工业工程 外文期刊 翻译_
工业工程
关与工业工程工业工程（Industrial Engineering）、运筹学（Operations Research）、和系统工程（Systems Engineering）是研究如何分析复杂系统并建立抽象模型从而改进系统的学科。
与传统工程学及数理学科不同，这一领域的重点在于研究决策者（人）在复杂系统中的作用。
传统上，工业工程师（Industrial Engineer）的工作集中在设计、执行、评估、和改进集合人力、资金、信息、知识、厂房、设备、能源、物料、和流程的制造业生产系统。
近年来更多的工业工程师投身到诸如物流、信息、金融、医疗、服务、研发、国防等等众多产业当中从事系统分析与改进工作。
简短的说，工业工程师能在任何领域当中发挥作用。
工业工程师在获得工业工程学位之前也往往拥有数学、统计、自然科学、社会科学、计算机或其他工程学位。
工业工程师从系统科学的角度出发，理性化地处理系统中的不确定因素及复杂交互作用，从而解决产业系统中的重大管理问题和优化系统。
计算机应用的深入帮助工业工程师能够应对更为复杂的问题。
这些对企业的盈利能力和长远发展有着深远意义。
在精益制造（Lean Manufacturing）系统中，工业工程师致力于消灭在生产过程中对时间，经费，材料，能源以及其他资源的浪费。
他们使过程更加有效率，产品质量稳定并且更容易制造，产量得到提高。
同大多数工程学科非常专业化的应用领域不同，工业工程在几乎每一种产业中都有广泛应用。
例如如何缩短在主题公园前排起的长队，优化操作方法，全球货物派送（供应链管理），制造更加价格低廉并且可靠的车辆等。
工业工程这一名称很容易招致误解。
实际上，在最初，工业工程的命名实际是科学管理，而在现在，在韩国等国家工业工程被称作产业工程，这更加符合它现在的应用范围。
它最初是被应用于制造业，然而现在，它已经在其他相关的服务和产业得到广泛的应用。
工业工程的也往往被称作运作管理（Operations Management）、系统工程、和工程管理等等。
工业工程专业英语1-3单元翻译
Professional English for Industrial EngineeringChapter1 Unit3翻译姓名：专业：工业工程班级：学号：完成日期：2015-10-31Chapter 1Unit 3 Academic Disciplines of Industrial Engineering五大主要工程学科和它们的发展在美国，有五个主要工程学科（土木、化学、电工、工业、机械），它们是早在第一次世界大战时就出现的工程分支学科。
这些进步是世界范围内发生的工业革命的一部分，并且在技术革命的开始阶段仍在发生。
随着第二次世界大战的发展导致了其他工程学科的发展，比如核工程，电子工程，航空工程，甚至是电脑工程。
太空时代导致了航空工程的发展。
最近对环境的关注使得环境工程和生态工程也得到了发展。
这些更新的工程学科经常被认为是专长学科包含“五大”学科，即土木，化学，电工，工业，和机械工程里的一种或多种。
和美国的情况不同，工业工程在中国属于第一层级管理科学和工程学科下面的第二级别的学科。
IE学科的开端学科后来演变成工业工程学科是最初在机械工程系被作为特殊课程教的。
首个工业工程的分部在1908年的宾夕法尼亚州大学和雪城大学被建立。
（在宾夕法尼亚州的项目是短期存在的，但是它在1925年又重建了）一个在普渡大学的机械工程的IE选科在1911年被建立。
一个更完整的工业工程学院项目的历史可能在资料中被找到。
在机械工程部有一个IE选科的实践是主要的模式直到第二次世界大战的结束，并且分离出来的IE部在整个上个世纪里的文理学院和综合大学里被建立。
早在第二次世界大战的时候，在工业工程方面，只有很少的毕业生水平的研究。
一旦分开的学部建立之后，学士和博士级别的项目开始出现。
现代IE的教育—分支学科今天，与过去相比，工业工程对于不同的人来说意味着不同的东西。
实际上，一个发展一个突出的现代工业工程的方法是通过获得在它的分支学科和它怎么联系到其他领域的理解。
工业工程 外文期刊 翻译
Adrian Payne & Pennie FrowA Strategic Framework for Customer RelationshipManagementOver the past decade, there has been an explosion of interest in customer relationship management (CRM) by both academics and executives. However, despite an increasing amount of published material,most of which is practitioner oriented, there remains a lack of agreement about what CRM is and how CRM strategy should be developed. The purpose of this article is to develop a process-oriented conceptual framework that positions CRM at a strategic level by identifying the key crossfunctional processes involved in the development of CRM strategy. More specifically, the aims of this article are •To identify alternative perspectives of CRM,•To emphasize the importance of a strategic approach to CRM within a holistic organizational context,•To propose five key generic cross-functional processes that organizations can use to develop and deliver an effective CRM strategy, and•To develop a process-based conceptual framework for CRM strategy development and to review the role and components of each process.We organize this article in three main parts. First, we explore the role of CRM and identify three alternative perspectives of CRM. Second, we consider the need for a cross -functional process-based approach to CRM. We develop criteria for process selection and identify five key CRM processes. Third, we propose a strategic conceptual framework that is constructed of these five processes and examine the components of each process.The development of this framework is a response to a challenge by Reinartz, Krafft, and Hoyer (2004), who criticize the severe lack of CRM research that takes a broader, more strategic focus. The article does not explore people issues related to CRM implementation. Customer relationship management can fail when a limited number of employees are committed to the initiative; thus, employee engagement and change management are essential issues in CRM implementation. In our discussion, we emphasize such implementation and people issues as a priority area for further research.CRM Perspectives and DefinitionThe term “customer relationship management” emerged in the information technology (IT) vendor community and practitioner community in the mid-1990s. It is often used todescribe technology-based customer solutions, such as sales force automation (SFA). In the academic community, the terms “relationship marketing and CRM are often used interchangeably (Parvatiyar and Sheth 2001). However,CRM is more commonly used in the context of technology solutions and has been described as “information-enabled relationship marketing” (Ryals and Payne 2001, p. 3).Zablah, Beuenger, and Johnston (2003, p. 116) suggest that CRM is “a philosophically-related offspring to relationship marketing