英国文学--新古典主义时期
英国文学
英语专八考试人文知识总结其中英美文学包括英国文学和美国文学。
一、英国文学主要分为六个时期：1. Old and Medieval English Literature（中古英国文学）。
2. The Renaissance Period（文艺复兴时期）。
3. The Neoclassical Period（新古典主义时期）。
4. The Romantic Period（维多利亚时期）。
5. The Victorian Period（维多利亚时期）。
6. The Modern Period（现代时期）。
二、美国文学主要分为四个时期：1. The Literature Around the Revolution of Independence（独立革命前后的文学）。
2. American Romanticism（美国浪漫主义文学）。
3. American Realism（美国现实主义文学）。
4. American Modernism（美国现代主义文学）。
语言学，考生不光要知道语言的本质还要掌握语音学，音位学，形态学，句法学，语义学和语言学的知识。
关于英语国家概况，英语专业的学生都会开设英美概况这门课程，但是专八考试的中需要考生了解的是英语国家概况，不光包括英国和美国，还有其他一些说英语的地区，包括爱尔兰概况，加拿大概况，澳大利亚概况和新西兰概况。
三、英国地理概况the english channel: the channel is a narrow sea passage which separates england and france and connects the atlantic ocean and north sea.英吉利海峡：英吉利海峡是一道狭长的海峡，分割英法两国，连接大西洋和北海。
the dee estuary: a small sea ( in irish sea) where the dee river enters.迪河河口：是迪河流入的一个小海。
The 18th Century Literature 英国文学史 新古典主义时期18世纪的英国文学
新古典主义时期—18世纪的英国文学(1660-1798)(In 1798 Wordsworth and Coleridge published Lyrical ballads and Romanticism began.)✓The Age of Enlightenment/Reason理性/启蒙时期–the movement was afurtherance of the Renaissance of the 15th and 16th centuries, a progressive intellectual movement, reason (rationality), equality & science (the 18th century) It is a revival of interest in the old classical works, order, logic, restrained emotion(抑制情感) & accuracy✓Modern English novel–newly rising literary form现实主义小说诞生(themid-18th c.)✓Gothic novel (哥特式小说) - mystery, horror & castles (from middle part to theend of 18th c.)✓PoetsEnglish criticism英国文学批评之父An Essay of Dramatic Poesy (《论戏剧诗》) (1668)him the supreme value was order. An Essay on Criticism《论批评》(1711)He was a master in the art of poetry, a good craftsman, in using heroic couplets in particular.last neoclassicist enlightener. A Dictionary of the English Language《英语大词典》✓NovelistsRobinson Crusoe was one of the forerunners of the English realistic novel. It creates the image of an enterprising Englishman, Robinson, narrates how he goes to sea, gets shipwrecked and marooned (放逐) on a lonely island, struggles to live for 24 years there and finally gets relieved and returns to England. It praises the human labor and the Puritan fortitude (清教徒坚韧).Gulliver’s Travels《格列佛游记》It offers people an opportunity for self-scrutiny. In his opinion, human nature is seriously and permanently flawed. The book is one of the most effective and devastating criticisms and satires of all aspects in the then English and European life.Lilliput(小人国),Brobdingnag(大人国), Flying Island(飞岛)& Houyhnhnm(智马国)(1707-1754)- Father of English novelH e was the first to write a “Comic epic in prose” (散文体的滑稽史诗), the firstto give the modern novel its structure and style. He adopted “the third-person narration”.He, a combination of novelist, playwright, and satirist, political pamphleteer, sees the novel as a vehicle for moral inculcation, a mirror and an imitation of nature and life.The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling《弃儿汤姆·琼斯》is a masterpiece on the subject of human nature, which brings the author the name of the “Prose Homer”✓Prose writersand write character sketches and use conversational styles, correspondences in essays. English familiar essay featured with humor, intimacy and elegance was shown first in The Tatler and The Spectator.SentimentalismDiscontented with reason, sentimentalists resort to emotion, to “the human heart”. Sentiment serves as a means of achieving happiness and social justice.