02英美文学-新古典主义时期
英美文学主要内容
英美文学作品选读Selected Readings of British LiteratureThis subject is about the historical development of British literature, it describes the lives and careers of the great and major writers, especially their representative works.英国1. 中古英国文学（8世纪-14世纪）2. 文艺复兴时期（14世纪-17世纪中）3. 新古典主义时期（17世纪中-18世纪）4. 浪漫主义时期（18世纪中-19世纪中）5. 维多利亚时期（1836- 1901）6. 现代主义时期（19世纪末-20世纪）Mediaeval times (the 8th ~ 14th century)1)The Anglo-saxon period:About Teutons: before the invasion of Britain, the Teutons inhabited the central part of Europe as far as the Rhine, a tract which in a large measured coincides with the modern Germany. The Jutes, Angles and Saxons were different tribes of Teutons. These ancestors of the English dwelt in Danmark and in the lands extending southward along the North Sea.The literature form of this period falls into two divisions –pagan and Christian. The former represents the poetry which the Anglo-Saxons probably brought with them in the form of oral saga. The latter represents the writings developed under the teaching of the monks. Two important poets in this period are Caedmon and Cynewulf.The Song of Beowulf: the poem can be justly termed England’s national epic, its hero Beowulf is one of the national heroes of the English people. Thematically, the poem presents a vivid picture of how the primitive people wage heroic struggles again the hostile forces of the natural world under a wise and mighty leader.2)The Anglo-Norman period: the literature of this period is remarkable for its bright, romantic tales oflove and adventure, in contrast with the strength and somberness of Anglo-Saxon poetry. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is the representative. Its theme is a series of the tests on faith, courage, purity and human weakness for self-preservation. The story presents a profoundly Christian view of man’s character and his destiny. By placing self-protection before honour, and deceit before his trust in the love of God, Gawain has sinned and fallen and become an image of Adam. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is undoubtedly a romance told with the purpose of portraying ideal character in action.3)Geoffrey Chaucer,the ‘father of English poetry”and one of the greatest narrative poets of England.Chaucer greatly contributed to the founding of the English literary language, the basis of which was formed by the London dialect, so profusely used by the poet. Chaucer’s masterpiece is the Canterbury Tales, one of the most famous works in all literature, which has given us a picture of contemporary English life, its work and play, its deeds and dreams, its fun and sympathy and hearty joy of living such as no other single work of literature has ever equaled. These people include young squire, yeoman, forester, Prioress, miller, ploughman, etc.文艺复兴时期文学The Renaissancethe 16th century in England was a period of breaking up of feudal relations and the establishing of the foundations of capitalism. New social and economic conditions brought about great changes in the development of science and art, this period is marked by a flourishing of national culture known as the Renaissance, which originally indicated a revival of classical (Greek and Roman) arts and sciences after the dark ages of medieval obscurantism (vagueness).In Elizabethan period, English literature developed with a great speed. The most distinctive achievement of Elizabethan literature is drama. Next to drama is the lyrical poetry, remarkable for its variety and freshness and romantic feeling. In the renaissance period, scholars began to emphasize the capacities of human mind and the achievement of human culture. So humanism became the keynote of English renaissance.1. William Shakespeare is one of the most remarkable playwrights and poets in the world. He has also been given the highest praises by various scholars and critics the world over. His greatest tragedies are: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth. His greatest comedies are: A Midsummer Night’s Dream, the Merchant of Venice, as you like it and Twelfth Night. In them, he portrayed young people just freed from feudal fetters. He sang of their youth, love and ideal of happiness. They trust in themselves and their efforts are crowned with success. The general spirit is optimism.The Merchant of Venice: A moneyless young man Bassanio loves a rich beauty Portia. He wants to marry to her, so he appeals to his friend Antonio for help. To aid Bassanio in his courtship, he borrows money from Shylock the Jewish usurer. Shylock agrees to lend the money on the condition that if the loan is not paid in three months, he may cut a pound of flesh from Antonia’s body. Unfortunately, Antonio can’t pay the money because his ship doesn’t return on time. Shylock demands his pound of flesh and Antonio is in danger now. At the critical moment, a young doctor of law comes to help him. He asks Shylock to take no more or no less than one pound of flesh and spilling no drop of blood. Shylock can’t do this, so Antonia is saved. The man who saves the life of Antonio is no other than Portia in disguise! Portia: she is one of S hakespeare’s ideal women--- beautiful, cultured, courteous（谦恭）and capable of rising to an emergency. Shylock: he is an avaricious money-lender and a Jew of pride and deep religious instincts. He has suffered much in the hands of the Christians. His revolting bond is counterbalanced by Antonio’s arrogant treatmen t of him. We can see his loud protest against racial discrimination.Hamlet is considered the summit of Shakespeare’s art. The whole story shows how hamlet, who represents good and justice, fights against his uncle in whom all the evil things can be seen. The famous line in the play “to be or not to be” by hamlet is often quoted by people. He is a hero of the renaissance. He loves good and hates evil. He is a scholar, soldier and statesman. His learning, wisdom, noble nature, limitation and tragedy are all representative of the humanists at the turn of the 16th and the 17th century.Othello is a splendid Moorish general in Venice. He marries to a beautiful girl and they live happily together. Iago is a very bad man and he envies his happiness. He tells Othello that his wife betrayed him. He believes him and kills his wife. But at last he knows the truth and regrets very much, so he killed himself. It is a tragedy of humanism and a tragedy of the colored people in a society of racial prejudice. Othello is a great warrior and too noble-minded to suspect those whom he loves. Though his kin is dark, he has great moral beauty. He loves Desdemona dearly because he finds her to be the embodiment of integrity, sincerity and loftiness of mind. Their tragedy shows that noble-minded people maybe led astray by evil forces in an evil society and commit mistakes if they can not distinguish falsehood from truth, and evil from good.King Lear: Lear is the king of Britain and he is a self-wild old man, intends to divide his realm among his three daughters by asking them how much they love him. The two elder daughters win his trust by fine words. But his little daughter Cordelia says she loves him according to her duty, not more or less. Her father is angry and decides to give her nothing.Sonnet: the sonnet is a poem in 14 lines with one or the other rhyme scheme.Francis Bacon:an outstanding prose writer in time. His works may be divided into three classes, the philosophical (the Advancement of Learning), the literary (Essays - Of Truth, Of Death, Of Friendship), and the professional (Reading on the Status of Uses) works.17世纪文学(The Period of Revolution and Restoration)The 17th century was one of the most tempestuous periods in English history. It was a period when absolute monarchy impeded the further development of capitalism in England and the bourgeoisie could no longer bear the sway of landed nobility. The contradictions between the feudal system and the bourgeoisie had reached its peak and resulted in a revolutionary outburst.1. John Milton is the greatest writer of the 17th century. He is often considered the greatest English poet after Shakespeare. In his life and literary career the two dominant historical movements of renaissance and Reformation combine and receive their most intense and intelligent expression. His works