which is for the most part neglected in the literature,”and they conclude that “further exploration of CRM and its related phenomena is not only warranted but also desperately needed.”A significant problem that many organizations deciding to adopt CRM face stems from the great deal of confusion about what constitutes CRM. In interviews with executives, which formed part of our research process (we describe this process subsequently), we found a wide range of views about what CRM means. To some, it meant direct mail, a loyalty card scheme, or a database, whereas others envisioned it as a help desk or a call center. Some said that it was about populating a data warehouse or undertaking data mining; others considered CRM an e-commerce solution,such as the use of a personalization engine on the Internet or a relational database for SFA. This lack of a widely accepted and appropriate definition of CRM can contribute to the failure of a CRM project when an organization views CRM from a limited technology perspective or undertakes CRM on a fragmented basis. The definitions and descriptions of CRM that different authors and authorities use vary considerably, signifying a variety of CRM viewpoints. To identify alternative perspectives of CRM, we considered definitions and descriptions of CRM from a range of sources, which we summarize in the Appendix. We excluded other, similar definitions from this List.Process Identification and the CRM FrameworkWe began by identifying possible generic CRM processes from the CRM and related business literature. We then discussed these tentative processes interactively with the groups of executives. The outcome of this work was a short list of seven processes. We then used the expert panel of experienced CRM executives who had assisted in the development of the process selection schema to nominate the CRM processes that they considered important and to agree on those that were the most relevant and generic. After an initial group workshop, eachpanel member independently completed a list representing his or her view of the key generic processes that met the six previously agreed-on process criteria. The data were fed back to this group, and a detailed discussion followed to help confirm our understanding of the process categories.As a result of this interactive method, five CRM processes that met the selection criteria were identified; all five were agreed on as important generic processes by more than two-thirds of the group in the first iteration. Subsequently, we received strong confirmation of these as key generic CRM processes by several of the other groups of managers. The resultant five generic processes were (1) the strategy development process, (2) the value creation process, (3) the multichannel integration process, (4) the information management process, and (5) the performance assessment process.We then incorporated these five key generic CRM processes into a preliminary conceptual framework. This initial framework and the development of subsequent versions were both informed by and further refined by our interactions with two primary executive groups.客户关系的管理框架在过去的十年里，管理层和学术界对客户关系管理（CRM）的兴趣激增。
工业工程9062490245
IE功能
研究人员、物料、设备、能源、信息组成 的集成系统，进行设计、改善、设置，具 体表现为规划、设计、评价和创新。
工业工程（IE）基本职能
1.规划
确定研究对象在未来一定 时期内从事生产或服务所 应采用的特定行动的预备 活动，包括总体目标、政 策、战略和战术的制定和
各种分期实施计划的制定。
2. 设计
工业工程的范畴
1. 生物力学
10. 生产规划与控制（含库
2. 成本管理 3. 数据处理及系统设计 4. 销售与市场 5. 工程经济 6. 设施规划与物流 7. 材料加工
存管理、运输路线、调 度、发货等） 11. 实用心理学 12. 方法研究和作业测定 13. 人的因素 14. 工资管理 15. 人体测量
投入
产出
转换
生产的财富 产品 服务
技术
生产率=产出/投入
IE
管理
IE目标
设计一个生产系统及该系统的控制方法， 使它以最低的成本生产具有特定质量水平 的某种或几种产品，并且这种生产必须是 在保证工人和最终用户的健康和安全条件 下进行。
使生产系统投入的要素得到有效 的利用，降低成本，保证质量和 安全，提高生产效率，获得最佳 效益。
各种浪费，有效地提高生产率和经济效益 的把技术与管理有机地结合起来的一门边 缘学科。
工业工程 Industrial Engineering IE
工业工程是对人员、物料、 设备、能源和 信息所组成的集成系统， 进行设计、改善 和设置的、技术以及工程分析与设计的原理、 方法，对由人、物料、设备、能源、信息 组成的集成系统，进行规划、设计、评价、 改进（创新）的一—门—学19科55。年AIIE提出，后经修改
工业工程简介 Introduction of Industrial Engineering
《工业工程》征稿简约
４ ）来稿要使用规范汉字 。图表和正文中使用 的符 号必须一致 和清晰（ 包括 大小 写 、 正斜体和上下角标 等） 。 ５ ）量和单位严格执行 Ｇ Ｂ ３ １ ０ ０～ ３ １ ０ ２的有关规定 。量的符号一律采用斜体 （ ｐ Ｈ例外 ） 。在表达量值时 ， 在公式 、 图、 表 和文 字叙述 中 ， 单位一律使用国际符号 ， 且用正体 。 ６ ）图应有图序及图题 ， 且置 于图下方 。表格采用三 （ 横） 线表 ， 不留竖线 、 斜线 ， 必要 时可加辅 助横线 。表应有表序和表题 ，
各类企业管理人员 、 高校 师生及其他有关人员 。
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以各种基金资助研究课题为 内容 的论文 ， 请在首页脚注处注 明基金类别及编号 。 ２ ）来稿 内容包括 （ 按顺序 ） 题 目、 作者 、 作者单位及邮编 、 摘要 、 关键 词 （ ３—８个 ） 、 中图分类号 （ 采用 《 中国图书馆分类 号》 第五版进行分类 ） 、 英文各项 （ 含题 目、 作者、 作者单位 、 摘要和关键词 ， 与 中文一一对应 ， 其 中姓名采用汉语拼音 ， 姓前名后著录 ） 、 正文 、 参考文献 。摘要应具有独立性 ， 不分段 ， 不用图表 、 非公知公认 的符号或术语 ， 也不宜引用 图表 、 公式 和参考文献 的序号 ， 以 ３ ０ ０字 以内为宜 ， 采用第三人称写作。关键词应选取能反映论文主题内容 的词或词组 ， 尽量采用《 汉语主题词表》 中的词。 ３ ）引言不编层次序号 ， 正文标题各层次一律用阿拉伯数字连续编号 ， 不 同层 次的数字之 间用 下 圆点 “ ． ” 相隔 ， 最末数字后