(1700-1748) The Seasons in blank verse (1740)Night Thoughts in blank verseThe Task in blank verseTo Simplicity, The Passion, To Eveningleader of sentimental poetry, “The Graveyard School”(墓园诗人)Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard 《墓畔哀歌》reflects on death,the sorrows of life, and the mysteries of human life with a touch of his personal melancholy. He sympathized for the poor and the unknown, but mocks the great ones who despise the poor and bring havoc (破坏) on them.Pre-Romanticism雕刻家)Songs of Innocence《天真之歌》:a happy and innocent world from a child’s point of viewSongs of Experience《经验之歌》: a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy (忧郁的) tone from an adult’s point of view.(1759-1796)He is a master of the old Scottish tradition. He used Scottish dialect, English and a medley of the two to write poems. He is the poet of the people.A Red Red Rose expresses the noblest and sweetest human sentiment.Auld Lang Syne eulogizes friendship。
17-18世纪的英国文学
新古典主义时期的英国文学
(1660—1798)
Zhang Yangli
1
Period：
1660：
Stuarts
the return of the
↓
1798：
Lyrical Ballads
2
The Neoclassical Period
10
The great writers
Daniel Defoe Swift Jonathan Henry Fielding
11
The dramatist Richard B. Sheridan （理查德· 布· 谢里丹）
12
The essayist and lexicographer Samuel Johnson （塞缪尔· 约翰逊 ）
5
purpose
:
to enlighten people with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas; to celebrate reason or rationality, equality and science
25
5. Pre-Romanticism:
in
the latter half of the 18th century departures from the orderly framework of Neoclassicism
26
William Blake (1757-1827), Visionary poet and painter.
17
英国新古典主义时代文学批评与代表诗人
英国新古典主义时代文学批评与代表诗人摘要：通常所谓的英国新古典主义时代是指介于1660年英国斯图亚特王朝复辟和以华兹华斯和科勒律治1798年合作出版的《抒情歌谣集》为创始标志的浪漫主义时期之间的英国文学时代。
关键词：新古典主义；德莱顿；蒲柏；约逊翰中图分类号：i106 文献标识码：a 文章编号：1009-0118（2011）-05-0-02一、引言18世纪初的英国，新古典主义成为时尚。
新古典主义推崇理性，强调明晰、对称、节制、优雅，追求艺术形式的完美与和谐。
新古典主义一方面强调要求复兴古代趣味，特别是古希腊古罗马时代那种庄严、肃穆、优美和典雅的艺术形式；另一方面它又极力反对贵族社会倡导的浮华矫柔的艺术风格。
新古典主义不同于17世纪盛行的古典主义，因为新古典主义排挤了抽象的、脱离现实的、绝对的美的概念和贫乏的、缺乏血肉的艺术形象，它以古代美为典范，从现实生活中吸取营养，它尊重自然追求真实，以及对古代景物的偏爱，表现出对古代文明的向往和怀旧感。
从我们手上的各种资料和书籍上我们可以看出，新古典主义模仿并推崇古代文学大师们的创作和美学原则。
体现在文学上则表现为，文体上模仿古罗马的文学家，如贺拉斯，维吉尔和奥维德等等，追求用理性驾御作品，行文条理清晰，对仗工整，运用巧智，自然和谐。
这一切新古典主义的表现形式实际上是对17世纪巴洛克和18世纪罗可可这类艺术派别过分雕琢和滥用情感的一个纠正。
正因为英国新古典主义推崇并模仿了贺拉斯，维吉尔和奥维德等古罗马奥古斯都大帝统治时期的文学家，所以后来有些文学史又称18世纪上半叶的英国为奥古斯都时期。
在很多研究英国历史的书籍和资料中，18世纪文学被认为是异端散乱的过渡文学，处于一种较为尴尬的境地。
在它之前有文艺复兴的鼎盛以及弥尔顿的辉煌，在它之后有19世纪浪漫主义诗歌的灿烂以及维多利亚文学的丰硕，因而这当中的100年便相对的稍显暗淡许多。
然而事实上，18世纪的英国文学也是可圈可点的，不仅出现了许多代表性的作家，在文论方面也发展迅速，为日后英国文学的蓬勃发展打下了深厚的基础。
英国文学简史 4新古典主义(18世纪)
The Neoclassical Period （18th century）Definitions of literary terms英语081班汪志超51011080951) The Enlightenment MovementThe 18th-century England is known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason.The Enlightenment Movement was a progressive intellectual movement which flourished in France & swept through the whole Western Europe at the time. The movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the 15th & 16th centuries. Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modem philosophical & artistic ideas. The enlighteners celebrated reason or rationality, equality & science. They called for a reference to order, reason & rules & advocated universal education. Famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great writers like John Dryden, Alexander pope & so on.2) NeoclassicismIn England, neoclassicism is initiated by John Dryden, culminated in Alexander Pope and continued by Samuel Johnson. It was a reaction against the fire of passions that blazed in the later Renaissance. It found its literary artistic model in the classical literature of ancient Greek and Latin authors, such as Homer, Virgil, Horace. The neoclassicists have their artistic ideas: order, logic, symmetry, restraint, accuracy, good taste, good sense, decorum and so on. In drama, they follow the Three Unities closely.1Richard Steele(1672-1729) and Joseph Addison(1672-1719)The Tatler ; The Spectator (the earliest