第05章 注水
采油工程双语-第一章(IPR)

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第一章 油井基本流动规律
采油工程
Contents
Introduction IPR & Multiphase Flow in Pipes
Instructor:Li haitao Tel:13981899577 email:lihaitao@
第1章 油井基本流动规律(12) 第2章 自喷与气举采油 (10) 第3章 有杆泵采油(14) 第4章 无杆泵采油(6) 第5章 注水(6) 第6章 水力压裂 (15) 第7章 酸化 (13) 第8章 砂、蜡、水 第9章 稠油及高凝油开采 第10章 完井与试油投产
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第一章 油井基本流动规律
第一节 油井流入动态 一、单相原油流入动态 二、油气两相渗流的流入动态 三、含水及多层油藏油井流入动态 四、完井方式对油井流入动态的影响 五、预测未来油井流入动态 第二节 气液两相管流基本概念及基本方程 第三节 气液两相管流计算方法 第四节 嘴流动态
注水试验规程-概述说明以及解释

注水试验规程-概述说明以及解释1.引言1.1 概述概述:注水试验是指在工程领域中常用的一种试验方法,通过注入一定量的水来模拟实际工程中可能发生的水压或渗水情况,以验证工程结构的稳定性和安全性。
在地下工程、水利工程和岩土工程等领域都有广泛的应用。
本文将介绍注水试验的定义、流程和注意事项,通过深入分析和总结,帮助读者更好地理解和掌握注水试验的相关知识,以提高工程设计和施工的质量和安全性。
1.2 文章结构本文主要包括引言、正文和结论三个部分。
引言部分将介绍注水试验的背景和意义,引出本文研究的重点。
正文部分将详细讨论注水试验的定义、流程和注意事项,通过对相关内容的阐述,使读者对注水试验有一个全面的认识。
结论部分将对文章进行总结,总结出注水试验的重要性和应用前景,并对未来的研究方向进行展望,为读者提供思考的角度。
1.3 目的注水试验是为了验证水泵或管道系统的密封性能和耐压性能,以确保在实际运行中不会出现漏水或爆裂等安全隐患。
通过注水试验,可以及时发现和排除系统中的缺陷和问题,保障设备和系统的正常运行,提高工作效率,降低维护成本,延长设备的使用寿命,保障生产安全和设备可靠性。
在进行注水试验时,需要严格按照规程进行操作,确保试验的可靠性和准确性。
通过对试验结果的分析和评估,可以对系统的设计和制造质量进行验证,为系统的调试和运行提供重要参考,从而达到保障设备安全、保障生产的目的。
2.正文2.1 注水试验的定义注水试验是一种常用于工程领域的实验方法,旨在评估某项工程结构或材料在受力作用下的性能和稳定性。
在注水试验中,通过向被测对象注入一定流量和压力的水,观察其受力情况、变形程度和承载能力,从而评估其在实际工程应用中的表现。
注水试验通常应用于地基与基础工程、水利工程、隧道工程等领域,能够为工程设计和施工提供重要参考依据。
通过注水试验可以模拟实际工程中的受力情况,评估工程结构的稳定性和承载能力,为工程设计、施工和运营提供科学依据。
油井分层注水的原理和应用

油井分层注水的原理和应用作者:张守财来源:《中国科技博览》2019年第05期[摘要]油田分层注水技术首先要解决油田分层之间的矛盾,有效的保证注水技术的应用实施,才能切实的保证油田产量的稳定性,发展高效持久的产油技术。
在油田的开采过程中,要注重分层注水技术的开发和创新,才能实现技术上的革新。
本文主要是介绍了分层注水技术的原理和石油中的各项应用,并对技术中各阶段中的重点技术作出了重点阐述,根据其目前的发展现状,提出分层注水技术的规模化应用,有效的为相关的工作者提供了相应的工作经验。
[关键词]石油分层注水原理应用中图分类号:TE357.6 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1009-914X(2019)05-0207-01前言:目前,我国的多数油田都以分层注水技术作为石油的主要开发技术,随着油田开发难度的不断上升,单一的混合注水技术已经不能满足各种油田的开发力度。
所以,很多油田企业都对注水工艺技术上的研究,但是在研究的过程中遭遇到的困难,为了解决这些难题,分层注水技术的研究和碳探索就显得尤为重要。
1.石油分层注水技术的原理概述近几年来,随着石油开采难度的不断上升,混合注水技术已经不能完全满足油藏精细注水的要求,因为混合注水技术在开采的过程中由于在同一压力系统的作用下,各油层的进水量分布得不是很均匀,导致油些油层的进水量比较大,有些油层的进水量比较少,甚至无进水量。
这样一来,就使得不进水的油层的开采率得不到保证,从根本上抑制了石油的开采。
对此,对石油分层注水技术的原理和应用研究就显得至关重要,它能有效的提升各油层之间的进水量,从而增加各油层的水油驱替速率,提高石油的开采效率。
在分层注水技术的使用过程中,分层注水技术需要遵循各层之间相互领接的使用原理,根据各油层之间的实际地质情况对各层进行分层开发处理,合理地对各层层段进行均匀化的注水,保证油层的实际进水量与开采要求相一致,最后采用有效的井下工艺的方式方法,完成分层注水的实施条件,保证石油较高的开采效率。
职业技能培训:注水泵工(基本操作)

第二部分初级工技能操作与相关知识第一章 基本操作第一节注水泵启动前、倒泵及停泵后的检查学习目标了解注水泵的工作原理,熟悉注水泵检查的技术要求与规范,掌握注水泵运行的检查内容,会注水泵启泵前的检查、倒泵检查和停泵后检查。
一、准备工作( 1 )穿戴好劳保用品。
( 2 )工用具及仪器仪表:“ F ”扳手一把, 17 ~ 30mm梅花扳手一套, 450mm 与600mm 管钳各一把,撬杠一根, 1 50mm 钢板尺一把,试电笔一把, 2500V 兆欧表一块。
( 3 )材料:接油桶一个,棉纱 6kg ,停泵检修标志牌一个。
二、操作步骤1、注水泵启动前检查( 1 )配合电工按规程,用兆欧表测量注水电动机绝缘阻值,检查电动机是否完好,接地是否良好。
同时,检查电气设备、开关、启动按钮和仪表是否灵活好用,准确可靠。
( 2 )检查机泵各部分紧固螺丝有无松动、缺损。
( 3 )倒通冷却水循环系统流程,启动冷却水泵,检查冷却水循环系统是否畅通,有无渗漏;控制好润滑油冷油器、电动机冷气器、机泵轴瓦和注水泵盘根的冷却水量及压力。
( 4 )倒通润滑油循环系统流程,启动润滑油泵,检查润滑油系统是否畅通,有无渗漏,分油压是否在规定范围内。
检查机泵轴瓦油盒油质是否合格、油位是否达到规定高度,油环位置是否正确。
( 5 )从油箱底部放水阀进行取样化验,检查油箱是否进水。
( 6 )进行空载试验,检查低油压、低水压保护装置及润滑油泵自动切换装置是否灵活好用。
( 7 )按机泵旋转方向盘泵 3 一 5 圈,检查机泵转动是否灵活自如,有无卡阻现象,检查机泵联轴器连接螺栓是否松动,减震胶圈有无损坏。
( 8 )用撬杠轻轻撬动联轴器,检查机泵轴串量是否符合技术要求。
( 9 )检查大罐水位高度是否在规定范围内。
( 10 )关闭泵前过滤器排污阀,打开泵进口阀,打开泵出口放空阀,待排净泵内气体后立即关闭。
( 11 )打开泵进口压力表取压阀、平衡管阀、平衡管压力表取压阀及泵压表取压阀,检查各种压力表是否准确好用。
石油工程中的化学问题

石油工程中的化学问题赵雄虎课程介绍油田作业过程中会遇到很多化学问题,也会采用很多化学方法来解决石油工程问题。
根据学校和学院要求,在一年级新生中开设这么一门课,使学生能够了解石油工程中的化学问题,用化学的方法、视角去解决石油工程作业中的问题。
工程类专业学生学的课程比较杂,但工程类专业有一些共性,其基础都集中在数学、物理、化学和力学等基础知识上,石油工程也不例外。
大一新生入学后,对于自己的未来往往是迷惘的,困惑的。
石油工程概论课可以给学生石油工程专业的总体轮廓。
在石油工程专业学生四年的学习中也会学到许多化学知识,比如《大学化学》、《油田化学工程》、《提高采收率原理》等课程,化学知识在石油工程中具有重要作用。
本课程试图以石油工程典型案例入手把化学知识应用到石油工程作业中,与其他的几门化学类课程内容做到不重叠,能够让学生体会到化学和石油工程的完美结合。
通过本课程的学习,培养学生的分析问题、独立思考能力和创新能力,并培养其将化学基础理论知识与石油工程实践相结合的能力。
一、课程目标:通过本课程的学习,培养学生的分析问题、独立思考能力和创新能力,并培养其将化学基础理论知识与石油工程实践相结合的能力。
激发学生对石油工程学科的兴趣,帮助学生选择合适的学科方向。
二、教学内容1.钻井中的卡塌喷漏事故的化学处理方法以钻井过程中的典型案例入手,从事故原因和处理方法分析其中的化学问题和解决方案。
内容包括解卡处理方法、防塌处理方法、漏失处理方法和井喷处理方法。
2.注水过程中的化学处理方法针对油田注水过程和采出水处理问题展开讨论,一是注水过程中注入水和系统水的离子之间发生的各种化学反应、反应机理、这些离子反应会对系统和地层造成哪些伤害以及反应的影响因素等; 二是注入水和注水层内部岩石的离子之间发生的化学反应、机理及由此引发的结垢、腐蚀和堵塞等问题及处理方法。
三、教学方法从案例分析入手,以学生课外阅读,课堂讨论为主,与学生一起分析案例,开展问题研讨,分析案例中的处理方法和原理,从理论上予以归纳和总结。
ATA章节中英对照

Chapter 1 –Brief History of AviationChapter 2 –DeregulationChapter 3 –Structure of the IndustryChapter 4 –Airline EconomicsChapter 5 –How Aircraft FlyChapter 6 –SafetyChapter 7 –SecurityChapter 8 –AirportsChapter 9 –Air Traffic ControlChapter 10 –Airlines and the Environment5章时间限制、维修检查(Time Limits,Maint. Checks) 6章尺寸和区域(Dimensions and Access Panels)7章顶起和支撑(Lifting and Shoring)8章对准和称重(Leveling and Weighing)9章飞机拖曳(Towing and Taxiing)10章飞机停场,系留,封存(Parking,Mooring,Storage) 11章标牌和铭记(Placards and Markings)12章勤务(Servicing)20章标准施工---机体(Standard Practices---Airframe) 21章空调(Air Conditioning)22章自动飞行(Auto Flight)23章通讯(Communications)24章电源(Electrical Power)25章设备/装饰(Equipment/Furnishings)26章 .防火(Fire Protection)27章飞行操纵(Flight Controls)28章燃油(Fuel)29章液压源(Hydraulic Power)30章防冰和排雨(Ice and Rain Protection)31章指示/记录系统(Indicating/Recording system)32章起落架(Landing Gear)33章灯光(Lights)34章导航(Navigation)35章氧气(Oxygen)36章气源(Pneumatic)37章真空(Vacuum)38章水/污水(Water/waste)45章中央维护系统(Central maintenance System)49章机载辅助动力装置(Airborne Auxiliary Power)51章结构与标准施工(Structures & Standard Practices) 52章舱门(Doors)53章机身(Fuselage)54章发动机吊舱/吊架(Nacelles/Pylons)55章稳定装置 (Stabilizers)安定面56章窗户(Windows)57章机翼(Wings)70章标准施工—发动机(Standard Practices—Engines)71章动力装置(Power Plant( Package))72章发动机(内部)(Engine (Internals))73章发动机燃油和控制(Engine Fuel and Control)74章点火装置(Ignition)75章发动机空气(Air)76章发动机操纵(Engine Controls)77章发动机指示(Engine Indicating)78章排气系统(Exhaust)79章发动机滑油系统(Oil)80章发动机起动(Starting)82章注水(Water Injecting)91章图表(不同性质的)(Charts (Miscellaneous))01 INTRODUCTION05 PERIODIC INSPECTIONS06 DIMENSIONS AND AREAS07 LIFTING AND SHORING08 LEVELING AND WEIGHING09 TOWING AND TAXIING10 PARKING, MOORING, STORAGE AND RETURN TO SERVICE11 PLACARDS AND MARKINGS12 SERVICING - ROUTINE MAINTENANCE18 VIBRATION AND NOISE ANALYSIS (HELICOPTER ONLY)20 STANDARD PRACTICES - AIRFRAME21 AIR CONDITIONING22 AUTO FLIGHT23 COMMUNICATIONS24 ELECTRICAL POWER25 EQUIPMENT / FURNISHINGS26 FIRE PROTECTION27 FLIGHT CONTROLS28 FUEL29 HYDRAULIC POWER30 ICE AND RAIN PROTECTION31 