1工业工程英语翻译
7.运作管理第三大部分：The Department’s History and Current Editorial Mission3.该部分的历史及当前编辑的使命史和供应链部门反出核心任务的坚定不移和不断发展的解释。
部门已经一贯地把重心聚焦在操作功能。
然而部门名称，编辑的目的、和落实方针已经演化成为与我们的理解它的必要任务。
该杂志在1954年首卷精选时没有独立的部门，而六个编者来自一定范围的部门，美编来自学术界和工业界，丘奇曼执行总编。
该刊开始编辑的主要任务是确认，扩展，统一有助于对管理理解和练习科学知识。
直到1959年，编者的数量增长到11,(5 人来自工业），到1968年当罗勃特成为主编的时候人数为40人（12人来自工业）。
1969年马丁斯塔尔接任总编辑，提出了部门的结构。
这个扮演了重要角色的部门分成了生产管理和物流管理。
斯塔尔教授于1974年在20周年特刊上发表了一篇有趣的社论。
他强调目的的一致性，但承认在无力解决非常复杂的问题，缺乏实施能力，以及过分强调优化基础领域的批评。
今天这些问题仍然存在，抽象化的纯净和细节的关联的健康的紧张，在管理的实际世界注定的，不是新的，我们的预计也不能使它迅速消失。
在一个管理的理论努力方面它是一部分固有领土，一个整体。
理论的吸引驱使着我们不断地实践，调整最终改变世界。
这种健康的紧张状态防止我们偏向于太学术的自我参照，或过于集中具体单一的，而不是普遍的见解的趋势。
简而言之，它使商业如此有趣。
过去几十年以来形成的部门定期改变它的标题和编者是为了寻找操作的边界功能。
显然，转型的过程可以包括输入和输出物流，虽然断断续续其中一个或多个部门分成了若干个单独的部门。
我们的任务是否包括设计？什么是边界之间的设计和规划，后者活动是所有管理的核心吗？操作金融从哪里开始，（至少在制造业公司）大部分资本投资业务相关及营运资金有大量库存组成部分吗？可行的定义界限挑战是部门之间不可避免的常数，管理是一个整体运动，试图找出各方面之间的明确的界限是愚蠢者的任务。
工业工程专业英语--翻译
工业工程专业英语--翻译工业工程的真正价值 Real IE ValueIn addition, the IE now has a greater opportunity to concentrate on any one of a broad variety of areas that many companies now recognize as individual departments-including simulation, operations research, ergonomics, material handling and logistics.值得一提的是，工业工程现在有更多的机会去集中于现在许多企业已经视为独立的学科的众多领域中的一个-----包括防真学、运筹学、人因学、物料搬运和物流学。
Work-measured Labor Standards 基于作业测量的劳动标准If you are a manufacturer, chances are you have a bill-of-materials (BOM) system to determine standard parts cost. Do you also have an equivalent bill-of-labor system to determine standard labor cost?如果你是一个制造商，你有可能会有一个物料清单系统来确定标准件的成本。
你是否也能得到类似的劳动力清单系统来确定标准的劳动成本,Time study——The most widely used tool to develop standard times is still time study. Time study reflects what is happening in your job or project. It is also easy to learn and use. Now, the PC has made summarization of time study data a matter of seconds instead of hours.时间研究----用来开发标准时间使用最广泛的工具依然是时间研究。
工业工程——外文翻译
AAA学校外文翻译如有雷同，纯属巧合专业工业工程学生姓名xxx班级 B工业 072 学号指导教师完成日期 2011年3 月19日外文资料名称: Various stages of theprojectcostcontrol外文资料出处：Accreditation and QualityAssurance附件： 1. 外文原文2.外文资料翻译译文Various stages of the project cost controlChung-Ho ChenAbstract:Project Cost Management is the basic content of determining reasonable and effective control of the project cost. There are two projects cost implications, the corresponding project cost management has two, one for the management of project investment, a price for the project management. Works against investment management, the so-called project cost effective control is to optimize the building programme, designed on the basis of the programme, in the various stages of construction procedures, using certain methods and measures the cost of the project have control at a reasonable scope and approved Within the limits of the cost.KEY WORDS:Engineering project cost cost management cost control cost limit 1. Project cost management problems that exist inChina's current stage of the project cost for project management to settle at for the purpose, focus only on the construction process of cost control, neglect of pre-construction project investment decision-making stage of cost control. Investment decision-making phase of the construction project investment estimate is an important basis for decision-making, it has a direct impact on national economic and financial analysis of the results of the reliability and accuracy. As a result of this project is the initial stage of work, the information can not be full, comparable projects in this area or less accumulated relatively little information, estimate the approach flawed and unscientific, making construction cost management and the cost of work At this stage difficult to accomplish something.Construction cost management to a passive design drawings prepared in accordance with the budget estimate and project cost calculated mainly ignored in the design stage to optimize the design of construction cost management, effective cost control. According to relevant statistics show that the impactof the design phase of investment for the possibility of more than 75 percent, but China's designers, most of the pursuit of high safety and design fees, the design does not consider economic factors, resulting in a number of large projects waste materials Phenomenon.Construction Cost Management divorced from each other at all stages, investment estimates, budget for the design and construction budget plans, the contract price, prices, accounts for price, the