periodicals)2Samuel Johnson（1709-1784）Samuel Johnson, commonly called Dr. Johnson, was one of the greatest figures of 18th-century English literature. He was the last great neoclassicist enlightener in the late 18th century. He had a hand in all the different branches of literary activities. He was a poet, dramatist, prose romancer, biographer, essayist, critic, lexicographer & publicist.His major works :poems: "London", & "The vanity of Human Wishes"a romance: The History of Rasselas, Prince of Abyssinia ;a tragedy: Irenehundreds of essays in the two periodicals :The Rambler & The Idler;English dictionary :A Dictionary of the English Language传记文学双星：Life of Johnson by James Boswell,The Life of Charlotte Bronte by Elizabeth Cleghon Gaskell3Alexander pope（1688-1744）poetPope is one of the fore-most satirists in world literature as well as a great poet. Pope's mock-heroic poem The Rape of the Lock is one of the finest examples of English comic verse. As a representative of the Enlightenment, Pope was one of the first to introduce rationalism to England. He was the greatest poet of his time.His major works1). The Rape of the LockA delightful burlesque of epic poetry, it ridicules the manners of the English nobility. The poem isbased on an actual incident in which a young nobleman stole a lock of a lady's hair.2) An Essay on CriticismHis first important work, An Essay on Criticism was a long didactic poem in heroic couplets. In this work, he reflected the neo-classical spirit of the times by advocating good taste, common sense & the adherence to classical rules in writing & criticism. The whole poem is written in a plain style, hardly containing any imagery or eloquence &therefore makes easy reading.3）The DunciadGenerally considered Pope's best satiric work, The Dunciad goes deep in meaning & works at many levels. Its satire is directed at Dullness in general, & in the course of it all the literary men of the age. Poets mainly who had made Pope's enemies, are held up to ridicule. But the poem is not confined to personal attack. Dullness as reflected in the corruptness of government, social morals, education & even religion, is expertly exposed & satirized.The Realistic Novel:The mid-century was, however, predominated by a newly rising literary form, the modern English novel, which, contrary to the traditional romance of aristocrats, gives a realistic presentation of life of the common English people. This-the most significant phenomenon in the history of the development of English literature in the eighteenth century - is a natural product of the Industrial Revolution & a symbol of the growing importance & strength of the English of the growing importance & strength of the English middle class, Among the pioneers were Daniel Defoe ,Samuel Richardson, Henry Fielding, Laurence Sterne, Tobias George Smollett, & Oliver Goldsmith.1Daniel Defoe(1660-1731)He acquired a pure naked English—smooth, easy, almost colloquial. Yet never coarse. He loved short, crisp, plain sentences. There is nothing artificial in his language; it is really common English.作品：1）Pamphlet: The Trueborn Englishman—A Satire.(It contained a caustic exposure of the aristocracy and the tyranny of the church.)2)Novels:Robinson Crusoe(The character of Robinson Crusoe is representative of the English bourgeoisie atthe earlier stage of its development.); Captain Singleton; Moll Flanders; Colonel Jacque2Jonathan Swift (1667-1745)He is an Irish. Swift is one of the greatest masters of English prose. His language is simple, clear and vigorous. He said, “Proper words in proper places, makes the true definition of a style.” Swift is a master of satirist, and his irony is deadly. But his satire is masked by an outward gravity, and an apparent calmness conceals his bitter irony. This makes his satire all the more powerful, as shown in his Modest Proposal.