INDICATING / RECORDING SYSTEMS32 LANDING GEAR33 LIGHTS34 NAVIGATION35 OXYGEN36 PNEUMATIC37 VACUUM38 WATER / WASTE39 ELECTRICAL - ELECTRONIC PANELS AND MULTIPURPOSE COMPONENTS 41 WATER BALLAST45 CENTRAL MAINTENANCE SYSTEM (CMS)46 INFORMATION SYSTEMS49 AIRBORNE AUXILIARY POWER51 STANDARD PRACTICES AND STRUCTURES - GENERAL52 DOORS53 FUSELAGE54 NACELLES / PYLONS55 STABILIZERS56 WINDOWS57 WINGS60 STANDARD PRACTICES - PROPELLER / ROTOR61 PROPELLERS / PROPULSORS62 MAIN ROTOR(S)63 MAIN ROTOR DRIVE(S)64 TAIL ROTOR65 TAIL ROTOR DRIVE66 ROTOR BLADE AND TAIL PYLON FOLDING67 ROTORS FLIGHT CONTROL70 STANDARD PRACTICES - ENGINE71 POWER PLANT - GENERAL72 ENGINE72(T) ENGINE - TURBINE / TURBOPROP, DUCTED FAN / UNDUCTED FAN72(R) ENGINE - RECIPROCATING73 ENGINE - FUEL AND CONTROL74 IGNITION75 BLEED AIR76 ENGINE CONTROLS77 ENGINE INDICATING78 EXHAUST79 OIL80 STARTING81 TURBINES (RECIPROCATING ENGINES)82 WATER INJECTION83 ACCESSORY GEAR BOXES (ENGINE DRIVEN)84 PROPULSION AUGMENTATION91 CHARTS5章时间限制、维修检查(Time Limits,Maint. Checks)6章尺寸和区域(Dimensions and Access Panels)7章顶起和支撑(Lifting and Shoring)8章对准和称重(Leveling and Weighing)9章飞机拖曳(Towing and Taxiing)10章飞机停场,系留,封存(Parking,Mooring,Storage)11章标牌和铭记(Placards and Markings)12章勤务(Servicing)BMS3-33润滑脂的介绍/posts/35/topic-0045-359438.html20章标准施工---机体(Standard Practices---Airframe)21章空调(Air Conditioning)空调出口温度高/posts/35/topic-0045-359394.html[原创]关于737-300/500的空调/posts/35/topic-0045-356247.htmlPACK空中超温,会有那些原因引起呢?(专业贴)/posts/35/topic-0045 -359163.html22章自动飞行(Auto Flight)737NG的Y/D故障分析供大家参考/posts/72/topic-0045-729542.html 23章通讯(Communications)24章电源(Electrical Power)IDG和GEN /posts/35/topic-0045-358102.html737-300 B2972电源及APU自动关车排故思路之分析/posts/182/topic-0 045-1827865.html25章设备/装饰(Equipment/Furnishings)26章防火(Fire Protection)有关737灭火瓶...... /posts/35/topic-0045-357937.htmlAPU火警探测/posts/35/topic-0045-357662.html27章飞行操纵(Flight Controls)28章燃油(Fuel)737飞机燃油浮子电门/posts/35/topic-0045-359544.html29章液压源(Hydraulic Power)液压问题/posts/35/topic-0045-359382.html关于液压保险在液压管路的作用和位置?请教/posts/35/topic-0045-3592 99.html液压系统故障/posts/35/topic-0045-359411.html30章防冰和排雨(Ice and Rain Protection)31章指示/记录系统(Indicating/Recording system)32章起落架(Landing Gear)如何延长飞机轮胎的使用寿命/posts/35/topic-0045-358979.html前轮磨损/posts/35/topic-0045-359232.html谁能说说金属刹车片和碳刹车片的优缺点?/posts/35/topic-0045-358669. html请问哪位对防滞刹车结构熟悉的,简单介绍一下,谢谢那里有资料,网上有吗?http://bbs. /posts/35/topic-0045-359091.html请教:飞机换轮子的时候为什么要转动轮子? /posts/177/topic-0045-177 5484.html一起B737-300飞机使用自动速度刹车时,AUTO SPEED BRAKE 跳开关跳开http://bbs.fee /posts/103/topic-0045-1038900.html33章灯光(Lights)34章导航(Navigation)35章氧气(Oxygen)36章气源(Pneumatic)一起引气故障导致的增压故障(B737NG)/posts/103/topic-0045-1035067. html37章真空(Vacuum)38章水/污水(Water/waste)45章中央维护系统(Central maintenance System)49章机载辅助动力装置(Airborne Auxiliary Power)APU启动不起来了! /posts/35/topic-0045-357370.htmlAPU维护灯亮/posts/35/topic-0045-357331.html51章结构与标准施工(Structures & Standard Practices)52章舱门(Doors)53章机身(Fuselage)54章发动机短舱/吊架(Nacelles/Pylons)55章稳定装置(Stabilizers)56章窗户(windows)[讨论]玻璃上裂纹深度的测量??/posts/35/topic-0045-350765.html57章机翼(wings)70章标准施工---发动机(Standard Practices---Engines)71章动力装置(Power Plant (Package))IAEV2500系列发动机试车总结/posts/85/topic-0045-850361.html72章发动机(内部)(Engine (Internals))73章发动机燃油和控制(Engine Fuel and Control)74章点火装置(Ignition)75章发动机空气(Air)76章发动机操纵(Engine Controls)77章发动机指示(Engine Indicating)78章排气系统(Exhaust)737反推故障/posts/35/topic-0045-357397.html79章发动机滑油系统(Oil)80章发动机起动(Starting)82章注水(Water Injecting)91章图表(不同性质的)(Charts (Miscellaneous))ATA Specification 22001 *Reserved for Airline Use2 *Reserved for Airline Use3 *Reserved for Airline Use4 *Reserved for Airline Use5 TIME LIMITS/ MAINTENANCE CHECKS-00 General-10 Time Limits-20 Scheduled Maintenance Checks-30 & -40 Reserved-50 Unscheduled Maintenance checks6 DIMENSIONS AND AREAS7 LIFTING & SHORING-00 General-10 Jacking-20 Shoring8 LEVELING & WEIGHING-00 General-10 Weighing and Balancing-20 Leveling9 TOWING & TAXIING-00 General-10 Towing-20 Taxiing10 PARKING, MOORING, STORAGE & RETURN TO SERVICE -00 General-10 Parking/Storage-20 Mooring-30 Return to Service11 PLACARDS AND MARKINGS-00 General-10 Exterior Color Schemes and Markings-20 Exterior Placards and Markings-30 Interior Placards12 SERVICING-00 General-10 Replenishing-20 Scheduled Servicing-30 Unscheduled Servicing13 *Unassigned14 *Unassigned15 *Unassigned16 *Unassigned17 *Unassigned18 VIBRATION AND NOISE ANALYSIS (HELICOPTER ONLY) -00 GENERAL --10 VIBRATION ANALYSIS-20 NOISE ANALYSIS19 *Unassigned20 STANDARD PRACTICES-AIRFRAME-90 *Reserved for Airline Use21 AIR CONDITIONING-00 General-10 Compression-20 Distribution-30 Pressurization Control-40 Heating-50 Cooling-60 Temperature Control-70 Moisture/Air Contaminant22 AUTO FLIGHT-00 General-10 Autopilot-20 Speed-Attitude Correction-30 Auto Throttle-40 System Monitor-50 Aerodynamic Load Alleviating23 COMMUNICATIONS-00 General-10 Speech Communications-15 SATCOM-20 Data Transmission and Automatic Calling -30 Comfort-40 Interphone-50 Audio Integrating-60 Static Discharging-70 Audio & Video Monitoring-80 Integrated Automatic24 ELECTRICAL POWER-00 General-10 Generator Drive-20 AC Generation-30 DC Generation-40 External Power-50 AC Electrical Load Distribution-60 DC Electrical Load Distribution25 EQUIPMENT/FURNISHINGS-00 General-10 Flight Compartment-20 Passenger Compartment-30 Galley-40 Lavatories-50 Additional Compartments-60 Emergency-70 Available-80 Insulation26 FIRE PROTECTION-00 General-10 Detection-20 Extinguishing-30 Explosion Suppression27 FLIGHT CONTROLS-00 General-10 Aileron & Tab-20 Rudder & Tab-30 Elevator & Tab-40 Horizontal Stabilizer-50 Flaps-60 Spoiler, Drag Devices and Variable Aerodynamic Fairings -70 Gust Lock & Dampener-80 Lift Augmenting28 FUEL-00 General-10 Storage-20 Distribution-30 Dump-40 Indicating29 HYDRAULIC POWER-00 General-10 Main-20 Auxiliary-30 Indicating30 ICE AND RAIN PROTECTION-00 General-10 Airfoil-20 Air Intakes-30 Pitot and Static-40 Windows, Windshields and Doors-50 Antennas and Radomes-60 Propellers/Rotors-70 Water Lines-80 Detection31 INDICATING/RECORDING SYSTEMS-00 General-10 Instrument & Control