英语泛读教程3第三册课文翻译unit14

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大学英语三泛读课文翻译

大学英语三泛读课文翻译

大学英语三泛读课文翻译美国男性—The American Man我们不厌其烦地谈论“美国男人”,似乎他们身上存在着某种几十年或者十年恒常不变的品质。

当今的美国男人不再是1630年来到新英格兰的快乐的农民了。

他们不再是老脑筋,他们不再以内向的性格为荣,他们不会坐在没有取暖设备的教堂里连做三遍祷告。

在南方,富裕的受母亲制约的种植园主也发展壮大了,但这两种“美国男人”都不像之后东北部发达起来的贪婪的铁路承包商。

而不计后果、为所欲为的西部文明移民也不像他们。

即使在我们自己的年代,公认的模范也发生了戏剧性的变化。

举个例子说,在20世纪50年代,这样一种美国人越来越凸显出来,成为大多数人认可的模范。

这就是50年代的男人。

上班起早贪黑,干活尽职尽责,养家糊口,遵规守纪。

里根就是这类人的典型——固执而坚忍不拔。

这类人弄不懂女人的心,却颇为赏识女人的身体;他们的文化观和文化观的美国部分幼稚而乐观。

他们大都有坚忍不拔、信心十足的品质,但在他们魅力十足、虚张声势的外表下,还有另外的三个特征:孤立、清贫、被动。

他们需要通过自己的敌人来证明自己还活着。

50年代的男人喜欢橄榄球,好斗,他们维护美国,从不流泪,只是默默奉献。

但在这些男人的身上,善于接纳和对人友善的品质消失了。

他们的个性缺乏洋溢感。

他们还缺乏同情心,正是这点怂恿了他们对越战的狂热;就像后来的里根,他的头脑中缺乏那种我们称之为“和平之心”的东西,这使得他对萨尔瓦多那些手无寸铁的人,对这里的老人、失业者、上学的孩子,乃至对穷人都铁石心肠、残暴野蛮。

50年代的男人清楚地知道男人该是什么样,男人的职责是什么,但他们自身孤立和片面的观念弄得他们危机四伏。

到了60年代,又出现了另外一类男人。

越战的荒废和暴虐让他们质疑,自已是否真的知道一个成年男人是什么样子?如果成年等于越战,他们对成年还有一丝一毫的向往吗?同时,女权运动激励男人们开始真切地审视女人,迫使他们开始理解50年代男人苦苦逃避的担忧和苦楚。

英语泛读教程3 课文翻译

英语泛读教程3 课文翻译

UNIT 2 英国人的谨慎和礼貌在许多人看来,英国人极为礼貌,同他们交朋友很难。

但愿下列文字能够帮助你更好地了解英国人的性格特点。

对于其他欧洲人来说,英国人最著名的特点是“谨慎”。

一个谨慎的人不太会和陌生人聊天,不会流露出太多的情感,并且很少会兴奋。

要了解一个谨慎的人并非易事;他从不告诉你有关他自己的任何事,也许你和他工作了几年,却连他住在哪儿,有几个孩子,兴趣是什么,都不知道。

英国人就有类似的倾向。

如果乘公共汽车去旅行,他们会尽量找一个没人坐的位子;如果是乘火车,他们会找一个没人的单间。

如果他们不得不与陌生人共用一个单间时,那么即使火车驶出了很多英里,他们也不会开口交谈。

一旦谈起来的话,他们不会轻易问及像“你几岁?”或者甚至“你叫什么名字?”等私人问题。

像“你的手表是在哪儿买的?”或者“你的收入是多少?”这样的问题几乎不可想象。

同样,在英国,人们交谈时一般声音都很轻、很有节制,大声谈话会被视为没有教养。

在某种程度上,不愿意与他人交流是一种不幸的品质,因为它可能会给人造成态度冷淡的印象。

而事实上,英国人(也许除了北方人)并不以慷慨和好客而著称。

而另一方面,虽然谨慎使他们不易与人沟通,但他们内心还是很有人情味的。

如果一个陌生人或外国人友善地将这种隔阂打破那么一会儿,他们可能会满心欢喜。

与英国人的谨慎紧密相连的品质是英国式的谦逊。

在内心深处,英国人可能比任何人都高傲,但是当他们与别人相处时,他们十分看重谦逊的品质,至少要表现出谦虚的样子。

自我标榜会被认为没有教养。

让我们假设,有一个人非常擅长打网球,但如果有人问他是否是个优秀选手时,他很少会说“是”,不然,人们会认为他很高傲。

他可能会作出类似这样的回答,“不算太差,”或者“嗯,我非常喜欢网球。

”这样的自我贬低是典型的英国式的。

而且当这一品质与他们的谨慎混合在一起时,常常形成一种漠然的气氛,这在外国人看来难于理解,甚至令人恼火。

著名的英国人的幽默感也是大同小异。

泛读教程(三)课后题答案(Unit 1-15)

泛读教程(三)课后题答案(Unit 1-15)