include paradise lost, paradise regained and Samson Agonistes. Milton has noble thought and splendid imagery. He is a great stylist. His poetry has a grand style. His poetry is noted for sublimity of thought and majesty of expression. Milton is a great master of blank verse. He is the glorious pioneer to introduce blank verse into non-dramatic poetry. He has used it as the main tool in his masterpiece Paradise Lost. His blank verse is rich in every poetic quality and never monotonous. His works are marked by cosmic themes and lofty religious idealism. Paradise lost is his masterpiece and the greatest English epic. In the poem, god is no better than a selfish despot, who is cruel and unjust in punishing Satan, the rebel. Adam and Eve embody his belief in the powers of man. Satan is the real hero of the poem.2. John Bunyan. The Pilgrim’s Progress.The story starts with a dream in which the author sees Christian the Pilgrim, with a heavy burden on his back, reading the Bibble, from which he learns that the city in which he and his family live shall be burnt down in a fire. He tries to convince his family and his neighbours of the on coming disaster and asks them to go with him i search of salvation, but most of them simply ignore him. so he starts off with a friend Pliable. Pliable turns back after they stumble into a pit, the Slough of despond. Christian struggles on by himself. Then he is misled by Mr. Worldly Wiseman and is brought back onto the right road by Mr. Evangelist. There he joins Faithful, a neighbor who has set out later but has made better progress. The two go on together through many adventures, including the great struggle with Apollyon, who claims them to be his subjects and refuses to accept their allegiance to God. After many other adventures, they come to the Vanity Fair where both are arrested as alien agitators. They are tried and Faithful is condemned to death. Christian, however, manages to escape and goes on his way, assisted by a new friend, Hopeful. Tired of the hard journey, they are attempted to take a pleasant path and are thn captured by Gelestial City at last. There they enjoy eternal life in the followship of the blessed.The Pilgrim’s Progress is the most successful religious allegory in English language. Its predominant metaphor –life as a journey –is simple and familiar. The objects that Christian meets are homely and commonplace, and the scenes presented are typical English scenes, but throughout details. Here the strange is combined with familiar and trivial joined to the divine, and at the same time, everything is based on universal experiences. Besides, a rich imagination and a natural talent for story-telling also contribute to the success of the work which is at once entertaining and morally instructive.Th secret of its success is probably simple. It is, first of all, not a procession of shadows repeating theauthor’s declamations, but a real story, the first extended story in English. The Puritans may have read it because they found in it true personal experience told with strength, interest humour, in a word, with all qualities that cuch a story should possess. Young people have read it, first, for its intrinsic worth, because the dramatic interest of the story lured them on to the very end; and second, because it was their introduction to true allegory. It was the only book having an story interest in the great majority of English and American home for a full century.18世纪文学(the age of Enlightenment in England)After the tempestuous events of the 17th century, England entered a period of a comparatively peaceful development.Enlightenment: it was an expression of struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism. They thought the chief means for bettering the society is enlightenment or education for the people.Realism. The eighteenth century was the golden age of the English novel. The novel of this period spoke the truth about life with an uncompromising courage. What the writers described in their works were social realities and the main characters were usually common men. The writers and philosophers of the Enlightenment held that man is good and noble by nature but many succumb to an evil environment.1. Daniel Defoe has been regarded as the discoverer of the modern novel. Defoe was a very good story-teller. He had a gift for organizing minute details in such a vivid way that his stories could be both credible and fascination. His sentences are sometimes short, crisp and plain, and sometimes long and rambling, which leave on the reader an impression of casual narration. His language is smooth, easy, colloquial and mostly vernacular.Robinson Crusoe was one of the forerunners of the English realistic novel. Crusoe was a sailor, a merchant and a slave-owner. On the voyage to Africa, he met a shipwreck and found himself cast by the sea waves upon the shore of an uninhabited island. He managed the livelihood there by himself. Finally, he was saved and got married in England. At last, he sailed back to the island and established a colony there.2. Jonathan Swift: Gulliver’s travels ; A Modest Proposal3. Joseph Addison. Sir Roger at Church; Sir Roger at the Assizes.3. Henry Fielding The History of Tom Jones4. William Blake songs of innocence, songs of experience- the chimney-sweeper, London and the tiger. It shows the poet’s eyes are open to the evils and vices of the world.5. Robert burns a red, red rose. He wrote poems to express his hatred for the oppression of the ruling class and his love for freedom.浪漫主义时期The Romantic Period1. William Wordsworth was a major English Romantic poet. His major poets include I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud and The solitary reaper. His poetry is distinguished by the simplicity and purity of its language.2. George Gordon Byron is one of the most excellent representatives of English romanticism. His literary career was closely associated with the struggle and progressive movement of his age. She walks in beauty and Don Juan. Don Juan is a Spanish youth of aristocratic birth. T he long poem describes Don Juan’s adventures in many countries.3. Percy Bysshe ShelleyHis short poems on nature and love form an important part of his literary output. His best love lyrics are Ode to the west wind and to a skylark. “If winter comes, can spring be far behind?” is a famous line in ode tothe west wind.4. John KeatsHis famous works are ode to a nightingale, ode on a Grecian Urn and ode to autumn. Ode is his main form of poetry. He sought to express beauty in all his poems. His leading principle is beauty in truth, truth beauty. His poetry is distinguished by sensuousness and the perfection of form.5. Walter ScottWaverley, Rob Roy and Ivanhoe. He is the first novelist to recreate the past. In his novels, historical events are closely interwoven with the fates of individuals. He is always mindful of the role and fates of the ordinary people.In a sense, his literary career marks the transition from romanticism to realism in English literature of the 19th century.6. Jane AustenHer major works are Pride and prejudice, Emma, sense and sensibility. She was popular all through the 19th century. Pride and prejudice is his masterpiece. The central character is Elizabeth Bennet, one of the daughters in the Bennets. Elizabeth meets a young man Darcy and has prejudice against him because she thinks he has nothing but pride. After many twists and turns, misunderstandings disappear and they are happily united. The plot is simple, but Austen has woven vivid pictures of everyday life of English country society. Her novels show a wealth of humor, wit and delicate satire. Her dialogues are admirably true to life. 