Panels-20 Independent Instruments-30 Recorders-40 Central Computers-50 Central Warning Systems-60 Central Display Systems-70 Automatic Data Reporting Systems 32 LANDING GEAR-00 General-10 Main Gear and Doors-20 Nose Gear and Doors-30 Extension and Retraction-40 Wheels and Brakes-50 Steering-60 Position and Warning-70 Supplementary Gear33 LIGHTS-00 General-10 Flight Compartment-20 Passenger Compartment-30 Cargo and Service Compartments -40 Exterior-50 Emergency Lighting34 NAVIGATION-00 General-10 Flight Environment-20 Attitude & Direction-30 Landing and Taxiing Aids-40 Independent Position Determining -50 Dependent Position Determining -60 Flight Management Computing35 OXYGEN-00 General-10 Crew-20 Passenger-20 Passenger-30 Portable36 PNEUMATIC-00 General-10 Distribution-20 Indicating37 VACUUM-00 General-10 Distribution-20 Indicating38 WATER/WASTE-00 General-10 Potable-20 Wash-30 Waste Disposal-40 Air Supply39 *Unassigned40 *Unassigned41 WATER BALLAST-00 General-10 Storage-20 Dump-30 Indication42 *Unassigned43 *Unassigned44 CABIN SYSTEMS-00 General-10 Cabin Core System-20 Inflight Entertainment System-30 External Communication System-40 Cabin Mass Memory System-50 Cabin Monitoring System-60 Miscellaneous Cabin System45 CENTRAL MAINTENANCE SYSTEM-00 General-5 thru -19 CMS/Aircraft General-20 thru -49 CMS/Airframe Systems-45 Central Maintenance System-50 thru -59 CMS/Structures-60 thru -69 CMS/Propellers-70 thru -89 CMS/Power Plant45INFORMATION SYSTEMS-00 General-10 Airplane General Information Systems -20 Flight Deck Information Systems-30 Maintenance Information Systems-40 Passenger Cabin Information Systems -50 Miscellaneous Information Systems47 *Unassigned48 *Unassigned49 AIRBORNE AUXILIARY POWER-00 General-10 Power Plant-20 Engine-30 Engine Fuel and Control-40 Ignition/Starting-50 Air-60 Engine Controls .-70 Indicating-80 Exhaust-90 Oil50 Cargo and Accessory Compartments-00 General-10 Cargo Compartments-20 Cargo Loading Systems-30 Cargo Related Systems-40 Available-50 Accessory-60 Insulation51 Standard Practices, General-00 General-10 Investigation, Cleanup and Aerodynamic Smoothness-20 Processes-30 Materials-40 Fasteners-50 Support of Airplane for Repair and Alignment Check Procedures -60 Control-Surface Balancing-70 Repairs-80 Electrical Bonding52 DOORS-00 General-10 Passenger/Crew-20 Emergency Exit-30 Cargo-40 Service and Miscellaneous-50 Fixed Interior-60 Entrance Stairs-70 Monitoring and Operation-80 Landing Gear53 FUSELAGE-00 General-10 thru -90 (As Required) Fuselage Sections54 NACELLES/PYLONS-00 General-10 thru -40 (As Required) Nacelle Section-50 thru -80 (As Required) Pylon55 STABILIZERS-00 General-10 Horizontal Stabilizer or Canard-20 Elevator-30 Vertical Stabilizer-40 Rudder56 WINDOWS-00 General-10 Flight Compartment-20 Passenger Compartment-30 Door-40 Inspection and Observation57 WINGS-00 General-10 Center Wing-20 Outer Wing-30 Wing Tip-40 Leading Edge and Leading Edge Devices -50 Trailing Edge Trailing Edge Devices -60 Ailerons and Elevons-70 Spoilers-80 (as required)-90 Wing Folding System58 *Unassigned59 *Reserved for Airline Use60 STANDARD PRACTICES - PROPELLER/ROTOR61 PROPELLERS/PROPULSION-00 General-10 Propeller Assembly-20 Controlling-30 Braking-40 Indicating-50 Propulsor Duct62 ROTOR(S)-00 General-10 Rotor blades-20 Rotor head(s)-30 Rotor Shaft(s)/Swashplate Assy(ies) -4063 ROTOR DRIVE(S)-00 General-10 Engine/Gearbox couplings-20 Gearbox(es)-30 Mounts, attachments-40 Indicating64 TAIL ROTOR-00 General-10* Rotor blades-20* Rotor head-30 Available-40 Indicating65 TAIL ROTOR DRIVE-00 General-10 Shafts-20 Gearboxes-30 Available-40 Indicating66 FOLDING BLADES/PYLON-00 General-10 Rotor blades-20 Tail pylon-30 Controls and Indicating67 ROTORS FLIGHT CONTROL-00 General-10 Rotor-20 Anti-torque Rotor control (Yaw control)-30 Servo-control System68 *Unassigned69*Unassigned70 STANDARD PRACTICES - ENGINES71 POWER PLANT-00 General-10 Cowling-30 Fireseals-40 Attach Fittings-50 Electrical Harness-60 Air Intakes-70 Engine Drains72 ENGINE TURBINE/TURBO PROP DUCTED FAN/UNDUCTED FAN-00 General-10 Reduction Gear, Shaft Section (Turbo-Prop and/or Front Mounted Gear Driven Propulsor)-20 Air Inlet Section-30 Compressor Section-40 Combustion Section-50 Turbine Section-60 Accessory Drives-70 By-pass Section-80 Propulsor Section (Rear Mounted)73 ENGINE FUEL AND CONTROL-00 General-10 Distribution-20 Controlling-30 Indicating74 IGNITION-00 General-10 Electrical Power-20 Distribution-30 Switching75 AIR-00 General-10 Engine Anti-Icing-20 Cooling-30 Compressor Control-40 Indicating76 ENGINE CONTROLS-00 General-10 Power Control-20 Emergency Shutdown77 ENGINE INDICATING-00 General-10 Power-20 Temperature-30 Analyzers That-40 Integrated Engine Instrument Systems 78 EXHAUST-00 General-10 Collector/Nozzle-20 Noise Suppressor-30 Thrust Reverser-40 Supplementary Air79 OIL-00 General-10 Storage-20 Distribution-30 Indicating80 STARTING-00 General-10 Cranking81 TURBINES-00 General-10 Power Recovery-20 Turbo-Supercharger82 WATER INJECTION-00 General-10 Storage-20 Distribution-30 Dumping and Purging-40 Indicating83 ACCESSORY GEAR-BOXES-00 General-10 Drive Shaft Section-20 Gearbox Section84 Propulsion Augmentation-00 General-10 Jet Assist Takeoff85 *Unassigned86 *Unassigned87 *Unassigned88 *Unassigned89 *Unassigned90 *Unassigned91 CHARTS92 *Unassigned93 *Unassigned94 *Unassigned95 *Reserved for Airline Use96 *Reserved for Airline Use97 WIRING REPORTING-00-00 General-01-00 Zone 100 Fuselage Lower-02-00 Zone 200 Fuselage Top-03-00 Zone 300 Stabilizers-04-00 Zone 400 Nacelles-Pylons-05-00 Zone 500 Left Wing-06-00 Zone 600 Right Wing-07-00 Zone 700 Landing Gear Compartment -08-00 Zone 800 Doors-09-00 Zone 900 Lavatories & Galleys-20-00 Electrical Standard Items/Practices -21-00 Air Conditioning - General-21-10 Compression-21-20 Distribution-21-30 Pressurization Control-21-40 Heating-21-50 Cooling-21-60 Temperature Control-21-70 Moisture/Air Contaminant Control-22-00 Auto Flight - General-22-10 Autopilot-22-20 Speed - Attitude Correction-22-30 