《泛读教程》第三册课后题答案Unit1Section AVocabulary Building:I.1.practical,practice,practices,practical,practiced2.worthless,worthy,worthwhile,worth,worth3.vary,variety,variation,various,Various4.absorbing,absorbed,absorb,absorption,absorbentII.1.effective,efficient,effective2.technology,technique3.middle,medium,mediumClozeGoing/about/trying,expectations/predictions,questions,answers,predictions/expectations,tell, know/foretell,end,develop/present,worthSection BTFTT,CBCC,TFF,CAA,CCAUnit2Section AVocabulary Building:I.mess,preference,aimlessly,remarkable,decisive,shipment,fiery,physically,action,housing II.1.aptitude,attitude2.account,counted,counted3.talent,intelligenceClozeOther,just/only,has,some/many,than,refuse,see/know/understand,that,without,If, ready/willing/educated/taught,wrong/incorrect/erroneousSection BACC,CC,CCC,ACB,ABASection CCCDDACUnit3Section AVocabulary Building:I.Noun Verb Adjective Adverbadmission admit admissible Admissiblyreliance rely reliable Reliablydefinition define definite Definitely assumption assume assumed/assuming Assumedly/assumingly behavior Behave behavioral Behaviorallyvariety Vary Various/varied Variously/variedly Part/partiality Part partial Partiallymanager manage managerial Managerially correlation correlate correlative Correlatively Adaptation adapt adaptive adaptivelyII.1.inspired,aspired,inspired2.token,badges,token3.contemporaries,temporary,contemporaryClozeCommunicate,ways/means/ones,using/saying,in,of,message,meet/have/encounter/experience, causes,meaning,to,eyesSection BBAB,BAC,FFT,TTF,CCBSection CBBDDBCCAFFTFFTUnit4Section AReading Skill:Skimming2-10BBAC BCCAAVocabulary Building:I.moist,betrayal,exclusively,inhumane,amazed/amazing,endangered,marvels,deadlyII.1.dessert,deserted2.favorite,favorable,favorable3.awarded,reward,awardedClozeParents,idea,at/by,seen,landmarks,instance/example,migrate,guide/direct,pole,effect/ influence,It/This,if/whether,experimentsSection BCCB FTF BCA CCB ACCSection CFFTFF FTTFFUnit5Section AVocabulary Building:I.Noun Verb Adjective Adverbassumption assume assumed/assuming assumedly/assumingly acknowledgement acknowledge acknowledged acknowledgedly reflection reflect reflective reflectively domination dominate dominant dominantlycategory categorize categorical categorically implication imply implicative implicatively reassurance reassure reassuring reassuringly definition define definite definitelyII.1.Historical,historic2.rejected,resist3.test/analyze,analyzedClozeExisted/appeared,ever,head/brain,body,found,language,use/value/significance/importance, single,passed,ahead,survival/existence,handling/overcomingSection BCAB CBB TTT FTT CACSection CBBAA ACBCUnit6Section AWord Pretest:CACBA BACAB ABVocabulary Building:I.availability avail available Availablyconquest conquer Conquering/Conqueringlyconqueredluxury luxuriate luxurious Luxuriouslyorigin originate original Originally occurrence occur Occurrentsystem systematize Systematical/Systematicallysystematicphonology phonological Phonologicallydecision decide Decided/decisive Decidedly/decisively variety vary various Variously superiority superior SuperiorlyII.1.peculiar,particular,particular2.assess,access,access3.resources,source,sourcesClozeSex,Men,differs,compliment/words,complimenting,causes,makes,languages,have,outside, understood,have,use,circle/world/fieldSection BCBBBA CBCCC CBACC BASection CBBCAB BACCBUnit7Section AWord PretestABABC BACVocabulary Building:I.deduced,behavior,adhere,replacement,option,delicacy,enormous,pursuitII.1.inquired,required,inquire,requiredpatible,comparable,compatible,comparableClozeSatellite,some,space,asked/wondered,life,sort/kind,orbiting/going/circling,have,living, were,believe,own,solar,where,likely,living,throughSection BFTFFT TTTTF FFBBC ACCSection CBCBCC AEDEBAFDCUnit8Section AVocabulary Building:1.occupataion,occupy,occupational,occupationallysegregation,segregate,segregateddiscrimination,discriminate,discriminating/discriminatory,discriminatingly/discriminatorily enforcement,enforce,enforceable,enforceablyexclusion,exclude,exclusive,exclusivelyperseverance,persevere,persevering,perseveringlyconviction,convict,convictive,convictivelyamendment,amend,amendablesuperficiality,superficialize,superficial,superficiallyspectator,spectate,spectatorial2.1.a.job b.career c.jobs d.career2.a..principal