维多利亚时期文学The Victorian AgeCritical realism appeared during this period. Dickens is the representative writer. With striking force and truthfulness, he pictured bourgeois civilization, showing the misery of common people. The 19th century critical realists made use of the form of novel for full and detailed representation of social and political events, and one of the fate of individuals and of whole social class.1. Charles Dickens is the greatest representative of English critical realism. He wrote lots of famous works, such as a tale of two cities. David Copperfield, Hard times and.Oliver Twist,Oliver Twist is one of the best works of Dickens. Oliver Twist is an orphan boy. He is born in a workhouse and brought up under cruel conditions. Then he runs to London and meets a gang of thieves. They try to convert Oliver into a thief. He is rescued by a rich man, but the thieves kidnap him, make him join them again. At last, he is saved and adopted by the kind man. His vivid description of the thieves’ den and the underworld of London shows the sympathy for the lower classes. Among the characters of the lower strata, Oliver is the only one who emerges happy and successful in the end. This happy issue shows his optimistic belief in the inevitable triumph of good over evil.2. William Makepeace Thackeray is a representative of critical realism in 19th century. He is a realist, a satirist and a moralist.Vanity fair: the title was taken from Bunyan’s pilgrim’s Progress. The main characters are Amelia and Becky. Amelia is a simple but kind girl and Becky is a craft and resourceful girl. Becky is an orphan and tries to make her way into the upper society. She is a classic example of those who grub money by all means.3. Charlotte Bronte:Jane Eyre is a story about an orphan girl called Jane Eyre. Maltreated by her aunt, she goes to a charity school. Later she becomes a governess of Mr. Rochester. He loves her. Before their wedding, she learns that he has got a mad wife. Shocked by the news, she left him. When she heard that his house is destroyed in a fire and he becomes blind, she returned to him and became his wife. In the novel, Jane Eyre maintains that women should have equal rights with men. Charlotte also aims to criticize the bourgeoisie educational system.4. Emily Bronte:Wuthering Heights it deals with the story of the hero Heathcliff who is a gipsy. He ispicked up by Me. Earnshaw and brought up together with his children. Healthcliff and the daughter Miss Catherine have loved each other since childhood. When he grows up, he joins the army and three years later he becomes a rich man. When he comes back, he finds his lover has been married to another man. Later, he becomes the master of the family and takes revenge upon the next generation. It’s a powerful attack on the bourgeoisie marriage system.5. George Eliot: has three remarkable novels: Adam Bede, The mill on the floss, silas marner. The hero of Adam Bede is a village carpenter, an honest young man. He falls in love with a girl, but the girl gives her heart to a selfish squire. Later the girl is put into prison for deserting her own child. Adam and a woman preacher get married.7. Alfred Tennyson was recognized as the greatest poet of Victorian England. His main poetical works include Ulysses; break, break, break; Crossing the Bar. He has a total mastery of the sounds and rhythms of the English language. He has genius for evoking moods and states of mind in his poems. No poet could surpass him at linking descriptions of nature to the state of the mind.8. Robert Browning is realistic, optimistic and believes in the progress of mankind. His contribution to poetry is his dramatic monologues.现代作家—twentieth century literature.In modernist writers concentrate more on the private and subjunctive than on the public and the objective, mainly concerned with the inner being of an individual. The major themes of the modernist literature are the distorted, and ill relationships between man and nature, man and society, man and man, man and himself. 1. John Galsworthy is one of the greatest novelists in the early 20th century. He was born in a wealthy family. After graduation from Oxford, he began to devote himself to literary work. His style is noted for its strength and elasticity. His language is simple, clear and straightforward.The forsyte saga has been regarded as his masterpiece. It includes three novels and two interludes. And the man of propert y marks the peak of critical realism in all Galsworthy’s works. Forsyte is the central figure of the story, who is the man of property. He has married a girl, but pays no attention to her thoughts and feelings, regarding her as a piece of his property. Then his wife loves another who is killed by a car.2. Bernard Shaw was a greatest dramatist in the 20th century. He used stage to criticize the evils of capitalism. He is a critical realist writer and a humorist. His play deals with contemporary social problems. His major plays include widowers’ houses, the apple cart, Major Barbara, Mrs. Warren’s profession and heartbreak house. Widowers’ houses satirizes bourgeois businessmen whose ill-gotten money is squeezed out of poor, suffering people. An English businessman Mr. Sartorius and his daughter meet a young doctor Harry Trench while traveling in Germany. The two youth fall in love with each other and plan to get married. Then Trench finds that his future father-in-law makes his money by renting slum housing to the poor, so he refuses to marry her daughter. Later, Sartorius reveals that Trench's income is as dirty as the money made by Sartorius. At last, Harry and Blanche reunite.3. David Herbert Lawrence was an English author, poet, playwright and literary critic. In his works, he confronts issues relating to emotional health and vitality, spontaneity, human sexuality and instinct. He is best known for his novels Sons and Lovers, the Rainbow, Women in Love and Lady Chatterley's Lover. Within these Lawrence explores the possibilities for life and living within an Industrial setting. In particular Lawrence is concerned with the nature of relationships that can be had within such settings. Though often classed as a realist, Lawrence's use of his characters can be better understood with reference to his philosophy. His use of sexual activity, though shocking at the time, has its roots in this highly personal wayof thinking and being. It is worth noting that Lawrence was very interested in human touch behavior and that his interest in physical intimacy has its roots in a desire to restore our emphasis on the body, and re-balance it with what he perceived to be western civilization's slow process of over-emphasis on the mind.Sons and Lovers is Lawrence’s semi-autob iographical novel. It tells the story of a coal miner’s family with the son Paul as the central character. The thread of the story evolved around Paul’s love for the two girls Miriam and Clara as well as his love for his mother Mrs. Morel.4. James Joyce was born in Dublin. His major novels include: a portrait of the artist as a young man, Ulysses and Dubliners. James Joyce is the founder of stream of consciousness.He tried not merely to describe how a character might think, but also to present a record of the character’s thoughts.5. Thomas Hardy1)The underlying theme of Hardy’s writing is the struggle of man against the mysterious force which rulesthe world, brings misfortune into his life and predetermines his fate. 2) fatalism is strongly reflected in his writings. 3) Hardy has a strong sense of humor and often describes nature with charm and impressiveness.Tess of the D’Urbervilles, His masterpieces are Tess of the D’Urbervilles, the major of Casterbridge, far from the madding crowed and Jude the obscure. Tess is a poor dairymaid who has been seduced by Alec D’Urbervilles, a wealthy villain, and gives birth to a child. Later she falls in love with a man called Clare. On their wedding night, she confesses to her husband that she has been seduced and given birth to a child. He husband can not accept the fact and goes abroad. Some years later, he comes back and wants Tess to come back to him. Tess murders her seducer and is arrested and hanged. The tragedy of Tess is an exposure of the wicket oppressors represented by Alec.The son’s veto。
02英美文学-新古典主义时期
《时尚婚姻》《现代婚姻》
Comments
1. Dryden made his prose precise, concise and flexible, and raised English literary criticism to a new level. 2. Following the standards of classicism, he established the heroic couplet. John Dryden was the forerunner of the English classical school of literature in the 18th century.
John Dryden (1631—1700)
约翰· 德莱顿
John Dryden
1. An English poet, dramatist, and critic. 2. He first came to notice: Heroic Stanzas, which memorized the death of Oliver Cromwell. 3.He later sang for the Royalists and became an Anglican(英国圣公会教 徒)being a Cavalier poet. 4. He became a poet laureate(桂冠诗 人).