作品：1）Two stories: A Tale of a Tub; The Battle of the Books(The two stories made him well-known as a satirist.)2) Novel:Gulliver’s Travels3) Pamphlets :The Drapier’s Letters; A Modest Proposal(Swift’s pamphlets in Ireland form avery important part of his works.)3Samuel Richardson(1689-1761)His main achievement as a novelist lies in his technique to show characters as personalities. Psychological analysis.作品：Pamela (The story is a told in a series of letters from the heroine, Pamela Andrews.书信体小说);Clarissa; Sir Charles Grandison.Pamela was a new thing in three ways:Firstly, it discarded the “improbable and marvellous”accomplishment of the former heroic romances, and pictured the life and love of ordinary people.Secondly, its intension was to afford not merely entertainment but also moral instruction. Thirdly, it described not only the sayings and doings of the characters but also their secret thoughts and feelings. It was, in fact, the first English psycho-analytical novel.4Henry Fielding(1707-1754)1)简介：As a novelist, Fielding is very great. He is the founder of the English realistic novel and sets up the theory of realism in literary.“Nature herself,” i.e., the exact observation and study of real life, was the basis of Fielding’s work. Byron, in a famous phrase, called Fielding “the prose Homer of Human Nature”. Fielding established once for all the form of the modern novel. His importance in the history of the novel is unique. He has been rightly call the “father of the English novel”.2）作品：Novels:①Joseph Andrews ②Jonathan Wild ③Tom Jones(流浪汉小说) ④AmeliaPicaresque Novel(流浪汉小说)is a popular sub-genre of prose fiction, which is usually satirical and depict in realistic and humorous details the adventures of a roguish hero of low social class, who lives by his or her wits in a corrupt society. The characteristic of it is loosely linked episodes, intrigue fights and adventures. The style of this novel originated in Spain and flourished in Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries, and continued to influence modern literature. In England, Tobias Smollett’s works, Daniel Defoe’s “Moll Flanders”, Fielding’s “Tom Jones”, and Charles Dickens’“Pickwick Papers” are considered to be picaresque novels. In modern America, Sawl Bellow’s “Adventure of Augie March”, Jack Kerouac’s “Dharma Bums” can be called picaresque novels. The Chinese “Journey to the Wrest” is considered to has considerable elements of picaresque.3）Some Features of Fielding’s Novels①Fielding’s method of Relating a Story: told directly by the author.②Satire in Fielding’s Novels. Satire sounds everywhere in Fielding’s works.③Fielding believed in the educational function of the novel.④Style. Fielding is a master of style. His style is easy, unlaboured and familiar, but extremely vivid and vigorous.5Tobias Smollett(1721-1771)He is a Scottish. He belonged to the realistic school.作品：Roderick Random, Peregrine Pickle, Humphry Clinker, History of England.6Laurence Sterne(1713-1768)He is a novelist of the sentimentalist school. He was born in Ireland.A Sentimental Journey.The drama of the 18th century was extensive, but very little of it has permanent or acting value. Only two men, Goldsmith and Sheridan, produced works which are of high literary quality and which are still remain their interest upon the stage.1Oliver Goldsmith(1730-1774)Goldsmith was a poet, novelist, dramatist and essayist, all combined in one person. He was born in Ireland.Comedies: The Good-Natured Man, She Stoops to Conquer2、Richard Brinsley Sheridan(1751-1816)was, like Goldsmith, an Irishman. His literary fame rests almost exclusively uponhis dramas. His dramas are sufficient to maintain his reputation as one of the most brilliant of English writers of Comedy.