b.principles c.principal d.principle3.a.feminien b.female c.feminineClozeAcceptable,domestic,property,wages,husband,divorce,claims,legal,suit,permitted,make, excluded,lacked,belonged,determinedSection BBACCB CACCC AABBA C TTFSection CCCAACBUnit9Section AVocabulary Building:1.1.typifies2.dominant3.familialpetitive5.vibrate6.descended7.departure8.boom9.countless10.symbolizes2.1.a.recreative b.recreates c.recreation2.a.rhythm b.rhyme c.rhymes d.rhythmClozeSea,within,of,divides,built/constructed/completed,celebrated,inside/in,attract,together,whenSection BFTFTT CCBBC BAACC ACSection CBAACA BCCCCUnit10Section AVocabulary Building:1.consequence,,consequent/consequential,consequently/consequentially sophisticatiion,sophisticate,sophisticated,sophisticatedlyreference,refer,referable,referablyconversation,converse,conversational,conversationallyspace,space,spatial/spacious,spatially/spaciouslydetachment,detach,detachable/detached,detachably/detachedlyintervention,intervene,interveningtype,typify,typical,typically2.1.assure,ensure,assured,ensure2.arises,raised,rise,raised,arisen3.clue,cues,clue,cueClozeWell,separating/isolating,is,own,close,need,look,order,respect,follow,prior,sign/cue,help, was/were,elseSection BBBC TTF BCA CAC TFFSection CTFFTF FFFUnit11Section AVocabulary Building:1.information,inform,informative,informativelyspecification,specify,specific,specificallyaddition,add,additional/additive,additionally/additivelyspecialty,specialize,special,speciallynarration,narrate,narrative,narrativelyextension,extend,exxtensive,extensivelyorigin,originate,original,originallyexplosion,explode,explosive,explosivelyambiguity,,ambiguous,ambiguouslyestablishment,establish,established1.extension2.mabiguity3.orignal4.specified5.additional6.unambiguously7.explosionrmation9.specialized10.narrative11.establishment2.1.transform,transferred,transferred,transformed2.lonely,alone,lonely,aloneClozeLibrary,amounted,own,burned/destroyed,countries’,send,suggestion/proposal,librarySection BACBCB ACCAC ABABB ABSection CBCACC CBCCCUnit12Section AVocabulary Building:1.reaction,mass,polluting,planetary,suspicious,alarming,emitted,emerged2.1.warned,threatened2.spread,spread,sprayed3.emergency,emergenceClozeSolve,communities,creative,prevention,disposal,resources,recycloing,waste,increase,place, measures,amountSection BFFTT BCAC FTFF ABC CBCSection CBCAAC CBCUnit13Section AVocabulary Building:1.symptom,symptomize,symptomatic,symptomaticallylonging,long,longing,longinglyaddition,add,additional additive,additionally/additivelymanifestation,manifest,manifest,manifestlydepression,depress,depressed/depressing,depressedly/depressinglyinvariability,,invariable,invariablyseparation,separate,separate,separatelycondemnation,condemn,condemnable,condemnablyimagination,imagine,imaginary,imaginarilyaffection,affect,affecting,afeectingly2.1.remedies,recipe,remedy,recipe2.alternate,altered,alternate,alter3.acknowledged,knowledge,acknowledgedClozeStep,acknowledge,prevent,essential,physician,due,physical,psychosomatic,disease, confidence,symptoms,thorough,emotional,upsettingSection BCBCAB CBBCB ABCACSection CTFFFT FTFFFUnit14Section AVocabulary Building:1.reluctant,evolution,atrributed,catastrophic,assoicate,indifferent,emerged,stir2.1.evolved,revolved,evolved2.dismay,dismal,dismal,dismay3.contribute,attributed,contributed,attributedClozeCharacteristic/trait/nature,changed/had,to,long,get/eat,possessed/developed/had,stretched /lengthened,longer,passed,After,have,theory,effect/influence,notion/idea,changeSection BDAB FTFTF DAD BAC FTFSection CTFTFT FTFUnit15Section AVocabulary Building:1.Prevention,prevent,preventive,preventivelyFederation,federate,federal,federallyInadequacy,,inadequate,inadequatelyDeception,deceive,deceptive,deceptivelyProsperity,prosper,prosperous,prosperouslyLife,live,live/living/aliveEffect,effect,effective,effectivelyEvaluation,evaluate,evaluable/evaluativeResident,reside,residential,residentiallyVision,vision,visional/visionary,visionally/visionarity1.evaluabtion,2.federal3.prosperity4.residential5.effect6.are living7.deceptively8. preventive/effective2.1.simile,metaphor2.ultimate,unanimous,ultimate,unanimousClozeTransportation,distance/away,ground,Steam,trains,electric,station/stop,name,train,three, trains,stairs/steps,passengers/peopleSection BDCDCC CCCAB CBSection CCCACC CCC。

