晶粒晶粒细化的途径有哪些？试结合一种具体材料加以讨论。
9.快速凝固方法的工艺特点是什么？该方法对合金的组织性能有什么影响？10.试列举1-2种新型电子信息材料，简要介绍其研究开发现状及实际应用过程中需要解决的关键问题。
11.谈谈获得非晶态物质的途径（20分）。
2008年材料学综合试题（任选5题每题20分）1.试举1-2例计算机模拟与计算方法在材料科学与工程中的具体应用和基本原理。
2.在不改变金属材料化学组成的前提下，可以通过多种制备技术改变材料的组织与性能，试举两例说明之。
3.简述材料表面科学技术发展对未来材料的影响。
4.简要介绍1-2种新型功能材料的研究开发现状及实际应用过程中需要解决的关键问题。
5.从人类社会可持续发展的角度，论述新材料与新技术的发展趋势。
6.金相显微镜、扫描电镜、透射电镜都能用来观察和分析材料的微观结构，它们所依据的原理和方法是什么？举例说明。
7.简述1-2种纳米材料的性能特征与应用及其制备技术。
8.结合本人的研究和工作实践，简述一种新型材料的主要性能特点、用途与制备方法。
2009年博士研究生入学考试课程名称：材料计算科学与虚拟工程综合（每题20分，选做5题）a)简述金属塑性变形－组织结构－性能间的相互关系。
b)简述形变热处理提高材料性能的原理，介绍1－2种有色金属材料的具体形变热处理工艺。
2007年博士生入学考试试题-中国科学院研究生院
2007年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学统一考试试题科目名称：生态学考生须知：1．本试卷满分为100分，全部考试时间总计180分钟。
2．所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或草稿纸上一律无效。
一、名词解释（每题2分）1、沉积型物质循环2、最小因子定律3、生态价4、静态生命表5、生物地球化学循环6、生态恢复7、地理隔离 8、负反馈调节二、简答题（每题8分）1、你认为当代生态学研究的中心任务是什么？2、简述用香农－威纳指数计算群落异质性的方法及其生物学意义。
3、简述群落数量分类与排序的异同。
三、问答题（任选三题，每题20分）1、栖息在同一棵树上（空间生态位相同）、有相同食物（营养生态位相同）的两种鸟能否长期共存？请说明在什么情况下不能共存？在何种情况下才能共存？2、举例说明有毒有害物质在生态系统中的传递及其生态后果。
3、如何判断一种植物在一个新的环境中能够生存，选择陆生或水生高等植物说明？如果要实验判断，需要设计哪些实验？4、列举10种有关生态学的外文杂志。
分析现代生态学对人类发展的贡献有哪些。
科目名称：生态学第1页共1页2007年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学统一考试试题科目名称：环境化学考生须知：1．本试卷满分为100分，全部考试时间总计180分钟。
2．所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或草稿纸上一律无效。
一、名词解释（每题2分）1、污染物归趋2、限制性营养元素3、一级降解动力学4、Monod方程5、生化需氧量6、A2/O法7、酸碱缓冲容量8、沉积物释放二、简答题（每题8分）1、简述挥发作用中的双膜理论。
2、简述土壤的缓冲作用。
3、简述多环芳烃的来源及危害。
三、问答题（任选三题，每题20分）1、叙述氮氧化物（NO、NO2）在大气液相平衡体系中的转化，并给出在气液间和液相内的相应平衡关系式。
2、土壤中有许多有机的和无机的氧化性和还原性物质，土壤中这些主要的氧化剂和还原剂有哪些？为什么有时可以用Eh值可以确定土壤中有机物和无机物可能发生的氧化还原反应？3、城市垃圾焚烧过程中会产生NO、HCl和PCDD等多种有害气体。
2007博士学位研究生入学考试试题-综合解释答案
标准答案（要点）一、1、由于含氢指数低，天然气层中天然气对快中子的减速能力低于骨架，导致中子测井结果明显低于实际的孔隙度的一种物理现象。
2、传统的声速测井往往采用阈值检测法来判断首波的到达。
如果地层对声波的衰减太大，以至于使首波的幅度小于所设置的阈值，则不能检测到首波，而只能检测到后续波，这会使所测量的声波旅行时间变大，这种现象叫“周波跳跃”。
周波跳跃一般都发生在远波，使时差t 变大。
周波跳跃现象的产生导致时间测量误差为首波的若干个周期。