John Dryden’s Works:
3. tragedy and blank-verse masterpiece: “All for Love” “一切为了爱情” 4. critical works: “Essay of Dramatic Poesy” “论戏剧诗”
新古典主义文学
新古典主义时期（Neo-Classicism）
产生背景
欧洲文艺复兴后产生了一种主张理性至上、尊重传统道德价值、倡导公民义务等新古典主义文艺思潮。
这一思潮发源于法国，对西欧也有一定影响。
新古典主义时期的文学理论和创作原则遵循唯理主义观点，认为艺术必须从理性出发，注重古典艺术形式的完整，追求雅典、庄重、和谐。
新古典主义在英国的发展
新古典主义在英国文学中主要是指1660-1784年从德莱顿到
约翰逊这一文学发展阶段，大致可以分为三个时期：王政时期、文学鼎盛时期和约翰逊时期。
主要代表作家：德莱顿、斯威夫特、斯梯尔、哥尔德斯密斯、吉本等。
这一阶段作家的散文、诗歌以及戏剧创作一般以严谨清晰的思想、简约优美形式与和谐完整的结构为主。
17世纪中叶英国散文开始进入形式讲究、体律丰满的境地，古典主义的创作原则逐渐促使散文体规范化和形式上典雅完美。
18世纪中叶散文又出现了一次自觉繁荣的高潮，斯梯尔、斯威夫特、爱狄生等撰写的散文一扫文风雕琢、华而不实之习气而使散文面向生活，走向朴素、诚实和自信。
18世纪初，古典主义精神在蒲诗中得到了极其充分的体现，并
使英雄双韵形式的运用达到最高的完美境界。
他的诗作思想明晰，结构匀称，语言优雅，音韵和谐，影响英国多年。
二新古典主义时期
一：新古典主义时期界定:The Neoclassical period is a period in English literature between the return of the Stuarts to the English throne in 1660 and the full assertion of Romanticism which came with the publication of Lyrical Ballads by Wordswoth and Coleridge in 1798.二：政治经济背景:Of the great political and social events there were the Restoration of King Charles Ⅱin 1660 ,the Great Plague of 1665 ,the Glorious Revolution in1689 .England practiced the Acts of Enclosure .Middle of the 18th,the first powerful capitalist c ountry ,“the work-shop of the world”,they believed in self-restraint ,self-reliance and hard-work .三：此时期文学艺术特色:创作规则:(Alexander Pope ,John Dryden ,Samuel Johnson ):Prose should be precise ,direct ,smooth and flexible .Poetry should belyrical ,epical ,didactic ,satiric or dramatic ,and each class should be guided by its own principles .Drama should be written in the Heroic Couplets ;the three unities oftime ,space and action should be strictly observed ;regularity in construction should be adhered to ,and type characters rather than individuals should be represented .四:启蒙运动影响：the Age of Enlightenment(18th-century) : The Enlightenment Movement was a progressive intellectual movement which flourished in France and swept through the whole Western Europe at the time .Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas .提倡order ,reason and rules ,advocated universal education .五:英国现代小说:起于18世纪中叶.Contrary to the traditional romance of aristocrats ,the modern English novel gives a realistic presentation of life of the common English people .六：重要作家：①Daniel Defoe 笛福重要作品:著名代表作:《Robinson Crusoe》.艺术特色:He had a gift for organizing minute details in such vivid way that his histories could be both credible and fascinating .语句时而short ,crisp and plain ,有时long and rambling ,which leave an the reader an impression of casual narration .His language issmooth ,easy ,colloquial and mostly vernacular .《Robinson Crusoe》解析:In Robinson Crusoe ,Defoe traces the growth of Robinson from a navie and artless youth into a shrewd and hardened man ,tempered by numerous trials in his eventful life .Robinson is a real hero :a typical eighteenth-century English middle-class man ,with a great capacity for work ,inexhaustible energy ,courage ,patience and persistence in overcoming obstacles ,in struggling against the hostile natural environment .He is the very prototype of the empire builder ,the pioneer colonist .②Jonathan Swift 斯威夫特:主要作品:《A Tale of a Tub》,《The Battle of the Book》最佳小说作品:《Gulliver's Travels》解析:共四卷:Each about one particular voyage during which Gulliver has extraordinary adventures on some remote island after he has met with shipwreck or piracy or some other misfortune .contributing to the central concern of study of human nature and life .其社会讽刺:The book Gulliver's Travels is one of the most effective and devastating criticism and satires of all aspects in the then English and European life --socially ,politically ,religious ,philosophically ,scientifically ,and morally .《A Modest Proposal》is generally taken as a perfect satire model .③Henry Fielding菲尔丁的语言风格:誉为“Father of the English Novel”.The first to set out ,both in theory and practice ,to write specifically a “comic epic in prose”,the fire to give the modern novel its structur e and style ,he adropted “the third-per-son”narration ,so“all-knowing God”.His language is easy ,unlaboured and familiar ,but extremely vivid and vigorous .His sentences are always distinguished by logic and rhythm ,and his structure carefully planned towards an inevitable ending .His works are also noted for lively ,dramatic dialogues and other theatrical devices such as suspence ,coincidence and unexpectedness .《The History of Tom Jones 》《汤姆琼斯》主题意义:The full name is The History of Tom Jones ,a Foundling is a masterpiece on the subject of human nature .Tom ,the titular hero of the story ,is a boy found in Mr. Allworthy's house and brought up here with the kind old man's nephew Bilifil .The latter ,a hypocritical ,wicked man ,is envious of Mr. Allworthy's fondness for the foundling and of Tom's intimacy with the beautiful Sophia ,daughter of the well-off squire Western .He plays some tricks so that Mr. Allworthy drives Tom out of the house .Tom ,intending to go to sea ,wrongly takes the road to london ,and Sophia ,in rebellion against her father's desire that she be married to Bilifil ,marches out for London too ,accompanied by her maid .The two young people ,especially Tom ,have many adventures on the road ,but in the end ,after some misunderstanding between them ,they are happily united .Generally cosidered Fielding 's masterpiece ,it brings its author the name of the“Prose Homer”.By this ,Fielding has indeed achieved his goal of writing a “comic epic in prose”.。
英语专八 马思特英国作家作品[重点]