Auto Throttle-22-40 System Monitors-22-50 Aerodynamic Load Alleviating-23-00 Communications - General-23-10 Speech Communications-23-15 SATCOM-23-20 Data Transmission and Automatic Calling-23-30 Passenger Address, Entertainment and Comfort-23-40 Interphone-23-50 Audio Integrating-23-60 Static Discharging-23-70 Audio and Video Monitoring-23-80 Integrated Automatic Tuning-24-00 Electrical Power - General-24-10 Generator Drive-24-20 AC Generation-24-30 DC Generation-24-40 External Power-24-50 AC Electrical Load Distribution-24-60 DC Electrical Load Distribution-25-00 Equipment/Furnishings - General-25-10 Flight Compartment-25-20 Passenger Compartment-25-30 Galley-25-40 Lavatories-25-60 Emergency-25-80 Insulation-26-00 Fire Protection - General-26-10 Detection-26-20 Extinguishing-26-30 Explosion Suppression-27-00 Flight Controls - General-27-10 Aileron & Tab-27-20 Rudder & Tab-27-30 Elevator & Tab-27-40 Horizontal Stabilizer-27-50 Flaps-27-60 Spoiler, Drag Devices and Variable Aerodynamic Fairings -27-70 Gust Lock & Dampener-27-80 Lift Augmenting-28-00 Fuel - General-28-10 Storage-28-20 Distribution-28-30 Dump-28-40 Indicating-29-00 Hydraulic Power - General-29-10 Main-29-20 Auxiliary-29-30 Indicating-30-00 Ice and Rain Protection - General-30-10 Airfoil-30-20 Air Intakes-30-30 Pitot and Static-30-40 Windows, Windshields and Doors-30-50 Antennas And Radomes-30-60 Propellers/Rotors-30-70 Water Lines-30-80 Detection-31-00 Indicating/Recording Systems - General -31-10 Instrument and Control Panels-31-20 Independent Instruments-31-30 Recorders-31-40 Central Computers-31-50 Central Warning Systems-31-60 Central Display Systems-31-70 Automatic Data Reporting Systems-32-00 Landing Gear- General-32-10 Main Gear and Doors-32-20 Nose Gear and Doors-32-30 Extension and Retraction-32-40 Wheels and Brakes-32-50 Steering-32-60 Position And Warning-32-70 Supplementary Gear-33-00 Lights - General-33-10 Flight Compartment-33-20 Passenger Compartment-33-30 Cargo and Service Compartments-33-40 Exterior-33-50 Emergency Lighting-34-00 Navigation - General-34-10 Flight Environment Data-34-20 Attitude & Direction-34-30 Landing and Taxiing Aids-34-40 Independent Position Determining-34-50 Dependent Position Determining-34-60 Flight Management Computing-35-00 Oxygen - General-35-10 Crew-35-20 Passenger-35-30 Portable-36-00 Pneumatic - General-36-10 Distribution-36-20 Indicating-37-00 Vacuum - General-37-10 Distribution-37-20 Indicating-38-00 Water/Waste - General-38-10 Potable-38-20 Wash-38-30 Waste Disposal-38-40 Air Supply-44-00 Cabin Systems - General-44-10 Cabin Core System-44-20 In-flight Entertainment System-44-30 External Communication System-44-40 Cabin Mass Memory System-44-50 Cabin Monitoring System-44-60 Miscellaneous Cabin System-45-00 Central Maintenance System (CMS) General -45-05 CMS/Aircraft General-45-20 CMS/Airframe Systems-45-45 Central Maintenance System-45-50 CMS/Structures-45-60 CMS/Propellers-45-70 CMS/Power Plant-46-00 Information Systems - General-46-10 Airplane General Information Systems-46-20 Flight Deck Information Systems-46-30 Maintenance Information Systems-46-40 Passenger Cabin Information Systems-46-50 Miscellaneous Information Systems-49-00 Airborne Auxiliary Power - General-49-10 Power Plant-49-20 Engine-49-30 Engine Fuel And Control-49-40 Ignition And Starting-49-50 Air-49-60 Engine Controls-49-70 Indicating-49-80 Exhaust-49-90 Oil-50-00 Cargo And Accessory Compartments General -50-10 Cargo Compartments-50-20 Cargo Loading Systems-50-30 Cargo Related Systems-50-40 Available-50-50 Accessory Compartments-50-60 Insulation-52-00 Doors - General-52-10 Passenger/Crew-52-20 Emergency Exit-52-30 Cargo-52-40 Service-52-50 Fixed Interior-52-60 Entrance Stairs-52-70 Door Warning-52-80 Landing Gear-53-00 Fuselage - General-54-00 Nacelles/Pylons - General-54-10 Nacelle Section-54-50 Pylon-55-00 Stabilizers - General-55-10 Horizontal Stabilizer or Canard-55-20 Elevator-55-30 Vertical Stabilizer-55-40 Rudder-56-00 Windows - General-56-10 Flight Compartment-56-20 Passenger Compartment-56-30 Door-56-40 Inspection and Observation-57-00 Wings - General-57-10 Center Wing-57-20 Outer Wing-57-30 Wing Tip-57-40 Leading Edge and Leading Edge Devices-57-50 Trailing Edge and Trailing Edge Devices -57-60 Ailerons-57-70 Spoilers-57-90 Wing Folding System-61-00 Propellers/Propulsors - General-61-10 Propeller Assembly-61-20 Controlling-61-30 Braking-61-40 Indicating-61-50 Propulsor Duct-62-00 Rotors-63-00 Rotor Drives-64-00 Tail Rotor-65-00 Tail Rotor Drive-66-00 Folding Blades/Pylon-67-00 Rotors Flight Control-71-00 Power Plant - General-71-10 Cowling-71-20 Mounts-71-30 Fire seals-71-40 Attach Fittings-71-50 Electrical Harness-71-60 Air Intakes-71-70 Engine Drains-72-00 Engine Turbine/Turbo Prop Ducted Fan/Unducted Fan-72-10 Reduction Gear, Shaft Section (Turbo-Prop and/or Front Mounted GearDriven Propulsor)-72-20 Air Inlet Section-72-30 Compressor Section-72-40 Combustion Section-72-50 Turbine Section-72-60 Accessory Drives-72-70 By-pass Section-72-80 Propulsor Section (Rear Mounted)-73-00 Engine Fuel And Control - General-73-10 Distribution-73-20 Controlling-73-30 Indicating-74-00 Ignition - General-74-10 Electrical Power Supply-74-20 Distribution-74-30 Switching-75-00 Air - General-75-10 Engine Anti-Icing-75-20 Cooling-75-30 Compressor Control-75-40 Indicating-76-00 Engine Controls - General-76-10 Power Control-76-20 Emergency Shutdown-77-00 Engine Indicating - General-77-10 Power-77-20 Temperature-77-30 Analyzers-77-40 Integrated Engine Instrument Systems -78-00 Exhaust - General-78-10 Collector/Nozzle-78-20 Noise Suppressor-78-30 Thrust Reverser-78-40 Supplementary Air-79-00 Oil - General-79-10 Storage-79-30 Indicating-80-00 Starting - General-80-10 Cranking98 *Reserved for Airline Use99 *Unassigned100 *Do not use101 *Do not use102 *Do not use103 *Do not use104 *Do not use105 *Do not use106 *Do not use107 *Do not use108 *Do not use109 *Do not use110 *Do not use111 *Do not use112 *Do not use113 *Do not use114 *Do not use115 Flight Simulator Systems。