3、淡水泥浆滤液侵入条件下，含高矿化度地层水轻质油气层中的油气相对渗透率大于水相相对渗透率，导致在侵入带前缘形成的以原生高矿化度地层水相对富集的环带。
4、核磁测井三种横向弛豫机制之一。
发生在岩石孔隙中固体与流体界面。
表面弛豫取决于岩石孔隙表面弛豫率和孔隙比表面。
5、在给定的地区地质条件下，为了完成预定的勘探、开发或工程任务而选用的一套经济实用的综合测井方法。
岩性、物性、流体性质。
6、饱和多相流体孔隙介质中一相流体有效渗透率与绝对（空气）渗透率的比值。
二、1、根据岩石物理体积模型，采用反演理论进行解释的一种方法。
以经过环境校正后的测井值（向量）为基础，根据适当的解释模型和测井响应方程，计算理论测井值（向量），并与实际测井值（向量）对比，按非线性加权最小二乘原理建立目标函数，用最优化方法不断调整未知储层参数，使目标函数达到极小值（能结合公式叙述最佳）。
2、是油藏描述和多井评价中的一项技术。
选择有系统连续取心、测试和较全测井系列等资料齐全的井，建立可以应用于整个油藏（田）其他井的测井解释模型、参数。
3、测井资料综合分析的一种直观图形手段。
如中子—密度测井重叠图可以直观反映地层岩性类型以及孔隙度高低；视地层水电阻率曲线与深探测电阻率曲线可以帮助判断储层流体性质等。
三、1、低电阻率油气层指与同等物性、岩性和水性的水层，电阻增大率小于2-3的油气层，主要类型有：具有高—极高地层水矿化度的低电阻率油气层，引起这类油气层呈低电阻率的原因是矿化度极高的地层水在孔隙中形成密布的导电网络，使油气层电阻率明显降低；微孔隙发育的低电阻率油气层，这类油气层低电阻率的原因是岩石的颗粒较细（细粉砂和粘土矿物），导致地层中微孔隙十分发育，微孔隙和渗流孔隙并存，再加上地层水矿化度的影响，其电阻率值可能极低；富含泥质的低电阻率油气层，这类地层往往是淡水泥质砂岩地层，这时泥质的附加导电性表现十分突出，成为引起电阻率下降的原因；粒间孔隙与裂缝并存引起的低电阻率油气层，由于裂缝发育，在钻井过程中有相当的泥浆滤液侵入，驱赶并代替了裂缝中的油气，而使油气层的电阻率明显下降； 表面和骨架导电引起的低电阻率油气层 2、（1）岩石体积模型方法的基本要点是：按物理性质的差别，将岩石分成几个组成部分，而且岩石的总体积等于各部分体积之和；根据测井方法的物理意义，表达出宏观物理量与测量的物理量（单位物理量）的表达式；对表达式简化得到体积模型方程。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
2007年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学统一考试试题科目名称：自然地理学考生须知：1．本试卷满分为100分，全部考试时间总计180分钟。
2．所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或草稿纸上一律无效。
一、名词解释（每题4分）1、自然区划2、气温垂直递减率3、土地结构4、内流河二、简答题（每题8分）1、简述地壳演化及年代确定方法。
2、简述湖泊的主要类型与成因。
3、简述人地关系理论。
三、问答题（任选三题，每题20分）1、试述全球气候变暖对长江流域自然环境演变的可能影响。
2、试述水资源分布的特点及其优化配置途径。
3、论述城市化对水文水资源的影响。
4、试述近100年来中国气候变化的主要特点和近30年气候变化的主要原因。
科目名称：自然地理学第1页共1页2007年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学统一考试试题科目名称：生态学考生须知：1．本试卷满分为100分，全部考试时间总计180分钟。
2．所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或草稿纸上一律无效。
一、名词解释（每题2分）1、沉积型物质循环2、最小因子定律3、生态价4、静态生命表5、生物地球化学循环6、生态恢复7、地理隔离 8、负反馈调节二、简答题（每题8分）1、你认为当代生态学研究的中心任务是什么？2、简述用香农－威纳指数计算群落异质性的方法及其生物学意义。
3、简述群落数量分类与排序的异同。
三、问答题（任选三题，每题20分）1、栖息在同一棵树上（空间生态位相同）、有相同食物（营养生态位相同）的两种鸟能否长期共存？请说明在什么情况下不能共存？在何种情况下才能共存？2、举例说明有毒有害物质在生态系统中的传递及其生态后果。