英语泛读教程3_课文翻译

英语泛读教程3_课文翻译

UNIT 2 英国人的谨慎和礼貌在许多人看来,英国人极为礼貌,同他们交朋友很难。

但愿下列文字能够帮助你更好地了解英国人的性格特点。

对于其他欧洲人来说,英国人最著名的特点是“谨慎”。

一个谨慎的人不太会和陌生人聊天,不会流露出太多的情感,并且很少会兴奋。

要了解一个谨慎的人并非易事;他从不告诉你有关他自己的任何事,也许你和他工作了几年,却连他住在哪儿,有几个孩子,兴趣是什么,都不知道。

英国人就有类似的倾向。

如果乘公共汽车去旅行,他们会尽量找一个没人坐的位子;如果是乘火车,他们会找一个没人的单间。

如果他们不得不与陌生人共用一个单间时,那么即使火车驶出了很多英里,他们也不会开口交谈。

一旦谈起来的话,他们不会轻易问及像“你几岁?”或者甚至“你叫什么名字?”等私人问题。

像“你的手表是在哪儿买的?”或者“你的收入是多少?”这样的问题几乎不可想象。

同样,在英国,人们交谈时一般声音都很轻、很有节制,大声谈话会被视为没有教养。

在某种程度上,不愿意与他人交流是一种不幸的品质,因为它可能会给人造成态度冷淡的印象。

而事实上,英国人(也许除了北方人)并不以慷慨和好客而著称。

而另一方面,虽然谨慎使他们不易与人沟通,但他们内心还是很有人情味的。

如果一个陌生人或外国人友善地将这种隔阂打破那么一会儿,他们可能会满心欢喜。

与英国人的谨慎紧密相连的品质是英国式的谦逊。

在内心深处,英国人可能比任何人都高傲,但是当他们与别人相处时,他们十分看重谦逊的品质,至少要表现出谦虚的样子。

自我标榜会被认为没有教养。

让我们假设,有一个人非常擅长打网球,但如果有人问他是否是个优秀选手时,他很少会说“是”,不然,人们会认为他很高傲。

他可能会作出类似这样的回答,“不算太差,”或者“嗯,我非常喜欢网球。

”这样的自我贬低是典型的英国式的。

而且当这一品质与他们的谨慎混合在一起时,常常形成一种漠然的气氛,这在外国人看来难于理解,甚至令人恼火。

著名的英国人的幽默感也是大同小异。

英语泛读教程3上课文+译文(Unit1-7)

英语泛读教程3上课文+译文(Unit1-7)

Unit 11 TextInvented WordsNew words appear in English every day. Do you know how these words are born? Read the following passage to find various ways English words are invented.Scholars guess that English has about 600 000 words, but there are probably more. New words continue to come into the language at such a rate that no dictionary could possibly keep up with them. The old words which were born centuries ago in the Anglo-Saxon, Germanic and French languages make up four fifths of the English language. The other one fifth is made up partly of borrowed words and partly of three other kinds of words: words from the names of peoples and places; imitative words; and invented words.Ampere, volt and watt are all units of electricity, and they are named for the men who discovered them; Andre M. Ampere, a French physicist; Alessandro Volta, an Italian physicist; and James Watt, a Scottish engineer and inventor. Nowadays we all drink pasteurized milk, that is, milk which is clean and purified. Pasteurized gets its name from Louis Pasteur, a French doctor who invented the process for purifying milk. There are many words like this in the English language.There is no need to say anything else about these words, for they speak for themselves. You can probably think of many more.Then there are the invented words. English-speaking people have always made up words as it suited them, and they continue to do so every day. One kind of invented word is one which is made up of two other words. Dictionaries call this kind of word a compound. If you put "play" and "thing" together, you get the compound,whole words. Most prefixes and suffixes come from Latin or Greek, and each has a special meaning of its own. When we add a prefix before a word or a suffix at the end of it, we change its meaning. For example, the prefix re- means "again." If we add re- to "do" or "paint", we get two new words meaning "do again" and "paint again." Un- means "the opposite of" or "not." By adding un- to "happy" or "kind", we get "unhappy" or "unkind", meaning "not happy" and "not kind." The suffix -ness means "the condition of." "Happiness" and "kindness" are the conditions of being happy and kind. It is easy to see the meanings of unhappiness and unkindness. The word to which we attach the prefixes and suffixes is called the root word. In a word like unkindness the root word is kind.Some words, like astronaut, are made up entirely of Greek or Latin prefixes and suffixes. Astro- is a Greek prefix meaning "having to do with the stars"; naut- means "having to do with sailing." So, an astronaut is a "star-sailor." Other words can be root words, prefixes or suffixes, depending on where they come in the word. Remember, the prefix comes first, the root word second, and the suffix last. As an example, let's take the word "graph" and build several different invented words with it by adding prefixes and suffixes to it or using it as a prefix or suffix. Graph by itself means anything which is shown to us in pictures or writing. For instance, your teacher might want to keep track of your reading progress by drawing a graph of your reading test scores, or a businessman might draw graphs which show the ups and downs of his company's sales records. Now, by adding the prefixes and suffixes listed below to graph, we can make several new words. Notice that graph is part of aYou may have noticed that you can make even other words using some of these prefixes and suffixes without