戏剧作品：①The Rivals, ②The School for Scandal（It gives a brilliant portrayal and a biting satire ofIn the first half of the 18 century, Pope was the leader of English poetry and the heroic couplet the fashion of poetry. But the middle of the century, however, sentimentalism gradually made its appearance.The appearance and development of sentimentalist poetry marks the midway in the transition from classicism to its opposite, Romanticism, in English poetry.Sentimentalism : It is a literary current started in the middle of 18th century. It is a part of the Pre-Romantic trend as reaction against the cold, logic rationalism that dominated people’s life and writing since the last decade of the 17th century. It appeared to sentiment as a means of achieving happiness and social justice. They believed that the effective emotions were the evidence of kindness and goodness. A ready sympathy and an inward pain for the misery of others became part of accepted social morality and ethics. Their words reveal a purely emotional approach to life on the part of the narrator. They formed the contrast of rationally composed novel. The most outstanding figure of this school was Laurence Stern who composed “Tristram Shandy”and “Sentimental Journey through France to Italy”. Samuel Richardson’s work also belong to this school because he used a lot of psychological analysis. Oliver Goldsmith’s work, especially “The Vicar of Wakefield”is of this time. Thomas Gray, a member of Graveyard school is a member of sentimental school, because Graveyard School is part of Sentimental School.1Laurence Sterne(1713-1768)He is a novelist of the sentimentalist school. He was born in Ireland.作品：Tristram Shandy, A Sentimental Journey.2Thomas Gray(1716-1771):作品：Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard. （This is a poem full of the gentle melancholy which marks all early romantic poetry.）Graveyard School: is a term applied to the 18th century poets who wrote melancholy, reflective works, often set in graveyard, on the theme of human morality. The dominant imageries are graveyard, death and darkness. They are part of Sentimental School in the 18th century literature. Thomas Gray’s “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard” was the best known example for the time.Elegy: It is an ancient form of writing. Its tradition can be traced back to Greek. It is a kind of war song, the song that eulogizes the warring spirit, especially to celebrate the victory of the war and to lament upon the dead. Later, thiswriting is used for lamentation over one’s loss, one’s complaint, one’s unhappiness or things like that. In France, people sometimes use elegy for love lyric.3Oliver Goldsmith(1730-1774)Goldsmith was a poet, novelist, dramatist and essayist, all combined in one person. He was born in Ireland.作品：⑴Poems:①The Traveller is based on Goldsmith’s personal observation during his European wanderings. He came to the conclusion that human happiness depends less on political institution than onour own minds.②The Deserted Village is Goldsmith’s best poem. It contains some charmingdescriptions of village life. He marks the depopulation in the countryside owing to the inroads ofmonopolizing riches.⑵Novel: The Vicar of Wakefield. His novel appeals to human sentiment as a means of achieving happinessand social justice. That is why he is acknowledged to be one of the representatives of English sentimentalism.