3、如何判断一种植物在一个新的环境中能够生存，选择陆生或水生高等植物说明？如果要实验判断，需要设计哪些实验？4、列举10种有关生态学的外文杂志。
分析现代生态学对人类发展的贡献有哪些。
科目名称：生态学第1页共1页2007年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学统一考试试题科目名称：计算机应用基础考生须知：1．本试卷满分为100分，全部考试时间总计180分钟。
2．所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或草稿纸上一律无效。
一、名词解释（每题5分）1、数字高程模型2、虚拟内存3、CGI4、ORACLE二、选择题（每题1分）下列A）、B）、C）、D）四个选项中，请在正确答案选项的编号字母上打“√”。
(1) 一台计算机连入计算机网络后，该计算机A) 运行速度会加快 B) 可以共享网络中的资源 C) 内存容量变大 D) 运行精度会提高(2) 下列各项中，不属于多媒体硬件的是A) 声卡 B) 光盘驱动器 C) 显示器 D) 多媒体制作工具(3) 计算机网络与分布系统之间的区别主要是在A) 系统物理结构 B) 系统高层软件 C) 传输介质 D) 服务器类型(4) 当用户向ISP申请Internet账户时，用户的E-mail账户应包括A) UserName B) MailBox C) Password D) UserName、Password(5) 常见的pc机上连接的显示设备是A) 多色显示器 B) 彩色电视机 C) 彩色显示器 D) 黑白电视机(6) 在主存储器中的基本存储单元A) bit B) byte C) character D) word(7) 某硬盘组有6个双面盘片组成，通常应该有多少个读写头?A) 2 B) 10 C) 6 D) 12科目名称：计算机应用基础第1页共4页(8) 关系数据库设计理论主要包括三个方面内容，其中起核心作用的是A) 范式 B) 数据模式 C) 数据依赖 D) 范式和数据依赖(9) 下列说法中正确的是A) 计算机体积越大，其功能就越强B) 在微机性能指标中，CPU的主频越高，其运算速度越快C) 两个显示器屏幕大小相同，则它们的分辨率必定相同D) 点阵打印机的针数越多，则能打印的汉字字数越多(10) 字数和字符在计算机内最终都化为二进制，对于人们习惯的十进制数，通过的转换是以A) BCD码 B) 扩展BCD码 C) ASCII码 D) 扩展ASCII码(11) 当前最适合用来存储多媒体信息的是A) SRAM B) 高密度软盘 C) 磁带 D) CD-ROM(12) 自动批处理文件必须放在A) C盘根目录下 B) A盘根目录下 C) 启动盘的任一目录下 D) 启动盘的根目录下(13) 信息高速公路传送的是A) 二进制数据 B) 系统软件 C) 应用软件 D) 多媒体信息(14) 如果发现某张软盘上已染上病毒，正确的处理方法是A) 将该软盘销毁B) 将该软盘上的文件复制到另外的软盘上使用C) 换一台计算机使用该软盘上的文件，使病毒慢慢消失D) 用反病毒软件清除该软盘上的病毒或在安装有防病毒卡的计算机上格式化该软盘(15 ) 微机运算速度快慢的表示为A) 时钟频率 B) 每秒执行程序个数 C) 启动速度 D) 内存访问速度(16) 下面的程序执行后，文件testt.t中的内容是#include <stdio.h>void fun(char *fname.,char *st){ FILE *myf; int i;myf=fopen(fname,"w" );for(i=0;i<strlen(st); i++)fputc(st[i],myf);fclose(myf);}main()科目名称：计算机应用基础第2页共4页{ fun("test","new world"; fun("test","hello,"0;)A) hello, B} new worldhello, C) new world D) hello, rl(17) 以下程序的输出结果是union myun{ struct{ int x, y, z; } u;int k;} a;main(){ a.u.x=4; a.u.y=5; a.u.z=6;a.k=0;printf(%d\n",a.u.x);}A) 4 B) 5 C) 6 D) 0(18)以下程序的输出结果是struct HAR{ int x, y; struct HAR *p;} h[2];main(){ h[0],x=1;h[0];y=2;h[1],x=3;h[1];y=4;h[0],p=&h[1],p=h;printf("%d %d \n",(h[0],p)->x,(h[1],p)->y);}A) 12 B) 23 C) 14 D) 32(19) 以下程序的输出结果是main(){ int a, b;for(a=1, b=1; a<=100; a++){ if(b>=10) break;if (b%3= =1){ b+=3; continue; }}printf("%d\n",a);}A) 101 B) 6 C) 5 D) 4(20) 以下程序的输出结果是＃define MAX(x,y) (x)>(y)?