graph. "Biology" is the study of life. What do you think is the meaning of "biologic"? If the prefix anti- means "against," what does "antibiotic" really mean? There are hundreds of Latin and Greek prefixes in the English language, and the possibilities for inventing new words are endless. Every day, as we make new discoveries in science and technology, we invent new words to describe them. Many of these new words are combinations of root words and prefixes and suffixes which have already existed in English for centuries.Another kind of invented word is the nonsense word. Some nonsense words are used for a while by only a few people and then disappear completely from the language, never to be used again. Others, when they become popular enough and are used over a period of time, become a permanent part of the language. If enough people decide and agree on the meaning of an invented word, it is here to stay. Some examples of everyday modern words which probably began as nonsense words centuries ago are: bad, big, lad, lass, chat, job and fun. Linguists guess that these are nonsense words because they have not been able to trace them back to any of the ancestor languages. Just who invented them, and when or where remains a puzzle. Puzzle itself is one of these mystery words. No one knows where it came from.Lewis Carroll, author of Alice in Wonderland and Through the Looking Glass, was a great inventor of nonsense words. As a matter of fact, he created a whole language of nonsense. Most of Carroll's nonsense words are not used in English, except for "chortle." Chortle, Carroll tells us, is a cross between a chuckle and a snort. The word is formed by packing two different meanings together in it. The dictionary calls such words blends. A fairly recent blend, which, unfortunately, we hear almost every day, is "smog," a combination of smoke and fog.People invent nonsense words by combining certain sounds that just seem to fit the things or actions they describe. Often we make up words for anything which is basically rather silly. Spoof was invented by an English comedian some fifty years ago. It means "to poke fun at." Hornswoggle was used a great deal in the United States during the nineteenth century, and it means "to cheat." If a dishonest politician wants to hornswoggle the taxpayers, he invents a "boondoggle," which is a useless, expensive project which does nobody any good. Fairly recently someone invented the word "gobbledygook." When people talk or write using long, fancy words that really mean nothing, we call it gobbledygook. Unfortunately, many people use gobbledygook because they want to seem more important than they are, or because they don't really want people to understand what they mean or what they are doing. So, when the dishonest politician wants to hornswoggle the public with a boondoggle, he usually explains things in gobbledygook.When Lewis Carroll was writing his books the word gobbledygook had not been invented yet, but Carroll would have known exactly what it meant. Carroll loved to spoof or poke fun at people who used fancy, important-sounding words when simple language would have done better. In one part of Through the Looking Glass, Alice has a conversation with Humpty Dumpty in which Humpty Dumpty insists words can mean whatever he wants them to mean. Alice insists that this is impossible. If everyone did that no one would understand anyone else. The conversation goes like this:"But 'glory' doesn't mean 'a nice knockdown argument'," Alice objected."When I use a word," Humpty Dumpty said, in rather a scornful tone, "it means just what I choose it to mean -neither more nor less.""The question is," said Alice, "whether you can make words mean so many different things.""The question is," said Humpty Dumpty, "which is to be the master -that's all."The question is, just as Humpty Dumpty said, which is to be master. But Humpty Dumpty used words in an odd way, and that made him a master of gobbledygook, not a master of language. A master of language knows what words really mean, and where they come from; knows when to use big, important ones and when to use the shorter, equally important simple ones. Winston Churchill was a great British prime minister. He was also a great writer, truly a master of language. He said once, "Short words are best, and old words when they are short, are best of all."(1545 words) 译文:新造词英语中每天都有新词出现。