孔内深层夯扩桩的注水施工

锤的提升高度 为 6m, 夯击次数为 8击 ~1 0击。
静载试验也达 到设 计要 求 , 且天 然状态 下 的含水 率均 在 2 %左 0
故认为 总体施工质量达到设计要求 。 西南角部位 T4 检测结果表 明, 所取 的 1 7件土样中有 3件 土 右 , 样的 自重湿陷系数为 0 0 5 计算其 自重 湿陷量 为 4 4 m; .1 , .8c 在桩 3 结语
性土层 。设计采用孔 内深层夯扩桩 方案 。
基于 以上分析 , 决定采用注水法 , 对该 区域 先进行注水施 工 ,
通过提高地基土 的含水量 , 以改善夯扩桩 的挤密效果 。 2. . 场地注水 32
2 孔 内深层 夯扩桩 的应 用
该 区域 面积 约 为 2X 0m X1 用 钻机 成孔 , 径 10m , 7 1 m, 孔 5 孔 内深层夯扩桩从 自然地坪 25 以下, .m 处理湿陷厚度 1. 孔深 1 间距 1mX1m, 75 m, 7m, 共布设孔 位 200多个。注水时保证 0 桩长 1. m~1. T之间 。 55 751 I 孔 内注满水 , 保持 2 , 4h 单孔需水约 1 2m . 3左右。取原土样进行
2 1 试桩 . 工程桩施工前进 行 了试 桩 , 采用 90m , 0 0 100 m
含水量测定 , 平均约为 2 %左右 , 之未注水前 的 1 . %有 明显 1 较 55
的桩间 提高。
距布设 。检测结果表明 ,0 9 0一 桩 间距 的布设 方案 , 可较好 地消 2. . 注水后的工程桩施工 33 除桩间土湿 陷性 , 100m 桩间距的方案不够理想 , 而 0 据此 建议
维普资讯
第3 3卷 第 1 5期
・
8 ・ 0
ATA章节中英对照

Chapter 1 – Brief History of AviationChapter 2 – DeregulationChapter 3 – Structure of the IndustryChapter 4 – Airline EconomicsChapter 5 – How Aircraft FlyChapter 6 – SafetyChapter 7 – SecurityChapter 8 – AirportsChapter 9 – Air Traffic ControlChapter 10 – Airlines and the Environment5章时间限制、维修检查(Time Limits,Maint. Checks) 6章尺寸和区域(Dimensions and Access Panels)7章顶起和支撑(Lifting and Shoring)8章对准和称重(Leveling and Weighing)9章飞机拖曳(Towing and Taxiing)10章飞机停场,系留,封存(Parking,Mooring,Storage) 11章标牌和铭记(Placards and Markings)12章勤务(Servicing)20章标准施工---机体(Standard Practices---Airframe) 21章空调(Air Conditioning)22章自动飞行(Auto Flight)23章通讯(Communications)24章电源(Electrical Power)25章设备/装饰(Equipment/Furnishings)26章.防火(Fire Protection)27章飞行操纵(Flight Controls)28章燃油(Fuel)29章液压源(Hydraulic Power)30章防冰和排雨(Ice and Rain Protection)31章指示/记录系统(Indicating/Recording system)32章起落架(Landing Gear)33章灯光(Lights)34章导航(Navigation)35章氧气(Oxygen)36章气源(Pneumatic)37章真空(Vacuum)38章水/污水(Water/waste)45章中央维护系统(Central maintenance System)49章机载辅助动力装置(Airborne Auxiliary Power)51章结构与标准施工(Structures & Standard Practices) 52章舱门(Doors)53章机身(Fuselage)54章发动机吊舱/吊架(Nacelles/Pylons)55章稳定装置(Stabilizers)安定面56章窗户(Windows)57章机翼(Wings)70章标准施工—发动机(Standard Practices—Engines) 71章动力装置(Power Plant( Package))72章发动机(内部)(Engine (Internals))73章发动机燃油和控制(Engine Fuel and Control)74章点火装置(Ignition)75章发动机空气(Air)76章发动机操纵(Engine Controls)77章发动机指示(Engine Indicating)78章排气系统(Exhaust)79章发动机滑油系统(Oil)80章发动机起动(Starting)82章注水(Water Injecting)91章图表(不同性质的)(Charts (Miscellaneous))01 INTRODUCTION05 PERIODIC INSPECTIONS06 DIMENSIONS AND AREAS07 LIFTING AND SHORING08 LEVELING AND WEIGHING09 TOWING AND TAXIING10 PARKING, MOORING, STORAGE AND RETURN TO SERVICE11 PLACARDS AND MARKINGS12 SERVICING - ROUTINE MAINTENANCE18 VIBRATION AND NOISE ANALYSIS (HELICOPTER ONLY)20 STANDARD PRACTICES - AIRFRAME21 AIR CONDITIONING22 AUTO FLIGHT23 COMMUNICATIONS24 ELECTRICAL POWER25 EQUIPMENT / FURNISHINGS26 FIRE PROTECTION27 FLIGHT CONTROLS28 FUEL29 HYDRAULIC POWER30 ICE AND RAIN PROTECTION31 INDICATING / RECORDING SYSTEMS32 LANDING GEAR33 LIGHTS34 NAVIGATION35 OXYGEN36 PNEUMATIC37 VACUUM38 WATER / WASTE39 ELECTRICAL - ELECTRONIC PANELS AND MULTIPURPOSE COMPONENTS 41 WATER BALLAST45 CENTRAL MAINTENANCE SYSTEM (CMS)46 INFORMATION SYSTEMS49 AIRBORNE AUXILIARY POWER51 STANDARD PRACTICES AND STRUCTURES - GENERAL52 DOORS53 FUSELAGE54 NACELLES / PYLONS55 STABILIZERS56 WINDOWS57 WINGS60 STANDARD PRACTICES - PROPELLER / ROTOR61 PROPELLERS / PROPULSORS62 MAIN ROTOR(S)63 MAIN ROTOR DRIVE(S)64 TAIL ROTOR65 TAIL ROTOR DRIVE66 ROTOR BLADE AND TAIL PYLON FOLDING67 ROTORS FLIGHT CONTROL70 STANDARD PRACTICES - ENGINE71 POWER PLANT - GENERAL72 ENGINE72(T) ENGINE - TURBINE / TURBOPROP, DUCTED FAN / UNDUCTED FAN 72(R) ENGINE - RECIPROCATING73 ENGINE - FUEL AND CONTROL74 IGNITION75 BLEED AIR76 ENGINE CONTROLS77 ENGINE INDICATING78 EXHAUST79 OIL80 STARTING81 TURBINES (RECIPROCATING ENGINES)82 WATER INJECTION83 ACCESSORY GEAR BOXES (ENGINE DRIVEN)84 PROPULSION AUGMENTATION91 CHARTS5章时间限制、维修检查(Time Limits,Maint. Checks)6章尺寸和区域(Dimensions and Access Panels)7章顶起和支撑(Lifting and Shoring)8章对准和称重(Leveling and Weighing)9章飞机拖曳(Towing and Taxiing)10章飞机停场,系留,封存(Parking,Mooring,Storage)11章标牌和铭记(Placards and Markings)12章勤务(Servicing)BMS3-33润滑脂的介绍20章标准施工---机体(Standard Practices---Airframe)21章空调(Air Conditioning)空调出口温度高原创]关于737-300/500的空调空中超温,会有那些原因引起呢(专业贴)22章自动飞行(Auto Flight)737NG的Y/D故障分析供大家参考23章通讯(Communications)24章电源(Electrical Power)IDG和GEN B2972电源及APU自动关车排故思路之分析25章设备/装饰(Equipment/Furnishings)26章防火(Fire Protection)有关737灭火瓶...... 火警探测27章飞行操纵(Flight Controls)28章燃油(Fuel)737飞机燃油浮子电门29章液压源(Hydraulic Power)液压问题关于液压保险在液压管路的作用和位置请教液压系统故障30章防冰和排雨(Ice and Rain Protection)31章指示/记录系统(Indicating/Recording system)32章起落架(Landing Gear)如何延长飞机轮胎的使用寿命前轮磨损谁能说说金属刹车片和碳刹车片的优缺点请问哪位对防滞刹车结构熟悉的,简单介绍一下,谢谢那里有资料,网上有吗请教:飞机换轮子的时候为什么要转动轮子一起B737-300飞机使用自动速度刹车时,AUTO SPEED BRAKE 跳开关跳开33章灯光(Lights)34章导航(Navigation)35章氧气(Oxygen)36章气源(Pneumatic)一起引气故障导致的增压故障(B737NG)37章真空(Vacuum)38章水/污水(Water/waste)45章中央维护系统(Central maintenance System)49章机载辅助动力装置(Airborne Auxiliary Power)APU启动不起来了! 维护灯亮51章结构与标准施工(Structures & Standard Practices) 52章舱门(Doors)53章机身(Fuselage)54章发动机短舱/吊架(Nacelles/Pylons)55章稳定装置(Stabilizers)56章窗户(windows)[讨论]玻璃上裂纹深度的测量57章机翼(wings)70章标准施工---发动机(Standard Practices---Engines)71章动力装置(Power Plant (Package))IAEV2500系列发动机试车总结72章发动机(内部)(Engine (Internals))73章发动机燃油和控制(Engine Fuel and Control)74章点火装置(Ignition)75章发动机空气(Air)76章发动机操纵(Engine Controls)77章发动机指示(Engine Indicating)78章排气系统(Exhaust)737反推故障79章发动机滑油系统(Oil)80章发动机起动(Starting)82章注水(Water Injecting)91章图表(不同性质的)(Charts (Miscellaneous))ATA Specification 22001 *Reserved for Airline Use2 *Reserved for Airline Use3 *Reserved for Airline Use4 *Reserved for Airline Use5 TIME LIMITS/ MAINTENANCE CHECKS-00 General-10 Time Limits-20 Scheduled Maintenance Checks-30 & -40 Reserved-50 Unscheduled Maintenance checks6 DIMENSIONS AND AREAS7 LIFTING & SHORING-00 General-10 Jacking-20 Shoring8 LEVELING & WEIGHING-00 General-10 Weighing and Balancing-20 Leveling9 TOWING & TAXIING-00 General-10 Towing-20 Taxiing10 PARKING, MOORING, STORAGE & RETURN TO SERVICE -00 General-10 Parking/Storage-20 Mooring-30 Return to Service11 PLACARDS AND MARKINGS-00 General-10 Exterior Color Schemes and Markings-20 Exterior Placards and Markings-30 