cost of these six stages from construction units and departments in charge of the design units, the respective management of construction enterprises, The former do not have control of the latter, which affected the former project cost effective management system.China's current construction cost management information system to collect finishing imperfections. The project has been completed the construction cost of collection, collation and analysis of information on the cost of the division is of great reference value. At present, China's very limited information on this part, most of all a personal cost engineer, can not share data. Cost can not be division between the exchanges and learn from each other, causing a big waste of resources.The following projects from the various stages of construction of a concrete analysis of how to strengthen the whole process of project cost management:(1)The decision-making phase of the project cost management is the beginning. In the investment decision-making phase of the project, the project's economic decision-making and various kinds of technology, investment and the project after the completion of the project have a decisive impact on economic efficiency, control of the project investment is a very important stage. Specifically, the decision-making phase of the project, a project in the new project proposals approved, the project cost advisory body should be based on long-term national economic development planning, economic development invarious sectors in economic development planning the basic requirements of the proposed project to Technically advanced and economically reasonable, and favourable in the community can create benefits, financial and other aspects of the implementation of a comprehensive and full investigation, analysis and feasibility studies, do a good job in the feasibility study. For policy makers decided to provide a reliable basis for the project. Investmentdecision-making phase of the construction cost of the entire process of project cost if Lan has a decisive impact on the overall situation. The construction project feasibility studies and investment decision-making is a source of the project cost. Cost is determined reasonable assessment of construction projects, the key follow-up work.（2）Phase of the project design phase of the design expenses only construction costs of the entire life of less than 1%, but the impact of the project cost accounts for more than 75 percent, and often easy to be ignored. Therefore, the project cost advisory body should be the design phase of cost management as a whole process of cost management in the key task. Preliminary design of the project budget for the accuracy of a certain country or industry and meet the depth requirements, effective control of project cost is the premise. Seize this critical design of the project cost control can be achieved multiplier effect. The design phase of cost control, is the source of cost control, is the most fundamental and important control.（3）Bidding phase of the project cost management is an important component of an acceptable kind of works commissioned by the owners of the list (or engineering Base Price) and a series of relevant documents, basic price of the pipeline is bidding management of the core work, because the basic price is Determine the price of the contract basis, with only the basic price of science, can we correctly judge the tender reported by the reasonable prices and reliability can be when the make the right decisions, strictly implement the project bidding regulations, grasp Price is reasonable and competitive. Evaluation and calibration of the cost Practitioners and the preparation ofcost as the basis for the legitimacy of the tender evaluation is based on legitimate and effective to ensure that the scientific and reasonable price. The market for the tender offer, the basic price of the provision of social services, and create an environment for fair competition.