英语泛读教程3第三版 课文翻译(Text1--1-7单元)

英语泛读教程3第三版 课文翻译(Text1--1-7单元)

UNIT 1 创造性思维的艺术约翰·阿代尔创造性对人类发展至美重要。

下面的文章里,约翰·阿代尔为求实的创造性思维者提供了一些颇有见地的见解和技巧。

创造性思维在今天的重要性不需要强调。

在你的职业中或工作领域,如果你能够发展提出新思想的能力,你就有竞争优势。

在你的个人生活中,创造性思维也能将你带上创新活动之路。

它可以丰富你的人生,尽管并非总是以你期待的方式。

人类创造力人类不可能凭空创造东西。

有一次,一位来宾极为仔细地参观了亨利·福特的汽车公司,然后见到了福特。

来宾心中充满了惊奇和崇敬,他对这位实业家说:“福特先生,25年前起家时几乎一无所有的人,不可能实现这一切。

”福特回答说,“这个说法可不太对。

每个人都是靠所有拥有的东西来起家。

这里什么都有——所需要的一切,它们的基本点和实质性的东西都已存在。

”潜在的材料,也就是可以做成或建构成某种东西的元素之成分或者实质的材料,都已存在于我们的宇宙。

你可能已经注意到,我们倾向于将创造性这个词用在与使用的原材料很不一样的产品上。

鲁宾斯的一幅名作,就是蓝色、红色、黄色和绿色的蠕虫般颜料在艺术家画板上的集合。

物质材料,对艺术家来说是颜料和画布;对作家来说是纸和笔——完全是次要的。

这里的创造,更多的是在大脑之中。

感知、思想和感觉都在一种观念或想象中结合起来。

当然,艺术家、作家或作曲家还需要使用技巧和技术,在画布或纸上把头脑中构想出来的东西塑造成型。

和普通意义上的创造性一样,创造性思维遵循同样的原则。

我们的创造性想象必须有可以加工的对象。

我们不能凭空产生新的思想。

如上面福特所说的那样,原材料都在那里。

有创造力的大脑在原材料中看到可能性和相关性,而创造力不强的大脑却看不到。

这一结论让我们大大地松了一口气。

你不用凭空构想新的想法。

作为创造性思维者,你的任务是将已经存在的想法或元素组合在一起。

如果最终把人们从未想过可以联系起来的想法或事物,用看似不可能却很有价值的方式组合起来,那人们就会认为你是创造性思维者。

新概念英语第三册课文翻译及学习笔记:Lesson14

新概念英语第三册课文翻译及学习笔记:Lesson14

新概念英语第三册课文翻译及学习笔记:Lesson14【课文】There was a time when the owners of shops and businesses in Chicago had to pay large sums of money to gangsters in return for 'protection.' If the money was not paid promptly, the gangsters would quickly put a man out of business by destroying his shop. Obtaining 'protection money' is not a modern crime. As long ago as the fourteenth century, an Englishman, Sir John Hawkwood, made the remarkablediscovery that people would rather pay large sums of money than have their life work destroyed by gangsters.Six hundred years ago, Sir Johan Hawkwood arrived in Italy with a band of soldiers and settled near Florence. He soon made a name for himself and came to be known to the Italians as Giovanni Acuto. Whenever the Italian city-states were at war with each other, Hawkwood used to hire his soldiers to princes who were willing to pay the high price he demanded. In times of peace, when business was bad, Hawkwood and his men would march into a city-state and, after burning down a few farms, would offer to go away if protection money was paid to them. Hawkwood made large sums of money in this way. In spite of this, the Italians regarded him as a sort of hero. When he died at the age of eighty, the Florentines gave him a state funeral and had a pictured painted which was dedicated to the memory of 'the most valiant soldier and most notable leader, Signor Giovanni Haukodue.'【课文翻译】以前有一个时期,芝加哥的店主和商行的老板们不得不拿出大笔的钱给歹徒以换取"保护"。

大学英语泛读第三册课后翻译~~(6单元之后的)

大学英语泛读第三册课后翻译~~(6单元之后的)

泛读课本中的翻译Unit6P143 英译中1.Y et the truth is that we are raising a generation that is to an alarming degree historically illiterate.The problem has been coming on for a long time,like a disease,eating away at the national memory.然而,实际情况是,我们正在培养的一代人对历史的无知已到了令人担忧的地步。

这一问题由来已久,就像疾病一样,吞噬着国人的记忆力。

2.In fact,one can go forth into the world today as the proud product of all but a handful of our 50 top institutions of higher learning without ever having taken a single course in history of any kind.事实上,在我们顶尖的50所高校中,一个学生即使从未修过任何一门历史课,也照样可以作为各校引以为荣的产品输出到当今的世界,只有为数不多的几所高校例外。

3.History is——or should be——the bedrock of patriotism,not chest-pounding kind of patriotism but the real thing ,love of country.历史是——或者说应该是——爱国主义的基石,倒不是那种催胸顿足的爱国主义,而是那种实实在在的对国家的爱。

4.In the aftermath of September 11,2001,history can be a source of strength and of renewed commitment to the ideals upon which the nation was founded.2001年的9.11事件后,历史可以成为一种力量的源泉,一种让我们振作起来为理想献身的动力。

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UNIT14你怎么知道艺术品的优劣?玛丽亚·曼尼丝你喜欢艺术吗?你能说出哪些艺术品好哪些不好?是否存在评价艺术的标准?读一读下面这篇文章,看看玛丽亚·曼尼丝如何回答这样的问题。

设想没有评论家告诉我们,对一幅画,一个剧本或一段新乐曲怎样反应。

设想我们无意间步入一个未署名油画的画展。

我们依据什么标准,依据什么价值来评判它们是优是劣,是天才的还是没有天才的,是成功还是失败?我们又怎能知道自己的想法是正确的?近十五或二十年来,艺术的批评与欣赏流行否认任何合理标准的存在,使“好”与“坏”成了无关紧要,无足轻重、无可适用的字眼。

我们被告知,根本不存在先通过知识与经验获得,然后加在讨论的对象上的一套标准这回事。

这一直是受到欢迎的方法,因为它解除了评论家评判的责任,公众也无须知识。

它迎合那些不愿受规则约束的人,称头脑空虚者为开明来讨好他们,并使不知所措的人得到安慰。

在民主平等之旗的掩护下--当然不是我们祖先所说的那种平等--它实际是在说:“你是谁,要来告诉我们什么是好,什么是坏?”这与大众传媒制作者的一贯伎俩如出一辙。

他们坚持认为,由公众而不是由他们决定的它想要听和看的什么,而评论家说这个节目好而这个节目不好,这纯粹是个人趣味的反应。

没有谁表达这一哲学,比近来弗兰克·斯丹坦博士,哥伦比亚广播电视公司极其睿智的总裁更为简明。

在联邦通讯委员会的一次听证会上,他在接受询问时漏出此言:“一人眼里的平庸之作,却是另一人的佳作。

”最妙不过的说法是:“没有一个标准是绝对的”。

造成这种放任观念的另一重要因素是:畏惧感----所有艺术形式的观察者们都有唯恐猜错的担心。

这种担心极易遇到,谁没有听说当初饱受世人指摘的艺术家后来被称为大师?每个时期都有一些评判者,他们不和时代一起前进,无法区分进化和革命,风行一时的时尚、业余的实验与深刻的必然的变化之间的区别。

谁愿意作出这样严重的判断错误而贻笑大方?安全得多,当然也容易得多的做法是:看着一幅画,一个剧本或一首诗,说道:“它很难懂,但也许很好”;或者干脆把它当作新形式加以欢迎。