(x): (y)main(){科目名称：计算机应用基础第3页共4页int a=5,b=2,c=3,d=3,t;t = MAX(a+b,c+d)*10;printf(“d\n”, t);}A) 70 B) 7 C) 6 D) 60三、问答题（任选三题，每题20分）1、求所有满足如下条件的三位数：它除以11得的商等于它各位数字的平方和。
例如：500除以11，商为50，52＋52＋02＝50。
使用穷尽三位数，寻找满足条件的数。
[程序]#include <stdio.h>main(){int i,j,n,s;for(i=100; i<=999; i++){n=i;j=n/11;s=0;while(n){__________________③___________________n/10;}if(j==s){printf(“%5d”, i);}}}2、虚拟现实技术编程中使用的图形接口OpenGL与DirectX的特点及主要异同点。
3、用你熟悉的程序设计语言编写出下列程序：首先输入一个整数n,然后输入n 个实数，计算其均值，并打印输出最小值、最大值和均值。
4、试述操作系统的概念、组成和分类。
科目名称：计算机应用基础第4页共4页2007年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学统一考试试题科目名称：环境化学考生须知：1．本试卷满分为100分，全部考试时间总计180分钟。
2．所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或草稿纸上一律无效。
一、名词解释（每题2分）1、污染物归趋2、限制性营养元素3、一级降解动力学4、Monod方程5、生化需氧量6、A2/O法7、酸碱缓冲容量8、沉积物释放二、简答题（每题8分）1、简述挥发作用中的双膜理论。
2、简述土壤的缓冲作用。
3、简述多环芳烃的来源及危害。
三、问答题（任选三题，每题20分）1、叙述氮氧化物（NO、NO2）在大气液相平衡体系中的转化，并给出在气液间和液相内的相应平衡关系式。
2、土壤中有许多有机的和无机的氧化性和还原性物质，土壤中这些主要的氧化剂和还原剂有哪些？为什么有时可以用Eh值可以确定土壤中有机物和无机物可能发生的氧化还原反应？3、城市垃圾焚烧过程中会产生NO、HCl和PCDD等多种有害气体。
在560－620K 温度条件下，向烟气注入NH3就可削除NO和HCl并抑制PCDD的生成。
现有烟气50400m3/h，并已知其中含NO800ppm，含HCl 1520mg/L，求为去除98%NO和全部HCl所需要的NH3量（按25℃和1.013×105Pa条件下计）。
4、请试述人类对水体环境破坏的主要途径及水体保护对策。
科目名称：环境化学第1页共1页2007年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学统一考试试题科目名称：环境科学考生须知：1．本试卷满分为100分，全部考试时间总计180分钟。
2．所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或草稿纸上一律无效。
一、名词解释（每题2分）1、水质净化2、土地置换3、生物群落4、生化需氧量5、废物资源化6、环境管理7、清洁生产8、自然环境二、简答题（每题8分）1、对河水化学组分影响最大的环境因素有哪些？2、简述环境科学的研究对象和主要任务。
3、简述在土壤中污染物自然净化的机制。
三、问答题（任选三题，每题20分）1、什么是土地沙漠化？并叙述人类在土地沙漠化过程中所起的至关重要的作用。
2、试就中国近10多年间GDP高速增加的情势，对资源过度开采和利用可能造成的环境恶果，以及国家在应对这些问题方面的宏观策略谈谈你的看法。
3、谈谈你对我国水污染的特点与治理难点的认识。