Interior Placards12 SERVICING-00 General-10 Replenishing-20 Scheduled Servicing-30 Unscheduled Servicing13 *Unassigned14 *Unassigned15 *Unassigned16 *Unassigned17 *Unassigned18 VIBRATION AND NOISE ANALYSIS (HELICOPTER ONLY) -00 GENERAL --10 VIBRATION ANALYSIS-20 NOISE ANALYSIS19 *Unassigned20 STANDARD PRACTICES-AIRFRAME-90 *Reserved for Airline Use21 AIR CONDITIONING-00 General-10 Compression-20 Distribution-30 Pressurization Control-40 Heating-50 Cooling-60 Temperature Control-70 Moisture/Air Contaminant22 AUTO FLIGHT-00 General-10 Autopilot-20 Speed-Attitude Correction-30 Auto Throttle-40 System Monitor-50 Aerodynamic Load Alleviating23 COMMUNICATIONS-00 General-10 Speech Communications-15 SATCOM-20 Data Transmission and Automatic Calling -30 Comfort-40 Interphone-50 Audio Integrating-60 Static Discharging-70 Audio & Video Monitoring-80 Integrated Automatic24 ELECTRICAL POWER-00 General-10 Generator Drive-20 AC Generation-30 DC Generation-40 External Power-50 AC Electrical Load Distribution -60 DC Electrical Load Distribution 25 EQUIPMENT/FURNISHINGS-00 General-10 Flight Compartment-20 Passenger Compartment-30 Galley-40 Lavatories-50 Additional Compartments-60 Emergency-70 Available-80 Insulation26 FIRE PROTECTION-00 General-10 Detection-20 Extinguishing-30 Explosion Suppression27 FLIGHT CONTROLS-00 General-10 Aileron & Tab-20 Rudder & Tab-30 Elevator & Tab-40 Horizontal Stabilizer-50 Flaps-60 Spoiler, Drag Devices and Variable Aerodynamic Fairings -70 Gust Lock & Dampener-80 Lift Augmenting28 FUEL-00 General-10 Storage-20 Distribution-30 Dump-40 Indicating29 HYDRAULIC POWER-00 General-10 Main-20 Auxiliary-30 Indicating30 ICE AND RAIN PROTECTION-00 General-10 Airfoil-20 Air Intakes-30 Pitot and Static-40 Windows, Windshields and Doors -50 Antennas and Radomes-60 Propellers/Rotors-70 Water Lines-80 Detection31 INDICATING/RECORDING SYSTEMS-00 General-10 Instrument & Control Panels-20 Independent Instruments-30 Recorders-40 Central Computers-50 Central Warning Systems-60 Central Display Systems-70 Automatic Data Reporting Systems 32 LANDING GEAR-00 General-10 Main Gear and Doors-20 Nose Gear and Doors-30 Extension and Retraction-40 Wheels and Brakes-50 Steering-60 Position and Warning-70 Supplementary Gear33 LIGHTS-00 General-10 Flight Compartment-20 Passenger Compartment-30 Cargo and Service Compartments -40 Exterior-50 Emergency Lighting34 NAVIGATION-00 General-10 Flight Environment-20 Attitude & Direction-30 Landing and Taxiing Aids-40 Independent Position Determining -50 Dependent Position Determining -60 Flight Management Computing35 OXYGEN-00 General-10 Crew-20 Passenger-20 Passenger-30 Portable36 PNEUMATIC-00 General-10 Distribution-20 Indicating37 VACUUM-00 General-10 Distribution-20 Indicating38 WATER/WASTE-00 General-10 Potable-20 Wash-30 Waste Disposal-40 Air Supply39 *Unassigned40 *Unassigned41 WATER BALLAST-00 General-10 Storage-20 Dump-30 Indication42 *Unassigned43 *Unassigned44 CABIN SYSTEMS-00 General-10 Cabin Core System-20 Inflight Entertainment System -30 External Communication System -40 Cabin Mass Memory System-50 Cabin Monitoring System-60 Miscellaneous Cabin System45 CENTRAL MAINTENANCE SYSTEM-00 General-5 thru -19 CMS/Aircraft General -20 thru -49 CMS/Airframe Systems -45 Central Maintenance System-50 thru -59 CMS/Structures-60 thru -69 CMS/Propellers-70 thru -89 CMS/Power Plant45INFORMATION SYSTEMS-00 General-10 Airplane General Information Systems -20 Flight Deck Information Systems-30 Maintenance Information Systems-40 Passenger Cabin Information Systems -50 Miscellaneous Information Systems47 *Unassigned48 *Unassigned49 AIRBORNE AUXILIARY POWER-00 General-10 Power Plant-20 Engine-30 Engine Fuel and Control-40 Ignition/Starting-50 Air-60 Engine Controls .-70 Indicating-80 Exhaust-90 Oil50 Cargo and Accessory Compartments-00 General-10 Cargo Compartments-20 Cargo Loading Systems-30 Cargo Related Systems-40 Available-50 Accessory-60 Insulation51 Standard Practices, General-00 General-10 Investigation, Cleanup and Aerodynamic Smoothness-20 Processes-30 Materials-40 Fasteners-50 Support of Airplane for Repair and Alignment Check Procedures -60 Control-Surface Balancing-70 Repairs-80 Electrical Bonding52 DOORS-00 General-10 Passenger/Crew-20 Emergency Exit-30 Cargo-40 Service and Miscellaneous-50 Fixed Interior-60 Entrance Stairs-70 Monitoring and Operation-80 Landing Gear53 FUSELAGE-00 General-10 thru -90 (As Required) Fuselage Sections54 NACELLES/PYLONS-00 General-10 thru -40 (As Required) Nacelle Section -50 thru -80 (As Required) Pylon55 STABILIZERS-00 General-10 Horizontal Stabilizer or Canard-20 Elevator-30 Vertical Stabilizer-40 Rudder56 WINDOWS-00 General-10 Flight Compartment-20 Passenger Compartment-30 Door-40 Inspection and Observation57 WINGS-00 General-10 Center Wing-20 Outer Wing-30 Wing Tip-40 Leading Edge and Leading Edge Devices -50 Trailing Edge Trailing Edge Devices-60 Ailerons and Elevons-70 Spoilers-80 (as required)-90 Wing Folding System58 *Unassigned59 *Reserved for Airline Use60 STANDARD PRACTICES - PROPELLER/ROTOR61 PROPELLERS/PROPULSION-00 General-10 Propeller Assembly-20 Controlling-30 Braking-40 Indicating-50 Propulsor Duct62 ROTOR(S)-00 General-10 Rotor blades-20 Rotor head(s)-30 Rotor Shaft(s)/Swashplate Assy(ies) -4063 ROTOR DRIVE(S)-00 General-10 Engine/Gearbox couplings-20 Gearbox(es)-30 Mounts, attachments-40 Indicating64 TAIL ROTOR-00 General-10* Rotor blades-20* Rotor head-30 Available-40 Indicating65 TAIL ROTOR DRIVE-00 General-10 Shafts-20 Gearboxes-30 Available-40 Indicating66 FOLDING BLADES/PYLON-00 General-10 Rotor blades-20 Tail pylon-30 Controls and Indicating67 ROTORS FLIGHT CONTROL-00 General-10 Rotor-20 Anti-torque Rotor control (Yaw control) -30 Servo-control System68 *Unassigned69*Unassigned70 STANDARD PRACTICES - ENGINES71 POWER PLANT-00 General-10 Cowling-30 Fireseals-40 Attach Fittings-50 Electrical Harness-60 Air Intakes-70 Engine Drains72 ENGINE TURBINE/TURBO PROP DUCTED FAN/UNDUCTED FAN-00 General-10 Reduction Gear, Shaft Section (Turbo-Prop