“新的”这个词--尤其在我们这个国度--具有魔力般的涵义。

凡是新的都是好的;而旧的则极可能是不好的。

如果评论家能用无人理解的语言描述新事物,那么他就更为安全。

倘若他掌握了说话的艺术,用精巧复杂的言辞,却什么也没说,日后就无人能够说他曾经说过什么。

但是我认为,所有这一切实质上都是对评判责任的背弃。

艺术家在创作中表现自己,而你则在欣赏中有自己的承诺。

毕竟还是观众成就了艺术。

欣赏的气氛对于艺术的繁荣不可或缺。

公众的期望愈高,艺术家的表现就愈好。

相反,只有被评论家误导的社会,才会在这几年把既不是艺术也不是文学的东西当做艺术和文学接受。

如果一件东西没有了,一切也就没有了,而在废物堆最底层的是被抛弃的标准。

但这些标准究竟是什么?你怎样得到它们?你如何知道它们是正确的?你又如何能在这许多不可捉摸的东西,包括最不可捉摸的自我本身,理清出一个清晰的模式?首先,很明显,你愈是多读、多看、多听,你将愈好地被装备起来实践建立在所有的理解与判断之上的联想艺术。

愈是见多识广,愈能深刻意识到一个连贯一致的规律--犹如星辰、潮汐、呼吸、白昼黑夜一般具有普遍性--存在于万事万物中。

我把这一规律与这一节奏称为一种秩序。

并非秩序,而是一种秩序。

其中存在着变化万千的各种形式。

其外则是混乱--疯狂的毁灭因素----病态。

最终应由你来区分健康的多样性与病态的混乱,而不运用联想的过程是无法做到的。

没有联想的过程,你就不能将莫扎特乐曲的一节和维米尔油画的一角,斯特拉文斯基的乐谱与毕加索的抽象画,或者一个挑衅性的行为与弗兰茨·克兰的油画,一阵咳嗽声与约翰·凯奇的作品联系起来。

某些艺术表现形式是永恒的,而另一些却转瞬即逝,这并非偶然现象。

尽管你不一定总要解释原因,但你可以提出问题。

艺术家说了些什么永恒的东西?他怎样说这些?有多少是时尚,多少纯是反映?为什么如今沃尔特·司各特的作品如此难读,而简·奥斯丁却不是这样?为什么巴洛克艺术风格适合某一时期,而另一时期却显得过于炫目辉煌?是否存在一个技巧标准,能够适用于所有时代的艺术,还是每个时代对标准都有各自不同的定义?你也许已不经意地意识到,这些年“技巧”已变成不入流的字眼,因为它含有“标准”的意思--即作品完成得好不好。

这种方便的逃避的结果,导致了大量不能发出声音的演员,不会解释歌曲涵义的歌手,不能交流感情的诗人,词汇贫乏的作家--更不用说不会作画的画家。

现在的教条是,技巧阻碍表达。

不必说你不知道自己在做什么,如果你不知道怎样去做,那么你就能做得更好。

我认为,到了你帮助扭转这一潮流的时候了,方法是努力重新发现技巧:掌握选择的工具,无论是画笔、字词还是声音。

当你开始觉察自由与草率,严肃的实验与自我疗法,技艺与即兴,力量与暴力之间的区别时,你就逐渐能够将山羊与绵羊区分开来,而这种区分形式我们竟阔别已久。

所有你需要重新拥有的,不过是几条标准和能够看穿骗局的盖氏测量仪,而我们可以在急切需要这两者的领域--当代绘画开始艺术之旅。

我不知道什么更糟糕:不得不面对大面积的拙劣艺术,为的是发现些许可取之处,还是阅读评论家对此说的一切。

其他任何一个表现领域都不会象画界一样如此盛行煞有其事的言谈,流行如此多的废话:艺术与艺术生存的评论氛围之间紧密地相互依赖的进一步证据。

我将很乐意和你共享我们时代典型的故弄玄虚的东西。

第一则:一个抽象派画家画册目录的前言。

“受时间约束的沉思体验一种生活;具有挚情与可塑的虔诚,拜倒在女神玄秘之门下;执着追求一种描述内部冲动的纯粹的思想概念,形式化的图案虚构出神经中枢的平衡。

”引录完毕。

知道该画家画的象什么了吗?第二则:《艺术新闻》上的一段评论。

“……怪诞的迥然不同的物质混合,但是怪异发展成他最近加剧的癌变,到处以某种形式出现……”接着,后面,“为辉煌的便秘所终止的事物与过程的暴饮暴食。

”第三则:摘自同一杂志,评论一位将汽车碎片焊接成抽象的形状的艺术家。

“每一碎片……被制成人类愤怒的一个极端,精疲力竭,一路争斗,具有似乎是偶然获得的正确形式。

任何需要秩序与管束的技巧都只是人类的自我。

不,这些必须是无自我的,无法控制的,未经设计的,迥然相异的,以给你一次重击--围绕电线杆时速50英里……”“任何需要秩序与管束的技巧都只是人类的自我。

”“只是”一词是什么意思?他们究竟在谈论什么?这是新闻写作吗?是评论吗?或者,是不是许多艺术家,评论家另一种方便的脱离表演与评判标准?与那些描述病态与堕落的作家相似,这些艺术家和评评家“反映他们四周的混乱。