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英美文学资料( I )英国文学Chapter 1 Renaissance文艺复兴时期The father of English poetry: Geoffrey Chaucer：heroic couplet The Canterbury Tales英国文学史上现实主义第一部杰作（他是最早有人文主义思想的作家，现实主义文学的奠基人）The House of FameI. Edmund Spenser : ―the poet’s poet‖Epithalamion 《贺新婚曲》The Faerie Queene 《仙后》II．Christopher MarloweTamburlaine 铁木耳转Dr. Faustus 浮士德悲剧The Jew of Malta 马乐他岛的犹太人Edward II 爱德华二世Hero and Leander 海洛与勒安德尔Thomas More: Utopia 乌托邦III. William ShakespeareRape of Lucrece 鲁克斯受辱记Venus and Adonis 维纳斯与安东尼斯Titus Andronicus 泰托斯安东尼The Comedy of Errors 错误的喜剧The Two Gentlemen of Verona 维洛那二绅士The Taming of the Shrew 驯悍记Love’s Labour’s Lost 爱的徒劳Richard II 理查二世King John 约翰王Henry IV, Parts I and II, Henry VSix Comedies:A Midsummer Night’s Dream 仲夏夜之梦The Merchant of Venice 威尼斯商人Much Ado About Nothing 无事无非As You Like It 皆大欢喜Twelfth Night 第十二夜The Merry Wives of Windsor 温莎的风流娘儿们Two Tragedies:Romeo and Juliet 罗米欧与朱丽叶Julius Caesar 凯撒HamletOthelloKing LearMacbethAntony and Cleopatra 安东尼与克里佩特拉Troilus and Cressida, and Coriolanus 特洛伊勒斯与克利西达All’ s Well That Ends Well (comedy) 终成成眷属Measure for Measure (comedy) 一报还一报Pericles 伯里克利Cymbeline 辛白林The Winter’s Tale 冬天的故事The Tempest 暴风雨Henry VIIIThe Two Noble Kinsmen两位贵族亲戚IV. Francis Bacon：philosopher, scientist, essayist the first English essayist The Advancement of Learning 论科学的价值与发展Novum Organum (New Instrument) 新工具Apophthagmes New and Old 新旧格言录The History of the Reign of Henry VIIThe New Atlantis 新大西岛Maxims of Law 法律原理The Learning Reading upon the Statute of Uses法令使用读书Essays 论说文集，随笔V. John Donne: the leading figure of the ―Metaphysical school‖玄学派Conceit ―奇喻‖: a far-fetched metaphor or simileThe Elegies and Satires挽歌与十四行诗The Songs and Sonnets 歌谣与十四行诗Holy Sonnets 圣十四行诗A Hymns to God the Father 给圣父的赞美诗VI. John Milton: the greatest English poet and writer of political pamphlets Paradise Lost 失乐园Paradise Regained 复乐园Samson Agonistes力士参孙Lycidas 利西达斯Areopagitica 论出版自由Chapter 2 The Neoclassical Period 新古典主义时期(1660-1798)Enlightenment literature:The reign of so-called classicismThe revival of romantic periodThe beginnings of the modern novelThe Realistic Novel：pioneers: Daniel Defoe ，Samuel Richardson，Henry Fielding，Laurence Sterne，Tobias Creorge Smollott，& Oliver Goldsmith.I． John BunyanThe Pilgrim’s Progress 天路历程Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners 罪人头目的赫免The Life and Death of Mr. Badman 拜德门先生生死录The Holy War 圣战II． Alexander Pope --poet & satiristThe Dunciad 群愚史诗;愚人志An Essay on Criticism 论批评The Rape of the Lock 夺发记III. Daniel DefoeRobinson Crusoe 鲁宾逊漂流记Captain Singleton 辛立顿船长Moll Flanders 莫尔弗兰德斯A Journal of the Plague Year 灾疫之年的日记Colonel Jack 杰克上校Roxana 罗克萨那IV. Jonathan Swift : Proper words in proper places make the true definition of a style.A Tale of a Tub 木桶传The Battle of the Books 书籍的战斗Gulli ver’s Travels 格列弗游记A Modest Proposal 一个小小的建议The Drapier’s Letters 布商的书信V. Henry Fielding: Father of the English NovelThe Coffee House Politician 咖啡屋的政治家The Tragedy of the Tragedies 悲剧中的悲剧The Historical Register for the Year 1736 1736历史年鉴The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews and of His Friend Mr. Abraham Adam s, Written in Imitation of the Manner of CervantesThe History of Jonathan Wild the GreatThe History of Tom Jones, a Foundling 汤姆琼斯The History of Amelia 阿米亚Joseph AndrewsVI. Samuel Johnson English writer，critic，& lexicographerThe Vanity of Human Wishes 人生希望多空幻The History of Rasselas, Prince of Abyssinia (a romance)阿比西尼亚王子的故事Irene (a tragedy) 艾琳The Rambler and The Idler 漫游者和闲散者Lives of PoetsA Dictionary of the English LanguageVII. Richard Brinsley Sheridan: British dramatist & statesmanThe Rivals 情敌The School for Scandal 造谣学校St. Patrick’s Day圣特帕里克节日Scheming Lieutenant 诡计多端的中尉The Duenna 少女的监护人The Critic 批评家Pizarro 比扎罗VIII． Thomas GrayElegy Written in a Country Churchyard 写在教堂墓地的挽歌Ode on a Spring 春之颂Ode on a Distant Prospect of Eton College 伊顿远眺Ode on the Death of a Favourite Cat 爱猫之死颂Hymn to Adversity 逆境颂Chapter 3 The Romantic Period 浪漫住义时期Lyric Ballads Wordsworth and ColeridgeI． William BlakePoetic Sketches 诗歌扎记The Songs of Innocence 天真之歌The Songs of Experience 经验之歌Marriage of Heaven and Hell 天堂与地狱联姻The Book of Urizen 尤里曾的书The Book of Los 洛斯的书The Four Zoas 四个成熟的个体Milton 弥尔顿Robert Burns: A Red, Red Rose, My Heart’s in the HighlandAn excellent native poet of ScotlandII. William Wordsworth (Worshiper of Nature): Lake Poets Coleridge, Robert Southey Wordsworth is regarded as a " worshipper of nature."Lyrical Ballads (抒情歌谣集)The PreludeThe ExcursionWorshipper of Nature(The Sparr,w’s Nest, To a Skylark, To the Cuckoo, To a Butterfly, I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud, An Evening Walking, My Heartn Leaps up, Tintern Abbey)She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways, The Solitary ReaperIII. Samuel Taylor Coleridge ：poet & criticLyrical BalladsThe Rime of the Ancient Mariner （古舟子咏）Kubla Khan （忽必烈汗）This Lime Free Bower My Prison （酸橙树亭------我的监牢）Frost at Midnight 午夜霜The Nightingale 夜莺Biographia Literaria文学传记ChristabelIV． George Gordon ByronHours of Idleness 闲散的时光Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage恰尔德哈罗德游记Oriental Tales 东方化的传奇The Prisoner of Chillon 锡庸的囚徒Manfred 曼弗雷德Don Juan 唐璜Cain 该隐The Island 岛屿The Vision of Judgement 审判的想象V. Percy Bysshe ShelleyOde to the West WindTo a SkylarkThe CloudThe Necessity of Atheism 无神论的必要性Queen Mab: A Philosophical Poem 仙后麦布Alastor, or The Spirit of Solitude 复仇者或隐居者的精神Julian and Maddalo 朱利安与麦达格The Revolt of Islam 伊斯兰的反叛The Cenci 钦契一家The Prometheus Unbound解放了的普罗米修斯Adomais 阿多尼斯Hellas 海娜斯A Defense of Poetry 诗之辩护VI. John Keats: pursuits a kind of romantic beauty iOn First Looking into Chapman’s HomerEndymion[希神]恩底弥翁(月神)Lamia, Isabella, The Eve of St. Agnes, and Other Poems (Ode on Melancholy, Ode on a Grecian Urn, Ode to a Nightingale, Ode to Psyche)Lyric masterpiece (To Autumn, Hyperion)VII. Jane AustenSense and Sensibility 理智与情感Pride and Prejudice 傲慢与偏见Northanger Abbey 诺桑觉寺Mansfield Park 曼斯菲尔德花园Emma 埃玛Persuasion 劝导The Watsons 屈陈氏一爱Fragment of a Novel 小说的片断Plan of a Novel 小说的计划Walter Scott : the first major historical novelistWaverleyIvanhoeRob RoyChapter 4. The Victorian Period 维多利亚时期(1836-1901)I． Charles Dickens：the greatest representative of English critical realism Sketches by Boz 博兹特写集The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club 皮克威克外传Oliver Twist 雾都孤儿The Old Curiosity Shop 老古玩店Nicholas Nickleby 尼古拉斯尼克尔贝American NotesDavid Copperfield 大卫科波菲尔Martin Chuzzlewit 马丁朱尔述维特A Christmas CarolDombey and Son 董贝父子Barnaby RudgeBleak House 荒凉山庄Hard Times 艰难时世Little Dorrit 小杜丽A Tale of Two Cities 双城记Great Expectations 远大前程Our Mutual Friend 我们共同的朋友II. The Bronte SistersPoems by Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell (Charlotte, Emily, Anne)Agnes Grey（Anne）The Tenant of Wildfell Hall（Anne）The Professor (Charlotte) 教师Jane Eyre (Charlotte Bronte) 简爱Wuthering Heights (Emily Bronte) 呼啸山庄III. Alfred TennysonPoems by Two Brothers 两兄弟诗集Poems, Chiefly Lyrical 诗集，主要是抒情诗Poems 诗集The Princess 公主In Memoriam 悼念Idylls of the King 国王叙事集Crossing the BarBreadk, Breadk, BrealIV. Robert Browning: Dramatic MonologueMy Last DuchessPauline 