（4） Phase of the project implementation, cost management can not be ignored. Project implementation stage is a stage of building products, the entire process of building the project cost management is also the most difficult, most complicated stage. In addition to this stage of the passage of time with the other construction costs, a large number of investment funds through the construction of this part of the "materialization", the ultimate form of fixed assets, and investment projects. Effective cost control can be a good adjustment of the contracting parties and interests, namely the owners to reduce the input costs and increase the project's profit, but also to standardize the construction of the contractor. As a project cost advisory body, the actual operation in strict accordance with the owners agreed to assist the analysis of the claims handling matters, clearly define the responsibilities in the timely submission of counter-claims, to restore the unnecessary loss of the contract and the provisions have been agreed, calculated each time changes caused by Cost changes for the control of owners provide the basis for investment decisions.（5）Clearing stage is the completion of construction projects truly reflect the price of the product, is also the terminus of construction cost management. The stage should carefully examine the pre-clearing, more than one operator works out of high fixed sets, Takatori, are not realistic and visa, unreasonable technical measures such as increasing the cost should be based on the information available price information, on review Whether or not to raise prices of materials; should strengthen contract management, implementation of the contract itemized review system so that the project cost through a legally binding contract to identify and control; In addition, the completion of the project delivery, to conduct post-project evaluation,according to the original Rules, analysis and comparison project scope, progress and the changes in the cost, sum up experience, and cost information collated entry computer, so that future use.2.Effective control of the principles of project costTo the planning stage, the design stage as the focus of the entire process of construction cost control. Project cost control throughout the entire process of building projects, but must be focused. Clearly, the project cost control is the key to the project before the implementation of the investment decision-making and design phase of the project to make investment decisions, project cost control is the key to the design. According to some western countries analysis, design fee is generally equivalent to lifetime cost of all construction projects of less than 1%, but this is less than 1 percent of the cost of the construction project cost to the impact of more than 75 percent, thus, important that the design stage Sexual. However, for a long time, China's generally ignored the project phase of the preparatory work for cost control, project cost control are often the main focus on the construction phase - review of budget plans and reasonable settlement of the purchase price Jianan. This approach, while also effective, but is, after all, "remedial measures", Shibeigongban. To effectively control the project cost, we must shift the focus to control the project's initial stage of construction - the planning stage and the stage of design.Active Control, in order to obtain satisfactory besults. Since the eardy 1970s, the people vill control theory, system theory and research results for project management, will be controlled based on the decisions taken in advance of active measures to reduce and avoid as much as possible0the target value and acdual value of the deviations from this Is an active, positive control method, known as the active control. In other words, the project cost control, not only to reflect the investment decision-making, reflecting the design, contracting and construction, passive control project cost, more dynamic tothe impact of investment decisions, the impact of design, contracting and construction and taje the initiative to control project cost. Cost of dhe project to identify and control between interdependenae and mutual restraint, the ddtermination of the project cost control project cost is the basis and the carrier. At the same time, cost control resides in the project cost determine the whole process of determining the cost of the process that is cost control process.Technology and economic integration of project cost control is the most effective means. In the process of building projects, technology and the organic integration of economic, technological, economic analysis and evaluation, correctly handle the advanced technology and economic strength between the unity of opposites relations, and strive to achieve the advanced technology and reasonable under the conditions of the economy , On tha basis of reasonable economic advanced technology, the project cost control to infiltrate into the concept of the design and construction techjology measures. Project Management Project Cost control is an effective