and/or Front Mounted Gear Driven Propulsor)-20 Air Inlet Section-30 Compressor Section-40 Combustion Section-50 Turbine Section-60 Accessory Drives-70 By-pass Section-80 Propulsor Section (Rear Mounted)73 ENGINE FUEL AND CONTROL-00 General-10 Distribution-20 Controlling-30 Indicating74 IGNITION-00 General-10 Electrical Power-20 Distribution-30 Switching75 AIR-00 General-10 Engine Anti-Icing-20 Cooling-30 Compressor Control-40 Indicating76 ENGINE CONTROLS-00 General-10 Power Control-20 Emergency Shutdown77 ENGINE INDICATING-00 General-10 Power-20 Temperature-30 Analyzers That-40 Integrated Engine Instrument Systems 78 EXHAUST-00 General-10 Collector/Nozzle-20 Noise Suppressor-30 Thrust Reverser-40 Supplementary Air79 OIL-00 General-10 Storage-20 Distribution-30 Indicating80 STARTING-00 General-10 Cranking81 TURBINES-00 General-10 Power Recovery-20 Turbo-Supercharger82 WATER INJECTION-00 General-10 Storage-20 Distribution-30 Dumping and Purging-40 Indicating83 ACCESSORY GEAR-BOXES-00 General-10 Drive Shaft Section-20 Gearbox Section84 Propulsion Augmentation -00 General-10 Jet Assist Takeoff85 *Unassigned86 *Unassigned87 *Unassigned88 *Unassigned89 *Unassigned90 *Unassigned91 CHARTS92 *Unassigned93 *Unassigned94 *Unassigned95 *Reserved for Airline Use96 *Reserved for Airline Use97 WIRING REPORTING-00-00 General-01-00 Zone 100 Fuselage Lower-02-00 Zone 200 Fuselage Top-03-00 Zone 300 Stabilizers-04-00 Zone 400 Nacelles-Pylons-05-00 Zone 500 Left Wing-06-00 Zone 600 Right Wing-07-00 Zone 700 Landing Gear Compartment -08-00 Zone 800 Doors-09-00 Zone 900 Lavatories & Galleys-20-00 Electrical Standard Items/Practices -21-00 Air Conditioning - General-21-10 Compression-21-20 Distribution-21-30 Pressurization Control-21-40 Heating-21-50 Cooling-21-60 Temperature Control-21-70 Moisture/Air Contaminant Control-22-00 Auto Flight - General-22-10 Autopilot-22-20 Speed - Attitude Correction-22-30 Auto Throttle-22-40 System Monitors-22-50 Aerodynamic Load Alleviating-23-00 Communications - General-23-10 Speech Communications-23-15 SATCOM-23-20 Data Transmission and Automatic Calling-23-30 Passenger Address, Entertainment and Comfort -23-40 Interphone-23-50 Audio Integrating-23-60 Static Discharging-23-70 Audio and Video Monitoring-23-80 Integrated Automatic Tuning-24-00 Electrical Power - General-24-10 Generator Drive-24-20 AC Generation-24-30 DC Generation-24-40 External Power-24-50 AC Electrical Load Distribution-24-60 DC Electrical Load Distribution-25-00 Equipment/Furnishings - General-25-10 Flight Compartment-25-20 Passenger Compartment-25-30 Galley-25-40 Lavatories-25-60 Emergency-25-80 Insulation-26-00 Fire Protection - General-26-10 Detection-26-20 Extinguishing-26-30 Explosion Suppression-27-00 Flight Controls - General-27-10 Aileron & Tab-27-20 Rudder & Tab-27-30 Elevator & Tab-27-40 Horizontal Stabilizer-27-50 Flaps-27-60 Spoiler, Drag Devices and Variable Aerodynamic Fairings -27-70 Gust Lock & Dampener-27-80 Lift Augmenting-28-00 Fuel - General-28-10 Storage-28-20 Distribution-28-30 Dump-28-40 Indicating-29-00 Hydraulic Power - General-29-10 Main-29-20 Auxiliary-29-30 Indicating-30-00 Ice and Rain Protection - General-30-10 Airfoil-30-20 Air Intakes-30-30 Pitot and Static-30-40 Windows, Windshields and Doors-30-50 Antennas And Radomes-30-60 Propellers/Rotors-30-70 Water Lines-30-80 Detection-31-00 Indicating/Recording Systems - General-31-10 Instrument and Control Panels-31-20 Independent Instruments-31-30 Recorders-31-40 Central Computers-31-50 Central Warning Systems-31-60 Central Display Systems-31-70 Automatic Data Reporting Systems -32-00 Landing Gear- General-32-10 Main Gear and Doors-32-20 Nose Gear and Doors-32-30 Extension and Retraction-32-40 Wheels and Brakes-32-50 Steering-32-60 Position And Warning-32-70 Supplementary Gear-33-00 Lights - General-33-10 Flight Compartment-33-20 Passenger Compartment-33-30 Cargo and Service Compartments -33-40 Exterior-33-50 Emergency Lighting-34-00 Navigation - General-34-10 Flight Environment Data-34-20 Attitude & Direction-34-30 Landing and Taxiing Aids-34-40 Independent Position Determining -34-50 Dependent Position Determining-34-60 Flight Management Computing-35-00 Oxygen - General-35-10 Crew-35-20 Passenger-35-30 Portable-36-00 Pneumatic - General-36-10 Distribution-36-20 Indicating-37-00 Vacuum - General-37-10 Distribution-37-20 Indicating-38-00 Water/Waste - General-38-10 Potable-38-20 Wash-38-30 Waste Disposal-38-40 Air Supply-44-00 Cabin Systems - General-44-10 Cabin Core System-44-20 In-flight Entertainment System-44-30 External Communication System-44-40 Cabin Mass Memory System-44-50 Cabin Monitoring System-44-60 Miscellaneous Cabin System-45-00 Central Maintenance System (CMS) General -45-05 CMS/Aircraft General-45-20 CMS/Airframe Systems-45-45 Central Maintenance System-45-50 CMS/Structures-45-60 CMS/Propellers-45-70 CMS/Power Plant-46-00 Information Systems - General-46-10 Airplane General Information Systems-46-20 Flight Deck Information Systems-46-30 Maintenance Information Systems-46-40 Passenger Cabin Information Systems-46-50 Miscellaneous Information Systems-49-00 Airborne Auxiliary Power - General-49-10 Power Plant-49-20 Engine-49-30 Engine Fuel And Control-49-40 Ignition And Starting-49-50 Air-49-60 Engine Controls-49-70 Indicating-49-80 Exhaust-49-90 Oil-50-00 Cargo And Accessory Compartments General -50-10 Cargo Compartments-50-20 Cargo Loading Systems-50-30 Cargo Related Systems-50-40 Available-50-50 Accessory Compartments-50-60 Insulation-52-00 Doors - General-52-10 Passenger/Crew-52-20 Emergency Exit-52-30 Cargo-52-40 Service-52-50 Fixed Interior-52-60 Entrance Stairs-52-70 Door Warning-52-80 Landing Gear-53-00 Fuselage - General-54-00 Nacelles/Pylons - General-54-10 Nacelle Section-54-50 Pylon-55-00 Stabilizers - General-55-10 Horizontal Stabilizer or Canard-55-20 Elevator-55-30 Vertical Stabilizer-55-40 Rudder-56-00 Windows - General-56-10 Flight Compartment-56-20 Passenger Compartment-56-30 Door-56-40 Inspection and Observation-57-00 Wings - General-57-10 Center Wing-57-20 Outer Wing-57-30 Wing Tip-57-40 Leading Edge and Leading Edge Devices-57-50 Trailing Edge and Trailing Edge Devices-57-60 Ailerons-57-70 Spoilers-57-90 Wing Folding System-61-00 Propellers/Propulsors - General-61-10 Propeller Assembly-61-20 Controlling-61-30 Braking-61-40 Indicating-61-50 Propulsor Duct-62-00 Rotors-63-00 Rotor Drives-64-00 Tail Rotor-65-00 Tail Rotor Drive-66-00 Folding Blades/Pylon-67-00 Rotors Flight Control-71-00 Power Plant - General-71-10 Cowling-71-20 Mounts-71-30 Fire seals-71-40 Attach Fittings-71-50 Electrical Harness-71-60 Air Intakes-71-70 Engine Drains-72-00 Engine Turbine/Turbo Prop Ducted Fan/Unducted Fan-72-10 Reduction Gear, Shaft Section (Turbo-Prop and/or Front Mounted GearDriven Propulsor)-72-20 Air Inlet Section-72-30 Compressor Section-72-40 Combustion Section-72-50 Turbine Section-72-60 Accessory Drives-72-70 By-pass Section-72-80 Propulsor Section (Rear Mounted) -73-00 Engine Fuel And Control - General -73-10 Distribution-73-20 Controlling-73-30 Indicating-74-00 Ignition - General-74-10 Electrical Power Supply-74-20 Distribution-74-30 Switching-75-00 Air - General-75-10 Engine Anti-Icing-75-20 Cooling-75-30 Compressor Control-75-40 Indicating-76-00 Engine Controls - General-76-10 Power Control-76-20 Emergency Shutdown-77-00 Engine Indicating - General-77-10 Power-77-20 Temperature-77-30 Analyzers-77-40 Integrated Engine Instrument Systems -78-00 Exhaust - General-78-10 Collector/Nozzle-78-20 Noise Suppressor-78-30 Thrust Reverser-78-40 Supplementary Air-79-00 Oil - General-79-10 Storage-79-30 Indicating-80-00 Starting - General-80-10 Cranking98 *Reserved for Airline Use99 *Unassigned100 *Do not use101 *Do not use102 *Do not use103 *Do not use104 *Do not use105 *Do not use106 *Do not use107 *Do not use108 *Do not use109 *Do not use110 *Do not use111 *Do not use112 *Do not use113 *Do not use114 *Do not use115 Flight Simulator Systems。
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采油工程原理与设计
3.注水井
主要作用:注入水从地面进入地层的通道 主要设施:井口装置和井下注水管柱
采油工程原理与设计
五、注水井投注程序
投注程序:注水井从完钻到正常注水之间所需进行的工作。 投注程序 它包括排液、洗井、预处理、试注、正常注水等几个方面。
1.排液
① 清除油层内的堵塞物; ② 在井底附近造成低量,减少注水井排或注水井附近的 能量损失,有利于注水井排拉成水线。
采油工程原理与设计
水质要求主要根据油藏孔隙结构和渗透性分级、 流体物理化学性质以及水源水型有关。
悬浮固体质量浓度、粒径; 基本水质指标: 悬浮固体质量浓度、粒径; 含油量; 含油量; 平均腐蚀率、点腐蚀; 平均腐蚀率、点腐蚀; 细菌含量(腐生菌、硫酸还原菌、铁菌); 细菌含量(腐生菌、硫酸还原菌、铁菌); 溶解氧含量; 溶解氧含量; 硫化氢、侵蚀性二氧化碳含量; 硫化氢、侵蚀性二氧化碳含量; 铁离子含量; 铁离子含量; pH值、矿化度。 pH值 矿化度。
三、注入水处理技术
(1)沉淀 悬浮的固体颗粒借自身的重力而沉淀下来。
常 用 的 聚 凝 剂
硫酸铝 硫酸亚铁 硫酸铁 三氯化铁 偏铝酸钠
图5-1 反应沉淀池结构示意图
采油工程原理与设计
(2)过滤 重力式滤池:滤池中的水 面与大气接触,利用滤池 与底部水管出口或水管相 连的清水池水位标高差进 行过滤。 压力滤罐:滤池完全密封, 水在一定压力下通过滤池。
采油工程原理与设计
第五章 注 水
主要内容:
(1) 水源、水质及注水系统 (2) 注水井吸水能力分析 (3) 分层注水技术 (4) 注水指示曲线分析与应用 (5) 注水井调剖技术
采油工程原理与设计
第一节 水源、水质及注水系统
一、水源选择 水源选择要求:水量充足、水质稳定。
① 地面水源 地面淡水水源 海水水源
采油工程原理与设计
采油工程原理与设计
三、改善吸水能力的措施 (1) 加强注水井日常管理 及时取水样化验分析,发现水质不合格时, ① 及时取水样化验分析,发现水质不合格时,应立即采 取措施,保证不把不合格的水注入油层; 取措施,保证不把不合格的水注入油层; ② 按规定冲洗地面管线、储水设备和洗井,保证地面管 按规定冲洗地面管线、储水设备和洗井, 线、储水设备和井内清洁; 储水设备和井内清洁; 保证平稳注水,减少波动, ③ 保证平稳注水,减少波动,以免破坏油层结构和防止 管壁上的腐蚀物污染水质和堵塞油层。 管壁上的腐蚀物污染水质和堵塞油层。
采油工程原理与设计
注水泵机组
•电动柱塞泵机组 效率高,排量小到中等,扬程高,但 电动柱塞泵机组 效率高,排量小到中等,扬程高, 维修工作量大。适合注水量小、注水压力高, 维修工作量大。适合注水量小、注水压力高,特别适合小 断块油田的注水。 断块油田的注水。 p
Q
采油工程原理与设计
2.配水间
主要作用: 用来调节、控制和计量各注水井的注水量 主要设施: 分水器 正常注水和旁通备用管汇 压力表和流量计 分类:配水间一般分为单井配水间和多井配水间两种
采油工程原理与设计
二、影响吸水能力的因素 (1) 与注水井井下作业及注水井管理操作等有关的因素 (2) 与水质有关的因素 (3) 组成油层的粘土矿物遇水后发生膨胀 (4) 注水井地层压力上升 产生堵塞的原因 (1) 铁的沉淀 氢氧化铁 硫化亚铁
采油工程原理与设计
铁离子 性质 根据电化学腐蚀原理,铁的二价离子Fe + 进入水中, 根据电化学腐蚀原理, 铁的二价离子 2+ 进入水中, 生成Fe(OH)2 , 注入水中溶解的氧进一步将 注入水中溶解的氧进一步将Fe(OH)2 氧 生成 化,生成Fe(OH)3 。 生成Fe(OH) 生成的氢氧化铁,当水的pH值在 值在3.3~ 时 生成的氢氧化铁,当水的 值在 ~3.5时,处于胶体 质点状态;当 pH 值接近于6~6.5时, 处于凝胶状态; 质点状态; 值接近于 ~ 时 处于凝胶状态; 当pH>8.7时,呈棉絮状的胶体物。特别当 >4~4.5 > 时 呈棉絮状的胶体物。特别当pH> ~ 以后时,注入地层后氢氧化铁将发生明显的堵塞作用, 以后时,注入地层后氢氧化铁将发生明显的堵塞作用, 从而降低吸水能力。 从而降低吸水能力。
采油工程原理与设计
(2) 压裂增注 普通压裂: 吸水指数低、注水压力高的低渗地层和严 重污染地层 分层压裂: 油层较厚、层内岩性差异大或多油层层间 差异大 (3) 酸化增注 解除井底堵塞物; 提高中低渗透层的绝对渗透率 CaCO3、FeS、Fe(OH)3以及泥质等 盐酸或土酸处理 藻类和细菌 甲醛水溶液、盐酸或土酸处理
采油工程原理与设计
大庆油田产量
中国石油天然气集团公司不久前正式要求大庆油田在4000 中国石油天然气集团公司不久前正式要求大庆油田在 万吨年产量的基础上,实现原油生产的10年 硬稳定” 万吨年产量的基础上,实现原油生产的 年“硬稳定”, 这是对国家要求的落实。 这是对国家要求的落实。 2007年, 大庆油田实际生产原油 年 大庆油田实际生产原油4169.8万吨, 原油产量仍 万吨, 万吨 占全国原油总产量的近25%。 。 占全国原油总产量的近 中国石油和化学工业协会与中国海关总署提供的统计资料 显 示 , 2007 年 中 国 生 产 原 油 18665.7 万 吨 , 净 进 口 原 油 15928万吨,原油对外依存度达到46.05%。 万吨,原油对外依存度达到 万吨 。
A1、B1、C1级:试片各面都无点腐蚀 A2、B2、C2级:试片有轻微点腐蚀 A3、B3、C3级:试片有明显点腐蚀 0 <10 <103 <103 <25 0 <10 <104 <104 <25 0 <10 <105 <105 <25
SRB菌,个/ml 铁细菌,个/ml 腐生菌,个/ml
采油工程原理与设计
两种工作制度下日注水量之差 相应两种工作制度下流压之差
采油工程原理与设计
比吸水指数或每米吸水指数: 地层吸水指数除以地层有效厚度所得的数值。 一米厚地层在一个兆帕注水压差下的日注水量。 视吸水指数: 日注水量除以井口压力
视吸水指数 = 日注水量 井口压力
油管注水,井口压力取套管压力 套管注水,井口压力取油管压力
采油工程原理与设计
四、注水系统
注水系统是指从水源至注水井的全套设备和流程,包括水源 泵站、水处理站、注水站、配水间、注水井和管网系统。
1.注水站
主要作用:将来水升压,以满足注水井对注入压力的要求 工艺流程:来水进站→计量→水质处理→储水灌→泵出 主要设施:储水罐:具有储备作用、缓冲作用、分离作用 高压泵组:给注入水增压 流量计:计量水量 分水器:将高压水分配给各配水间
采油工程原理与设计
2.洗井
洗井目的:把井筒内的腐蚀物、杂质等污物冲洗出来,避 免油层被污物堵塞影响注水。 洗井方式: 一种是正洗 正洗,水从油管进井,从油套环形空间返回地面; 正洗 另一种是反洗 反洗,水从油套环形空间进井,从油管返回地面。 反洗
采油工程原理与设计
洗井方式流程介绍
采油工程原理与设计
>600
C2 <7.0 <3.5 <20 C3 <10.0 <4.0 <30
悬浮固体含量, <1.0 mg/l 悬浮物颗粒直 径中值,µm 含油量,mg/l 控 制 指 标 平均腐蚀率, mm/a 点腐蚀 <1.0 <5.0
<3.0 <2.0 <8.0
<10.0 <15.0 <15.0 <0.076
3.预处理
预处理目的:为防止粘土颗粒的膨胀和运移,在注水井投 注或油井转注前需进行防膨处理。
4.试注
试注目的:确定能否将水注入油层并取得油层吸水启动压 力和吸水指数等资料,根据要求注入量选定注入压力。
5. 正常注水
注水井通过排液、洗井、试注,取全取准试注的资料,再经 过配水就可以转为正常注水。
采油工程原理与设计
(5)曝晒 处理过饱和碳酸盐。 (6)含油污水处理 含油污水处理的措施。 污水回注的优点: 污水回注的优点: ① 污水中含表面活性物质,能提高洗油能力; ② 高矿化度污水回注后,不会使粘土颗粒膨胀而降低渗透率; ③ 污水回注保护了环境,提高了水的利用率。 污水回注应注意的问题: 污水回注应注意的问题:水质要达标!
采油工程原理与设计
二、影响吸水能力的因素 (1) 与注水井井下作业及注水井管理操作等有关的因素 (2) 与水质有关的因素 (3) 组成油层的粘土矿物遇水后发生膨胀 (4) 注水井地层压力上升 产生堵塞的原因 (1) 铁的沉淀 (2) 碳酸盐沉淀 (3) 细菌堵塞 (4) 粘土膨胀 氢氧化铁 硫化亚铁
无机物堵塞
有机堵塞物
采油工程原理与设计
不同 酸化 方法
① 稀酸活性液不排液法 醋酸缓冲—稀酸活性液增注 ② 醋酸缓冲 稀酸活性液增注 ③ 逆土酸增注法 ④ 胶束(活性柴油)逆土酸增注法 胶束(活性柴油)
采油工程原理与设计
推荐水质主要指标
(SY/T 5329-94 碎屑岩油藏注水水质推荐指标及分析方法)
注入层平均空气 渗透率,×10-3 µm2 标准分级 A1
<100
A2 <2.0 <1.5 <6.0 A3 <3.0 <2.0 <8.0 B1
100~600
B2 <4.0 <2.5 B3 <5.0 <3.0 C1 <5.0 <3.0
采油工程原理与设计
注水泵机组
目前主要采用两种类型的注水泵机组, 目前主要采用两种类型的注水泵机组,即电动离心泵机 电动柱塞泵机组。 组,电动柱塞泵机组。 •电动离心泵机组 效率低于柱塞泵、排量大、运行平稳、 电动离心泵机组 效率低于柱塞泵、排量大、运行平稳、 操作简便、维修工作量小、扬程较高时效率较低。 操作简便、维修工作量小、扬程较高时效率较低。适合注 水量大的油田注水。 水量大的油田注水。