波琳Sordello 索尔戴洛Dramatic Lyrics 戏剧抒情诗Dramatic Romances and Lyrics 戏剧罗曼史和抒情诗Bells and Pomegranates 铃铛与石榴Men and Women 男人与女人Dramatic Personae 剧中人The Ring and the Book指环与书Dramatic Idylls 戏剧田园诗V. George Eliot:woman novelist psychological analysisMost of her novels are characterized by two features：moral teaching & psychological realism. Scenes of Clerical Life 教区生活场景Adam Bede 亚当比德The Mill on the Floss 弗洛斯河上的磨坊Romola 罗慕拉Felix holt, the Radical 激进分子菲尼克斯霍尔特Middlemarch 米德尔马契Daniel Deronda 但尼尔狄隆达VI. Thomas Hardy: novels of Character and Environment―Fatalism‖—pessimistic philosophyThe Dynasts 列后A Pair of Blue EyesThe Trumpet Major 号兵长Desperate RemediesThe Hand of EthelbertaThe Mayor of Casterbridge 卡斯特桥市长Under the Greenwood 林间居民Far from the Madding Crowd 远离尘嚣The Return of the Native 还乡Tess of the D’Urbervilles苔丝Jude the Obscure 无名的裘德Chapter 5 现代主义时期(end of the 19c –20c)I. George Bernard Shaw: dramatistCashel Byron’s Profession 卡歇尔拜伦的职业[novel]Our Theaters in the Nineties 90年代的英国戏剧[criticism]Widowers’ Houses 鳏夫的房产Candida 堪迪达Mrs. Warren’s Profession 沃伦夫人的职业Caesar and Cleopatra 凯撕与克利奥佩特拉 [history play]St. Joan 圣女贞德[history play]Back to Methuselah 回归玛士撒拉 [life power]Man and Superman人与超人[life power]Apple CartJohn Bull’s Other Island 约翰布尔的另外岛屿Pygmalion 茶花女Getting Married 结婚Misalliance 不合适的媳妇Fanny’s First Play 范尼的第一部戏剧The Doctor’s Dilemma医生的困境Too True to Be Good 难以置信II. John GalsworthyFrom the Four Winds 来自四位吹奏者The Man of Property 财主;The Silver Box 银盒The Forsyte Saga弗尔赛特三部曲 ( The Man of Property, 有产业的人 In Chancery 骑虎难下, To Let 出租)A Modern Comedy 现代喜剧End of the Chapter 篇章未尾III. William Butler Yeats: In 1923，he was awarded NobeI Prize for 1iterature.The Lake of Innisfree 伊尼斯岛Easter of 1916New Era 新的纪元Sailing to Byzantium 驶向拜占庭：explored the problems of death, love,old age and art Down by the Salley GardensHis Play:The Countess Cathleen 女伯爵凯瑟琳Cathleen ni Houlihan 故里痕的凯瑟琳The Land of Heart’s Desire 心里渴望的地方The Shadowy Waters 浅水区Purgatory 炼狱IV. T. S. EliotHis play:Murder in the Cathedral （1935）教堂里的谋杀The Family Reunion （1939）家人团聚The Cocktail Party （1950）鸡尾酒会The Confidential Clerk （1954）机要秘书The-Elder Statesman （1959）政治家His poem:The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock 布鲁富劳克的情歌The Waste Land 荒园His prose:Tradition and Individual TalentV. D. H. LawrenceSons and Lovers 儿子与情人The White Peacock白孔雀The Trespasser 过客The Rainbow彩虹Women in Love 恋爱中的女人Aaron’s Rod亚伦神仗Kangaroo 袋鼠The Plumed Serpent带羽毛的蛇Lady Chatterley’s LoverSt. Mawr 圣摩尔The Daughter of the Vicar 主教的女儿The Horse Dealer’s Daughter贩马人的女儿The Captain’s Doll 般长的娃娃The Prussian Officer 普鲁士军官The Virgin and the Gypsy贞女和吉普塞人Trilogy(A Collier’s Friday Night, 矿工周五的夜晚The Daughter-in-law,儿媳The Widowing of Mrs. Holroyed 守寡的霍尔伊德夫人VI. James Joyce: the most prominent stream of consciousness novelistDubliner 都柏林人A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man青年艺术家的自画像Ulysses 尤利西斯Finnegans Wake 为芬尼根守灵Herbert George WellsThe Time MachineThe Island of Dr.MoreauWilliam Somerset Maugham毛姆Of Human bondageThe Moon and SixpenceVirginia Woolf 沃尔夫novelist and essayistMr. DallowayTo the Lighthouse 到登塔去The WavesWilliam Golding：was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature in 1983Lord of the Flies 蝇王美国文学Chapter 1 The Romantic Period (the end of 18c ---the outbreak of the Civil War)Longfellow 朗费罗：poetEvangeline (1847) 伊凡吉兰The Song of Hiawatha (1885) 海华沙之歌[在美国文学史上这是描写印第安人的第一部史诗]I． Washington Irving : Most of Irving's subject matter are borrowed heavily from European sources，which are chiefly Germanic. He was the first American writer of imaginative literature to gain international fame.A History of New York form the Beginning of the World to the End of Dutch Dynasty 自古至荷兰占领为止的纽约史The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent 见闻扎记Bracebridge Hall 布雷斯布里奇庄园Tales of a Travel 旅行者的故事Rip Van WinkleThe Legend of Sleepy Hollow 睡谷的传说II. Ralph Waldo Emerson：Transcendentalism 超验主义–an American version of Romantism Emersonian Transcendentalism inspired a whole generation of famous American authors like Thoreau，Whitman，and Dickinson.Nature 论自然Essay 散文集The American Scholar 论美国学者Self-Reliance 论自助The Over-Soul 论超灵Henry David Thoreau: transcendentalist writerWalden瓦尔登湖James Fenimore Cooper: the first great American writer of fictionThe PioneersThe Last of the MohicansThe PrairieThe PathfinderThe DeerslayerEdgar Allan Poe: poet and critic, the first master of the short story formThe Murder in the Rue MorgueIII. Nathaniel HawthorneMosses from an Old Manse古宅青苔The Snow-Image and Other Twice-Told Tales 雪像和其他故事新编The Scarlet Letter 红字The House of Seven Gables 七个尖角阁的房子The Blithedale Romance 福谷传说The Marble Faun 大理石雕像IV. Herman Melville : Moby-dick is regarded as the Great American Novel，the first American prose epic（散文史诗：a long narrative poem telling of heroic deeds of reflecting the values of the society from which it originated），though it is presented in the form of a novel. Typee 泰比Omoo 奥穆Mardi 玛迪Redburn 雷德本White Jacket 白外衣Pierre 皮埃尔Confidence-Man 信心人Moby-Dick 白鲸：It is a mixture of romanticism and realismBilly Budd 比利伯德V.Harriet Beecher StowerUncle Tom’s CabinWalt Whitman: He is the poet of the common people and the prophet and singer of democracy. Leaves of GrassChapter 2 The Realistic Period 现实主义时期(1865-1914)I. Mark Twain : Mark Twain is a great literary giant of America, whom H.L.Mencken considered ―the true father of our national literature.