⑶Comedies: The Good-Natured Man, She Stoops to Conquer⑷Essays: The Citizen of the World.Goldsmith’s place as one of the greatest English essayists is mainlyIn the latter half of the 18century, a new literary monument arose in Europe, called the Romantic Revival. In England, this movement showed itself in the trend of Pre-Romanticism in poetry, which was ushered by Percy, Macpherson and Chatterton, and represented by Blake and Burns,the two greatest romantic poets of the 18th century.Pre-Romanticism:It rose as a reaction against enlightenment and neoclassicism, especially against reasons advocated by them. It originated by conservative groups men of letters and rose in the latter half of 18th century. The representatives are Thomas Gray, William Blake and Robert Burns.1William Blake(1757-1827)①The earliest of the major English Romantic poets.②Like Shelley, Blake strongly criticized the capitalists' cruel exploitation, saying that the "dark satanic mills left menunemployed, killed children & forced prostitution."③From childhood, Blake had a strongly visual mind; whatever he imagined, he also saw. As an imaginative poet, hepresents his view in visual images instead of abstract terms. " I know that This world is a world of IMAGINATION & Vision," & that "The Nature of my work is visionary or imaginative."④Blake writes his poems in plain & direct language.works：①The Songs of Innocence is a lovely volume of poems, presenting a happy & innocent world,though not without its evils & sufferings.②The Songs of Experience paints a different world, a world of misery, poverty, disease, war &repression with a melancholy tone.③Marriage of Heaven & Hell marks his entry into maturity.④The Book of Urizen, The Book of Los，The Four Zoas，Milton2、Robert Burns(1759-1796)He is the greatest of Scottish poets. He devoted all his free time to collecting, editing, restoring and imitating traditional Scottish songs, or writing verses of his own to traditional tunes.works：①Burns is remembered mainly for his songs written in the Scottish dialect on a variety of subjects.②Numerous are Burns’ songs of love and friendship. A Red, Red Rose③Bruce at Bannockburn is a typical song of patriotism.⑤The Tree of Liberty and A Revolutionary Lyric are the poems on the theme of revolution.⑥The Toadeater is a piece of bitter satire.⑦The Jolly Beggars is characterized by humour and lightheartedness.。
essay名词解释英国文学
英国文学名词解释：新古典主义与浪漫主义英国文学是欧洲文学的重要组成部分，其文学发展历程中有许多重要的名词和思潮。
新古典主义和浪漫主义是其中最为重要的两个名词，它们影响了英国文学的发展，并对世界文学产生了深远的影响。
本文将对这两个名词进行解释和分析。
英国文学的发展历程中，新古典主义和浪漫主义是两个最为重要的名词。
新古典主义是指 18 世纪末 19 世纪初，英国文学中一种复古的文学思潮。
这种思潮强调对古希腊和罗马文化的推崇，并试图用这些古代文化来重新塑造现代文化。
在新古典主义的影响下，英国文学开始回归到对历史和传统的重视，并更加注重文学的形式和美感。
浪漫主义则是 19 世纪初兴起的一种文学思潮，它反对新古典主义的复古思潮，主张以自然和人性作为文学创作的主题。
浪漫主义文学强调个人情感和主观体验，并试图通过文学来表现人类的真正感情和内心世界。
浪漫主义文学的代表作品包括拜伦、雪莱、波特和威尔斯等。
新古典主义和浪漫主义在英国文学中的出现和发展，不仅影响了英国文学本身，也对世界文学产生了深远的影响。
新古典主义和浪漫主义的文学风格和主题，成为了许多其他国家文学发展的借鉴和参考。
同时，这两种文学思潮也推动了欧洲文学的发展和繁荣，成为了欧洲文学的重要组成部分。
英国文学中的新古典主义和浪漫主义是两个非常重要的名词。
新古典主义强调了对古代文化的推崇和对文学形式的重视，浪漫主义则
强调个人情感和主观体验，并通过文学来表现人类的真正感情和内心世界。
这两种文学思潮不仅影响了英国文学本身，也对世界文学产生了深远的影响。
新古典主义论文德莱顿论文：英国新古典主义时代文学批评与代表诗人
新古典主义论文德莱顿论文：英国新古典主义时代文学批评与代表诗人摘要：通常所谓的英国新古典主义时代是指介于1660年英国斯图亚特王朝复辟和以华兹华斯和科勒律治1798年合作出版的《抒情歌谣集》为创始标志的浪漫主义时期之间的英国文学时代。
关键词：新古典主义；德莱顿；蒲柏；约逊翰一、引言18世纪初的英国，新古典主义成为时尚。
新古典主义推崇理性，强调明晰、对称、节制、优雅，追求艺术形式的完美与和谐。
新古典主义一方面强调要求复兴古代趣味，特别是古希腊古罗马时代那种庄严、肃穆、优美和典雅的艺术形式；另一方面它又极力反对贵族社会倡导的浮华矫柔的艺术风格。
新古典主义不同于17世纪盛行的古典主义，因为新古典主义排挤了抽象的、脱离现实的、绝对的美的概念和贫乏的、缺乏血肉的艺术形象，它以古代美为典范，从现实生活中吸取营养，它尊重自然追求真实，以及对古代景物的偏爱，表现出对古代文明的向往和怀旧感。
从我们手上的各种资料和书籍上我们可以看出，新古典主义模仿并推崇古代文学大师们的创作和美学原则。
体现在文学上则表现为，文体上模仿古罗马的文学家，如贺拉斯，维吉尔和奥维德等等，追求用理性驾御作品，行文条理清晰，对仗工整，运用巧智，自然和谐。
这一切新古典主义的表现形式实际上是对17世纪巴洛克和18世纪罗可可这类艺术派别过分雕琢和滥用情感的一个纠正。
正因为英国新古典主义推崇并模仿了贺拉斯，维吉尔和奥维德等古罗马奥古斯都大帝统治时期的文学家，所以后来有些文学史又称18世纪上半叶的英国为奥古斯都时期。
在很多研究英国历史的书籍和资料中，18世纪文学被认为是异端散乱的过渡文学，处于一种较为尴尬的境地。
在它之前有文艺复兴的鼎盛以及弥尔顿的辉煌，在它之后有19世纪浪漫主义诗歌的灿烂以及维多利亚文学的丰硕，因而这当中的100年便相对的稍显暗淡许多。