”再者,谁的混乱?谁的堕落?我过去一直认为,艺术的首要功能是于混乱中创造秩序--当然此处秩序的含义不是一丝不乱,一成不变,传统守旧或人工巧饰,而是指清楚明了,意志与构想能够藉此从表面的混乱中发现根本的真理。

现在我仍这样认为。

用汽车的零件来表现机器的非人道是不够的。

这和把干花压在玻璃下展现自然一样生搬硬套,一样简单。

谈到这些,即以真实的材料(粗麻布,旧手套、瓶盖)代替颜料,去年一位评论家评价现代艺术博物馆的一次组合展览会时,这样说道:“置于这次展览会上无可争议的艺术品,占展品总数的1/4甚至1/2。

但其余的全是非艺术的,反艺术的及艺术的替代品--社会缺陷的美学对应物。

正是那些缺陷使人们因流浪而陷入牢狱之灾。

这些美学意义上的破产者头上没有合法的意识形态遮风蔽雨,口袋中无钱支付一顿像样的智慧之餐,更不要说精神三文治了。

”我引用约翰·凯纳迪载于《纽约时报》上的这段评论,作为将对有思想的公众的责任置于在知识分子小圈子里受欢迎之上的那种批评的一个例子。

凯纳迪有勇气直抒已见,有能力阐述清楚:两项他的行业明显缺少的素质。

仅次于绘画,我认为音乐领域的欣赏与评价是最困难的。

仅仅听过一次,是不大可能对新乐曲作出评判的。

有的乐曲初听时象混乱的片断,再听两遍也许会有清晰的整体感。

也许不会。

听众唯一的救助,还是来自经验与联想的直觉,这直觉使他能够分别意图与偶然,设计与实验,伪称与确信。

当代音乐与它的姐妹艺术绘画一样,大多都仅仅是创作者自身片断的反映--专注于自我与象征,忽略与他人的交流。

总之,艺术家会对公众说:如果你不理解我的作品,是因为你愚钝。

我以为你不愚钝。

你可以对艺术家作出稍微甚至相当程度的让步,但假如你必须完全妥协,那就是他的错,不是你的错。

务必坚持这一点。

品读新诗时,也要记住,诗歌是音乐的被陌生化了的姐妹。

在这次极其仓促的艺术之旅中,当抵达戏剧这站时,你能够在两个层次上考察。

你可以应用期待和纯真,沉湎于舞台上演绎的生活,如果演的好就激动,如果演的不好就厌倦;应用观众机制的一部分--用沉默或大笑表示好感,以咳嗽或骚动发泄不满。

或者,你可以应用某些评判方法,这些方法能提高,而不是减少你的欣赏乐趣。

你可以问自己,演员是真正进入了角色,还是仅仅在自我展示?布景有助还是妨碍情绪的表达?剧作家对他自身、对他笔下的人物,对你是否真诚?沿着这一思路,你将逐渐学会区分真正创造性的演出与虚饰的武断的姿态,区分新鲜的观察与陈词滥调;区分矫揉造作的前卫戏剧和以全新方式诠释固有真理的前卫戏剧。

意图与技巧--目的与方式--这些是你在一切艺术领域进行评判的关键。

画家在一块白画布上加了宽宽的一道黑条,黑条的边上滴着颜料,试图表达什么意思?是说明暴力?还是自画像?如是是其中之一,他是否使你信服?或者,是不是自我的一种姿态或一种治疗形式?如果它使你震惊,震惊你的什么?那么这幅画着花瓶中鲜花的紧凑的小油画是什么意思?画家是否赋予鲜花新意?它与其他数以万计的鲜花画是不是有所不同?它是不是具有超越画面之外的生命力或意义?它的形式与纹理中是否有些令人愉快的东西?问题并不在于作品是抽象的还是表现的,是“现代的”还是传统的。

无情的一点是,问题在于它是否优秀。

这是必须根据直觉、经验及联想由你自己作出的决定。

它需要勇气与独立。

而且,还包含评判错误的风险,和随着时间推移认识到做出了错误评判需要的虚怀若谷。

随着年岁渐长变化,学识益多,我们的态度也可能改变,先前认为费解或晦涩的,日后也许会显出连贯性与启示性。

固有的偏见、执拗的观点与没有观点一样贫瘠可怜。

然而存在着与宇宙本身一样永恒的标准。

当你遵循标准时,你已获得了通往那难寻却不变的真理之国的护照。

身处迷惑之林时要保管好它。

并且永远不要害怕直陈已见。

我们如何听音乐艾伦·科普兰我们都按自己种种不同的能力听音乐。

但是,为了分析的方便,如果我们将整个听的过程分成几个组成部分,这一过程就会更加清楚。

在一定意义上说,我们都在三个不同的层次上听音乐。

由于缺少更好的术语,我们可以这样的称呼它们:(1)感官层次,(2)表达层次,(3)纯音乐层次。

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