‖Adventures of Huckleberry Finn: The book marks the climax of Twain's literary creativityLife on MississippiThe Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras CountyInnocent Abroad 傻瓜出国记Roughing It 含莘如苦The Adventures of Tom SawyerThe Gilded Age 镀金时代A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court 亚瑟王宫庭中的美国佬The Tragedy of Pudd’nhead Wilson 傻瓜威尔逊The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg 败坏哈德莱堡的人The Mysterious Stranger 神秘的陌生人II. Henry James: a novelist and criticThe American 美国人Daisy Miller 黛西米勒The European 欧洲人The Protrait of A Lady 贵妇人的画像The Bostonians 波士顿人Princess Casamassima 卡撒玛西公主The Private Life 私生活The Middle Years 中年The Turn of the Screw 螺丝的拧紧The Beast in the Jungle 丛林猛兽What Maisie Knows 梅西所知道的The Wings of the Dove 鸽翼The Ambassadors 大使The Golden Bowl 金碗The Death of a Lion 狮之死The Art of Fiction：literary criticismIII. Emily Dickinson: American best known female poetIf you were coming in the fallThere came a day Summer’s fullI cannot live with YouI’m ceded-I’ve stopped being theirsI like to see it lap the MilesBecause I could not stop for deathIV． Theodore Dreiser [naturalism]Sister Carrie 嘉莉妹妹 Nigger Jeff 黑人杰夫Old Rogaum and His Theresa 老罗格姆和他的特里萨 Jennie Gerhardt珍妮姑娘Trilogy of Desire The Financier 金融家 The Titan The Stoic The Genius 天才An American Tragedy 美国悲剧 Dreiser at Russia 德莱塞对俄罗斯的观感Stephen Crane [naturalism]The red badge of courageJack LondonThe Call of the WildThe Sea WolfWhite FangThe Iron HeelMartin EdenChapter 3 The Modern Period 现代主义时期[20世纪初期至中叶]I. Ezra Pound : Imagist MovementHis poetic works：The Cantos 诗章Collected Early Poems of Ezra Pound 庞德的诗章Personae 人物Cantos Hugh Selwyn Mauberley 休塞尔温莫伯利His critical essays：Make It New 要革新Literary Essays 文学散文The ABC of Reading 阅读入门Polite Essays 优雅的随笔His translations：The Translations of Ezra Pound 庞德译文集Confucius 孔子Shih-Ching 诗集II. Robert Lee Frost ：He won the Pulitzer Prize four times and read poetry at the inauguration of President John F. Kennedy in 1961.Known for his verse concerning New England life.After Apple-PickingThe Road Not TakenA Boy’s Will 一个男孩儿的愿望North of Boston 波士顿以北Mountain IntervalNew Hampshire 新罕布什尔Snowy Evening 雪夜停马在林边West-Running Brook 向西流去的小溪Collected Poems 诗选A Winter TreeIII. Eugene O’Neill: the Greatest American playwright, Nobel Prize 1936Eugene O'Neill is unquestionably America's greatest playwright. He won the Pulitzer Prize four times and was the only dramatist ever to win a Nobel Prize （1936）。
英美文学选读英国部分第二章新古典主义时期
英美文学选读中文翻译及重点习题答案英国文学(AMERICAN LITERATURE) 第二章新古典主义时期（The Neoclassical Period）一、背景知识（Background knowledge）1、历史背景（Historical background）新古典主义时期的英国社会矛盾交织。
王室与议会、不同的教派之间、统治阶级与贫苦的劳动大众之间冲突不断，托利党与辉格党也为对议会和政府的控制而争斗不已。
概言之，那是一个充满了多种矛盾和多种价值观的时代。
18世纪的英国发展迅速，到世纪中叶，英国已成为世界上的头号资本主义强国。
随着经济的迅速发展，中产阶级也随之壮大了起来。
2、文化背景（Cultural background）（1）随着资本主义的发展，中产阶级的社会价值观和道德观占据了主宰地位。
中产阶级崇尚自制、自立和勤劳。
对他们而言，生活的意义就在于工作、节俭和积累财富。
（2）这一时期，启蒙运动在英国全面展开。
该运动的目的是用现代哲学和艺术观启迪社会。
启蒙主义者们宣扬理性、平等与科学，宣称理性是人类的一切思想和行动唯一的、终极的目标。
（3）启蒙者们相信当理性作为衡量一切人类行为和关系的标尺之时，一切迷信、压迫和不公正将让位于“终极真理”、“终极正义”和“终极平等”（4）启蒙者们鼓吹全民教育。
他们认为，大众受到教育才更有可能建成民主社会。
3、新古典主义文学的特征（Features of the neo-classic literature）（1）新古典主义文学奉古希腊、罗马的经典作品和当代法国作品为创作之圭臬。
（2）新古典主义作家自觉地追求均衡、统一与和谐表达的优雅，从而形成了雍容、雅致、诙谐、睿智的文风。
（3）这一时期的文学说教意味浓厚，成为流行一时的大众教育的手段。
（4）各种文学体裁均遵循某些固定的条律和规则。
（5）包括当时流行的模拟史诗、传奇、讽刺诗、讽刺短诗在内的各体诗歌结构工整，遣词雅致、语气庄严、注重说教。
自考英美文学选读_第二章_新古典主义时期(英国)(课文翻译)
英美文学选读翻译（英语专业自考）第一部分：英国文学第二章新古典主义时期这里我们所称的新古典主义时期是指介于1660年英国斯图亚特王朝复辟与以华滋华斯和科勒律治1798年合作出版的《抒情歌谣集》为创始标志的浪漫主义时期之间的英国文学时代。
英国社会在新古典主义时期充满了动荡与变革,其中1660年英皇查理二世复辟,1665年一场瘟疫,仅在伦敦就夺去了七万人的生命,而伦敦一场火灾摧毁了大片城区,三分之二的市民无家可归,1689年英国发生了"光荣革命",清教徒玛丽公主与她荷兰裔的丈夫奥兰治公爵威廉取代了英皇詹姆士二世登上王位,从此确立了君主立宪制正体。
在这一时期,议会与专制君主不断斗争,而当时凌驾于议会与政府之上的两大党派,托利党与辉格党之间的矛盾也层出不穷,此外不同的宗教教派,辟如罗马天主教廷与英国国教及不信奉国教者,还有统治阶级与劳动人民之间,也都存在着尖锐的冲突。
总之,这一时期是矛盾与价值观分歧的时期。
而18世纪,英国的国力又得到长足发展。
在海外,英国殖民地扩展到北美、印度和西印度群岛,由此产生的不断增长的殖民地财富与贸易为英国开辟了广阔市场,原先那种小规模的家庭手工业生产方式便远远不够了。
市场不仅需要英国产品,更需要英国标准化的产品。
在国内,"圈地运动"使大片土地都集中到越来越少的大地主手中,成千上万的小农场主与雇农都被赶出家园,成为城市里的雇佣工人。
英国工业革命因此得到了雄厚的基础一一本国劳动力从家庭中解放出来,以及从殖民地掠夺来的资本积累。
到18世纪中期,英国已成为世界上第一个最强大的资本主义国家,号称"世界工厂",它的产品涌入全球各地的市场。
随着经济迅速发展,英国资产阶段或曰中产阶级也发展壮大了,成为革命的主力军,多由城市人口组成,比如商人、产业主及贩奴者、殖民者等其它人员。
工业革命的方兴未艾使越来越多的人口加人这一行列。
这个阶级在当时是进步的,是区别于封建贵族的新生力量。
自考《英美文学选读》(英)新古典主义时期(3)-2
自考《英美文学选读》（英）新古典主义时期（3）-2Samuel Johnson，commonly called Dr. Johnson，was one of the greatest figures of 18th-century English literature. He was an energetic & versatile writer. He had a hand in all the different branches of literary activities. He was a poet，dramatist，prose romancer，biographer，essayist，critic，lexicographer & publicist.2. 识记：His major worksHis major works include poems：“London”(1738)，& “The vanity of Human Wishes”(1749); a romance：The History of Rasselas，Prince of Abyssinia (1759); a tragedy：Irene (1749); several hundred essays which appeared in the two periodicals under his editorship-The Rambler & The Idler; & literary criticism as found in the preface to his edition of Shakespeare & in his comments on 52 poet in Lives of the Poets (1779-1781)。
As a lexicographer，Johnson distinguished himself as the author of the first English dictionary by an Englishman-A Dictionary of the English Language (1755)，a gigantic task which Johnson undertook single-handedly & finished in over seven years.3. 领会：His neoclassical literary outlook &styleSamuel Johnson was the last great neoclassicist enlightener in the late 18th century. He was very much concerned with the theme of the vanity bear this theme. He tried to warn men against this folly & hoped to care then of it through his writings. In literary creation & criticism，be was rather conservative，openly showing his dislike for some newly rising form of literature &his appreciation for those writings which carried a lot of moralizing & his appreciation for those writings which carried a lot of moralizing & philosophizing. He held that a writer must adhere to universal truth & experience，i.e. Nature; he must please，but he must also instruct; he must not offend against religion or promote immorality; & he must let himself be guided by old principles. Like Pope，he was particularly fond of moralizing & didacticism.Samuel Johnson’s language is characteristically general，often Latinate & polysyllabic. His sentences are long & well structured with parallel words & phrases. However，no matter how complex his sentences are，his idea is always clearly expressed; & though he tends to use “learned words，” they are always accurately used Reading his works gives the reader the impression that he is talking with a very learned man.4. 领会：His contribution to English language-A Dictionary of the English LanguageIn 1746，a group of booksellers commissioned Johnson to prepare a dictionary. Published in 1755，A dictionary of the English Language was the first real attempt at a systematic & interestingly written survey of English usage & the first dictionary to quote from poets & other writers to illustrate definitions. On the whole，the work showed great scholarship，although it contained humor & reflected a number of Johnson’s prejudices.5. 