way. Construction supervision system is highly developed market economy, constrection project management professional and social level continuously improve the `roduct. Construction supervision of the mission, organization and management from the perspective of science and to take measures to ensure the construction project cost goals, objectives and time limit to achieve a reasonable quality objectives for the owners seek the best input and output. Practice has proved that the engineering supervision of the project cost control is an effective way.3.Various stages of the project cost controlDecision-making phase of project cost control. The planning phase of the project cost, many owners have the wrong understanding that the cost of the lower the better. Cost control is not a unilateral issue, and should be a multi-factor problem, should be integrated engineering practice, considering. In the investment decision-making phase of construction projects,the project's technical and economic decision-making, the project cost and the economic benefits of the project when completed, has a decisive role in project cost control is an important stage, rationally determine the cost of the project and control the direction of the exact location And building optimization of guiding role.The design phase project cost control. The design phase is the construction of intent from investors to the idea of the changing reality of a critical stage, the design phase of the project cost control is a key link. From the following aspects of project cost control: the design implementation of the tendering system, strengthen supervision of the design phase, determine a reasonable design, mature technology, to reduce the construction phase of major design changes and programmes of change in the effective control of the works Cost will play a role. An engineering design, if the Commissioner of participation into the project, excluding unfavorable factors may generally be excluded 80 percent of the error. In the entire process of construction cost control, the start of construction at best can only invest 20 percent savings, the key lies in the cost of construction period to identify and control. Commissioner of the design phase of work: Design Institute under the provision of design drawings and notes to help owners examine different design options for the economy, develop the preliminary capital expenditure plan to ensure that the investment will be the most effective use of support Owners of the Commissioner of work: Design Institute under the provision of design drawings and notes to help owners examine different design options for the economy, develop the preliminary capital expenditure plan to ensure that the investment will be the most effective use of the owners meet The different design options, the need to work out their own materials and equipment to conduct a cost analysis and research, design and cost proposals to assist them in the investment limit within the limits designed to reduce investment. To seek a one-time small investment and economic good design, the most rational economic indicators.The use of optimal design principles. At the design stage to reduce the use of value engineering cost 25 percent ￣ 40 percent, with notable results. Also known as value engineering value analysis, is a modern scientific management techniques, is a new technical and economic analysis, through analysis of the product's features to save resources and reduce the cost of the purpose of an effective method. It made up for the cost of traditional management that simply reduce costs and improve quality management always stressed that the quality of the deficiencies and is conducive to resolving the long-term construction period long, waste, poor quality, high cost of the problem. Value Engineering laws generally carried out in three steps: assessing the design of targeted technical scores and scores of economic calculation of the design object technology index and economic index, calculated each design object of the geometric mean, from which to compare, choose the best design .Construction of the tender stage project cost control. Construction of the tender stage of the project cost control should be accurate grasp of design drawings, construction projects through the analysis of the specific circumstances of the units and pre-qualification of bidders, preparation of tender documents, works basic price determined through Pingbiaodingbiao, select the successful bidder units, and to determine the contract price . Reasonably sure of is the basic price of the tender stage of the project cost control an important way of determining the basic price is often incomplete because of the design, material changes, or the market price because of the constantly changing and difficult to have an accurate value. When these happen, you can use fuzzy identification, fuzzy clustering analysis, computer simulation technology (Monte Carlo simulation) Three mathematical methods, the project cost to more accurately determine.The construction phase project cost control. Project implementation phase of the project cost control can proceed from the following: careful review of the contract price and volume list, the basic unit prices and other relevantdocuments in conjunction with the progress of the project and the quality of works carried out the correct measurement, review payment of bills, according to the provisions The price of clearing; correctly understand the design intent, strictly control the design changes, the design is wrong with the local timely corrections; strengthen engineering claims control, contract management in all its aspects; skilled use of the budget over the fixed and reasonable conduct on-site visa; review of organizational design, Use of technology economy is relatively comprehensive assessment method, using the value of works on the construction phase and construction materials to optimize options, select a reasonable construction plan; strengthen project construction supervision.On the review of the list of projects, supervision engineers should pay attention to inventory control measures in the project. Price list of projects provided in the list of measures, for the completion of the project is the construction project occurred in the pre-construction and construction process technology, life, security and other non-engineering aspects of the project entity. At this stage because many projects are the construction plans and construction of circumstances imperfections at the scene on the tender, until tender, construction projects and measures designed to have greater access to the actual scene. Supervising engineer in the handling of raw data to collect first-hand, itemized checking identification, not of the proposed amendments.Clearing the completion of phase project cost control. For a long time, the completion of the construction plans ultra-clearing budget is cost management issues requiring urgent solution. The completion phase of the project cost control, should conscientiously do a good job the following points: check the terms of the contract, clearing the completion of the preparation of the audit, preparation of the project refers to the preparation of the completion of the works and the cost of clearing areas. Examine whether the content of the completion of the contract requirements, whether qualifiedacceptance, review billing methods, pricing methods, concessionary terms whether the contract; completion of the audit plans of projects in the audit, the plans should be based on the completion of the design changes, such as visa at the scene, according to state In terms of engineering works required by the rules of each check; strictly enforced in accordance with the valuation method of valuation; rigorous review design changes to visa fees for inspection standards, different regions of the rate of price index may be different. Therefore, the project must be in accordance with the standards of admission fees under the contract requirements, according to grade the quality of construction unit, the type of construction work, such as setting a reasonable standard admission fee.翻译：译者：AAA工程项目各阶段的成本控制Chung-Ho Chen摘要：工程项目成本管理的基本内容就是合理确定和有效的控制工程项目成本。
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Adrian Payne & Pennie FrowA Strategic Framework for Customer RelationshipManagementOver the past decade, there has been an explosion of interest in customer relationship management (CRM) by both academics and executives. However, despite an increasing amount of published material,most of which is practitioner oriented, there remains a lack of agreement about what CRM is and how CRM strategy should be developed. The purpose of this article is to develop a process-oriented conceptual framework that positions CRM at a strategic level by identifying the key crossfunctional processes involved in the development of CRM strategy. More specifically, the aims of this article are •To identify alternative perspectives of CRM,•To emphasize the importance of a strategic approach to CRM within a