然而事实上，18世纪的英国文学也是可圈可点的，不仅出现了许多代表性的作家，在文论方面也发展迅速，为日后英国文学的蓬勃发展打下了深厚的基础。
英国文学历史发展简介概括
英国文学历史发展简介概括
英国文学的发展历程可以大致分为中世纪文学、文艺复兴、新古典主义、浪漫主义、现实主义和现代主义等不同的历史阶段。
中世纪文学时期的作品大多为口头传说，以盎格鲁-撒克逊人为主要背景，这一时期的重要作品包括《贝奥武甫》等。
到了文艺复兴时期，诺曼底人征服英格兰后，封建等级制度得以加强和完备，法国文化占据主导地位，法语成为宫廷和上层贵族社会的语言。
这一时期风行一时的文学形式是浪漫传奇，流传最广的是关于亚瑟王和圆桌骑士的故事。
新古典主义时期，资本主义工商业发展较快，市民阶级兴起，英语逐渐恢复了它的声誉，社会各阶层普遍使用英语，为优秀英语文学作品的产生提供了条件。
杰弗利·乔叟的出现标志着以本土文学为主流的英国书面文学历史的开始。
到了现代主义时期，战后的英国文学大致呈现从写实到实验和多元的走势。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
17th -18th Century
Match Writers With Works
1.Jonathan Swift A. The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy （D） 2.Henry Fielding B. Tom Jones （B） C. A Dictionary of the English Language 3.Daniel Defoe （E ） 4.Alexander Pope D. Gulliver's Travels （F） E. Robinson Crusoe 5.Samuel Johnson （C） F. The Rape of the Lolse.
(F)
1. The 18th century was an age of poetry. A group of excellent prose writers, such as Jonathan Swift, Samuel Richardson, Henry Fielding, were produced.
Essay question
What’s the significance of the Robinson Crusoe? What are some of the author’s biases revealed in the novel if we examine it from a modern critic’s point of view?
(A)
Fill in the blanks
1. The yahoo are attacked by the writer named Jonathan Swift in his fantasy work bearing the title ______ ______. Gulliver's Travels
Key point: 1. it is an expression of bourgeois qualities of individualism and private enterprise. 2. in describing robinson’s life on the island, Defoe glorifies human labor. 3. this novel is an embodiment of the spirit of individual enterprise and colonial expansion of the rising bourgeoisie. Key point : This novel revealed the author’s colonialism and negroslavery in his book.
British neoclassicism
In English literature, the stylistic trend between the restoration and the advent of romanticism at the beginning of the 19th century is referred to as neoclassicism. The neoclassicists held that forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Creek and Roman writers. The neoclassicists include Addision , Steele, and Pope of 18th century. They believed that the artistic ideals should be order ,logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should judged in the terms of its service to humanity .
（A）
Multiple choice
(B)
1.In a series of pamphlets Jonathan Swift denounced the cruel and unjust treatment of Ireland by the English government. One of the most famous is ____. A. Essays on Criticism B. A Modest Proposal C. Gulliver’s Travels D. The Battle of the Books
Thank you
Multiple choice
(C)
3.Essay on Man is a _____poem in heroic couplets. A. didactic B. satirical C. philosophical D. dramatic 4.The 18th century witnessed that in England there appeared two political parties, ______, which were satirized by Jonathan Swift in his Gulliver’s Travels. A. the Whigs and the Tories B. the senate and the House of Representatives C. The upper House and lower House D. the House of Lords and the House of Commons
(B) 2.Henry Fielding’s first novel ____ , knowing as the first realistic
novel in English fiction. written in connection with Pamela of Samuel Richardson. A. Tom Jones B. Joseph Andrews B. C. Jonathan Wild D. Amelia
2. Sheridan’s The School for Scandal has been called manner a great comedy of _____, giving a brilliant portrayal and a biting satire of English high society.
Fill in the blanks
3. Samuel Richardson’s first novel, Pamela, is the epistolary first _____ novel in English literature. 4. In describing Robinson’s life on the island, Defoe glorifies human _____. Labor
(F)
1. Novel writing made a big advance in the 18th century. The main characters in the novels were no longer common people, but the kings and nobles.
Explain the term