应用：Selected ReadingTo the Right Honorable the Earl of chesterfieldThe letter is written in a refined & very polite language，with a bitter undertone of defiance & anger. The seemingly peaceful retrospection，reasoning & questioning express，to the best satiric effect，the author’s strong indignation at the lord’s fame-fishing & his firm resolution not to be reconciled to the hypocritical l ord. It expresses explicitly the author’s assertion of his independence，signifying the opening of a new era in the development of literature.VII. Richard Brinsley Sheridan1. 一般识记：His dramatic careerRichard B. Sheridan，British dramatist & statesman，born in Dublin，Ireland，Oct. 30，1751，and died in London，England，July 7，1816.Sheridan is ranked among the important comic playwrights of the English drama. His masterpiece. The School for Scandal (1777) is considered one of the finest English comedies of manners. A satire on gossip，hypocrisy，& the corrupting influence of fashionable city life，it is also admired for its ingenious plot construction & witty dissection of character. Sheridan’s other outstanding comedy. The Rivals (1775)，is famous for the character Mrs. Malaprop，whose misuse of words has made her one of the great comic creation of the English theater. Both plays，in their attack on false sentimentalism & moralizing，represent a rebirth of the type of polished，sophisticated comedy written during the Restoration(1660-1700)2.识记The theme of his playsMorality is the constant theme of Richard B. Sheridan’s plays. He is much concerned with the current moral issues & lashes harshly at the social vices of the day.3.领会：His writing techniquesSheridan’s greatness also lies in his theatrical art. He seems to have inherited from his parents a natural ability &inborn knowledge about the theatre. His plays are the product of a dramatic genius as well as of a well-versed theatrical man. Though his dramatic techniques are largely conventional. They are exploited to the best advantage. His plots are well organized，his characters，either major or miner. Are all sharply drawn，& his manipulation of such devices as disguise，mistaken identity & dramatic irony is masterly. Witty dialogues & neat &decent language also make a characteristic of his plays.。
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Analysis: The Pilgrim’s Progress
具有寓意性质的和人名 具有寓意性质的和地名
Faithful
Truth
the Celestial City
天国城
Judge Hate-good
恨善法官
the Delectable Mountains
快乐山
Envy
对当时 社会现 实生活 作了相 当广泛 的批判 性描述
Workmanship
• 1. Pope was an outstanding enlightener and the greatest English poet of the classical school in the first half of the 18th century. • 2.He became so perfect in using heroic couplet. • 3. He was a diligent reader.
Pope’s Works:
• (6) “The Dunciad” • “愚人志”, a satirical poem. • (7) “Moral Essays” • “道德论”, a philosophic poem. • (8) “An Essay on Men” • “人论”, a philosophic poem.
3. “Vanity Fair” is a remarkable passage. It is an epitome of the English society after the Restoration. Everything can be sold or bought in this fair and the persecution of Christian and Faithful is described.
Superstition Pickthank拍马 Badman恶人 Malice怨恨
Doubting Castle 怀疑城堡 the Vanity Fair the Slough of Despond the City of Destruction
毁灭城 绝望泥潭 名利场
Analysis: The Pilgrim’s Progress
2) Pope’s Works:
(1) Pastorals《田园组诗》 (2) Essay on Criticism《论批评》a didactic
poem in heroic couplets (3) The Rape of the Lock《夺发记》, the masterpiece, which is worth reading for its description and satire of the dull court life of England of that time.
John Dryden’s Works
Changeable, a time-server(随波逐流的人): 1. an elegy on Cromwell’s death: “Herioick Stanza” ”英雄诗辩” 2. An Ode on Charles II: “Astraea Redux””伸张正义” 3.a didactic poem when James II in reign “The Hind and the Panther” “牝鹿与豹”
Analysis: The Pilgrim’s Progress
• 4. Bunyan cherished a deep hatred of both the king and his government. • 5. Bunyan’s prose is admirable. • It is popular speech ennobled by the solemn dignity and simplicity of the language of the English Bible.
John Bunyan
6.Symbolism is another feature in The Pilgrim’s Progress.
人生→朝圣者们的艰难历程 人→天路的朝圣者 基督寻求救赎的朝圣历程→ 人类摆脱世间烦恼和焦虑、 追求美好永恒未来的过程。
Bunyan’s language:
1.Bunyan’s language is chiefly plain and colloquial and quite modern in comparison with that of the writers of the Renaissance. 2. His language is clear, vivid, natural, homely (朴实的), fluent, musical and powerful.
5. political satires: 1) “Absolom and Achitophel” “押沙龙与阿托奈拖菲尔” Its subject is politics and written in heroic couplet. 6. a comedy
Marriage a la Mode
Pope’s Works:
(4) Translations, in heroic couplet The Iliad of Homer《荷马的伊里亚特》 The Odyssey of Homer 《河马的奥德赛》 (5)The Works of Shakespeare 《莎士比亚 全集》
John Bunyan 约翰· 班扬
John Bunyan(1628—1688)
John Bunyan: a Puritan poet
• •
• • •
His Works:
1. Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinner (writ. Pilgrim’s Progress
(masterpiece) 《天路历程》
John Bunyan: a Puritan poet
3. The Life and Death of Mr. Badman 《恶人先生的生平和死亡》 《贝德曼先生的一生》 4.The Holy War 《神圣战争》
Analysis: The Pilgrim’s Progress
…a
man clothed with rags standing in a certain place, with his face from his own house, a book in his hand, and a great burden upon his back. I looked, and saw him open the book, and read therein; 基督徒 and as he read, he wept and trembled; and, not being able longer to contain, he brake out with a lamentable cry, 一个人穿着破烂的衣服, 站在一个地方,背对着自 saying, "What shall I do?" 己的房舍,手里拿着一本书,背上 负着一个沉重的包袱。我正看着，只见他打开书本一边阅读， 一边流泪，全身颤抖，后来情不自禁地伤心起来：“我应该做 点什么？” the worldly troubles the Bible and worries
The Neoclassical Period
The Neoclassical Period
Between the return of the Stuarts to the English throne in 1660 and the full assertion of Romanticism which came with the publication of lyrical Ballads by Wordsworth and Coleridge in 1798 恪守希腊罗马时期的古典美学原则 形式上强调体裁的既定形式，主题上强调 文学的道德说教性 与文艺复兴的最大区别：后者更注重古典 文艺中的人文主义精神
Bunyan’s language:
3.He paved the way not only in language style but also in writing technique of novels, for the novelists of the 18th century as Swift and Defoe.
Alexander Pope 亚历山大· 薄伯 （1688—1744）
Alexander Pope 亚历山大·薄伯
Alexander Pope 亚历山大· 薄伯
1) Pope is a classical poet in the period of English Enlightenment. (At the age of 12, he contracted得病 tuberculosis结核 of the spine脊骨 that left him dwarfed变矮小, twisted and hunchbacked驼背.)
John Dryden (1631—1700)
约翰· 德莱顿
John Dryden
1. An English poet, dramatist, and critic. 2. He first came to notice: Heroic Stanzas, which memorized the death of Oliver Cromwell. 3.He later sang for the Royalists and became an Anglican(英国圣公会教 徒)being a Cavalier poet. 4. He became a poet laureate(桂冠诗 人).