holistic organizational context,•To propose five key generic cross-functional processes that organizations can use to develop and deliver an effective CRM strategy, and•To develop a process-based conceptual framework for CRM strategy development and to review the role and components of each process.We organize this article in three main parts. First, we explore the role of CRM and identify three alternative perspectives of CRM. Second, we consider the need for a cross -functional process-based approach to CRM. We develop criteria for process selection and identify five key CRM processes. Third, we propose a strategic conceptual framework that is constructed of these five processes and examine the components of each process.The development of this framework is a response to a challenge by Reinartz, Krafft, and Hoyer (2004), who criticize the severe lack of CRM research that takes a broader, more strategic focus. The article does not explore people issues related to CRM implementation. Customer relationship management can fail when a limited number of employees are committed to the initiative; thus, employee engagement and change management are essential issues in CRM implementation. In our discussion, we emphasize such implementation and people issues as a priority area for further research.CRM Perspectives and DefinitionThe term “customer relationship management” emerged in the information technology (IT) vendor community and practitioner community in the mid-1990s. It is often used todescribe technology-based customer solutions, such as sales A significant problem that many organizations deciding to adopt CRM face stems from the great deal of confusion about what constitutes CRM. In interviews with executives, which formed part of our research process (we describe this process subsequently), we found a wide range of views about what CRM means. To some, it meant direct mail, a loyalty card scheme, or a database, whereas others envisioned it as a help desk or a call center. Some said that it was about populating a data warehouse or undertaking data mining; others considered CRM an e-commerce solution,such as the use of a personalization engine on the Internet or a relational database for SFA. This lack of a widely accepted and appropriate definition of CRM can contribute to the failure of a CRM project when an organization views CRM from a limited technology perspective or undertakes CRM on a fragmented basis. The definitions and descriptions of CRM that different authors and authorities use vary considerably, signifying a variety of CRM viewpoints. To identify alternative perspectives of CRM, we considered definitions and descriptions of CRM from a range of sources, which we summarizein the Appendix. We excluded other, similar definitions from this List.Process Identification and the CRM FrameworkWe began by identifying possible generic CRM processes from the CRM and related business literature. We then discussed these tentative processes interactively with the groups of executives. The outcome of this work was a short list of seven processes. We then used the expert panel of experienced CRM executives who had assisted in the development of the process selection schema to nominate the CRM processes that they considered important and to agree on those that were the most relevant and generic. After an initial group workshop, each panel member independently completed a list representing his or her view of the key generic processes that met the six previously agreed-on process criteria. The data were fed back to this group, and a detailed discussion followed to help confirm our understanding of the process categories.As a result of this interactive method, five CRM processes that met the selection criteria were identified; all five were agreed on as important generic processes by more than two-thirds of the group in the first iteration. Subsequently,we received strong confirmation of these as key generic CRM processes by several of the other groups of managers. The resultant five generic processes were (1) the strategy development process, (2) the value creation process, (3) the multichannel integration process, (4) the information management process, and (5) the performance assessment process.We then incorporated these five key generic CRM processes into a preliminary conceptual framework. This initial framework and the development of subsequent versions were both informed by and further refined by our interactions with two primary executive groups.客户关系的管理框架在过去的十年里，管理层和学术界对客户关系管理（CRM）的兴趣激增。